Period 2 Review c. 1648 to c. 1815

Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Questions 1.1–1.4 refer to the following passage. It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. “Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him.” Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death… There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, “Fear God. Honour the king…” —Jacques–Benigne Bossuet, 1678 1.1. What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage?

A. Divine Right Monarchy B. Constitutional Monarchy C. Enlightened Despotism D. Aristocratic Oligarchy

1.2. This form of government would have been likely to exist in the seventeenth century in a state where A. a large majority of the population was Protestant. B. a large majority of the population was Catholic. C. there were significant numbers of both Protestants and Catholics. D. the Protestant majority was divided between multiple sects.

1.3. What development in the eighteenth century did the most to undermine this form of government?

A. the Enlightenment B. the Industrial Revolution C. the emergence of capitalism D. Rococo and Neoclassical Art

1.4. Which of the following would have been the most vigorous opponent of a philosophy like Bossuet’s?

A. Thomas Hobbes B. John Locke C. Charles I of England D. Jean Colbert

4. Questions 4.1–4.3 refer to the following passage. …the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full

control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean Colbert, French Finance Minister, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 4.1. What feature of European history in this period is being described?

A. the Enlightenment B. the Scientific Revolution C. mercantilism D. nationalism

4.2. What was one later development that can be directly linked to the passage?

A. a series of Anglo-Dutch wars B. an alliance between the Dutch and the French C. an alliance between the French and the English D. the disappearance of piracy in the Atlantic trade

4.3. What was one practice that was common to all European states at that time that is not explicitly mentioned in the

passage? A. discoveries of large deposits of gold in their respective colonies B. trade in and use of African slaves C. the development of power driven ships and machines D. a decline in the volume of commerce between Europe and Asia

6. Questions 6.1–6.3 refer to the following passage. Louis, by the grace of God, King of France and of Navarre: to all present and all to come, greeting. The systematic approach, as uncertain in its principles as it is bold in its undertakings and while causing grave damage to religion and morals, did not follow the decisions of several of our judicial courts. We have seen them successively give rise to new ideas and advance principles which, at any other time and from any other body, would have been condemned as upsetting to the public order. We have seen them resort several times to interruptions and stoppages of service, causing our subjects to suffer from delays in the justice for which we are responsible. They hoped that these problems, to which our affection for our peoples makes us very sensitive, would force us to yield. On other occasions they have handed in their combined resignations and, in a singular contradiction, they have disputed our right to accept these resignations. Finally, they formed a confederation amongst themselves. They believed that they formed but a single body and a single parlement, divided among several classes and spread among the various parts of our kingdom. This innovation, first conceived and later dropped by our Parlement of Paris when it seemed useful to do so, still persists in our other parlements. —Louis XV, 1770 6.1. The passage refutes what commonly held belief about eighteenth century France?

A. The parlements of France were the equivalent of the English Parliament.

B. French kings exercised complete power as absolute monarchs. C. Although France was a wealthy country, government finances were poor. D. France was not as uniform in religious practice as commonly thought.

6.2. What conclusion is supported by the passage and your knowledge of eighteenth century France? A. The Parlement of Paris served as a local legislature for the municipality of Paris. B. French parlements often exercised an independence that threatened royal power. C. Louis XV exercised much less absolute power than his father, Louis XIV. D. French parlements were principally responsible for the class divisions that characterized eighteenth century

France. 6.3. What other conclusion about eighteenth century France is supported by the passage?

A. Paris was more important than other French cities, beyond its size and population. B. The French justice system was more fair and equitable than is sometimes believed. C. The provinces of France were uniform in their size and institutions. D. Prior to the beginning of the French Revolution, few class differences were evident apart from the

parliaments.

7. Questions 7.1–7.3 refer to the following image.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulip, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632

7.1. How does the painting reflect the place and time in which it was produced?

A. It illustrates the inadequate knowledge of sanitation during surgical procedures.

B. The work reflects the importance of religious belief and superstition in determining medical practice. C. The work represents the “Golden Age” of the United Netherlands and the emerging Scientific

Revolution. D. It illustrates how aristocracy dominated life and that only nobles were permitted to observe autopsies.

7.2. Other than the artist, what European is most relevant to the scene depicted in the painting?

A. Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey B. Rene Descartes and John Locke C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire D. Johan Kepler and Isaac Newton

7.3. As a work of art, in what way is the painting in contrast with the predominant Baroque style of the era?

A. It is neither a historical nor religiously themed work. B. It lacks the detail and depiction of light characteristic of Baroque. C. The dress of the individuals in the work is outside the Baroque time frame. D. Baroque works often celebrated the role of women and all the images in this work are male.

8. Questions 8.1–8.3 refer to the following map.

Witchcraft Trials, 1550–1700 8.1. Which generalization is supported by the data in the map?

A. Accusations of witchcraft were more commonly made against women than men.

B. Areas with Protestant majorities had greater numbers of trials than areas with Catholic majorities. C. Southern and eastern Europe saw more trials than did other parts of Europe. D. Trials were more common in the more economically prosperous areas of Europe than in less wealthy areas.

8.2. Which of the following offers the most plausible explanation for the relative lack of prosecution in Russia?

A. The absolute power of the Czar aligned itself against superstition and notions of witchcraft. B. The failure of Protestantism to spread east reduced potential religious tensions often related to

witchcraft accusations. C. The Russian Orthodox Church officially endorsed witchcraft, making “accusations” meaningless. D. Russians were more familiar with Islam, which regarded witchcraft as a paranormal power but not associated

with the devil.

8.3. Which statement best explains the disparity between the data for England and for Scotland? A. England’s greater wealth made prosecutions less likely there. B. Scotland was ravaged by religious warfare, while England had little internal conflict over religion. C. Radical Calvinism took root in Scotland while the more conservative Anglicanism was dominant in

England. D. Henry VIII’s creation of the Anglican Church appeased reform-minded Christians and reduced the number of

Protestant sects. 9. Questions 9.1–9.4 refer to the following excerpt. Jansenism made considerable progress among prominent families in Paris. They were opposed to the Jesuits and supported religious communities such as the convent in Port-Royal outside Paris. Jansenists, whose Augustinian theology resembled Calvinism, were known to live extremely pious and morally austere lives. In these respects, though firm Roman Catholics, they resembled English Puritans. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage, 2014 (p.402) 9.2. In what way did movements like Jansenism offer challenges to the notion of “Divine Right of Kings”?

A. In war, such groups frequently offered aid and comfort to enemy forces. B. Religious conformity was considered essential to political unity and stability. C. Such movement often appealed to popular masses and thus threatened the existence of the state. D. Kings were dependent on papal authority for their status, and thus monarchs like Louis XIV had little

independence on religious matters.

9.3. What development later in French history offers validation for Louis XIV’s “one faith, one law, one king”? A. It was religious minorities that provided the main stimulus for the French Revolution. B. Persecution of minorities cost millions of francs and was a primary cause of later financial crises. C. French wars pursued religious goals more commonly than geopolitical goals, thus contributing to the draining

of state finances. D. Nobles sought to entrench themselves in institutions like the parlements to shield them for royal

power. 9.4. What other historical development had its origins in an issue similar to the one described in the passage?

A. the Decembrist Revolt in Russia B. the various “partitions” of Poland C. the Pragmatic Sanction of 1740 D. the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution

10. Use the following maps and your knowledge of European history to answer questions 10.1–10.4.

The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1783

10.1. What claim about the Seven Years’ War is correct?

A. The war involved only Great Britain and France. B. The war was fought exclusively in the New World and Asia. C. Great Britain dominated the war at sea while France dominated the war on land. D. It was the greatest of the European wars of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and

thus could be classified as a “world war.” 10.2. The Seven Years’ War was important in the European balance of power because it

A. reaffirmed France as the hegemonic power of Europe. B. resulted in the merger of the French and Spanish monarchies. C. allowed Great Britain to dominate India and France to dominate the interior of North America. D. occasioned a diplomatic “revolution” that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and France with

Austria.

10.3. The Seven Years’ War was preceded by numerous other general European wars. What best explains the role played by the European concept of “balance of power”? A. The conflicts rarely affected European civilians. B. The conflicts were fought between two tightly allied groups of powers whose allegiance to each other rarely

wavered. C. The conflicts were fought in order to prevent any one nation from becoming Europe’s hegemonic

power. D. The conflicts arose primarily because of a religious schism between the major powers, with Protestants on one

side and Catholics the other. 10.4. In what sense was the war associated with the American Revolution a continuation of the Seven Years’ War?

A. France sought to weaken Great Britain after its triumph in 1763. B. France allied with the Americans because of their commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment. C. Spain fought on the side of France in the Seven Years’ War but with Great Britain in the War for American

Independence. D. The causes of the American Revolution were more related to balance of power than to problems in British

colonial policy.

11. Questions 11.1–11.4 refer to the following passage.

We were not many days in the merchant’s custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal

given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that

parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the

buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider

them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are

relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again…

Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery… —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 11.1. The description in the passage suggests that slavery in the Atlantic world of the eighteenth century was

A. an accidental development arising out of unintended consequences and driven by internal forces in West Africa.

B. a well-developed, organized and extensive system of forced labor. C. an extension of slavery as practiced for centuries in West Africa and the Mediterranean world. D. an attempt to remove people from savage and primitive societies in Africa for new opportunities in the New

World.

11.2. The passage undermines what commonly held European view of African slaves? A. Slaves had established families and social customs before enslavement. B. Africans were inferior to whites and unable to develop higher skills like reading and writing. C. Africans lacked Christianity and were thus suitable for both conversion and forced labor. D. “Chattel slavery” was morally superior to earlier forms of slavery because it was based on the property rights

of individuals.

11.3. Of the following, what commodity did more to entrench the institution of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade than any other? A. rice B. cotton C. sugar D. tobacco

11.4. In what way did slavery and the transatlantic slave trade contribute to changes in the European economy?

A. Slavery became entrenched in several European states where the value of labor was diminished. B. Slavery in the colonies created an aversion to agricultural labor on the European continent and declining

agricultural productivity. C. Slavery increased production of certain commodities, like sugar, coffee and tea, which in turn

generated a consumer economy in Europe. D. The clothing needed by millions of slaves sparked an industrial revolution in textiles.

12. Questions 12.1–12.3 refer to the following passage. During the period when these nations dominated foreign trade in the South, the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 12.1. What is the theoretical basis for the assertions made in the passage?

A. balance of power B. laissez faire C. raison d’etat or “reasons of state” D. mercantilism

12.2. How did the system of world trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect the European inhabitants of

New World colonies? A. Their interests were considered equally with the inhabitants of the home country. B. Colonial people sought to advance their nation’s interests even if those interests conflicted with their own. C. Colonial people sought to trade with each other, often regardless of home country restrictions on

such trade. D. Few home country restrictions or regulations impacted colonial peoples because effective administration was

impossible from such a distance. 12.3. What was the consequence for international relations of the system described in Colbert’s Dissertation?

A. elaborate trade agreements between states in a “Concert of Europe” that facilitated economic growth B. tariff protection and other discriminatory trade practices that facilitated mistrust, competition and

war C. a declining volume of international trade as a consequence of naval interference by strong sea powers against

competitors D. the deadlock led the “great powers” to seek cooperation over competition and to establish international norms

that encouraged trade

13. Questions 13.1–13.3 refer to the following image.

View of St. Petersburg from the first Russian newspaper, 1711

13.1. How does this image correctly represent the status of Russia in the early eighteenth century?

A. Russia led European states in the number and quality of its newspapers. B. Russia was beginning to encroach on British and French naval power. C. Russia was successfully invaded by Ottoman naval forces. D. Russia was beginning to adopt the customs and practices of western Europe.

13.2. What is the most likely explanation for the newspaper’s decision to portray the city of St. Petersburg rather than

Moscow or another Russian city? A. St. Petersburg was the traditional capital of the Russian state. B. Peter the Great built St. Petersburg as a “window on the west.” C. The Russian nobility preferred the location of St. Petersburg as it insulated them from corrupting influences in

the interior of Russia. D. The Industrial Revolution in Russia had originated in St. Petersburg.

13.3. In what way was the Great Northern War (1700–1721) between Russia and Sweden a product of the image and

the forces behind its publication? A. Russian leaders sought broad public support for the war. B. Sweden had long claimed the region where St. Petersburg was located. C. Sweden was an obstacle to Peter the Great’s ambition to gain ice-free ports in the Baltic Sea. D. Russian boyars had important allies in Sweden who worked to thwart Peter the Great’s attempts to modernize

Russia.

14. Questions 14.1–14.3 refer to the following image.

14.1. The publication of this work, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, in 1651 reflected which of the following trends of the mid-seventeenth century? A. the increasing importance of religion as the dominant motive for political conflict and war B. rejection of the notion of “divine right,” meaning royal authority was derived from a Christian God C. application of a scientific and materialistic, rather than spiritualistic, understanding of life D. adoption of the premise that human nature was essentially good but, like Rousseau later, that human goodness

was corrupted by society 14.2. The image is best represented by which statement?

A. Society is founded on a set of laws inherent in biblical scripture and tradition. B. Government is a consequence of the desire by men for security in an insecure world. C. Political authority of rulers is derived from a higher authority than the merely mortal.

D. The social and political relationships among men and nations are governed only by village-level class understandings.

14.3. The implications of “Hobbesian” thought in future generations supported

A. both absolutism and representative government. B. only a “Hegelian thesis-antithesis” mode of political development. C. utopian notions of social organization, such as Fourierism and Saint-Simon. D. the anarchism and nihilism emanating from Russia in the late nineteenth century.

15. Questions 15.1–15.3 refer to the following excerpt. Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, “All is well,” Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! —Voltaire, “Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, or: An Examination of that Axiom ‘All Is Well,” 1755 15.1. Voltaire’s reaction to this event has often been characterized as

A. deism. B. atheism. C. nihilism. D. anarchism.

15.2. Which Enlightenment-era thinker would have most likely expressed disagreement with Voltaire’s poem?

A. Immanuel Kant B. Denis Diderot C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau D. Baron de Montesquieu

15.3. Other than Voltaire’s poem, what Enlightenment era publication would have been most likely to include an

account of the event?

A. Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws B. Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile D. Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia

16. Questions 16.1–16.4 refer to the following map.

16.1. What conclusion about science and the Enlightenment is best supported by the map and your knowledge of

European history? A. Major urban areas were centers of science and Enlightenment. B. National capital cities were the only places where scientific investigation flourished. C. The Enlightenment flourished more in western Europe than in eastern or southern Europe. D. Although cities often housed universities, the advancement of science and Enlightenment thought was actually

more pronounced in the less urban areas of Europe. 16.2. Of the following, where would discussion of scientific or Enlightenment-era ideas most likely be found?

A. churches in Italy B. London coffeehouses C. country estates in Poland D. villages on the fringes of large towns

16.3. In which arena would women be most likely to participate in discussion of Enlightenment ideas or science?

A. Louis XVI’s Versailles B. a Parisian salon C. a London coffeehouse D. a Berlin print shop

16.4. What irony accompanied the dissemination of Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century?

A. Even in the most literate areas, Enlightenment ideas rarely circulated among non-noble individuals. B. Although Enlightenment centers were more commonly in the West, popular culture in eastern Europe more

often embraced the substance of “enlightened thought.” C. Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at

least in part on slavery. D. Increased contact with the world beyond Europe did little to impact European understanding of non-

European cultures. 19. Questions 19.1–19.3 refer to the following image.

Jacques Louis-David, Oath of the Tennis Court, 1790 19.1. What impression was the artist trying to create in this portrayal of an early event in the French Revolution?

A. Heroic and nationalistic action was being fulfilled. B. The actions being taken defied the natural course of events and thus threatened divine retribution. C. Peasant masses were the most influential component of the Revolution in France. D. Only a violent revolution could affect permanent change in eighteenth century France.

19.2. Additional paintings done by the same artist between 1790 and 1805 would most likely represent A. further celebrations of successes and martyrs during the Revolution. B. both positive and negative aspects of the revolutionary struggles. C. a reverence for the past and a longing for a return to pre-revolutionary tranquility. D. demands for stronger action and violence to overturn monarchial repression.

19.3. Following the Oath of the Tennis Court, what institutional form did the French government take?

A. a constitutional monarchy B. a republic C. an aristocratic oligarchy D. a democracy

20. Questions 20.1–20.4 refer the following passage. On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France…Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage 20.1. The passage foreshadows what subsequent event during the French Revolution?

A. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen B. adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy C. trial and execution of King Louis XVI D. Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’état

20.2. Assuming the passage describes a “turning point” in the French Revolution, what statement best describes the

next stage? A. France was ready for a “strong man” such as Napoleon, to step forward. B. A counterrevolution led by conservative nobles and foreigners was about to begin. C. A socialist revolution was about to begin, with working class radicals seizing power and redistributing wealth. D. A radical phase was about to begin, one that would seek to overturn all existing institutions and

remake France completely.

