By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNYEdited By: Adam StonehillEdited By: Adam Stonehill

Earlier Explorations – Earlier Explorations – Pre Colombian Pre Colombian Discoveries Discoveries 1. Islam & the Spice Trade

Malacca2. A New Player Europe

Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.Better seaworthy ships.

3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages

In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre-1492 pre-1492 (Geocentrism vs (Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism)Heliocentrism)

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Crusades by-pass

intermediaries in trade routes to get to Asia. (Muslim Empires)

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries. (spread “your type” of Christianity)

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Created an “atmosphere” conducive to exploration

Portuguese Maritime Empire• First European “oceanic” explorers• West Africa first (forts established)• First Europeans to reach “wealthy” Indian ocean

trade by Vasco da Gama• Gain “eastern” territories of Pope Alexander VI’s

Treaty of Tordesillas• Main colonies are: Brazil (Sugarcane, most

slaves of any colony) and East Indies (spices)• Decline with rise of Dutch and English by 1700.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire1. Exploring the west coast

of Africa.2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut.4. Admiral Alfonso de

Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

(Christopher Columbus)(Christopher Columbus)

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa

Pineapple Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR

CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs

Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping

Cough

Trinkets Liquor GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

aries

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.2. Portuguese replaced European

slaves with Africans.Sugar cane & sugar plantations.First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10-50 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals1. Portugal lacked the

numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.2. Influx of gold, and

especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade