By: Wilmer Arellano

References Introduction Trade Impact of Standards Benefits introduced by the use of Standards Types of Standards Standardizing Bodies Standards Structure WTO

Excerpts from: Two lectures that were developed for the IEC

by Donald E. Purcell, Chairman and CEO of the Center for Global Standards Analysis at the Catholic University of America.

Tutorials found at:▪ http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/educatio

n/setf/index.html Role of standards. A guide for small and

medium-sized enterprises▪ UNITED NATIONS▪ INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

What Are Standards? Informally, any agreement on how something is

done, made, or used can be considered a standard. Standards are so much a part of our daily routine

that we use them without even being aware of doing so.

Next time you make a telephone call, listen to the tones on the handset: the dial tone, the dialing tones (multi-frequency/MF signaling) and the ring-back signals. These are all realized in compliance with existing

standards

Standards have existed for thousands of years,

for example, the first long distance roads in Europe were built by Imperial Rome for the benefit of their legions.

The ruts created by the Roman chariots were then used by all other wagons and later became a gauge for laying the first railroad lines (1.44m)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road

“Integration…requires a blueprint. In nature, DNA provides such a blueprint, instructing each cell on how to function to stay in concert with all others.

In business, successful organizations have their own blueprints for technology...

In an age of interconnectivity, businesses need an architecture that extends outward to partners and customers…

The successful companies select a few standards and enforce them strictly.” [“Business@The Speed of Thought,” Bill Gates (1999) at 420, 431]

When selling products to a foreign country, if the goods do not comply with required standards, they might not be able to enter that country. Starting on the 1st of August 2003, exported

products to the People's Republic of China without CCC mark may be held at the border by Chinese Customs and subject to other penalties. ▪ China Compulsory Certification mark ▪ products related to human life and health, animals, plants,

environmental protection and national security.

Benefits of standardization and standards The impact of standards can be felt around the globe as

they affect world trade, ensure public safety and drive market developments. Worldwide, there are well over half a million published standards. Further, approximately, $1.5 (US) billion is invested globally each year in the creation and management of standards http://www.thinkstandards.net/benefits.html

In 1999, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development published a report which estimated that: more than 80 percent of global product trade

equivalent to at least $4 trillion and at least $200 billion in transatlantic trade is affected

by standards and technical regulations.

Properties of products specific to their manufacturer.

i.e. Tire size and shapeEducation and Business.

i.e. Different levels of progress

International Trade.i.e. Freight container

dimensions

Standards provide benefits such as: defining accurate and necessary measurements, lowering product costs; improving product

performance, quality, uniformity, interoperability and functionality; and

providing a method to improve health, safety, the environment, communications, competition, international trade, and improving the quality of life

Proprietary Standards: Documentation by a commercial entity specifying equipment, practices, or operations unique to that commercial entity. Proprietary standards are developed behind

"closed doors" by a supplier or suppliers that believe they will have sufficient market acceptance to achieve higher financial gains than would be the case if they collaborated in a consensus standard development.▪ IBM’s SNA (Systems Network Architecture ), PS/2

and MCA

Non Proprietary StandardsThere are three basic types:

De Facto Standards De Jure (Mandatory) Standards Voluntary Consensus Standard (Open)

Standards

De Facto. Standards that have come into use by general acceptance, custom or convention but have no formal recognition. Not approved by a standardizing body Widely used procedure Dominant use

i.e. The alphabet.

Adobe has announced plans to submit its Portable Document Format specification to the Enterprise Content Management Association (AIIM) with the intent of having the PDF format approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an open standard.

First launched in 1993, the PDF has since become a de facto standard for cross-platform document exchange.

http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070129-8724.html Published: January 29, 2007

DE JURE (Mandatory) Standards: Incorporated into laws or technical regulations for the protection of public health, safety, and the environment; or when incorporated into contractual agreements, between buyers and sellers.

Approved by a standardizing body. Are compulsory.

i.e. FCC Rules.

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards: The term "voluntary" distinguishes the standards development process from governmental or regulatory processes. All interested stakeholders participate, including producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and academia. Global System for Mobile

communications (GSM )

Key Elements of Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards Consensus Openness Transparency Balance Due Process Rights to Appeal

Consensus: All agreements are reached by agreement by all participants.

Openness: All meetings and decision are carried out in the open.

