Biology 180 Exam 4 12/11/2017

Student full name:

Student number:

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1. In the experiment you analyzed in class on the relationship between species richness and productivity in prairies, J>luestem_g rassis..a_p^rticulady_!hig_p£od ucer." {wpts)

a. Graph the data you expect to see if bluestem has MUCH higher niche overlap with itself vs. other species.

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b. Graph the data you expect to see if bluestem is responsible for a sampling effect (a bar graph).

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with without bluestem bluestem

c. Now consider the data on species richness and productivity that you analyzed in lab. For each bulleted point, explain the rationale. When John Parks set up this experiment, he was careful to:

• Create 40 replicates of each treatment. (How would you criticize an experiment with 1 replicate in each treatment?) ~Jk 4 ' W-S I repl'cJ-c t<p yr-iHvc/vF, rcsUEs c*JJ Hs> 'josh J

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2. Consider sexual selection in nootka rose plants that are pollinated by bees. (5pfs) •fp

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a. Explain why there will be heritable variation in plant traits associated with "courtship" (obtaining mates). i:/^U Lee>J > W <^,5 Q, UtMhty" *** •/,r 1

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a. The Amur leopard is down to 30 individuals in the wild; the 30 are showing signs of low fitness. In response, some £/ conservationists propose that individuals bred in zoos be introduced to the wild population. In terms of genetics, explain j

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xic with time, or go extinct? State your prediction and explain your logic. J 1

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4. Consider some other issues in conservation biology. (upts)

a. Invasives are not native, but often out-compete native species. Research has shown that in many or most cases, inv§SLves in the new habitat lack the pathogensjand herbivores found in their original habitat. Use this information to explain the success of invasives in their new habitat! „ rl , rTTT ~7,

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, . . . , . ( H ~ ' y » A ^ w k 1 - i s b. Recall the calculation you did in class on the number of years it will take for a mass extinction to occur, based on lUCN's data on growth in the numbers of endangered species. In that problem, N, = 940,000; N0 = 25,062. —

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• During one interval, rwas 0.005. If this r continued, how many years would it take

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During one interval, rwas 0.205. If this r } continued, how many years would it take for a mass extinction to occur?

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Which estimate do you think is more likst^? fxplain your reasoning. - , . . i t

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ir-^rr. . r;c U " 5. Arctic foxes are predators in the harsh, cold tundra; they raise their young in underground burrows (dens). Tundra plants must grow and reproduce in 3 months (June-August). Researchers examined two experimental treatments: plots without a fox den (control) and plots next to fox dens. (14pts)

a) In 1-2 sentences, explain the relationship between fox dens and plant growth (use the information in both graphs). ~~k\ lk~ (Kia, y

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Complete the chart below regarding the costs and benefits of the interaction. Please use five words or less per box.

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P3---<_S£ c) What type of interaction occurs between the fox and the plants? Explain using 1-2 sentences. 7-5 ^ 7k(e>^trJjpecff> (a. -

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d) Would the plant species near fox dens have traits typical of early successional or late successional species? Explain in 1-2 sentences. /

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6. Mistletoe is a plant that tags into the tissue of a tree on which it grows to "steal" water and nutrients. Mistletoe also produces berries with sticky pulp tnat are consumed-and dispersed by birds. ( i4pts) a) Complete the chartl ! costs and benefits of each interaction. Please use five words or less per box.

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b) What kind of interaction exists between the bird and the mistletoe? Explain your logic in 1-2 i - . sentences. iS (/wv W" ^

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c)JTow does the level of mistletoe infection influence tree mortality? ^2--' ' . . i i .

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e) What kind of interaction exists between the mistletoe and the tree?-—> explain in 1-2 sentences. r , -it,Is *. fe rTk. cf oSr-httr^f \AM ^ f"'fvc-gS 13 , c ^jjjl • TV.

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j-dc—' tTTe, Explain in 1-2 sentences.

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s -Vf- 2; d •/'<_ r ^/ "Vs iP fo/ / £o 7. Spike grass (Distichlis) is an early ~ . .

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Spike grass (Distichlis) is an 6arly successional salt marsh species. Two researchers hypothesized that Distichlis can facilitate colonization by rushes (Juncus) depending on the level of salt stress in the environment. To test this, they created bare patches in the salt marsh, manipulated plant interactions, and reduced salt stress byjjdding fresh water. They also left some areas as controls, where they didjTQtdo-anything to reduce salt levels. (9pts)

7a) Under which condition (control or

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Tree Condition

Watered

Poor

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^watered) did Distichlis facilitate Juncus? Using the graphs, explain in 1-2 sentences. , q_ Cent-sal Cc^QiHor. im^<X, jr\Aj>s*- wU-s ,V 7s * ffP [j TsPr tU 17

p- 2jv^cti5* y b) Under what conditions did Juncus outcompetp Distichlis'? Using the graph's, explain in 1-2 sentences

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8. Bracken ferns produce a potent poison (hydrogen cyanide) when young fronds are damaged. In addition, they constantly produce chemicals that a) cause rapid molting in insects, ancTTSyprevent fFie~establishment of seedlings nearby.

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a) Complete the chart below regarding bracken fern defenses: I Benefit Cost

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c) Design an experiment to test your answer in part b. (Hint: r the deer fern is another species of fern that grows in similar \£)

:al defenses. It is a favorite .

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habitats but does not have chemical defenses. It is a favorite food of herbivores like deer.)

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Draw a bar graph (with error bars) predicting the experimental results if your hypothesis is correct.

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C &VI- lr' This graph shows how deer populations in Ohio changed between 2000 and 2010.

d) Add a labeled line to the graph, predicting how deer fern populations in Ohio responded to the change in deer populations. (Don't worry about the scale—just draw the trend.)

e) Add a labeled line to the graph, predicting how bracken fern populations in Ohio responded to the change in deer populations. (Don't worry about the scale—just draw the trend.)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

YEAR

9. What is the most important thing you learned this quarter, about yourself? / 7\Jr -1 Ml \o 4Kk sdw /*+-

(ipts)

***************** Please hand your exam to your TA. Enjoy a good winter break, and Go Dawgs!

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