Memory & Thought

By: Mirella Cabrera

PsychologyMs. McElmoyl

Per.7

Storing and retrieving information that has

been learned. It is known as a large filing

cabinet with millions of files stored. It is stated

in the Stroke Center, “Everything we

experience is placed in a file, labeled and can

be pulled out when needed.”

Memory…

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

(1968) This is known to be the model of

different memories, their codes and

how they process in the memory.

There are 3 stages of memory:

Sensory Memory, Short-Term

Memory, and Long-Term Memory.

There are 6 types of memory:

Iconic, Echoic, Semantic, Episodic,

Declarative, and Procedural

Memory.

I. Sensory: Briefest of memories that occurs

immediately following the reception of a

stimulus.

II. Short-term: Memory that is limited to about

seven items.

III. Long-term: Contains representations of

countless facts, experiences, and sensations.

Stages of Memory…

Iconic Memory & Echoic Memory (Sensory)

Semantic Memory & Episodic Memory (Long-

term)

Declarative Memory & Procedural Memory

(Long-term)

Types of Memory…

Short-term memory does not have any

types of memories but it contains two

methods in which one may improve their

memory, they are: Maintenance Rehearsal &

Chunking.

Short-term Memory…

Working Memory

Model(Baddeley 1986)… This is a model of short-term

memory, it is well known to

expand the “working”

aspect of memory.

There are 3 components to

short-term memory

1. Phonological Loop

2. Visuospatial Sketchpad

3. Central Executive

This loop can hold small amount of

information just by the way everything sounds

due to acoustic coding.

FACT: Can hold about 2 seconds of

phonological information at a time.

Phonological Loop…

“Like a drawing tablet, with only so many

things drawn a time (limited capacity , visual

code).”

This aspect can not only hold visual

information, but it can also hold the way in

which the information is arranged.

Visuospatial Sketchpad…

Is responsible for monitoring, keeping track of,

and arranging information throughout the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. Its main role is to convert information from one code to another.

According to Baddeley’s (1986) working memory model, the central executive, “Is postulated to be responsible for the selection, initiation, and termination of processing routines.

Central Executive…

This occurs when major damages are done the

frontal lobes due to the impairments in the way the central executive functions.

Baddeley used this syndrome to describe the many dysfunctions, “Disturbed attention, increased distractibility, a difficulty in grasping the whole of a complicated state of affairs.” Even with all this, a person suffering from this syndrome cannot learn or process new tasks.

Dysexecutive Syndrome…

I. Encoding: Transforming information so that

the nervous system can process it.

II. Storage: Information is maintained over a

period of time.

III. Retrieval: Involves obtaining information

that has been previously stored.

Memory Process…

I. Visual Codes/Senses: Creating a mental

picture.

II. Acoustic Codes: Repeating information

aloud.

III. Semantic Codes: Making sense of

information.

Encoding…

He believed that short-term memory codes all

information according to sound (acoustically). He stated, “Visual information is encoded (transformed) to its acoustic (sound/language) codes.

His study focused on participants who were presented with a list of consonants for about ¾ seconds and then had to recall what they had seen. It is said that, “Conrad found errors of recall were linked to letters which had a similar sound.” Therefore, these errors were later referred as, “acoustic confusion or substitution errors.”

Conrad’s Study (1964)

…

He discovered that distributing learning over

time is more effective than trying to fit

information all at once.

Continuing to practice material even after it

has been learned has the effect of improving

retention.

Herman Ebbinghaus

Theory…

He believed that memory was essential to

survival, but that there was no need to retain

every bit of information .

Due to James theory, short-term and long-term

memories were formed; they should just focus

on the main memory.

William James Theory…

1. "Central Executive." Central Executive. Trans. Bonnie M. French.

N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2013.

2. "The Internet Stroke Center." Internet Stroke Center Stroke News. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013.

3. Lickerman, Alex. ""How To Remember Things"" Psychology Today. Alex Lickerman, 16 Nov. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2014.

4. "Memory and Thought." Memory and Thought. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.

5. "Ashbourne College's Psychology Blog." Ashbourne Colleges Psychology Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. *(Add Links/Url to Resources!)

Resources…