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Modern Indian History from about the middle of the eighteen century until the
present- significant events, personalities, issues.
Q1). Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and
Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.
Though Gandhiji and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose were the great leaders who
believed the power of masses and wanted the emancipation of India from Colonial
rule they differ in their strategy and tactics as well as the vision of what future
program should be followed.
Parameters Subhash Chandra Bose Mahatma Gandhiji
Strategy
against
Britishers
Struggle-Struggle-Freedom Struggle-Truce-Struggle
Nature of
Struggle
Initially believing in the non-violent
struggle but later on independent
can be obtained by violent struggle
ex; INA
FIRM believer in the non-
violent Struggle - non
violent Satyagraha and
was convinced that the
might of British colonial
administration could be
brought down only by
mass mobilization .
Inspired by extremist tradition and followed the
footsteps of Aurobindo Ghosh
by leaders like Tilak and
Tagore
Model for
Indian
Development
after
Independence
Rapid modernization achieved by
Soviet five year plans.
village democracy and
self rule(spiritual swaraj).
in favour of Cottage and
village industries.
a critique of mass
production and viewed
industrialisation itself with
scepticism.
International
outlook
Went to fascist Germany and japan
for getting help to liberate the India
Always against fascist
power
Philosophy End justifies the means Means justify the end
Independence Complete independence Independence in phases
NCM 1920
CDM 1931
Quit India 1942
Despite their differences both Gandhi and Netaji has immense respect for
one another. Gandhiji called Netaji as “Prince among Patriots”. Netaji called
Gandhiji as “The Father of nation” in a 1944 address from Rangoon.
Q 3) Explain how the uprising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in
the evolution of British policies towards colonial India.
The 1857 revolution was the first nationalist movement or sepoy mutiny or
first war of Independence by Indians against foreign rule which played crucial
role in determining British policies towards Colonial India for next 90 years.
It is considered a water-shed which separates an age of ill-considered reform,
followed by an age of iron conservatism.
The changes that the uprising brought about not only impacted the political
and governance architecture of India but also left deep imprints on the socio-
economic life of the country.
The change in British Policy towards colonial India can be explained as
follows:
1. Administrative Changes: The Paramountancy of British Crown abolishing rule of the East India Company was established to consolidate the empire through direct responsibility.
2. Changes in Military Organization: As Army was at forefront of revolt, it was thoroughly reorganized to break the unity of regiments by accommodating soldiers from different communities in a regiment as. British hugely increased the military expenditure at the cost of socio-economic development and their policy came to be dominated by the idea of division and counterpoise.
3. Policy of divide and rule: Introduction of Caste based census, separate electorates later were evolved as per British Divide and Rule policy so as to prevent nationalism. For ex. Creation of Martial and non-martial class in army.
4. Abolition of Policy of annexation: British realized that Native rulers were not their enemies and their support would be crucial in continuation of rule in India. The era of annexation and expansion (Doctrine of Lapse) ended and the British promised to respect the dignity and rights of native princes.
5. Sensitivity in policy making: To reduce sense of foreign rule in people, greater sensitivity in policy making implied. Indians started being inducted towards political participation through Indian Council Act of 1861.
6. Support to Zamindars: Zamindars, who were earlier victims of British land revenue policies, were restored with their lands and rights for their loyalty. This also slowly led to rising middle class.
7. Carrot and stick scheme: Cycles of Mild Repression – Incentives – Suppression were utilized to control rising demands of Indians.
8. Attitude of non-interference in social & religious issues: British support of social reforms was major cause of 1857 uprising. Hence, British adopted itself out from playing any role in reform.
9. Development of Railway & Communication: In order to consolidate its empire, British developed railway and communication so as to ensure its reach economically, politically, military in every corner of India.
10. Policy of neglect of Higher Education: Contrary to earlier position, higher education and intellectuals were abhorred as they were seen as being instrument of modern nationalism.
After the revolt, British government focused more on the consolidation of their empire instead of further expanding it. But uprising of 1857 shook the foundation of British Raj and acted as inspiration to the future national movements leading to independence in 1947.
Q3)Partition was a culmination of a communal politics that started developing in the opening
decades of the twentieth century. Comment
Q4)History has disproved the prediction that democracy would not succeed in India. In this
context, Critically assess the achievements and challenges of democracy in India since
Independence.
Q5) Socio- religious reform movements have played important role in modernise the India. So give
account of the reasons behind their rise, contribution of these movements and also mention their
limitations.
Q6)Why was province of the Bengal was partitioned? Were Britishers able to achieve the actual
targets behind the partition of Bengal?
Q7) What do you mean by Drain of wealth? Elaborate the factors responsible for that. Also brief the
mechanism / instrument for Drain of wealth. And finally discuss the consequences of it.
Q8) ‘ Subsidiary alliance is gradually evolved system’. What is your view about the statement?
Also elaborate how subsidiary alliance helped to establish supremacy of British rule?
Q9) Discuss how the satyagrahas of Gandhiji removed the spell of fear amonf Indians and thus
knocked off an Importatant pillar of imperialism
.
Q10) British Railway Construction policy in India benefitted British Economy in the
nineteenth century .Discuss