GCSE Physical Education Revision

By Kelsey Baxter

Contents Page Introduction Balanced Diet Why is Exercise Important? GCSE Sports Girls do GCSE Sports Boys do Top 10 Goals of Football Rules of Football - Page 2

- Page 3

Human body- Page 2

- Page 3

Methods of Training Methods of Training Page 2 Factors affecting an individuals performance Quiz More information

Introduction This is going to be a source of revision about GCSE

Physical Education (P.E.). If you are taking GCSE P.E. as an option this will provide you the information you need to know and learn for your exams, especially for

your theory exams.

Balanced DietThe Human Body needs a balanced, healthy diet to keep functioning properly. This helps ensure that our bodies have enough nutrition to; Grow and build Repair and heal Reproduce successfully Repel illnesses and infections Avoid weight-related health problems

Eating a variety of foods can also reduce the risk of getting conditions including heart disease, stroke, some cancers, diabetes.

Diagram of the food groups our body need to stay healthy -

Why is exercise important?

Exercise is important to ensure that your body is strong and healthy enough to live a healthy lifestyle.

There are lots of positive effects that exercise does to your body, some of these are that it improves your heart and lung efficiency which reduces your chances of developing heart disease also it makes your joints and muscles stronger and finally burns calories.

Doing exercise overall improves your overall level of health and fitness especially if you are doing GCSE Physical Education.

The sports Girls do in GCSE P.E.The Girls do -

Hockey Netball Football Bench ball

Also you can do sports that you do outside of school such as if you do horse riding, cheerleading, gymnastics etc. If you are good at these sports you can get your teacher to score you on them to get you a higher grade in your GCSE practical.

The sports Boys do in GCSE P.E. The Boys do –

Football Rugby Basketball Cricket Badminton

The same as the girls you can do different sports outside of school such as gymnastics and if you were good at that sport then you would get you a higher GCSE practical mark.

Top 10 Goals of Football

Rules of Football There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.

1) Field of Play. The game can be played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the surface must be green and rectangular in shape. The two long sides of the rectangle are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called goal lines. The field is divided in half by the halfway line.

2) Ball. Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a certain pressure.

3) Number of Players. Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the goalkeeper). A game cannot start if either team has less than 7 players.

4) Equipment. Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shin guards and footwear.

5) Referee. The referee ensures the Laws of the Game are respected and upheld.

Rules of Football,Page 2

6) Offside. It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer to the opponents' goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent. The offside rule exists to ensure there are always opponents (generally the goal keeper and a defender) between a player receiving the ball and the goal. Without the offside rule, play can become boring with repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal.

7) Fouls/Misconduct. These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an offence to use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or undeliberate or to handle the ball (unless you are a goal keeper). The referee may show the yellow card to caution players for less serious offences and the red card for more serious offences resulting in the player being sent off. Two yellow cards are equivalent to one red card.

8) Free Kicks. Are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be direct or indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick. A goal can only be scored from an indirect free kick if it touches at least one other player first. The free kick must be taken from a stationary position with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether it's direct or indirect. The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free kick is taken.

9) Penalty Kicks. Are given against a team when they commit an offence which would normally be awarded a direct free kick inside their goal area. The ball is kicked from stationary from the penalty spot. The opposing team must be outside of the penalty area and at least 9.15 m from the ball.

10) Throw-in. Used to restart play after the whole of the ball has crossed the touch line.

Rules of Football,Page 3

11) Goal kick. Used when the ball goes out of play and then it’s the goal keepers kick.

12) Corner Kick. Is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last touched by a member of the defending team (and no goal was scored). A corner kick is taken from inside the corner arc closest to the point where the ball crosses the goal line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m from the ball when the corner kick is taken. he rules of football are officially referred to as the "Laws of the Game".

13 Assistant Referees. There may be at most 2 assistant referees.

14 Duration of the Match. The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes each. The half time interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of the referee more time is allowed to compensate for any stoppage during play e.g. Due to substitutions or care and attention of injured players.

15) Start and Restart of Play. A kick-off starts play at the start of the match or after a goal. A kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre spot. All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off. A coin is tossed pre-game, the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want to play. After half time the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off. After a goal is scored, the team which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart play.

16) Ball in and Out of Play. The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee has stopped the game. The ball is in play at all other times.

17) Method of Scoring. The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.

Human Body

Human BodyThe strongest bone in your body is your femur. The femur is located in your thigh and not only is it the strongest bone in your body it’s the longest. Other

strongest bones in your body are also the Temporal Bone which makes up part of your skull and also the Pelvis which is the bony structure that connects

the base of the spine to the upper end of the rear legs.

Overall there are over 200 bones in your body, our vertebral column or spine is divided into five sections and influences movement during sport. Joints are

also important, giving you the freedom to flex or rotate parts of your body. However this gets harder with age, as your bones lose their strength and

density.

Human BodyYou also need to understand the five functions of the skeleton. These are: Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the

chest. Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short. Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing sport. The

vertebral column holds the body upright. Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the

muscles contract the bones move. Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood

cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.

Methods of TrainingIn aerobic exercise, which is steady and not too fast, the heart is able to supply enough oxygen to the muscles. Aerobic training improves cardiovascular fitness.

Anaerobic exercise is performed in short, fast bursts where the heart cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles. Anaerobic training improves the ability of the muscles to work without enough oxygen when lactic acid is produced.

Methods of Training Circuit training involves performing a series of exercises in a special order called a circuit. Each activity takes place at a 'station'. It can be designed to improve speed,

agility, coordination, balance and muscular endurance.

Continuous training involves working for a sustained period of time without rest. It improves cardio-vascular fitness.

Cross training involves using another sport or activity to improve your fitness. It happens when an athlete trains in a different environment. For example a volleyball player uses the power training for that sport to help with fitness for long jump.

Fartlek training or 'speed play' training involves varying your speed and the type of terrain over which you run, walk, cycle or ski. It improves aerobic and anaerobic fitness.

Interval training involves alternating between periods of hard exercise and rest. It improves speed and muscular endurance.

Weight training uses weights to provide resistance to the muscles. It improves muscular strength (high weight, low reps), muscular endurance (low weight, high reps, many sets) and power (medium weight and reps performed quickly).

Altitude training (AQA only) is aerobic training high above sea level, where oxygen levels are lower. It is used to increase aerobic fitness quickly.

General methods of training can be applied to specific sports. For example, continuous training might involve swimming, cycling, rowing, aerobics or running.

Factors affecting an individuals performance

Drugs aren’t limited to those with addictions. Some athletes take illegal substances to enhance their performance, an activity known as ‘doping’. There are five types of doping classes (banned drugs), the most common being stimulants and hormones. Although they’re performance-enhancing, they have numerous health risks and are banned by sports’ governing bodies. So what’s the difference

between these and social drugs?

Some sportspeople try to gain an advantage by using performance-enhancing drugs. This is known as doping. Many performance-enhancing drugs are banned by sports' governing bodies. There are 5 'doping classes', which are categories of banned drugs as shown on the graph ->

Blood doping is injecting blood

that has been removed from the body

a few days earlier, enabling

the blood to carry more oxygen.

It is banned as it's a form of cheating.

It can cause kidney and heart failure.

Beta blockers are banned in archery

and shooting as they keep the heart rate

low and reduce tremble in the hands.

Student SurveySport Amount of girls

which paricipateAmount of boys

which particpate

Football 14 30

Rugby 7 24

Netball 32 0

Fitness 20 22

Football Rugby Netball Fitness0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

GirlsBoys

Quiz What’s the scientific name for the skull? What is the second law in football?

What sports do the girls do in GCSE PE?

Answer 1

The cranium

Answer 2

The Ball

Answer 3

Netball, Hockey, Football, Bench ball

For more information about GCSE PE go to http://

www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/znyb4wx