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BY: COOPERATE 2 DOMINATEBY: COOPERATE 2 DOMINATE

MEMbers:MEMbers:N spandanaN spandanaAlok kumarAlok kumarMd zeeshan aliMd zeeshan ali

Arijit ghoshArijit ghoshJitendra kr jhaJitendra kr jhaAmar prasadAmar prasadVamshi krishnaVamshi krishna

NANOTECHNOLGY

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Definition: nanotech is the study of the control of matter onan atomic and molecular scale.Nanotechnology uses techniques, processes and materials atthe supramolecular level, approximately in a range between 1-100 nanometers (nm), in order to create new properties and tostimulate particular desired functionalities.

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Areas under nanotechAreas under nanotech Carbon nanotubes Molecular Manufacturing Nano materials

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Carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes the

spherical buckyballs. The ends of a nanotube might be capped with a hemisphere of thebuckyball structure. Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of ananotube is on the order of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width ofa human hair), while they can be up to several millimeters in length (as of 2008).

Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-wallednanotubes (MWNTs). The nature of the bonding of a nanotube is described by applied quantum chemistry,

specifically, orbital hybridization. The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composedentirely ofsp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite. This bonding structure, which isstronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamonds, provides the molecules with theirunique strength. Nanotubes naturally align themselves into "ropes" held together by Vander Waals forces. Under high pressure, nanotubes can merge together, trading

some sp2

bonds for sp3

bonds, giving the possibility of producing strong, unlimited-lengthwires through high-pressure nanotube linking. Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT) consist of multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of

graphite. There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged inconcentric cylinders, e.g. a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,10)single-walled nanotube. In the Parchmentmodel, a single sheet of graphite is rolled inaround itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The interlayerdistance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers ingraphite, approximately 3.3 (330 pm).

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Application of carbon nanotubesApplication of carbon nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes in Batteries and Capacitors

Carbon Nanotubes in Fuel Cell Applications

carbon nanotubes with biological systems can significantlyimprove medical science especially diagnostics anddisease treatment.

Carbon nanotubes and graphene exhibit extraordinary

electrical properties for organic materials, and have ahuge potential in electrical and electronic applicationssuch as sensors, semiconductor devices, displays,conductors and energy conversion devices (e.g., fuelcells, harvesters and batteries).

Carbon Nanotubes May Exhibit High Thermal Conductivity

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NanomaterialsNanomaterials

Nanomaterials is a field which takes a materials science-based approachto nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features onthe nanoscale, and especially those which have special properties stemmingfrom their nanoscale dimensions.

Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals, semiconductors, or oxides are ofparticular interest for their mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical

and other properties. Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and aschemical catalysts.

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TYPETYPES OFS OF

NANNANOMAOMATERITERIALSALS

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Properties of nanomaterialsProperties of nanomaterials

large fraction of surface atoms high surface energy spatial confinement reduced imperfections

high Youngs modulus and high tensile strength improve adhesion, durability, and abrasion resistance extreme high thermal conductivity in axial directions,leaving high

anisotropy in the heat transport in the materials

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Application of nanomaterialsApplication of nanomaterials

Sunscreens and Cosmetics : Nanosized titanium dioxide and zincoxide are currently used in some sunscreens, as they absorband reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays and yet are transparent tovisible light and so are more appealing to the consumer.

Composites : An important use of nanoparticles and nanotubes isin composites, materials that combine one or more separatecomponents and which are designed to exhibit overall the bestproperties of each component. This multi-functionality appliesnot only to mechanical properties, but extends to optical,electrical and magnetic ones

Phosphors for High-Definition TV Elimination of Pollutants

High-Sensitivity Sensors

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APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSBy:

Md. Zeeshan AliAlok Kumar

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Nanotechnology inNanotechnology inMedicineMedicine

Employing nano-particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or othersubstances to specific cells in the human body.

. Engineering particles to be used in this way allows detectionand/or treatment of diseases or injuries within the targeted

cells, thereby minimizing the damage to healthy cells in thebody. Development nanocrystalline silver is already being used as a

antimicrobial agent in the treatment of wounds Nanotubes used in broken bones to provide a structure for new

bone material to grow. Nanoparticles that can attach to cells infected with various

diseases and allow a doctor to identify, in a blood sample, theparticular disease.

Nanoshells that concentrate the heat from infrared light todestroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surroundinghealthy cells. For a good visual explanation of nanoshells

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Ai P ll ti &Ai P ll ti &

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Air Pollution &Air Pollution &NanotechnologyNanotechnology

There are two major ways in which nanotechnologyis being used to reduce air pollution:

By catalyst method By nano-structured membranes

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Water Pollution &Water Pollution &NanotechNanotech

Used as a cleaning agentUse deionization method using

electrodes to remove salt or metalsfrom water removes virus cells from water using

filters

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Energy andEnergy andNanotechnologyNanotechnology

Used in fuel cells Nanotechnology is being used to reduce the cost of catalysts used in fuel cells to produce hydrogen

ions from fuel such as methanol and to improve the efficiency of membranes used in fuel cells toseparate hydrogen ions from other gases such as oxygen.

Used in solar cells

h l d

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Nanotechnology andNanotechnology andSpaceSpace

nanosensors and nanorobots could improve theperformance of spaceships, spacesuits, and theequipment used to explore planets and moons

nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for

the space elevator Using carbon nanotubes to make the cable needed for

thespace elevator, a system which could significantlyreduce the cost of sending material into orbit

d d

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Food andFood andNanotechnologyNanotechnology

Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of foodscience, from how food is grown to how it is packaged,thatwill make a difference not only in the taste of food, but alsoin food safety, and the health benefits that food delivers.

Clay nanocomposites are being used to provide animpermeable barrier to gasses such as oxygen or carbondioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons and packaging films

Storage bins are being produced with silvernanoparticles embedded in the plastic. The silvernanoparticles kill bacteria from any material that waspreviously stored in the bins, minimizing health risks fromharmful bacteria.

F b i d

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Fabric andFabric andNanotechnologyNanotechnology

Sporting Goods withSporting Goods with

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Sporting Goods withSporting Goods with

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

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DisadvantagesDisadvantages