Business Studies @O;kolk; v/;;u

555 XII-Business Studies

Business Studies@O;kolk; v/;;u@O;kolk; v/;;u@O;kolk; v/;;u@O;kolk; v/;;u@O;kolk; v/;;u

S. No. Name School Name Contact No.

1. Mrs. Savita Drall S.K.V. Mata Sundari 9868818079

Principal (Facilitator) Road. New Delhi - 02 23222137

2. Sh. Ishwar Singh RPVV - Narela 27285821

Lecturer Commerce Dehli - 40 9990994248

(Co-facilitator)

3. Mrs. Kumkum Kumar RPVV Sham Nath 9818304072

Lecturer Commerce Marg, Delhi - 54

(Co-facilitator)

4. Mrs. Poonam Khanna RPVV Civil Lines

Lecturer Commerce Delhi - 52 27490800

(Co-facilitator)

5. Mr. Rajendra Prasad G.B. Sr.S. School 011/22321564

Sharma G.T. Road- Shahdra 20552838

Lecturer Commerce Delih - 32

(Co-facilitator)

6. Sh. Vinod Kumar G.B.S.S.S. Mata Sundari 23239835

Lecturer Commerce Road, New Delhi - 02

(Co-facilitator)


Design of Question paper

Business Studies

class Xll

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 100

The weightage to marks over different dimensions of question paper

shall be as under:

A. Weightage to content / Subject units

S.No Content Unit Marks

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

1. Nature and Significance of Management 7

2. Principles of Management 7

3. Business Environment 5

4. Planning 7

5. Organizing 10

6. Staffing 8

7. Directing 10

8. Controlling 6

Total (A) 60

Part B: Business finance and Marketing

9. Financial management 12

10. Financial Markets 8

11. Marketing 14

12. Consumer Protection 6

Total (B) 40

Grand Total (A+B) 100


B. Weightage to forms of question

S.No. Forms of Questions Marks for No. of Total

each questions Marks

Question

1. Very short answer type I (VSA) 1 10 10

2. Short answer type II (SAI) 3 5 15

3. Short answer type II (SAII) 4 5 20

4. Long answer type I (LA I) 5 5 25

5. Long answer type II (LA II) 6 5 30

6. Total 30 100

C. Scheme of options

There will be no overall choice. However, there is an internal choice

in every question of 6 marks

D. Weightage to difficulty level of questions

S.No Estimated difficulty level of Questions Percentage

1. Easy 30%

2. Average 50%

3. Difficult 20%

E. Typology of Questions

In order to assess different abilities related to the subject, the question

paper is likely to include questions based on higher order skills,

such as open-ended questions, questions based on case-study,

diagrams, cartoons given in the text book.


Chapter-1

NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MANAGEMENT

ikB&1 izcU/k dh izd`fr rFkk egRoikB&1 izcU/k dh izd`fr rFkk egRoikB&1 izcU/k dh izd`fr rFkk egRoikB&1 izcU/k dh izd`fr rFkk egRoikB&1 izcU/k dh izd`fr rFkk egRo

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Management is the art of getting things done through others in formally organised

groups for the accomplishment of organisational objectives.

2. For management it is important to be both effective and efficient. Effectiveness is

qualitative whereas efficiency is quantitative.

3. Characteristics of management include: - (a) It is a goal-oriented process (b) it is all

pervasive (c) it is multidimensional as it includes managment of work, people and

operations (d) it is a continuous process (e) group activity (f) dynamic function (g)

intangible force.

4. Importance of management:- (a) helps in achieving group goals (b) increases efficiency

(c) creates a dynamic organisation (d) helps in achieving personal objectives (e)

helps in the development of society.

5. Nature of management:- As an ART:- (a) existence of theoretical knowledge (b)

Personalised application (c) based on practice and creativity; As SCIENCE:- (a)

Systematised body of knowledge (b) Principles based on experimentation (c) Universal

validity. However Mgt is not as exact as science as it deals with human behaviour,

which is unpredictabe. As a PROFESSION:- (a) Well defined body of knowledge (b)

restricted entry (c) Professional association (d) ethical code of conduct (e) Service

motive. Mgt is not a full-fledged profession as it does not have any restricted entry

requirements and as such does not have defined ethical code of conduct by law.

6. There are three levels of management - TOP LEVEL which lays down the objectives

and goals; MIDDLE LEVEL which is concerned with implementing and controlling

the plans; OPERATIONAL LEVEL which actually implements the plans and policies.

7. There are five functions of management - PLANNING- which means thinking in advance

what to do in the future; ORGANISING which means designing authority - responsibility

relationships and obtaining money and material resources; STAFFING which means

manpower planning, recruitment, selection, induction, training and development of

human resources; DIRECTING which means supervising, leadership, motivation and

communication with the human resources and CONTROLLING which means rectifying

any deviation in the implementation of the Plans.

8. COORDINATION is that force which binds all the functions of management by

synchronising the activities. It is the essence of management because of its nature; -

(a) it integrates the group efforts (b) ensures unity of action (c) it is a continuous

process (d) it is an all- pervasive function (e) it is the responsibility of all the managers

(f) it is a deliberate function.


9. In the twenty first century management has to be seen as a process of managing a

large global organisation, which has no boundaries with international perspective.

egRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnqegRoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- izca/k vkSipkfjd :i ls O;fDr;ksa ds laxfBr lewgksa ls] laLFkk ds mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq dk;Zdjokus dh dyk gSA

2- izca/k ds fy, dq”kyrk ,oa izHkkoiw.kZrk nksuksa gh vko”;d gSaA izHkkoiw.kZrk xq.kkRed gS tcfd dq”kyrkla[;kRed gSA

3- izca/k dh fo”ks’krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gSa%& ¼d½ izca/k mn~ns”; iz/kku izfØ;k gSA ¼[k½ izcU/k loZO;kidgSA ¼x½ izcU/k cgqvk;keh gS ftlesa dk;Z] O;fDr vkSj fØ;kvksa dk izcU/k “kkfey gSA ¼?k½ ;g ,dlr~r izfØ;k gSA ¼M½ lewg fØ;k ¼p½ xfr”khy dk;Z ¼N½ vn`”; “kfDr gSA

4- izca/k dk egRo%& ¼d½ lkewfgd mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gS ¼[k½ dq”kyrk dks c<+krk gS ¼x½xfr”khy laxBu rS;kj djrk gS ¼?k½ O;fDrxr mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr esa lgk;d ¼M½ lekt ds fodklesa lgk;dA

5- izca/k dh izd`fr%& dyk ds :i esa%& ¼d½ F;ksjh Kku dk gksuk ¼[k½ vH;kl rFkk jpukRedrk ijvk/kkfjrA foKku ds :i esa%&¼d½ O;ofLFkr Kku lewg ¼[k½ iz;ksxksa ij vk/kkfjr fl)kar ¼x½lkoZHkkSfed lR;rk ijUrq izca/k iwjh rjg foKku ugha gS D;ksafd ;g ekuoh; LoHkko ls lacfU/krgS tks L;oa vfuf”pr gSA is”ks ds :i esa%& ¼d½ Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjHkkf’kr Kku dk lewg ¼[k½vojksf/kr izos”k ¼x½ vkpkj lafgrk ¼?k½ lsok mn~ns”;A izca/k ,d iw.kZ is”kk ugha gS D;ksafd mlesavojksf/kr izos”k rFkk vkpkj lafprk ugh gS tks dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z gksA

6- izc/ak ds rhu Lrj gSa%& mPp Lrj& tks mn~ns”; rFkk y{; fu/kkZfjr djrk gS( e/; Lrj& tks;kstukvksa dks ykxw rFkk fu;af=r djrk gS( fuEu ¼izpkyu½ Lrjh;& tks ;kstukvksa rFkk uhfr;ksadks okLro esa ykxw djrk gSA

7- izca/k ds ik¡p dk;Z gksrs gSa& fu;kstu& ftldk vFkZ gS fd Hkfo’; esa fd, tkus okys dk;Z dksigys lkspuk( laxBu& ftldk vFkZ gS v/;{k&vf/kuLFk laca/kksa dh ifjdYiuk djuk rFkk ekSfnzdvkSj HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dh izkfIr djuk( fu;qfDrdj.k& ftldk vFkZ gS ekuo”kfDr fu;kstu] HkrhZ]p;u] izLrqrhdj.k (Induction)] izf”k{k.k rFkk fodkl ¼ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dk½( funZs”ku& ftldkvFkZ gS i;Zos{k.k] usr`Ro] vfHkiszj.k rFkk ekuoh; lk/kuksa ls laizs’k.k( fu;a=.k& ftldk vFkZgS ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u eas fopyuksa dks Kkr djuk rFkk mudks nwj djukA

8- leUo; og rkdr gS tks izca/k ds lHkh dk;ksZ dh fØ;kvksa esa lkeUtL; djds mUgsa cka/krh gSAleUo; viuh izd`fr ds dkj.k izca/k dk lkj gS& ¼d½ ;g lkewfgd iz;klksa dks ,dhd`r djrkgSA ¼[k½ dk;Z dh ,drk lqfuf”pr djrk gSA ¼x½ ;g ,d lr~r izfØ;k gSA ¼?k½ ;g ,d loZO;kihdk;Z gSA ¼M½ ;g lHkh izca/kdksa dh ftEesnkjh gSA ¼p½ ;g ,d tkucw>dj fd;k tkus okykdk;Z gSA

9- bDdhloha lnh esa izca/k dks ,d cM+s oSf”od laxBu dh izca/k izfØ;k ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg;sftldh dksbZ lhek;as ugha gSa rFkk ftldk nk;jk vUrjkZ’Vªh; gSA


1 Mark Questions

1. Name the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals

work together in groups, efficiently accomplishing selected aims.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb,] tks ,d ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djrh gS] rFkk mls dk;e j[krh gS]ftlls dqN O;fDr lewgksa esa ijLij dke djrs gq,] pqus gq, y{;ksa dks dq”kyrkiwoZd izkIr djrsgSaA

2. Name the process by which a manager synchronises the activities of different

departments.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkvks ftlds }kjk izca/kd fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ,d lkFk djrsgSaA

3. A manager is able to achieve the target of production but at higher cost. Is the manager

efficient?

