By Ryan Murray

Crops decimated by Crop eating diseases (Stietsma,

1973)

Corn Fields killed by Stewarts

DDT

Dioxin (Agent Orange)

Garsney (2001)

Johnson, D. and P. Lucas (2001)

Finding bio controls- fight off diseases and pests

Alternate HypothesesAlternate Hypotheses1.If Soybean Plants exposed to Pythium and Fusarium are treated with P.Putida, Fungal Mycelium, and S. griesevoridis, the infections will decrease

2. If soybean plants exposed to Root Knot Nematodes are treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, the infestation will decrease.

Healthy soybean root

Infected with Pythium

Healthy soybean root

(Sietsma,1973) Wall structure and Growth in Pythium Bacterial Infection. Cambridge University Press

Fungal Mycelium

(Ajello,1979)

Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. 2003. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .

Adapted from Bergstrom (1993)

(Tari,1988) Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida.

Appl Environ Microbiol. August1988

Ester (2003) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Ames, Iowa.

Rhabditid Nematode attacking root knots

Root- Knot Nematodes

(Kachlany, 2002)

Against resident levels of Fusarium-reduced Fusarium infection by 16%

Distinct similarities between the three diseases.

SOYBEAN PLANTS SOYBEAN PLANTS

Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses (Domier, 2009)

N= 50 Soybean Plants

N=10Exposed to Pythium

N=10Exposed to Fusarium

N=10 Exposed to Stewart’s (rootknots)

Treated with P.putida, Fungal Mycelium and S. griseoviridis

Treated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Time = 30 daysMeasurements taken using Diluting Fluid (measuring volume of bacterial infection) and Leaf health scale

SPPS Statistical Analysis by ANOVA comparing the various bio controls to the control followed by Sheffe Post Hoc Test where p<.05

N=10 ControlN=10 Exposed to Root Knots (No Stewarts)

All strains must be kept isolated from one another to avoid contamination

Plants infected by injection or pin-prick method

Root Knots exposed to Stewarts by ingestion in medium

VendorOrder

Number Quant Description Price

Carolina Online 155265 1 Pseudomonas Putida, Living tube $9.20

Carolina NP-15-6033 1 Fusarium Oxysporum $9.20

Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang 1 Root Knot Nematodes

Carolina Online 593120 1 Walter QZG Zoom Stereomicroscope $519.00

BD CATALOG 442104 1 Diluting fluid- used to count Bacteria

Carolina Online 721169 1 Pyrex® Vista™ Test Tubes 50 count $14.50

Cornell University-Xiaohong Wang 1 Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita

Carolina Online 158443 1 Bean, Soy, Viable Seed, 1 lb $8.75

Still Searching Fungal Mycelium

1. Pythium, Fusarium, and Root Knots obtainable by online and collegiate sources

2. P.Putida, Mycelium, S. griseoviridis, and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; available online at Carolina and at other sources

Bagnall, R.. Control of Pythium wilt and root rot of hydroponically grown lettuce by means of chemical treatment of the nutrient solution. University of Pretoria Biological Journal. 2007. Pgs 4-24

Bergstrom, Gary C. Biocontrol for plants with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Sporobolomyces roseus. Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. 2005.pgs 45-59

Deng, Zhanao. Pythium Root Rot Resistance in Commercial Caladium Cultivars. HortSci Journal Volume 40 Issue 3. pgs. 549-552.2009

Domier, L. Soybean yields are affected quantitatively and qualitatively by fungi, insects, nematodes, and viruses. ARS Society Research Program. (2009)

Ester.Stewarts Disease. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003) Garsney .5 Star Biology Review. “Bio-controls”. 2001. Gilardi, Gerald. “Pseudomonas”. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. ©1992 Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CAB International Publisher (2006) pp.

505 Howard ,DH. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.) New York. Routledge, USA. (2003) Jarvis, W.R. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. American Phytopathological Society Press. St. Paul. 1992.Pg

288. Kloepper. Bacterial cultures for root-colonizing plants.Cominco Fertilizers Research. Volume 6. April, 1996.Pg 71. Leonard KJ, Bushnell WR. Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. American Phytopathological Society Press .

(2003) pgs 181-185 Owen-Going, T.N.; Sutton, J.C.; Grodzinski, B. Relationships of Pythium isolates and sweet pepper plants in single-

plant hydroponic units. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 2003 Volume25. Pages 155-167. Tari. PH Fusarium Wilt Suppression and Agglutinability of Pseudomonas putida. Appl Environ Microbiol. 54(8). August 2037-2041 Walsh TJ, Dixon DM “Spectrum of Mycoses”. Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.).(1996). Wyss, P. Testing the effect of biological control agents on the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant and

Soil Journal. Volume 147, Number 1.November, 1992. 159-162