20.3. Following the events described in the passage, what development greatly complicated the issues involved in Revolution? A. Drought and famine killed thousands. B. War broke out between France and Austria. C. Great Britain announced a naval blockade of France. D. The revolutionary government in France invaded Belgium.

20.4. What was the most plausible explanation for Louis’ actions on June 20, 1791?

A. Louis had been invited by a personal friend, Edmund Burke, to visit England. B. Louis had planned an escape from France years before, as the revolution was a long anticipated event. C. Louis hoped to rally foreign support against the revolution in his wife’s native Austria and elsewhere. D. Louis sought to convene a session of the International Court at The Hague in order to bolster his legitimacy.

21. Questions 21.1–21.4 refer to the following passage. The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third State? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something…

The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 21.1. What development in 1789 France precipitated the publication of this work?

A. the storming of the Bastille B. Louis XVI’s summoning of an “assembly of notables” C. debate over the voting procedure to be used in the Estates-General D. the decision to grant voting rights to sans culottes

21.2. Which statement best describes the “Third Estate” referred to in the passage?

A. the non-noble, non-clerical, section of the French population B. the poor, working-class sans culottes of French cities, especially Paris C. the lesser nobility or “hobereaux” who clung most tenaciously to feudal traditions D. the “nobles of the robe” who monopolized bureaucratic positions in French government

21.3. Between 1789 and 1791, what best reflects the debate in France over how the Third Estate was to become

“something” as referred to in the passage? A. the discussion over confiscation of Church land B. the debate over allowing the French king to have a “suspensive veto” over legislation C. the decision to divide the citizens of France into “active” and “passive” categories D. the division of France into 83 “departments,” roughly equal in size and population

21.4. The Storming of the Bastille (1789), the Women’s March to Versailles (1789) and the September Massacres (1792)

all reflect the sentiments expressed in the passage because each event was A. a violent reaction to real or perceived inequities in French society. B. a spontaneous rising of members of the Third Estate to vent frustrations over their lack of influence. C. coordinated by middle class members of the Third Estate in order to advance their own agendas. D. a consequence of the actions of secret, organized revolutionary “cells” that secretly plotted to undermine

established order.

24. Questions 24.1–24.4 refer to the following passage. In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizeness. 1. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. 2. The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of woman and man.

These rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation, which is but the reuniting of woman and man. No body

and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation. 4. Liberty and justice consist in restoring all that belongs to another; hence the exercise of the natural rights of woman

has no other limits than those that the perpetual tyranny of man opposes to them; these limits must be reformed according to the laws of nature and reason.

5. The laws of nature and reason prohibit all actions which are injurious to society. No hindrance should be put in the

way of anything not prohibited by these wise and divine laws, nor may anyone be forced to do what they do not require.

6. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by

their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents.

7. No woman is exempted; she is indicted, arrested, and detained in the cases determined by the law. Women like men

obey this rigorous law. —Olympe de Gouge, Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 24.1. What events provided context for this assertion of women’s rights in France?

A. The “Reign of Terror” had destroyed all semblance of traditional order in France. B. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave radicals like de Gouge an opening to state

their position. C. The loosening of the traditions of the “Old Regime” by Louis XVI’s symbolic donning of the revolutionary

“tricolor” created anarchy. D. Robespierre’s “Cult of the Supreme Being” undermined traditional gender roles, leading to the radicalization

of such as de Gouge. 24.2. What development outside of revolutionary France paralleled de Gouge’s assertion of women’s equality?

A. In Prussia, the Junkers granted suffrage to noble women of their class. B. In England, Mary Wollstonecraft made a similar assertion of women’s rights. C. In the Italian states liberated by Napoleon, full equality in civil rights was granted. D. In Austria, the execution of Marie Antoinette so shocked the nobility that women’s suffrage was extended.

24.3. In #6, de Gouge is referencing which earlier work of the Enlightenment?

A. Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws B. Voltaire’s Candide C. Rousseau’s The Social Contract D. Locke’s Second Treatise of Government

30. Questions 30.1–30.3 refer to the following image.

Slaves revolting against the French in Saint Domingue in 1791

30.1. The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 was a manifestation of

A. agitation by slaves shipped there from the United States after the American Revolution. B. the diffusion of French notions of “liberty and equality” emanating from the revolution in France. C. a military expedition led by Napoleon to establish a “new” New World empire. D. the collapse of the sugar crop, which was the mainstay of the colony’s economy.

30.2. Which of the following facts about Haiti best illustrates the contradictory nature of French commitments to the

principles of the Revolution? A. France abolished slavery in 1793, but Napoleon sent an expedition to capture the Haitian leader,

Toussaint L’Overture. B. The French were benevolent slave-owners in Haiti, but Haitian slaves rebelled with extreme violence never

inflicted on them by the French. C. Toussaint L’Overture established a democratic, representative government in Haiti, despite the fact that the

slaves never had any voice in government there. D. Both France and the United States, after its revolution, sent troops to maintain slavery in Haiti.

30.3. The Haitian revolt is significant primarily because it

A. was the first successful slave revolt in modern history. B. employed unorthodox, guerilla tactics without period firearms. C. resulted in Haitians allying themselves with Great Britain and Spain against France. D. demonstrated that slave rebellions could never succeed without external support.

31. Questions 31.1–31.4 refer to the following image.

Francisco Goya, The Third of May

31.1. This painting marks a transitional shift from the themes of Neoclassicism to themes of

A. everyday life. B. drama and emotion. C. progress and prosperity. D. nature and nature’s power.

31.2. Goya’s painting drew upon his reflections of the experiences of Napoleon’s

A. Peninsular War in Spain. B. failed Egyptian campaign. C. invasion of Russia. D. final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

31.3. Goya employed symbolism in the use of light and positioning in the work to highlight

A. the horrors of war in the modern age. B. the degraded position of the human race. C. the futility of resisting superior forces. D. the heroism of those opposed to French domination.

31.4. Goya’s The Third of May is an early representation of a new era in art and literature known for its drama and

emotional content known as A. Realism. B. Rococo. C. Baroque.

D. Romanticism. 34. Questions 34.1–34.4 refer to the following image.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot’s Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow

while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. 34.1. What is the best explanation for the appearance of this image in Diderot’s Encyclopedia?

A. The Encyclopedia emphasized the pastoral life of French peasants. B. The importance of manual labor was a central reason for publication of the Encyclopedia. C. The Encyclopedia principally documented the gender distinctions in pre-revolutionary France. D. The Encyclopedia strove to document innovations that later became known as the Agricultural

Revolution.

34.2. Which statement about European women by the middle of the eighteenth century is supported by the image? A. Women were relegated to child-raising and housework. B. Women increasingly found work outside the household. C. Women were an integral part of a “family economy.” D. Women with children were excluded from productive labor.

34.3. In what way did rural, agricultural family life impede the adoption of innovative practices associated with what

became known as the Agricultural Revolution? A. Large families consumed enormous amounts of cereal crops, making surpluses infrequent. B. Rural families rejected conventional methods of birth control in order to increase family size and thus the

number of farm workers.

C. Rural families were focused on maintaining a stable food supply and resisted changes that might threaten it.

D. The withdrawal of women from productive labor kept production low and demand for cereal crops constant. 34.4. What historical evidence supports the contention that the image was not a scene from mid-eighteenth century

England? A. English farmland would most likely show enclosures. B. England did not have medieval castles as commonly as on the Continent. C. In England, agricultural labor only infrequently involved the use of draft animals. D. English women were much less likely to engage in agricultural labor than on the Continent.

35. Questions 35.1–35.3 refer to the following image.

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Music Party (1718)

35.1. What characteristics make this work part of the Rococo style of the early eighteenth century?

A. It recalls ancient republican values of the Renaissance and Roman Empire. B. It focuses on the lives of ordinary European townspeople. C. It shows the female figures in provocative poses. D. It depicts an aristocratic family engaged in leisure activities.

35.2. The Rococo style of this period gave way to an artistic reaction known as

A. Baroque. B. Neoclassicism. C. “the Style of Louis XV.” D. Romanticism.

35.3. Which artist and work also belongs to the Rococo style?

A. Madame de Pompadour, by François Boucher B. The Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David C. Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, by John Constable D. Crucifixion, by Matthias Grunewald

37. Questions 37.1–37.4 refer to the following image.

The Spinning Jenny, 1765

37.1. The spinning jenny resulted in major changes in A. textile manufacturing. B. crop processing. C. transportation. D. power-driven machinery.

37.2. What type of production became obsolete as a result of changes after 1765?

A. the factory system B. the cotton mill C. the assembly line D. the “putting out” or domestic system

37.4. What other mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century development came alongside improvements in

productivity? A. Urban poverty became less visible. B. The social standing of working women declined.