,d izca/kd fu/kkZfjr mRiknu dks vf/kd ykxr ij izkIr djrk gSa D;k izca/kd dq'ky gS\

4. ”Management is multidimensional.” Name two dimensions.

^îzca/k cgqvk;keh gS** nks vk;keksa ds uke fyf[k,A

5. “In order to be successful, an organisation must change its goals according to the

needs of the environment” which characteristic of management is highlighted in the

statement?

lQyrk izkfIr ds fy, ,d laxBu dks okrkoj.k dh vko';drkuqlkj vius y{;ksas esa ifjorZu djukpkfg,A bl dFku esa izca/k dh dkSu lh fo'ks"krk dks izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS\

6. List two social objectives of management.

izca/k ds nks lkekftd mn~ns';ksa dks crkb,A

7. “Assigning duties, grouping task, establishing authority and allocating resources required

to carry out specific plan” is one of the important function of management. Name the

function.

,d fof'k"V ;kstuk dks djus gsrq] dk;Z dks lkSiuk] lewg cukuk vf/kdkj varj.k ,oa lzksrksa dkvkcaVu djuk izca/k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS] ml dk;Z dk uke fyf[k,A

8. Give one example of function performed by top management.

mPp izca/k }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A


9. Why management principles are called flexible?

izca/k ds fl)kar yphys D;ksa dgykrs gSa\

10. Why management is called a group activity?

izca/k dks lkewfgd fØ;k D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

3 Marks Questions

11. Make three differences between coordination and cooperation.

leUo; rFkk lg;ksx ds chp rhu varj dhft,A

12. “Management is intangible in nature.” Comment.

^îzca/k ,d vewrZ 'kfDr gSA** fVIi.kh dhft,A

13. Explain Management as a process.

izca/k dk ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa o.kZu dhft,A

14. Is management a profession? Justify your answer.

D;k izca/k ,d is'kk gS\ vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

15. Identify the functions of management.

(a) Motivating, communicating and supervising the employees.

(b) Finding out deficiencies in implementation of plans with results achieved.

(c) Recruitment and selection of personnel.

(d) Deciding objectives and policies to be followed in a company.

izca/k ds dk;Z dks igpku dj fyf[k, %&

¼d½ deZpkfj;ksa dk vfHkizsj.k] laizs"k.k ,oa i;Zos{k.kA

¼[k½ ;kstukvksa dks ykxwdj] ifj.kke izkfIr dj =qfV;ksa dk irk yxkukA

¼x½ deZpkfj;ksa dk p;u ,oa fu;qfDrdj.kA

¼?k½ ;kstuk,¡ ,oa mn~~ns'; tks dEiuh esas ykxw gksus gS] fu/kkZj.k djukA

16. Ram is working as ‘Regional Manager’ in Tifco ltd. Name the level at which he is

working. State any three functions he will perform in this company.

jke ^fV¶dks fyfeVsM* esa ^{ks=h; izca/kd* ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSa ml izca/kdh; Lrj dk ukecrkb, ftl ij og dk;Z dj jgk gSA ,sls dksbZ rhu dk;ksZa dk mYys[k dhft, tks og bl dEiuhesa laiUu djsxkA


17. State the three levels of management. Explain any three functions of the operative

level of management.

izca/k ds rhu Lrjksa ds uke crkb,A izca/k ds fØ;kRed Lrj ds rhu dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

18. “Management is neither as precise nor as comprehensive as the natural and pure

sciences are.” Why? Explain.

^îzca/k u rks bruk lqfuf'pr gS vkSj u gh bruk O;kid ftruk fd izkd`frd ,oa 'kq) foKkugSA** D;ksa\ le>kb,A

5 Marks Questions

19. “Lack of proper management results in wastage of time, money and effort.” Do you

agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer.

^^dq'ky izca/k ds vHkko esa 'kfDr] le; rFkk /ku O;FkZ tkrs gSaA** D;k vki bl dFku ls lgergSa\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa dkj.k nhft,A

20. Explain organisational objectives and social objectives of management.

izca/k ds laxBukRed mn~ns';ksa rFkk lkekftd mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,a

21. Mr. Bhadana is the managing director of ABC ltd. At which level he is in the organisation?

State his basic functions.

Jh HkM+kuk] ABC fyfefVM ds izca/k funs'kd gSaA og laxBu ds fdl Lrj ij gSa\ mlds ewydk;Z crkb,A

6 Marks Questions

22. What is Management? Explain briefly the functions of management.

izca/k D;k gS\ izca/k ds dk;ksZa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

23. “Coordination is needed at all levels of management.” Explain this statement.

^^leUo; izca/k ds izR;sd Lrj ij vko';d gSA** bl dFku dk o.kZu dhft,A

24. Explain briefly the meaning and nature of coordination.

leUo; ds vFkZ ,oa izd`fr dh O;k[;k dhft,A

25. Explain briefly any six features of management.

izca/k dh fdUgha N% fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A


Questions based on High order thinking Skills

26. “Effectiveness and efficiency are used at place of each other many time although they

differ.” Give one point of difference between them.

^îzHkkoiw.kZrk rFkk dq'kyrk dks vusd ckj ,d&nwljs ds LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;|fi;s fHkUu gSaA** bu nksuksa ds chp dksbZ ,d vUrj nhft,A

27. “Management is the life-giving element in every business. Without it, the resources of

production remain resources and shall never become production.” Comment.

^îzca/k izR;sd O;olk; esa thounk;h rRo gSA blds vHkko esa mRiknu ds lalk/ku lnSo lalk/kujgrs gSa dHkh mRiknu ugha cu ikrsA** Li"V dhft,A

28. “Coordination is regarded as an essence of management rather than a separate function

of management.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.

^^leUo; dks izca/k ds i`Fkd dk;Z dh ctk, izca/k dk lkj ekuk tkrk gSA** D;k vki lger gSa\vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa dkj.k nhft,A

29. “Management is a trinity of an art, science and profession.” In the light of this statement

explain the nature of management.

^îzca/k dyk] foKku vkSj is'ks dh f=ewfrZ gSA** bl dFku ds izdk'k esa izca/k dh izd`fr dh O;k[;kdhft,A

30. Identify the level of management in performing the following tasks with reasons.

(a) Introducing a new product line.

(b) Devise a suitable advertising campaign to sell a new product/service a company

is launching.

(c) Get performance appraisal done.

(d) Deciding the capital structure of company

(e) Recruitment of daily wages labourers.

izca/k ds fdl Lrj ij fuEufyf[kr fu.kZ; ¼;k dk;Z½ fd;s tkrs gSa dkj.k lfgr fyf[k, %&

¼d½ ,d u;k mRikn cktkj esa ykukA

¼[k½ ,d u;k mRikn tks daiuh cktkj esa ykuk pkgrh gS] mlds fy, foKku izpkj dh jpuk djukA

¼x½ fu"iknu ewY;kadu djukA

¼?k½ daiuh dh iw¡th lajpuk fuf'pr djukA

¼M½ fngkM+h et+nwjksa dh HkrhZA


Answers

1. Management@ izca/k

2. Coordination@ leUo;

3. No, Manager is not efficient@ ugha] izca/kd dq'ky ugha gSA

4. (i) Management of work@ dke dk izca/k

(ii) Management of people@ yksxksa dk izca/k

5. Dynamic@ xfr'khy

6. (i) Providing basic amenities, like Schools, Hospitals etc

(ii) Providing Employment opportunities

¼d½ ewyHkwr vko';d lqfo/kk,¡ tSls Ldwy] vLirky vkfn miyC/k djkukA

¼[k½ jkstxkj ds volj miyC/k djkukA

7. Organising@ laxBu

8. Deciding objectives and goals.@ mn~ns'; rFkk y{; fu/kkZfjr djukA

9. Management principles can be changed according to requirement.

izca/k ds fl)karksa dks vo';drk vuqlkj ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

10. Management require team work & coordination of individual effort.

izca/k esa O;fDrxr dk;ksZa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk rFkk Vhe Hkkouk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA


Chapter-2

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

izca/k ds fl)karizca/k ds fl)karizca/k ds fl)karizca/k ds fl)karizca/k ds fl)kar

Points to remember

1. Principle of a management is a broad and general guideline for decision- making and

behaviour.

2. The nature of Principles of Management can be summarised in the following points:-

(a) Universally applicable (b) General guidelines (c) Formed by practice and

experimentation (d) Flexible (e) Mainly behavioural (f) Cause and effect relationship

(g) Contingent (dependent upon the situations).

3. The significance of the Principles of management can be summarised in the following

points:- (a) Provide managers with usefull insights into reality (b) Optimum utilisation

of resources and effective administration (c) Scientific decisions (d) Meeting changing

environment requirements (e) Fulfilling social responsibility (f) Management training,

education and research.

4. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT:- Founded by Fredrick Winslow Taylor the American

Mechanical Engineer. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ARE :- (A)

Science and not the rule of the thumb (b) Harmony not discord (c) Cooperation not

individualism (d) Develpment of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency

and prosperity. The techniques of scientific management are (a) Standardisation and

Simplification of Work (b) Method Study (c) Motion Study (d)Time Study (e) Fatigue

Study (f) Differential Piece Wage System (g) Functional Foremanship (h) Mental

revolution.

5. FAYOL’S PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT:- Henri Fayol was a French mining

engineer (1841 to 1925) gave the following 14 general administrative principles of

managememt:- (a) Division of work(leading to specialisation) (b) Authority and

Responsibility(Right to give orders and extract obedience) (c) Discipline (no slacking

or bending of rules) (d) Unity of Command (each employee has one and only one

boss) (e) Unity of Direction (each group of activities having the same objectives must

have one head and one plan) (f) Subordination of individual interest to general interest

(g) Remuneration of employees (should be fair to both employee and employer) (h)

Centralisation and decentralisation (balance between the two) (I) Scalar Chain (formal

chain of command running from top to bottom) (j)Order (a place for everything and

everything in its place) (k) Equity (equality of treatment but not necessarily identical)

(l) Stability of Personnel (limited turnover of personnel) (m) Initiative (thinking out a

plan and do what it takes to make it happen) (n) Espirit De Corps (Harmony, Cohesion

among the employees).

6. While Taylor and Fayol were both contemporary to one another both differed

significantly yet their contributions were complementary to each other.


egRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnq

1- izca/k dk fl)kar fu.kZ; ysus ,oa O;ogkj dk ,d lkekU; ,oa O;kid fn”kkfunsZ”k gSA

2- izca/k ds fl)karksa dh izd`fr dks fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa esa lkjc) fd;k tk ldrk gS%& ¼1½ lkoZHkkSfedmi;ksx ¼2½ lkekU; ekxZfunsZ”k ¼3½ vH;kl ,oa iz;ksxksa }kjk fu/kkZj.k ¼4½ yksp”khyrk ¼5½ eq[;r%O;ogkjkRed ¼6½ dkj.k o ifj.kke laca/k ¼7½ vfuf”pr ¼fLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj½

3- izca/k ds fl)karksa ds egRo dks fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa esa lkjc) fd;k tk ldrk gS %& ¼1½izca/kdks dks okLrfodrk le>us es mi;ksxh gksrs gSa ¼2½ lalk/kuksa dk vuqdqyre mi;ksx rFkk izHkkohiz”kklu ¼3½ oSKkfud fu.kZ; ¼4½ ifjorZ”khy okrkoj.k dh vko”;drk;sa iwjh djuk ¼5½ lkekftdmÙkjnkf;Ro iwjk djuk ¼6½ izca/k izf”k{k.k] f”k{k.k ,oa “kks/kA

4- oSKkfud izca/k %& vejhdh edSfudy bathfu;j QSfMªd foalyksa Vsªyj }kjk izfrikfnrA oSKkfudizca/k ds fl)kar gS%& ¼1½ foKku] u fd :f<+okfnrk ¼2½ eS=h] u fd erHksn ¼3½ lg;ksx] u fdO;fDrokn ¼4½ izR;sd O;fDr dk mldh vf/kdre dq”kyrk ,oa lQyrk rd fodklA

oSKkfud izca/k dh i)fr;ka fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

¼1½ dk;Z dk izHkkohdj.k ,oa ljyhdj.k ¼2½ dk;Zfof/k v/;;u ¼3½xfr v/;;u ¼4½ le; v/;;u¼5½ Fkdku v/;;u ¼6½ foHksnkRed et+nwjh iz.kkyh ¼7½ fØ;kRed QksjeSuf”ki ¼8½ ekufld ØkafrA

5- Qs;ksy ds izca/kdh; fl)kar%& gsujh Qs;ksy¼1841 ls 1925½ ,d Qzkal ds [kku bathfu;j FksA ftUgksausfuEufyf[kr 14 izca/k ds lkekU; iz”kklfud fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;s%& ¼1½ dk;Z foHkktu ¼fof”kf’Vdj.kdh vksj vxzlj½ ¼2½ vf/kdkj ,ao mÙkjnkf;Ro ¼vkns”k nsus dk vf/kdkj rFkk mudks euokuk lqfuf”prdjuk½ ¼3½ vuq”kklu ¼fu;eksa ds vuqikyu esa deh u gksuk½ ¼4½ vkns”k dh ,drk ¼izR;sd deZpkjhdk ,d vkSj dsoy ,d gh v/;{k gksrk gS½ ¼5½ funsZ”k dh ,drk ¼fØ;kvksa ds izR;sd lewg dsfy, ftudk leku mn~ns”; gks] ,d gh v/;{k ,oa ,d gh ;kstuk gksuh pkfg,½ ¼6½ O;fDrxrfgr lkekU; fgr ds v/khu ¼7½ deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed ¼deZpkjh ,oa Lokeh nksauks ds fy, U;k;ksfpr½¼8½ dsUæh;dj.k rFkk fodsUnzhdj.k ¼nksauks esa rkyesy½ ¼9½ lksiku Ja[kyk ¼laLFkk ds mPpre Lrjls U;wUre Lrj rd vf/kdkj vkns”k dh vkSipkfjd Ja[kykA ¼10½ O;oLFkk vFkok Øec)rk ¼gjoLrq ds fy;s ,d mfpr LFkku rFkk izR;sd oLrq vius LFkku ij½ ¼11½ lerk ¼O;ogkj esa lekurkijarq ;g vko”;d ugha dh izR;sd O;fDr ds lkFk fcYdqy ,d lk O;ogkj fd;k tk;s½ ¼12½deZpkfj;ksa esa LFkkf;Ro ¼Je ifjorZu nj de gksuk½ ¼13½ igy&{kerk ¼;kstuk cukuk rFkk mlsdk;kZfUor djus ds fy, vko”;d dk;Zokgh dks lqfuf”pr djuk½ ¼14½ lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ¼deZpkfj;ksaesa nksLrh rFkk Vhe Hkkouk½A

6- Vsyj rFkk Qs;ksy ,d nwljs ds ledkyhu Fks] muds ;ksxnku Hkh fHkUu Fks ijUrq fQj Hkh muds;ksxnku ,d nwljs ds iwjd FksA


1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Name that principle of Fayol which suggests that communication from top to bottom

should follow the official lines of command.

Qs;ksy ds ml fl)kar dk uke crkb, tks lqHkko nsrk gS fd lans'k dks Åij ls uhps rd vkns'kdh vf/kdkfjd js[kk dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A

2. Veena and Vikas are computer operators in a company having same educational

qualification. Veena is getting Rs. 5000 per month and Vikas Rs. 4000 per month as

salary for the same working hours. Which principles of management is violated in this

case?

ohuk vkSj fodkl dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk,¡ ,d tSlh gSa vkSj os ,d daiuh esa dEI;wVj pkyd ds:i esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ,d tSls dk;Z ?kaVksa ds fy, ohuk dks izfr ekg 5000 :- rFkk fodkldks 4000 :- osru ds :i esa fey jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa izca/k ds fdl fl)kar dk mYya?ku fd;kx;k gS\

3. Which technique of scientific management aims at elimination of superfluous varieties,

sizes and dimensions of the product?

oSKkfud izca/k dh dkSu lh rduhd dk y{; mRiknksa ds vuko';d fdLeksa] vkdkjksa rFkk ifjekiksadks gVkuk gSA

4. Which technique of scientific management seeks to find out the best way of doing a

job?

oSKkfud izca/k dh dkSu lh rduhd dk;Z dks lEiUu djus ds ,d loZJs"B rjhds dks <wa<+us dhckr djrk gS\

5. State one violating effect of the principle management namely the 'division of work.'

izca/k ds ^dk;Z foHkktu* ds fl)kar dk ,d vogsyukRed izHkko crkb,A

6. Name the technique of Taylor which is the strongest motivator for a worker to reach

standard performance.

ml rduhd dk uke crkb, tks ,d deZpkjh dks fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, vfHkizfjrdjrh gS\

7. State any two principles of scientific management.

ôSKkfud izca/k* ds dksbZ nks fl)kar crkb,A

8. What is the job of 'Speed Boss' under functional foremanship?


fØ;kRed QksjeSuf'ki ds varxZr ^xfruk;d* dk D;k dke gS\

9. If an organisation does not provide the right place for physical and human resources,

which principle is violated?

;fn ,d laxBu HkkSfrd rFkk ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds fy, lgh LFkku miyC/k ugha djkrk rks fdlfl)kar dh vogsyuk gksrh gS\

10. How does the technique of 'motion study' helps to improve the efficiency of workers?

xfr v/;;u fdl izdkj ,d deZpkjh dh dk;Z{kerk dks lq/kkjrh gS\

3 Marks Questions

11. Distinguish between 'Fayol' and 'Taylor' contribution to management on the basis of

(i) Unity of command (ii) Applicability (iii) Focus

Vsyj ,oa Qs;ksy ds izca/k ds fl)karksa gsrq fopkjksa esa fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij varjHksn dhft,%&

¼d½ vkns'k dh ,drk ¼2½ vuqdwyu@ykxw djuk ¼x½ /;ku dk dsUnz

12. Fayol points out the danger and cost of unnecessary labour turnover in one of his

principles. Name and explain the principle.

Qs;ksy us vius ,d fl)kar esa vuko';d :i ls Je vkoZr ¼Jfed ifjorZu½ ds [krjs vkSj ykxrksadh vksj ladsr fd;k gSa bl fl)kar dk uke crkrs gq, bls le>kb,A

13. Keeping in mind the nature of principles of management explain the following points

(i) Formed by practice and experimentation.

(ii) Cause and effect relationship

(iii) Contingent

izca/k dh fl)karksa dh izd`fr ls lacaf/kr fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le>kb, %&

¼d½ vH;kl ,oa iz;ksxksa }kjk fu/kkZj.k

¼[k½ dkj.k rFkk ifj.kke laca/k

¼x½ vfuf'pr

14. Which principle of management suggests that employees should not leave the

organisation frequently? Give two adverse effects if this principle is violated.

izca/k dk dkSu lk fl)kar ;g lq>ko nsrk gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dks laxBu tYnh&tYnh ugha NksM+ukpkfg,A bl fl)kar ds mYya?ku ds nks foijhr izHkko crkb,A


4 Marks Questions

15. Explain briefly the following techniques of scientific management given by Taylor.

(i) Time study (ii) Motion study (iii) Fatigue study (iv) Method study

Vsyj }kjk fn, x, fuEufyf[kr oSKkfud izca/k dh rduhdksa dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft, %&

¼d½ le; v/;;u ¼[k½ xfr v/;;u ¼x½ Fkdku v/;;u ¼?k½ dk;Zfof/k v/;;u

16. Explain any four points regarding significance of principles of management.

izca/k ds fl)karksa ds egÙo ds fdUgha pkj fcanqvksa dks le>kb,A

17. Which principle of management suggest that employees should be treated with 'Justice

and Kindness'? Why is this principle essential in management?

izca/k dk dkSu lk fl)kar deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr Û;k; ,oa mnkjrk* ds O;ogkj dh ckr dgrk gS\izca/k esa ;g fl)kar D;ksa vko';d gS\

5 Marks Questions

18. What contradiction do you find in the principle of 'Unity of command' and the technique

of 'Functional foremanship' and why?

^vkns'k dh ,drk ds fl)kar* rFkk ^fØ;kRed] QksjeSuf'ki* i)fr esa vki D;k fojks/kkHkkl ikrs gSa\vkSj D;ksa\

19. Explain with the help of suitable example the technique of 'Differential piece wage

system'.

^foHksnkRed etnwjh njksa* dk ,d i)fr ds :i eas mi;qDr mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls o.kZu dhft,A

20. Explain the techniques of 'Simplification' and 'Standardization of work' as given by

F.W. Taylor bringing out their differences.

,Q-MCyw- Vsyj }kjk izfrikfnr ^ljyhdj.k* rFkk ^dk;Z ds izekihdj.k* dh rduhdksa dks le>krsgq, muesa varj fyf[k,A

21. An organisation follows the principles of management. Explain any one positive effect

of each of the following principles of management on the organisation.

(i) Division of work (ii) Discipline (iii) Unity of direction

(iv) Stability of personnel (v) Initiative

,d laxBu izca/k ds fl)karksa dk ikyu djrk gSA laxBu ij izca/k ds fuEufyf[kr izR;sd fl)karksads ,d vuqdwy izHkko dk o.kZu dhft, %&

¼d½ dk;Z&foHkktu ¼[k½ vuq'kklu ¼x½ funsZ'k dh ,drk ¼?k½ deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;Zdky esa


LFkkf;Ro ¼5½ igy&{kerk

6 Marks Questions

22. Do you agree with the view that Taylor's principles of Scientific management and

Fayol's principles of management are mutually complementary? If yes give reasons.

D;k vki bl er ls lger gSa fd Vsyj ds oSKkfud izca/k ds fl)kar vkSj Qs;ksy ds izca/k dsfl)kar ijLij ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa\ ;fn gk¡ rks dkj.k lfgr mÙkj fyf[k,A

23. Explain the following principles of scientific management :-

(i) Harmony, not discord

(ii) Cooperation not individualism

(iii) Development of each and every person to his/her greatest efficiency and prosperity.

oSKkfud izca/k ds fuEufyf[kr fl)karksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

¼d½ eS=h] u fd erHksn

¼[k½ lg;ksx] u fd O;fDrokn

¼x½ izR;sd O;fDr dk mldh vf/kdre dq'kyrk ,o lQyrk rd fodkl

24. Explain whether Taylor's technique of scientific management are universally applicable

giving examples of at least three techniques in support of your answer.

Vsyj ds oSKkfud izca/k dh rduhdsa D;k lkoZHkkSfed :i ls mi;ksxh gSa\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZuesa de ls de rhu rduhdksa ds mnkgj.k nhft,A

Questions based on High Order thinking Skills

25. The production manager of Godrej instructs a salesman to go slow in selling the

product whereas the marketing manager is insisting on fast selling to achieve the

target. Which principle of management is being violated in this case?

xksnjst ds mRiknd izca/kd ,d foØ;drkZ dks mRikn cspus dh xfr /kheh j[kus dks dgrs gSa]tcfd foi.k.u izca/kd y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, ml ij 'kh?kz fcØh ds fy, nckck MkyrkgSA bl n'kk esa izca/k ds fdl fl)kar dh vogsyuk gks jgh gS\

26. Nikhil a manager, expects his subordinates to work only for the happiness and feel

happy as well as pleasure of being in organisation, which principle is overlooked?

Give two violating effects.

fuf[kr tks ,d izca/kd gS] vius v/khuLFkksa ls vk'kk djrk gS fd os dsoy izlUurk ds fy, dk;Zdjsa rFkk laxBu esa cus jgus esa izlUurk ,oa lq[k dk vuqHko djsaA izca/k ds fdl fl)kar dhvogsyuk gks jgh gS\ nks vogsyukRed izHkko crkb,A


27. In a company there are four departments for finance, marketing, production and human

resource development. Identify the principle of management and give its three

advantages.

,d daiuh esa pkj foHkkx foÙk] foi.ku] mRikn ,oa ekuoh; lalk/ku fodkl gSa] ;gk¡ izca/k ds fdlfl)kar dks crk;k x;k gS\ ml fl)kar ds rhu ykHk fyf[k,A

28. "There should be complete understanding between the labour and the management

instead of individualism." Which principle of Taylor in this statement is referred to?

Explain the importance of this principle.

^^deZpkjh rFkk laxBu ds chp O;fDrokn u gksdj iwjh le> gksuh pkfg,A** bl oDrO; esa Vsyjds dkSu ls fl)kar dks crk;k x;k gS\ ml fl)kar ds egÙo dk o.kZu dhft,A

Answers1. Scalar chain@lkSiku Ja[kyk

2. Equity@ lerk

3. Simplification@ ljyhdj.k

4. Method study@ fof/k v/;;u

5. Lack of specialization@fof'k"Vhdj.k dh deh

6. Differential piece wage@ foHksnkRed etnwjh nj

7. Science, not rule of thumb/ Harmony not discord/ cooperation not individualism.

foKku u fd :f<+okfnrk@eS=h] u fd erHksn@lg;ksx] u fd O;fDrokn

8. To ensure that all the workers are performing their job at the required or expected

speed.

lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lHkh Jfed vkiuk&viuk dke fu/kkZfjr xfr ls dj jgs gSaA

9. Order@ O;oLFkk

10. By eliminating unnecessary and wasteful movements on the job.

dke ds nkSjku dh tkus okyh vuko';d gjdrkass dks lekIr djuk gSA


CHAPTER-3

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.kO;kolkf;d okrkoj.kO;kolkf;d okrkoj.kO;kolkf;d okrkoj.kO;kolkf;d okrkoj.k

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Business Environment includes both the specific and general forces. Specific forces

affect individual enterprise directly while general forces have impact on all business

enterprise.

2. A good understanding of business environment by managers enables them not only

to identify and evaluate but also read to face externot to their company.

3. Economic environment consists of various macro level factors related to means of

production and distribution of wealth.

4. Macro-level factors of Economic environment cell :

(i) Stage of economic development

(ii) The economic structure

(iii) Economic policies

(iv) Infructural factors

5. Economic environment of business in India has been steadily changing mainly due to

the government policies.

6. Economic reforms in India have started with the announcement of a new Industrial

policy, 1991.

7. Mainly there are three aspects of New Industrial Policy, 1991 :

(i) Liberalization : Liberating Industry from the shades of the Licensing system.

(ii) Privatisation : Drastically reducing the role of public sector.

(iii) Globalization : Encouraging foreign private participation in India's Industrial

development.

8. The New Indsutrial policy 1991 has made a significant impact on the working of

enterprises in business and Industry the corporate sector has faced several challenges.

These are :

(i) Increasing competition

(ii) More demanding customers

(iii) Rapidly changing technologies environment

(iv) Market orientation

(v) Need for developing human resource.


egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqegÙoiw.kZ fcUnqegÙoiw.kZ fcUnqegÙoiw.kZ fcUnqegÙoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k esa fof'k"V rFkk lkekU; nksuksa 'kfDr;k¡ lfEeyr gSaaA fof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ izR;{k:i ls O;fDrxr laLFkk dks izHkkfor djrh gS tcfd lkekU; 'kfDr;ksa dk izHkko lHkh O;kolkf;dlaLFkkvksa ij iM+rk gSA

2- izcU/kdksa }kjk O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh vPNh le> mudks u dsoy ckgjh 'kfDr;ksa dks igpkuusrFkk ewY;kdau djus ;ksX; cukrk gS cfYd izfrfØ;k djus dh Hkh fgEer nsrk gSA

3- vkfFkZd okrkoj.k esa czg~r Lrj ds cgqr ls dkjd lfEefyr gSa tks /ku ds mRiknu vkSj fooj.kds lk/kuksa ls lEcf/kr gSaA

4- czg~r&Lrj ds dkjd fuEu gSa %&

¼d½ vkfFkZd fodkl dk pj.k

¼[k½ vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡

¼x½ lajpukRed dkjd

5- O;olk; dk vkfFkZd okrkoj.k eq[; :i ls ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ls yxkrkj cnyrk jgrk gSA

6- Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkj ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1991 dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk 'kq: gq,A

7- eq[; :i ls ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds rhu igyw gSa %&

¼d½ mnklhdj.kmnklhdj.kmnklhdj.kmnklhdj.kmnklhdj.k % ykblsal O;oLFkk ls m|ksxksa dks NqVdkjk fnykukA

¼[k½ fuftdj.kfuftdj.kfuftdj.kfuftdj.kfuftdj.k % lkoZtfud {ks= dh Hkwfedk esa deh djukA

¼x½ oS'ohdj.ko S'ohdj.ko S'ohdj.ko S'ohdj.ko S'ohdj.k % Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa fons'kh laLFkkvksa dks c<+kok nsukA

Internal Environment

Components of BusinessEnvironment

External EnvironmentEnvironment

Operating Environment General Environment

1. Customers2. Suppliers3. Competitors4. Public5. Marketing Intermediaries

1. Economic Environment2. Political Environment3. Social Environment4. Legal Regulatory Environment5. TechnologicalEnvironment

1. Objectives2. Policies3. Organisation Structure4. Management5. Production Method6. ProductionCapacity


8- ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr us m|ksxksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij egÙoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyk gSA dkjiksjsV txr esa cgqrlh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k gSA os gSa %&

¼d½ c<+rh gqbZ izfrLi/kkZ

¼[k½ xzkgdksa dh c<+rh vko';drk,¡

¼x½ rduhdh okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu

¼?k½ cktkj dsfUnzr

¼M½ ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds fodkl dh vko';drkA

↓

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds vax

↓

↓↓↓

ckgjh okrkoj.k

↓↓

lkekU; okrkoj.kfØ;kRed okrkoj.k

1- xzkgd2- iwfrZdjrk3- izfr;ksxh4- turk5- foi.ku e/;LFk

1- vkfFkZd okrkoj.k2- jktuSfrd okrkoj.k3- lkekftd okrkoj.k4- oS/kkfud fu;eu okrkoj.k5- rduhdh laca/kh okrkoj.k

1- mn~ns';2- uhfr;k¡3- laxBu <k¡pk4- izca/k lwpuk iz.kkyh5- mRiknu iz.kkyh6- mRiknu {kerk


1 Mark Questions

1. What do you mean by Business Environment?

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2. Give two examples of changes in economic environment which effect business

organisation.

vkfFkZd okrkoj.k esa cnyko ds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nhft, tks O;kolkf;d laLFkk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

3. Which Industrial policy has opened doors of Indian economy for multinational

companies to large scale?

fdl vkS|ksfxd uhfr us cM+s iSekus ij Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds }kj cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fy, [kksys\

4. Name the term/process which means integrating the economy with the rest of the world.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb, ftldk vFkZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk 'ks"k fo'o ds lkFk ,dhdj.k djus ls gSa\

5. State two components of Business Environment.

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds nks vax fyf[k,A

6. If new products are introduced in the market by new techniques which type of environ-

ment is indicated by it?

cktkj esa ubZ rduhd }kjk u;s&u;s mRiknksa dk vkuk fdl rjg ds O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dk lwpd gS\

7. Name the term/process under which reduction in tax rates and lifting of unnecessary

control over the economy was undertaken.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb, ftlds varxZr djksa esa deh rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus okys vuko';d fu;a=.kdks gVk;k x;k Fkk\

3 Marks Questions

8. Write short notes on the following :-

(i) Liberalization (ii) Privatisation

fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh dhft, %&

¼d½ mnkjhdj.k ¼[k½ fuftdj.k

9. How does change in social Environment affects a business? State any three points.

lkekftd okrkoj.k esa ifjorZu O;olk; dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gS\ fdUgha rhu fcUnqvksa dksfyf[k,A


10. "Environment provides with constraints and opportunities." Explain with the help of an

example.

^ôkrkoj.k ck/kk,¡ rFkk volj nksuksa miyC/k djokrk gSA** mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

11. "To be successful an organisation is required to continuously study its environment." In

the light of this statement give four reasons which indicate the importance of Business

Environment?

^^fdlh Hkh laxBu dks lQy cus jgus ds fy, vius okrkoj.k dk fujarj v/;;u djuk iM+rk gSA** bldFku dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds pkj egÙo crkb,A

12. Explain any four features of Business Environment.

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh fdUgha pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5 Marks Questions

13. "External Environment of Business in Dynamic and Uncertain." Explain.

^Ô;olk; dk ckg~; okrkoj.k xfr'khy vkSj vfuf'pr gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A

14. Explain briefly the various dimensions of business environment.

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

15. "The Indian corporate sector has come face to face with several challenges due to

government policy changes." Explain any five such challenges.

ljdkjh uhfr esa ifjorZu ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; dkjiksjsV {ks= dks vusd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkgSA fdUgha ,slh ik¡p pqukSfr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Questions Based on High Order Thinking Skills

1. "The project of Nano Car reestablished in Gujrat" is indicated by which factor of

environment?

uSuks dkj dk xqtjkr esa iquZ% LFkkfir gksuk fdl O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dk lwpd gS\

2. Clarify "Warning Signal" as an importance of Business Environment.

^^psrkouh ladsr** dks O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds egÙo ds :i esa le>kb,A

3. Enumerate the impact of changes in government policy on business and Industry.

O;olk; rFkk m|ksxksa ij ljdkj dh cnyrh gqbZ uhfr;ksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kdau dhft,A

(i)


Answers

1. Business Environment means the sum total of all those forces that are outside the

control of a business.

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dk vfHkizk; O;olk; dks izHkkfor djus okys mu ?kVdksa ds ;ksx ls gS ftu ijO;olk; dk dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha gksrk gSa

2. Interest rate, Inflation rates@C;kt dh njs] rsth dh njsa

3. Industrial policy, 1991@vkS|ksfxd uhfr 1991

4. Globalisation@oS'ohdj.k

5. Internal and External@vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh

6. Technological@rduhdh

7. [email protected]


CHAPTER-4

PLANNING

fu;kstufu;kstufu;kstufu;kstufu;kstu

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selction of objectives,

policies, procedures and programming from among alternatives.

2. Features of Planning :- (i) Primary function of Management (ii) Pervasive (iii) Continuous

(iv) Futurisitic (v) Goal oriented (vi) Decision making and mental exercise.

3. Importance of Planning :- (i) Provides Direction (ii) Reduces uncertainty (iii) Reduces

overlapping (iv) Promotes innovative ideas (v) Facilitates decision making (vi)

Establishes standards for controlling.

4. Limitation of Planning :- (i) Reduces creativity (ii) Costly Process (iii) Time consuming

(iv) Rigid in nature (v) Do not guarantee success (vi) Fails in Dynamic environment

5. Steps involved in Planning Process :-

;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq@egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq %&;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq@egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq %&;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq@egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq %&;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq@egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq %&;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcUnq@egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq %&

1- fu;kstu dk vFkZ D;k djuk gS dk iqokZuqeku gSA blesa miyC/k fodYiksa ls mn~ns';ksa] uhfr;ksa dk;Z&fof/k;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk p;u varfufgZr gSA

2- fu;kstu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ %& ¼d½ izca/k dk izkFkfed dk;Z ¼[k½ loZO;kid ¼x½ fujarj pyus okyhizfØ;k ¼?k½ Hkfo";oknh ¼M½ mn~ns'; vk/kkfjr ¼p½ fu;Z.ku ,oa ekufld vH;kl

Setting Objectives

Developing Premises

Selecting an alternative

Identifying alternative course of

Action and Evaluating them

Implementing the plan

Follow up

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

(i)

(iv)

(vi)

(iii)

(ii)

(v)


3- fu;kstu dk egÙo %& ¼d½ fn'kk iznku djuk ¼[k½ vfu'prrk@tksf[ke de djuk ¼x½ miO;;hfØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djuk ¼?k½ uohure fopkj fodflr djuk ¼M½ fu.kZ;u esa lgk;d ¼p½ fu;a=.kds fy, izHkko@ekud fuf'pr djukA

4- fu;kstu dh lhek,¡ %& ¼d½ jpukRedrk esa deh ¼[k½ Hkkjh ykxr fufgr izfØ;k ¼x½ le; miHkksxh¼?k½ dBksj izd`fr ¼M½ lQyrk dk vk'oklu ugha ¼p½ xfr'khy i;kZoj.k esa dk;Z ugha djrkA

5- fu;kstu izfØ;k %&

mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr djuk

lhek,¡ fodflr djuk

oSdfYid dk;Zokfg;ksa dh igpku djuk

oSdfYid dk;Zokfg;ksa dk ewY;kadu djuk rFkk p;u djuk

leh{kk djuk

;kstukvksa dks ykxw djuk

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

¼d½

¼[k½

¼?k½

¼x½

¼p½

¼M½


1 Mark Questions

1. Planning is required at every level of management but at which level more time is

consumed on planning?

fu;kstu dk;Z izR;sd izca/kdh; Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq fdl Lrj ij fu;kstu ijvf/kd le; yxk;k tkrk gS\

2. List the first two steps of planning process.

fu;kstu izfØ;k ds igys nks pj.k crkb,A

3. In which type of plan the sequence of activities to complete a job is considered?

fu;kstu ds fdl izdkj ds varxZr] ,d tkWc dks iwjk djus ds fy, dh tkus okyh] fØ;kvksa dkØe fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS\

4. The statement "No smoking at Public Places" is related to which type of plan?

^lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij /kweziku fu"ks/k* dFku ;kstukvksa ds fdl izdkj ls lacaf/kr gS\

5. Planning provides the basis of control. How?

fu;kstu] fu;a=.k dk vk/kkj gSA dSls\

6. Give one example each of internal and external premises of planning

fu;kstu dh ,d vkarfjd lhek rFkk ,d ckg~; lhek dk mnkgj.k nhft,A

7. Give one difference between Procedures and Methods.

dk;Zfof/k rFkk fof/k esa ,d varj dhft,A

8. Why planning is called a mental exercise?

fu;kstu dks ,d ckSf)d O;k;ke D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

9. What type of plan is defined as long range blue print of an organisation's desired

image, direction and destination?

;kstuk ds fdl izdkj dks laxBu dh okafNr Nfo] fn'kk ,oa y{; ds CywwfizaV ds :i esa ifjHkkf"krfd;k tkrk gS\

10. A firm wants to increase its sales by 25% for the coming year. Which type of plan is

involved in it?


,d QeZ vkus okys o"kZ esa] viuh fcØh dks 25 izfr'kr c<+kuk pkgrh gSA b;esa fu;kstu dk dkSu&lkizdkj lfEefyr gS\

3 Marks Questions

11. Make difference between following with examples :-

(i) Policies and Procedures

(ii) Policies and rules

(iii) Procedures and Methods

fuEufyf[kr esa mnkgj.k lfgr vUrj dhft, %&

¼d½ uhfr;k¡ vkSj i)fr;k¡

¼[k½ uhfr;k¡ vkSj fu;e

¼x½ dk;Z fof/k;k¡ vkSj i)fr;k¡

12. Explain the importance of formulation of Derivative plans with an example.

lgk;d ;kstukvksa ds egÙo dks mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

13. Planning helps in better coordination and provides the basis of control. Explain.

fu;kstu leUo; esa lgk;d rFkk fu;a=.k dk vk/kkj gSA Li"V dhft,A

14. "Planning is of vital importance in the management process." Do you agree? Explain

with four reasons in support of your answer.

^fu;kstu izca/kdh; izfØ;k esa vfregÙoiw.kZ gSA* D;k vki lger gSa\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa pkjdkj.kksa lfgr o.kZu dhft,A

5 Marks Questions

15. Why planning is an important function of management? Explain five points/reasons.

fu;kstu izca/k ra= dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z D;ksa gS\ ik¡p dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

16. Explain five features which indicate the nature of planning function.

fu;kstu izfØ;k dh izd`fr dks Li"V djus okyh ik¡p fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

6 Marks Questions

17. 'Planning is a continuous process' state and explain various steps of planning process.

fu;kstu ,d fujarj pyus okyh izfØ;k gSA bl izfØ;k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk ukekadu ,oa o.kZu


dhft,A

18. Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. Explain the other six

features of planning.

fu;kstu izca/k ds leLr dk;ksZa dks vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr fu;kstu dh N% vU;fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

19. Explain three advantages and three disadvantages of planning.

fu;kstu ds rhu ykHk rFkk rhu gkfu;k¡ crkb,A

Questions Based on High Order Thinking Skills –

20. Planning is futuristic in nature still it doesn't guarantee success. Why?

fu;kstu Hkfo";oknh gS fQj Hkh ;g lQyrk dk vk'oklu ugha nsrk gSA D;ksa\

21. Planning is done to reduce the wastage of resources and efforts and to save time. But

the planning process itself is time consuming and require lot of human efforts. Explain.

fu;kstu lalk/kuksa ,oa iz;klksa rFkk le; dh cpr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ijarq fu;kstu izfØ;kLo;a le; miHkksxh gS vkSj cgqr vf/kd ekuoh; iz;klksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Li"V dhft,A

22. 'While formulating a strategy, the business environment needs to be taken into

consideration.' Explain with an example.

Ô;wg jpuk dk fuekZ.k djrs le;] O;kikfjd okrkoj.k dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A* mnkgj.klfgr le>kb,A


Answers

1. Top level management@mPp Lrjh; izca/k

2. (i) Setting objectives@mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k

(ii) Developing planning premises@vk/kkjksa dh LFkkiuk

3. Procedures@dk;Zfof/k

4. Rule@fu;e

5. Planning provide standards with which actual performance is compared.

fu;kstu] ekud miyC/k djokrk gS ftlds lkFk okLrfod dk;Z dh rqyuk dh tkrh gSA

6. (i) Capital or Raw material@iw¡th ;k dPpk eky

(ii) Govt. Policies or Business competition@ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ ;k O;kolkf;d izfr;ksfxrkA

7. Procedure is a guide to action. It contains steps to be taken in a chronological order

whereas methods are standard ways of doing things.

dk;Zfof/k fØ;k&dykiksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA blesa Øekuqlkj dk;Z djus ds pj.kksa dk o.kZugksrk gS tcfd fof/k dk;Z djus dk izkekf.kd rjhdk gSA

8. Planning requires application of the mind involving creative thinking, imagination,

foresight and sound judgement.

fu;kstu esa efLr"d dh nwjnf'kZrk] dYiuk] jpukRed lksp rFkk izHkkoh fu.kZ; dh vko';drkgksrh gSA

9. Strategy@O;wg&jpuk

10. Objective@mn~ns';


CHAPTER-5

ORGANISING

laxBulaxBulaxBulaxBulaxBu

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. In functional organisation the activities are grouped on the basis of functions to be

performed while in case of divisional organisation activites are grouped on the basis

of products produced. Both are part of formal organisation.

2. Delegation of authority is based on the principle of division of labour.

3. Principle of ‘Unity of command’ accompanies decentralisation of authority.

4. Decentralisation of authority increases the importance of subordinates working at all

levels because they are given decision making authority & accountability.