Transparency: (a) providing advance public notice of a

proposed standards development activity; (b) identifying the scope of work to be

undertaken; (c) providing information on conditions for

participation; (d) and providing an opportunity for all

interested parties to comment prior to final approval and adoption.

Balance: All sectors may participate, manufacturers, providers and end users.

Due Process: Due process means that any person (organization, company, government agency, individual, etc.) with a direct and material interest has a right to: (a) express a position and the basis for it; (b) have that position considered; and (c) appeal if adversely affected. Due process

ensures equity and fair play in the standards development process.

National standard: A standard developed primarily for domestic use. U.S. national standards may be adopted as international standards and international standards may be adopted as U.S. national standards.

Regional standard: A standard developed by a specific region of the world, such as Latin America, that may be adopted as an international standard.

International standard (IS): A standard adopted or developed for global use.

Patented Standards Problems arise if the payment of

royalties is necessary to use a particular formal standard, and many standardizing bodies do not adopt patented technology unless the patent holders agree to certain terms with regard to licensing those who wish to implement the standards.

http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/crisis/M.txt Accessed 10/10/2006

Organizations that: Develop new standards. Maintain existing standards. Influence locally and internationally.

▪ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)▪ (IEC) International Electro technical Commission▪ Federal Communications Commission. (FCC)▪ Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)▪ International Organization for Standardization.

(ISO)▪ The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

The international organizations that produce International Standards are:

The International Electro technical Commission (IEC),

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

IEC covers electro technology and related conformity assessment,

ITU covers telecommunications and ISO covers nearly all other technical

fields, a number of service sectors, management systems and conformity assessment.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.

Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

ISO - together with IEC (International Electro technical

Commission) and ITU (International

Telecommunication Union)has built a strategic partnership with

WTO.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards.

ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 160 countries, one member per country,

with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.

Well known for ISO 9000 and ISO14000 standards. ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms

a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes

are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government.

On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.

Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society.

The IEC is one of three global sister organizations (IEC, ISO, ITU) that develop International Standards for the world.

IEC The International Electro technical Commission is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes international standards

for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

The IEC works closely with ISO (International Organization for Standardization), the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and the WTO (World Trade Organization)

When appropriate, IEC cooperates with ISO (International Organization for Standardization) or ITU (International Telecommunication Union) to ensure that International Standards fit together seamlessly and complement each other.

Joint committees ensure that International Standards combine all relevant knowledge of experts working in related areas.

ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and

the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services.

For 145 years, ITU has coordinated the shared global use of the radio

spectrum, promoted international cooperation in

assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication

infrastructure in the developing world, established the worldwide standards that

foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems

As the voice of the U.S. standards and conformity assessment system, the

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

empowers its members and constituents to strengthen the U.S. marketplace position in the global economy while

helping to assure the safety and health of consumers and the protection of the environment.

ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). e.g., IEEE, INCITS (International Committee for Information

Technology ), TIA Telecommunication Industry Association),

and ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry

Solutions ).

ANSI is the sole U.S. representative and dues-paying member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and as a founding member of the ISO, ANSI plays an active role in its governance.

Federal Communications Commission. (FCC) Rules for radios, TV’s, telephones. Six bureaus:

Consumer & Governmental Affairs Enforcement International Media Wireless Telecommunications Wireline Competition

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) Provide Safety Standards More than 800 Standards of Safety Authorized by ANSI

To facilitate trade organizations as IEC and others have implemented worldwide certification schemes An international Scheme is operated by the IECEE (IEC

System for Conformity testing and Certification of Electrical Equipment), known as the CB Scheme.

The Scheme is intended to reduce obstacles to international trade which arise from having to meet different national certification or approval criteria.  Participation of the various NCBs (National Certification Bodies) within the Scheme is intended to facilitate certification or approval according to IEC standards. 

The CB Scheme is based on the use of CB Test Certificates which provide evidence that representative specimens of the product have successfully passed tests to show compliance with the requirements of the relevant IEC standard.

UL has gained full acceptance by the IECEE as a National Certification Body for the following Standards: IEC 65 for Household Audio/Video Equipment IEC 601 for Medical Electrical Equipment IEC 730 for Automatic Electrical Controls IEC 745 for Hand-Held Electric Tools IEC 950 for information Technology and Business

Equipment IEC 1010 for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,

Control and Laboratory Use

Q: How much does it cost and how long does it take to have a product tested?