C. The growth of existing large cities expanded rapidly. D. Sanitation and availability of fresh water improved.

38. Questions 38.1–38.3 refer to the following image.

Gin Lane by William Hogarth, 1751

38.1. The publication of this work occurred in the context of increased consumption of gin as a consequence of

A. increases in urban populations and poverty. B. crop failures in the countryside. C. the failure of the government to regulate gin sales. D. sophisticated marketing techniques by gin producers.

38.2. What would best describe the nature of this work?

A. caricature or cartoon B. advertisement C. public service announcement D. government publication

38.3. What other social development of the period likely contributed to the publication of this work?

A. underproduction of cereal crops B. feelings of isolation and degradation in urban areas C. declining numbers of middle class or “bourgeois” population D. the increasing trend toward monopolies in productive enterprises

39. Questions 39.1–39.3 refer to the following image.

The Baldacchino, under the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini

39.1. This architectural style, typically described as ornate and theatrical, is known as A. Mannerist. B. Baroque. C. Rococo. D. Neoclassicist.

39.2. One of the principal uses of this style of interior decoration, also evident in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, was to

A. glorify military conquest. B. demonstrate the wealth and power of the state. C. acknowledge the legitimacy of the Protestant Reformation. D. illustrate that the sun had replaced the Earth as center of the universe.

39.3. The stylistic appeal to emotion experienced a revival in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century under the

label of A. Romanticism. B. Neoclassicism. C. Impressionism. D. Expressionism.

Section II: SAQ

SAQ #1 Source 1 “Absolutism was the wish of the crowds who saw their salvation in the concentration of powers in the hands of one man - the incarnation of the realm, the living symbol of order and of the desired unity. Everyone wished to see in the king the image of God: ‘You are God on earth...’ To this conception was added, with many, the old humanist dream: the king ought to be a hero, lover of glory as in antiquity, protector of Letters...,protector of the Church..., a legislator..., but with a ‘predilection for arms,’ because ‘the role of conqueror is esteemed to be the most noble and highest of titles,’ by all contemporaries.”

-Roland Mousnier, The XVIth and XVIIth Centuries, 1954 Source 2 “As an actual political system, absolutism is a myth. The monarchs themselves never regarded themselves as absolute, except in the case of the autocrats of Russia...In practice the system of absolutism seems much more the result of circumstances and personalities than a deliberate intention to revolutionise the whole structure of the state.”

-George Durand, What is Absolutism?, 1976 A. Explain ONE major difference between Mousnier’s and Durand’s interpretation of the system of absolutism in European history. B. Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period 1610-1725 that supports Mousnier’s interpretation (Source 1) and explain HOW it supports the interpretation. C. Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period 1610-1725 that supports Durand’s interpretation (Source 2) and explain HOW it supports the interpretation. SAQ #2

“Witches, demons, and sorcery have become improbable notions in modern society, no longer having a place in the realm of reality as they once did. Medieval and early modern witchcraft was based on theological and intellectual ideas which were not imaginary to people, but intrinsically connected to their reality. A common misconception is that they were pagan ideas of the uneducated masses. This is especially evident in the ideas of witchcraft laid out by King James I of England (VI of Scotland), both in his own treatise on witchcraft, the Daemonologie, and in the 1605 case of Anne Gunter, in which James showed a particular interest. James was an active figure in the witch-hunts of early modern England. … Early in his life and during the beginning of his reign in Scotland he exhibited a strong belief in witchcraft. His beliefs were further amplified when his life was supposedly threatened by a group of witches in North Berwick. These witches were alleged to have conjured a storm for the purpose of murdering the King and his wife while they were traveling home from Denmark. Torture, in this particular case, was used with the King's permission because he believed that his own life was at risk. This event likely spurred James' fervor for witch-hunting, which culminated in his writing the Daemonologie, a short treatise on witchcraft published in 1597. This text was also written in response to skeptics who were writing at the time. During the second part of his life he exhibited shrewdness in his assessment of witchcraft. By the time James ascended the throne in England after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, he was less concerned with witch-hunting although his reputation remained.” Elizabeth Mack - 2009 A. Describe James I attitude towards witches from the excerpt above. B. Use one piece of evidence from the source above that explains why James I had that attitude. C. Identify and describe how ONE cultural development of the 16th and 17th century that led to the persecution of witches.