5. Delegation of authority is the cause while decentralisation of authority is the effect.

6. Process of delegation of Authority :

Assigning Responsibility → Granting Authority →Fixing Accountability

7. Change in the formal organisation require well thought out official policy for change.

8. Informal organisation does not require any official or formal approval for change.

9. Formal organisation follows the levels of management & scalar chain principle for

communication whereas informal orgnisation crosses the levels of management for

communication.

10. In formal organisation manager is always a leader whereas in informal orgnisation

leader need not be a manager.

11. There is a difference between responsibility & accountability, Responsibility means

duty or obligation to do some work whereas accountability refers to answerability for

the work.

12. Direction of flow of authority & responsibility is downward, i.e, from Superior to

Subordinate whereas direction of flow of accountability is upward, i.e, from Subordinate

to Superior.

Superior

Flow of authority & Flow of

responsibility (work) accountability

Subordinate

13. Degree of authority varies according to the level of management. The scope of authority

narrows down towards lower level of management.


Top Level management

Degree of authority Middle Level management

Lower Level management

14. A Superior can delegate authority & responsibility to his subordinate but cannot delegate

accountability for the work assinged to him.

Production Deptt. Manager

Responsibility to produce 100

units of a product

Asst. Manager

assigns this duty to his subordinates

Supervisor

Production Deptt. Manager assigns the responsibility of producing 100 units

subordinates who in turn assigns the responsibility to his superviser. ( responsibility

can be delegated). Now if superviser fails to perform, then although he will be account

able to Asst. manager but towards Production Deptt. manager, Asst. manager will

remain accountable from whom he has been assigned the work.

15. Deligation of responsibility must be accompanied with adequate authority ( Principle

of parity of authority with responsibility) for efficient performance.

Authority = Responsibility - Ideal Situation

if Authority > Responsibility - misuse of Authority

if Authority < Responsibility - difficult to perform the responsibility.

egRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnqegRoiw.k Z fcUnq

1. dk;kZRed laxBu esa fØ;kvksa dk ,d=hdj.k dk;ksZ ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS tcfd foHkkxh;laxBu esa fØ;kvksa dk ,d=hdj.k oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA nksauks ghlaxBu vkSipkfjd laxBu ds izk:i gSaA

2. vf/kdkj leiZ.k dk;Z foHkktu ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSaA


3. vf/kdkjksa dk fodsUnzh;dj.k vkns”k dh ,drk ds fl)kar dk lg;ksxh gSA

4. vf/kdkjksa dk fodsUnzh;dj.k lHkh Lrjksa ij dk;Z djus okys vk/khuLFkksa ds egRo dks c<+krk gSA

5. vf/kdkj leiZ.k dkj.k gS rks vf/kdkjksa dk fodsUnzhdj.k mldk ifj.kke gSA

6. vf/kdkj leiZ.k izfØ;k %&

nkf;Ro lkSaiuk → vf/kdkj leiZ.k → mÙkjnkf;Ro fu/kkZj.k

7. dsoy lqfopfjr vf/kdkfjd ;kstuk ;k uhfr ds vk/kkj ij gh vkSipkfjd laxBu esa ifjorZu fd;ktk ldrk gSA

8. vukSipkfjd laxBu esa ifjorZu ds fy, fdlh vkSipkfjd ;k vf/kdkfjd lgefr ;k vuqefr dhvko”;drk ughaA

9. vkSipkfjd laxBu izca/k ds Lrjksa rFkk laizs’k.k dh lksiku Ja[kyk ds fl)kar dk ikyu djrk gStcfd vukSipkfjd laxBu esa izca/k ds Lrj rFkk laisz’k.k dh lksiku Ja[kyk ds fl)akr egRo ughaj[krsA

10. vkSipkfjd laxBu esa usrk izca/kd Hkh gksrk gS tcfd vukSipkfjd laxBu esa usrk dk izca/kd gksukvko”;d ughaA

11. nkf;Ro rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro esa varj gSA nkf;Ro dk vFkZ gS&mPp vf/kdkjh }kjk lkSais x, dk;ksZ dksiwjk djus dk drZO; rFkk tokcnsgh rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vFkZ gS&lkSais x, dk;ksZ dks iwjk djusds fy, mPp vf/kdkjh dks tokc nsukA

12. vf/kdkj rFkk nkf;Ro dk izokg mPp vf/kdkjh ls v/khuLFk dh vksj rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dk izokgv/khuLFk ls vf/kdkjh dh vksj gksrk gSA

vf/kdkjh

vf/kdkj rFkk nkf;Ro mÙkjnkf;Ro dk izokg

dk izokg

v/khuLFk

13. vf/kdkj dk {ks= izca/k ds Lrj ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA fuEu Lrj dh vksj c<+rs gq, bldk {ks=ladqfpr gksrk tkrk gSA

izca/k dk mPp Lrj

vf/kdkj dk {ks= izca/k dk e/; Lrj

izca/k dk fuEu Lrj

14. vf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFk dks vf/kdkj o nkf;Ro rks lefiZr dj ldrk gS fdarq lkSais x, dk;Z


ds fy, vius mPpvf/kdkjh ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ugha lefiZr dj ldrk gSA

mRiknu foHkkx izca/kd

100 bZdkb;ksa dk mRiknu djus dk nkf;Ro

mi &izca/kd

nkf;Ro i;Zos{kd dks lkSaik

i;Zos{kd

mRiknu izca/kd dks 100 bZdkb;ka mRikfnr djus dk nkf;Ro feykA mlus ;g nkf;Ro miizca/kddks lkSai fn;kA miizca/kd us bls i;Zos{kd dks lkSai fn;k ¼nkf;Ro lkSaik tk ldrk gS½A ;fn i;Zos{kddk;Z dks iwjk dj ugha ikrk rks og mi&izca/kd ds izfr rks mÙkjnk;h gS fdarq mRiknu izca/kdds izfr mi&izca/kd gh mÙkjnk;h gksxkA

15. dk;Z dq”kyrk iwoZd djus ds fy, vko”;d gS fd mlls lacaf/kr vf/kdkj Hkh fn, tk,a ¼vf/kdkjo nkf;Ro dh lekurk dk fl+)akr½A

vf/kdkj ¾ nkf;Ro &&&&&&& vkn'kZ fLFkfr

vf/kdkj > nkf;Ro &&&&&&& vf/kdkjksa dk nq:i;ksx

vf/kdkj < nkf;Ro &&&&&&& nkf;Ro iwjk djuk dfBu


One Mark Questions

1. (a) Board of Directors

¼v½

Managing Director

Production Purchase Marketing Finance

(b) Board of Directors

¼c½

Managing Director

Textile Cosmetic Medicine Detergent

Department Department Department Department

Identify the type of organisation as shown in fig. (a) & (b)

^v* rFkk ^c* vkd`fr esa laxBu ds izk:i dks igpkfu,A

2. Name the type of organisation in which -

(a) Friendly relationship exists among the members.

(b) Official relationship exists among the members.

laxBu ds izk:i dk uke fyf[k, tgk¡&

¼1½ lnL;ksa esa nksLrkuk laca/k gks

¼2½ lnL;ksa esa vf/kdkfjd laca/k gksA

3. Name the process of establishing effective authority relationships among selected

works, persons and work places, in order, for the group to work together efficiently.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb;s ftlesa pqus gq, dk;ksZa] O;fDr;ksa ,oa dk;Z LFkyksa ds e/; izHkkohvf/kdkj laca/k gksrs gSa ftlls dq'kyrk iwoZd dk;Z gks ldsA

4. State any one objective of organisation.

laxBu dk dksbZ ,d mn~ns”; fyf[k,A

5. If responsibility is more than authority, what would be its impact on the working of the

organisation.?

vxj nkf;Ro vf/kdkj ls vf/kd gS rks bldk laLFkk dh dk;Z”kSyh ij D;k izHkko iM+sxk\

6. whether decentralisation increases the importance of subordinates or reduces it.?


