By Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department King ... · Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Introduction to

INTRODUCTION TO GIS TECHNOLOGY AND ITS

APPLICATIONSBy

Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications 2

GIS

GIS: Geographic Information SystemsA system of SW & HW that supports: capture, management, manipulation, analysis, and display of “Geographic Information”


Geographic Information

Data that specify:

Features Location

Features Descriptive Attributes


Examples of Features

Oil Wells (point features) Streets/Roads (line features)Land Parcels (polygon features)


y Point (example: Oil Well)

x

Line (example: Road/Street)

Polygon (example: Land Parcel)

Features Location / Spatial Representation:Points, Lines, and Polygons

point

1,6

2,5

5,4

4,1

7,105,9

4,7

6,68,6

9,8

line

polygon

2,2

5 10

5

10

Features Location:Points, Lines, and Polygons


Points Points

Retail storesRetail stores

LinesLines

StreetsStreets

PolygonsPolygons

Land usesLand uses

Features Location / Spatial Representation:Points, Lines, and Polygons


Oil Wells (point features): Depth Year Drilled Volume of Oil Production

Roads (line features): Name Width Number of Lanes

Descriptive Attributes


Land Parcels (polygon features): Area Owner Name Owner Address & Contact Details Permit Number


Polygon Features

301

Line Features

201

Point Features

101

Points

Lines

Polygons

Features Location & Descriptive Attributes

Features Location/SpatialRepresentation


One-to-One Correspondence


Descriptive AttributesDescriptive AttributesLocational DataLocational DataStreets

Example: Streets Network


GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational DimensionGIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension

Locations

Networks

Areas

March 28, 2005Introduction to GIS Technology

and its Applications 13

GIS concept is not new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

Cholera death

Water pump

+


Benefits of GIS: Examples

Linking Location and Descriptive AttributesProviding a “Unified Database”Manipulating & Analyzing Geographic Information in new ways Automating map making and updating

Better information managementHigher quality analysisAbility to carry out “what if?” scenarios


Before GIS:Scattered Islands of Geographic Information

Maps

Maps Descriptive Attributes

Descriptive Attributes Maps Descriptive Attributes

Maps

Maps Descriptive Attributes


After GIS:A Unified Island of Geographic Information

A Unified GIS Database





MapsMaps

Maps Maps


Permit Issuing and TrackingMunicipal Facilities ManagementLand Records ManagementOptimum Site Selection for schools, hospitals, commercial centers..etc.

GIS Urban Applications -Examples


Other ApplicationsFacilities managementMarketing and retailingTransport/vehicle routingHealthInsuranceNatural Resources ManagementWater Wells InventoryForestry/Wild Life ManagementEnvironmental Impact AssessmentOil Spill TrackingGeology and Oil Exploration and many more….

DigitalMapping

Photo-grammetry

ComputerAided

Design

Surveying

RemoteSensing

Databases

GIS

Cross-disciplinary Nature of GIS


Prof. Ian McHarg first to set the theoretical foundation of GIS His well known book “Design with Nature”

(published 1969)

However, extensive commercial activity relatively recent starting late 1980’s/early 1990’s

GIS: Historical Background


Milestones

1965: “Canada GIS”; first nation-wide GIS

1967: “New York Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory System”

1969: “Minnesota Land Management Information System”


Aerial Imagery

Elevation

Geodetic Control

Boundaries

Surface Waters

Transportation

Land Ownership

Soils

Sewer Lines

Water Lines

Land Cover

Demographics

Flood Zones

Layers Concept in GIS

Reality


Typical Layers in a GIS Database

Base map layer includes: Geodetic control points Contour lines Permanent geographic features such as

coastlines and rivers

Land parcels layer


Aerial Photo or satellite image as background

Streets network layer

Infrastructure/Utilities network layers: Electric, Phone, Water, and Sewer

Typical Layers in a GIS Database…


Planning layers Existing land use Planned land use/zoning Urban growth management lines Vacant land inventoryFacility location layers - schools, health centers, etc.




Boundary layers Municipal boundaries Neighborhood boundaries

Event location layers: Location of car accidents crime incident maps



Environmental layers Well sites Contour maps Hazardous waste sites Flood plains/ wetlands


GIS Components

Software & Hardware

Database

Users

GIS Data


Data Input Systems

Manual DigitizingAutomated Scanning


Manual Digitizing

Done through a digitizerCoordinates entered through a cursorSlow and costlyAccurate results


Automated Scanning

Maps scanned through a scannerFaster and lower costRequires substantial amount of editingLower accuracy


Capturing data

480585.5, 3769234.6

483194.1, 3768432.3

485285.8, 3768391.2

484327.4, 3768565.9

483874.7, 3769823.0

480585.5, 3769234.6

483194.1, 3768432.3

485285.8, 3768391.2

484327.4, 3768565.9

483874.7, 3769823.0

Hardcopy mapsHardcopy maps

GPSGPS

GISData

CoordinatesCoordinates

Digital dataDigital data


Data Output Peripherals

PlottersPrinters


DisplayMaps Graphs

Reports


Output

Florida.mxd

DocumentDocument

InternetInternetPaper mapPaper map

GIS Data

Florida.jpg

ImageImage


Average growth around 15% per year over the last two decadesU.S. vendors dominate world marketBusiness customers rapidly increasing

GIS Industry & Market


Commercial GIS Packages

ArcGIS (ESRI, USA)GeoMedia (InterGraph, USA)GeoGraphics (Bentley Corp., USA) MapInfo (MapInfo Corp., USA)STAR (STAR Company, Belgium)Many Others

Documents

By Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department King ... · Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan, City and Regional Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Introduction to