SAQ #3

“I, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzo Galilei, Florentine, aged seventy years, arraigned personally before this tribunal, and kneeling before you, Most Eminent and Reverend Lord Cardinals, Inquisitors-General against heretical depravity throughout the entire Christian commonwealth, having before my eyes and touching with my hands, the Holy Gospels, swear that I have always believed, do believe, and by God's help will in the future believe, all that is held, preached, and taught by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. But whereas -- after an injunction had been judicially intimated to me by this Holy Office, to the effect that I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center of the world, and moves, and that I must not hold, defend, or teach in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing, the said false doctrine, and after it had been notified to me that the said doctrine was contrary to Holy Scripture -- I wrote and printed a book in which I discuss this new doctrine already condemned, and adduce arguments of great cogency in its favor, without presenting any solution of these, and for this reason I have been pronounced by the Holy Office to be vehemently suspected of heresy, that is to say, of having held and believed that the Sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center and moves: “

Galileo Galilei, June 22, 1633, in Rome A. Briefly explain the scientific theory the Catholic Church supports in this document. B. Briefly explain the scientific theory that Galileo Galilei recants in this document. C. Identify and explain ONE scientist who would have agreed with the theory that Galileo recants.

SAQ #4 “He [Louis XIV] availed himself of the frequent festivities at Versailles, and his excursions to other places, as a means of making the courtiers assiduous in their attendance and anxious to please him; for he nominated beforehand those who were to take part in them, and could thus gratify some and inflict a snub on others. He was conscious that the substantial favours he had to bestow were not nearly sufficient to produce a continual effect; he had therefore to invent imaginary ones, and no one was so clever in devising petty distinctions and preferences which aroused jealousy and emulation. … He loved splendour, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain his favour, perhaps to obtain the honour of a word from him. Motives of policy had something to do with this; by making expensive habits the fashion, and, for people in a certain position, a necessity, he compelled his courtiers to live beyond their income, and gradually reduced them to depend on his bounty for the means of subsistence. This was a plague which, once introduced, became a scourge to the whole country, for it did not take long to spread to Paris, and thence to the armies and the provinces; so that a man of any position is now estimated entirely according to his expenditure on his table and other luxuries. This folly, sustained by pride and ostentation, has already produced widespread confusion; it threatens to end in nothing short of ruin and a general overthrow.” The Duc de Saint-Simon resided for many years at Versailles during the reign of Louis XIV. He left an account of life there. A. Briefly describe ONE impact that Versailles had on the nobility of France according to this document. B. Briefly describe and explain how ONE piece of evidence from this document that explains why Louis XIV was called the ‘the Sun King.’ C. Briefly describe ONE prediction that Duc de Saint Simon makes for the future of France.

Section III: Long Answer Questions 1. Compare and contrast the reasons for the development of absolute monarchy in France and the emergence of constitutional monarchy in England between 1648 and 1720. (Comparison) 2. Explain how the theory and practice of mercantilism led to both European domination of world trade and created

rivalries between various European powers. (Causation)

3. Evaluate the extent to which the Scientific Revolution represents a turning point in European history. (Periodization) 4. John Locke (1632–1704) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) both developed ideas on the “social contract,” yet

their interpretations differ considerably. Explain these differences, considering the historical context in which each was

developed. (Comparison)

4.) Compare and contrast the relative successes and failures of the Spanish and English experiences in the New World.

(Comparison)

5.) Analyze the reasons for the rise and decline of the Dutch Golden Age and how it differed from the decline of Spain.

(Historical Causation)

6.) Evaluate the relative successes or failures of Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War by bringing to light specific

evidence that differentiates him from the Stuart Dynasty (Historical Argumentation/Comparison)

7. Evaluate the extent to which the Thirty Years War marked a change in the behavior of European monarchs, analyzing

what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it. Use examples from at least

THREE countries.

8. To what extent did the status and role of women in society change in France from 1789-1815? (Continuity and

Change)

9. Analyze how the emergence of civic venues such as salons and coffeehouses challenged the control of the church over

the creation and dissemination of knowledge. (Causation)

10. Analyze how the Enlightenment encouraged Europeans to understand human behavior as governed by natural laws.

(Causation)

11. Compare two new theories of government and political ideologies from the 18th century philosophes. (Comparison)

12. To what extent did the enlightened despots actually practice the ideals of the Enlightenment philosophes?

(Periodization)