c. 1000-500 BC

Phoenicia “Purple People” c. 800 BCGrows out of fallen SumeriaCities Byblos and TyreTrading sea powerResources

Sea portsDye shellsTimberNo farm land

Colonies in N. Africa and EuropeCathageCadize, Spain

Developed alphabet and spread through trade

Assyrian Empire 750-620 BCFills Hittites power vacuum

King Tiglath-pilaser IIIDominate by fear and military powerDivide into districts ruled by governors

Too small to mount successful rebellionKings claimed to speak with nature

Unstable when environmental problems occurLose legitimacy

King Tiglath-Pilaser III

Assyrian EmpireKing’s harem compete for sons’ influenceAssyria conquers Babylon

Last bastion of Sumerian powerOften rebelled against Assyria

Rebellions put down with massacres and mass deportations Approximately ½ million

Assyrian Empire falls c.620 BC under Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal

Babylonia 605-562 BCMoves from city-state to imperial powerNebuchadnezzar

Conquers JudahDestroys Solomon’s Temple

Competed with Egypt for remnants of Assyrian Empire

Stalemate that eventually led to fall of Babylon

Siege of Jerusalem

C. 1000-900 BC Greek city-states fill vacuum left by Mycenea

Begin ship building and Mediterranean trading

Population expands due to iron plowMigrations from Europe

Begins colonizing to solve over populationAll over MediterraneanPick up, refine, and spread Phoenician

alphabet Spread Greek ideas and architecture

Greek societyMyths about Greece

Founded democracyReally only Athens

Even then only male citizens No women (child rearing and no public presence) No slaves (40% of population)

PurityActually indebted to AsiaEgypt, Lydia, Ionian islands

Pericles

ThraceBetween Greece and TurkeyBuilt small trading centerHeight at 429 BC

EtruscansEarly ItalyIron mines in Elba (island)Women had more freedom

Leave houseDine with men

AsiaZhou expansion over reach ability to ruleEarthquakes and economic downfall lead to “lost

mandate”Barbarians from North force Zhou out of ancestral

landBeginning of “Warring States” period

IndiaBrand new civilization in Ganges Valley 1000BC

Detailed in UpishandsMore modern Hinduism = Upishands and Vedas

No known connection to Harappa

Island south of IndiaBuilt on dry plateau

Advanced hydraulic technology

Little knownGeographic isolationRapid degradation due to climateLack of navigable harbors and consistent winds

Dorset cultureFar north around Hudson BayExpand due to blubber lamps

More beyond forestsBarbed harpoons

Poverty Point culture (after site in Louisiana) Traded along Mississippi, Tennessee, and Red

RiversCopper, jewelry, and fine tools

Built large earth mounds for ceremonyOhio ValleyTucson Valley

Nubia gains independence from EgyptCentered in Napata and MeroeOfficial language changed to native tongue

Hard iron forging begins in NigerBantu language spreads southSlave trade begins

Across Sahara to MediterraneanAcross Indian Ocean at horn of Africa