By Ben Nead, Chris Wiedeman, Emily Rumney, Jack Martin, Max Russakoff, and Patrick Schmit

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

THE RISE OF GLOBAL INEQUALITY• The Rise of Global Inequality

• The breakthrough of the Industrialization Revolution allowed industrialized countries to increase their wealth and power enormously (European and North American countries)

• The countries that were not able to industrialized soon became weak, poor, and vulnerable in comparison (African, Asian and Latin American countries)

• These countries were called Third World Countries

• This pattern of uneven development became institutionalized, becoming a facet of the world economy

THE WORLD MARKET

• World Trade grew exponentially in 19th Century

• 1913 – Value of World Trade about 38 Billion (25 times value in 1800)

• Economy targeted at Europe

• England had the largest market from 1846-1914

CAUSES OF GLOBAL ECONOMY GROWTH• Industrial Revolution

• Increased supply of Domestic Goods

• Increased demand for Commodities

• Steam Engine and steel improved land and sea transportation

• Fuel consumption cut in half shipping costs plummeted

• Increased demand for raw materials.

• Growth of Nationalism

• Imperialism provided customers and colonies.

• Protective tariffs arose in Europetraders looked for new customers.

• 1820—India bought 6% of English Cotton. In 150 India bought %25.

OTHER ENCOURAGING FACTORS• Construction of Suez and Panama Canals.

• Rich investments in improving ports.

• Transoceanic telegraph cables

• Rapid communication between trading hubs.

FOREIGN INVESTMENTS• By WWI (1914) Europe collectively invested 40 billion in foreign areas.

• Rich upper class supplied these investments

• By 1920, %25 of railroad mileage was outside Europe and US.

• Connected coastal ports to inland cities.

• Most (3/4) went to North America and Australia

• Less “developed” than Africa and Asia

• Natives suffered because of development.

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA• As late as 1880, only 10% of Africa was controlled by European nations

How this began:

• The French had begun to conquer Algeria in 1830, and by 1880 French, Italian and Spanish colonists had settled among the overwhelming Arab majority.

• Meanwhile in South Africa, the British had seized the Dutch settlements of Cape Town during the wars of Napoleon I.

• This caused the Dutch settlers to move and fight the Zulu and Xhosa peoples for land in 1835.

• After 1853, British colonies such as Canada and Australia were beginning to create self-governments

• At this the Afrikaners declared independence and defended their territory against the British armies, (obviously causing tension).

• Afrikaners – the descendants of the Dutch settlers in Cape Town

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• By 1880, Afrikaners and British settlers had gained control of the majority of South Africa from the native tribes.

• The Portuguese also had some possessions in Angola and Mozambique dating back to the age of discovery.

• Other than these small territories Europe owned nothing on the continent....

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA• UNTIL NOW!!!

• Between 1880 and 1900, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy scrambled for African possessions.

• By 1900 Africa had been split up and conquered, and only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent states.

The following maps visualize the staggering differences between a 34 year period:

AFRICA PRE-SCRAMBLE

AFRICA POST-SCRAMBLE

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA• In the period between 1880 and 1914, the European powers tightened their control and

created colonial governments to rule their gigantic empires.

• In the early 1890s, The British, led by Cecil Rhodes in the Cape Colony, avoided the states under Afrikaner control and established protectorates in Bechuanaland and Rhodesia (modern-day Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia).

• During the bloody South African War (1899-1902), the British were able to conquer their Afrikaner rivals in the Transvaal.

• In 1910 their colonies were reunited with the Cape Colony and the province of Natal, forming a new Union of South Africa.

• Unlike any other territory in Africa, the Union of South Africa was established as a self-governing colony.

• However, this allowed the defeated Afrikaners to use their power in numbers to gradually gain political power

SCRABBLE FOR AFRICA

• Meanwhile, in northeast Africa, the British were also occupying Egypt.

• This began in 1882, and from the seizure stemmed the new model of formal political control.

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA• Another significant part of Europe’s seizure of Africa was the role of Leopold II of Belgium.

• By 1876 he began to focus on conquering territory in central Africa.

• So, he sent journalist Henry M. Stanley to the Congo Basin, where he was able to set up trading post, sign “treaties,” and plant Leopold’s flag.

• This essentially freaked out the French, and they hastily sent out an expedition.

• In 1880, a French expedition led by Pierre de Brazza arrived in the Congo.

• de Brazza signed a treaty of protection with the chief of the Teke tribe, allowing a French protectorate to be established on the north bank of the Congo river.

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA• Leopold’s intrusion into the Congo river raised the question of Africa’s political fate.

• So in order to lay down some ground rules for this imperialist seizure, Jules Ferry of France and Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged an international conference in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to discuss Africa. This was called the Berlin Conference.

• Later on the British continued to conquer more and more territory throughout Africa as they continued to press north and west.

• Italy also got involved, taking Libya and modern day Somalia (calling it “Italina Somaliland)

• By 1914, the entire continent (besides Ethiopia and Liberia) was under either British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Belgian, or German control.

CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM

• Economic motives

• Vast Industrialization led to a tougher economic market.

• Colonies seen as extremely valuable

• Nations, esp. Great Britain worried as Continental Nations expanded, feared the loss of economic opportunities.

• As a result, competition between nations grew.

CAUSES OF NEW IMPERIALISM• Technological Advancements

• Industrial Revolution and Technological advancements put western world ahead

• Military equipment, such as the machine gun or telegraphs left a huge gap in the technological superiority of Europe

A CIVILIZING MISSION• Europeans believed and claimed they were “civilizing” the non-white peoples

• Modern economies and cities

• Advanced medicine

• Higher standards of living

• Eventually self-government, Western democracy

• French “civilizing mission”

• Americans believed in the “white man’s burden”*

• Rule, rather than liberate, Philippines after Spanish-American War

• “Less advanced” civilizations would benefit from American influence

• Imperial government would protect natives from tribal warfare and exploitation

*White Man’s Burden: the idea that white men had the responsibility to “civilize” the nonwhite peoples they encountered during imperial expansion

A CIVILIZING MISSION• Some peoples became highly Christianized

• Catholic and Protestant missionaries competed with Islam in sub-Saharan Africa

• Built mission schools

• Women found opportunities in missionary work

• Some went with their husbands, but they were also able to go on their own

• Female missionaries felt that they had to improve nonwhite women’s social standing in addition to Christianizing them

• Sometimes the women they encountered had more power than European women

A CIVILIZING MISSION• Women found opportunities in missionary work

• Some went with their husbands, but they were also able to go on their own

• Female missionaries felt that they had to improve nonwhite women’s social standing in addition to Christianizing them

• Sometimes the women they encountered had more power than European women

• Missionary efforts in India, China, and the Islamic world largely failed

• People had ancient, complex religious beliefs

• European missionaries were often racist

• The number of Christian believers in the world still increased substantially in the nineteenth century

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• McKay, John P., Bennett D. Hill, and John Buckler. "Chapter 26: The West And The World."A History of Western Society. 9th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. Print.

• LeGuin, Charles, and Linda Walton. "The Tentacles of Empire: The New Imperialism and Nationalisms in Asia, Africa, and the Americas." In the Balance: Themes in Global History. By Candice Goucher. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. By Goucher, Candice Lee: McGraw-Hill College, Blacklick, Ohio, U.S.A. 9780070241800 Paperback,. The Annenberg Foundation, 2004. Web. 04 Mar. 2012. <http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory/support/reading_21_1.pdf>. (Emily’s Slide)

THANKS!

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