A: Cost varies depending on the product and complexity of test requirements. Once UL's engineering staff review your product information to determine the scope and time involved in the testing process, they will provide you with a cost estimate. UL will work with you in determining the time frame for testing, depending on when you need the project completed. http://www.ul.com/faq/submitting.html

“Without IEC standards, we cannot work.” (Kamal Gad, Chairman, ABB (Egypt))

“Standards today are a powerful tool both to promote and potentially to inhibit trade amongst nations, and companies that wish to survive must actively participate at all levels in the standards development process.” (Circuit Breakers Industries (South Africa))

“It ‘would be a catastrophe’ if Imetec were not involved directly in helping to develop standards because we would be operating without knowledge of the future.” (Arturo Morgandi, R&D Manager, Imetec (Italy))

“If you control an industry’s standards, you control that industry lock, stock, and ledger” [“Out of the Crisis,” W. Edwards Deming, Published by the Center for Advanced Engineering Study, MIT (1986)]

Although a standard’s structure may vary according to circumstances, the following contents are typical:

Scope Normative References Definitions Symbols and Units Test procedures Acceptance Criteria Effective Date

International standards are typically supported by a Conformity Assessment Program.

The scope of a standard specifies which products or issues the standard will apply to.

It is common for international consensus standards to incorporate by reference other standards

Definitions are intended to describe all words or terms unique to the standard.

The use of symbols and units is common to virtually all standards

Test procedures set forth the manner in which a technology will be evaluated.

Acceptance criteria determine a product’s acceptable level of performance

Technical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country. Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism.

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.

It’s an organization for liberalizing trade.

It’s a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements.

It’s a place for them to settle trade disputes.

It operates a system of trade rules. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/

whatis_e/tif_e/fact1_e.htm

Most-favored-nation (MFN): treating other people equally Under the WTO agreements, countries

cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favor (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.

National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally Imported and locally-produced goods

should be treated equally, at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.

The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents.

Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation Lowering trade barriers is one of the

most obvious means of encouraging trade.

The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively.

Predictability: through binding and transparency back to top Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade

barrier can be as important as lowering one, because the promise gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities.

With stability and predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competition

In the WTO, when countries agree to open their markets for goods or services, they “bind” their commitments. For goods, these bindings amount to ceilings on customs tariff rates.

ISO 18000 This is a series of international standards that are used for air interface protocol in

RFID systems. This standard is not concerned with the actual data being transmitted or the physical structure of the tags and readers.

We will be incorporating ISO 18000-3 which corresponds to communication at a frequency13.56 MHz. The scope of this standard is to provide Physical Layer, Anti-Collision and Protocol Values for RFID Systems operating at this frequency. There are two MODES to operate in, both which require a license from the owner of the intellectual property. Mode 1 is based on ISO 15693, vicinity cards standard, but with some variations. It requires that the interrogator to tag data rate be 1.65 kbps or 26.48 kbps. Mode 2 is for high speed interface which allows the data rate to be 423.75 kbps. For this project Mode 1 will be used.

FIU Senior Design I Spring 2005 S Farid Hosseini, Silfredo Ciprian, Mahmoud Abu-Hantash,

See Standard Reference 1 and 2 for more examples

IEC 417, No. 5019

Symbol is used where the equipment is grounded; it is placed at the equipment earthing point.

ISO 3864, No. B.3.6

Symbol used to highlight the risk of electric shock if and when the device is opened up.

Some standards require symbols to be attached to the products.

Depending on the particular industry sector, symbols to indicate the same idea, may differ. Please look in industry related sources.

Please do not limit your project to this two examples.

FCC Rules, Section 15.5 (b) Operation of an intentional, unintentional, or

incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused and that interference must be accepted that may be caused by the operation of an authorized radio station, by another intentional or unintentional radiator, by industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, or by an incidental radiator.

ISO 690-2 standard refers how to write electronic references and basically it is what IEEE uses and also what we use.

FCC and ISO example if they apply to your project

Two or three standards relating directly to your project from industry related sources. Graphic symbols alone are not enough, we are looking for standards that impose design constraints.

Don’t forget to include any common standards as TCPIP, RS232, VGA, Symbols, etc.

References Introduction Trade Impact of Standards Benefits introduced by the use of Standards Types of Standards Standardizing Bodies Standards Structure WTO

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