D;k fodsUnzh;dj.k v/khuLFkksa ds egRo dks c<+krk gS ;k ?kVkrk gS\

7. State whether the Principle of Scalar chain is followed in informal organisation or not.?

D;k vukSipkfjd laxBu esa lksiku Ja[kyk ds fl)kar dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS ;k ugha\

8. Is organisation structure essential to prescribe relationship between various position in

the organisation.

laxBu esa fofHkUu inksa ds chp laca/k dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, D;k laxBu <+k¡pk vko”;d gS\

9. State whether functional organisation is based on products.

fyf[k, D;k dk;kZRed laxBu mRikn vk/kkfjr gS\

10. Name the process of entrusting responsiblity and authority and creating accountability

of the person whom work has been handed over?

ml izfØ;k dk uke fyf[k, ftldk vfHkizk; mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vf/kdkj lkSaius rFkk ftl O;fDrdks mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gS mldh mÙkjns;rk mRiUu djus dh izfØ;k ls gSaA

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

11. Name the process which coordinates human efforts, assembles resources and integrates

both into a unified whole to be utilized for achieving specified objects.

ml izfØ;k dk uke fyf[k, ftlds vrxZr ekuoh; iz;klksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus rFkklalk/kuksa dks tksM+us rFkk nksuksa dks ,df=r fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh tkldsA

12. The number of subordinates that can be effectively managed by a superior refers to

which aspect of management?

ml igyw dk uke fyf[k, ftldk rkRi;Z ,d i;Zos{kd }kjk vius fdrus vf/kuLFkksa dk izHkkoiw.kZ<+ax ls i;Zos{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\

13. What do you mean by organisation chart and organisation Manual?

laxBu pkVZ vkSj laxBu iqfLrdk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

14. Give three points of importance of organisation.

laxBu ds egÙo ds dksbZ rhu fcUnq fyf[k,A

15. Write down three disadvantages of divisional organisation structures.


foHkkxh; laxBu ds <kaps dh dksbZ rhu gkfu;k¡ fyf[k,A

16. 'Identifying and dividing the work is the first step in the process of one of the functions

of Management'. Identify the function.

dk;ksZa dks igpkuuk vkSj foHkktu djuk izca/k ds fdlh ,d dk;Z dh izfØ;k dk izFke pj.k gSAdk;Z dks igpkfu,A

17. Differentiate between functional structure & divisional structure on the basis of formation.

jpuk ds vk/kkj ij dk;kZRed rFkk foHkkxh; laxBu esa varj dfj,A

18. What would be the effect of no delegation of work.

vf/kdkj varj.k u djus dk D;k ifj.kke gksxk\

19. How does authority arise in formal organisation?

vkSipkfjd laxBu esa vf/kdkj fdl izdkj mRiUu gksrs gSa\

20. How does responsibility arise in the organisation?

laLFkk esa nkf;Ro fdl izdkj mRiUu gksrk gS\

21. An organisation has been formed on the basis of functional structure. But it was not

able to achieve its targets. What do you think would have been the probable reasons

of such type of organisation. Write down any three reasons of such failure.

,d laLFkk dk;kZRed laxBu ds vk/kkj ij xfBr dh xbZ] fdarq vius mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esa lQyugha gks ik jghA vki blds D;k dkj.k lksp ldrs gSa\ ,slh vlQyrk ds dksbZ rhu dkj.k fyf[k,A

22. How does organising as a function of management help in effective administration?

fdl izdkj laxBu dh fØ;k izca/k dks izHkkoiw.kZ iz'kklu esa enn djrh gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A

23. How does deligation of authority help in employee development & facilitate better

control?

fdl izdkj vf/kdkj varj.k] deZpkfj;ksa ds fodkl rFkk csgrj fu;a=.k esa lgk;rk djrk gS\ fVIi.khdhft,A

24. "Delegation of authority is based on elementary principle of division of work." Explain.

^^vf/kdkj varj.k dk;Z foHkktu ds izkjfEHkd fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A


25. An organisation is manufacturing T.V., watches, C.D. and Detergent. Explain what

type of organisation structure is suitable for this organisation and why?

,d laLFkk Vh-oh-] ?kfM+;k¡] lh-Mh- rFkk fMVjtSUV dk mRiknu dj jgh gSA O;k[;k dhft, fd fdlizdkj dk laxBu <+kapk laLFkk }kjk viuk;k tk,xkA vkSj D;ksa\

26. How delegation of authority is a source of development of managers? Comment.

fdl izdkj ls vf/kdkj varj.k izca/kdksa ds fodkl dk lzksr gS\ fVIi.kh dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

27. Explain how Decentralisation is the extension of delegation?

O;k[;k dhft, fd fodsUnzh;dj.k vf/kdkj varj.k dk o`gn~ :i gS\

28. Can both responsibility & accountability be delegated? Explain.

D;k nkf;Ro RkFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro nksuksa dks izR;k;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A

29. "Decentralisation leads to better coordination & Team work." Explain.

^^fodsUnzhdj.k ls csgrj leUo; rFkk lg;ksx esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA**

30. "Organisation establishes clear lines of Authority & responsibility." Explain.

^^laxBu dh fØ;k vf/kdkj rFkk nkf;Ro dh Li"V LFkkiuk djrh gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A

31. Explain any four disadvantages of functional structure.

dk;kZRed laxBu dh pkj gkfu;k¡ fyf[k,A

32. State the importance of organising as a fucntion of management.

izca/k ds ,d dk;Z ds :i esa laxBu ds egÙp dk mYys[k dhft,A

33. Enumerate the steps involved in the process of organisaing.

laxBu izfØ;k esa fufgr pj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5 Marks Questions

34. "Every organisation should be characterized by both centralisation & decantralisation."

Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer.

izR;sd laxBu esa dsUnzhdj.k rFkk fodsUnzhdj.k nksuksa dk gh gksuk vko';d gSA D;k vki bldFku ls lger gSaA vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ nhft,A


35. Rahul Ltd. is engaged in production of mechanical articles. The members of the

organisation have friendly relationship among them. Which type of organisation has

developed in the concern? Explain only four benefits of developing such an organisation.

jkgqy fyfeVsM e'khuh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa dk;Zjr gSA bl laxBu ds lnL;ksa esa ikjLifjd nksLrkuklaca/k gSA fdl izdkj dk laxBukRed laca/k lnL;kssa esa fodflr gks jgk gS\ bl izdkj ds laxBukRedlaxBu ds pkj ykHk fyf[k,A

36. What is meant by "formal organisation." Explain any two merits and two demerits of

formal organisation.

vkSipkfjd laxBu dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A vkSipkfjd laxBu ds dksbZ nks ykHk rFkk nks gkfu;k¡ fyf[k,A

37. Delegation of Authority provides the medium where by a manager multiplies himself.

Comment.

^^vf/kdkj leiZ.k og ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk ,d izca/kd viuh dk;Z'kfDr c<+krk gSA** Li"V dft,A

6 Marks Questions

38. Distinguish between formal & informal organisation on the basis of :

(i) Authority (ii) Leadership (iii) Nature (iv) Behaviour (v) Flow of

communication (f) Origin

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa fuEu vk/kkj ij varj fyf[k, %&

¼d½ vf/kdkj ¼[k½ usr`Ro ¼x½ izd`fr ¼?k½ O;ogkj ¼M½ lEizs"k.k dk izokg ¼p½ mn~xeA

39. ABC Ltd is manufacturing cosmetics, garments & footwear. Which type of organisational

structure should be adopted by the enterprises & why? States its any three features.

v c l fyfeVsM lkSUn;Z izlk/ku] diM+s rFkk twrs cukus okyh laLFkk gSA mls fdl izdkj dklaxBukRed <+kapk viukuk pkfg, vkSj D;ksa\ bldh rhu fo'ks"krk;sa Hkh fyf[k,A

40. You have to create an organisation to implement the plans already finalised by your

company. What steps will you takes as a manager to form an organisation.

vki ,d laLFkk esa eSustj gSa vkSj ;kstukvksa ds vuqlkj laxBukRed <+kapk cukus ds fy, vki fdlizfØ;k dk ikyu djsaxs\

41. "The significance of organisation function arises from the fact that it helps in the survival

and growth of an enterprise and equips it to meet the challenges." In the light of the

above statement explain the importance of organisation.

laxBu dk;Z dk egÙp blh rF; ls gS tc og m|e ds pkyw jgus rFkk fodkl esa lgk;rkdjrk gS rFkk fofHkUu psrkofu;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA bl rF; ds izdk'k esa laxBu


dk;Z dk egÙo fyf[k,A


Q. 42The star Ltd. company is manufacturing steel goods. There are four main activities

marketing, production, finance and personnel. The G.M. is planning to structuring the

organisation. Which type of organisation structure should be adopted? And Why? Give

two reasons.

LVkj fy- daifu ,d LVhy oLrqvksa dh fuekZ.kh daiuh gSA daiuh dh pkj eq[; fØ;k,¡ gSa & foi.ku]mRiknu] foÙk vkSj lfooxhZ;A laxBu <+kaps ds fo"k; esa egk izca/kd ;kstuk cukrk gSA fdl izdkjdk laxBu <kapk bl daiuh dks viukuk pkfg,\ vkSj D;ksa\ vius leFkZu esa nks rdZ nhft,A

Q. 43 "Just as Authority is the key to Managers job Delegation of Authority is key to

organisation." In the light of this statement discuss the significance of delegation of

Authority.

^^tSls fd vf/kdkj izca/kd ds ikl dke dh pkch gS] vf/kdkj vUrj.k laxBu dh pkch gSA**

mijksDr dFku ds izdk'k esa ^^vf/kdkj ds vUrj.k dk egÙo le>kb;sA**

Q. 44 "If we delegate the authority, we multiply it by two; if we decentralise it, we multiply

it by many." How?

^^;fn ge vf/kdkj vUrj.k djrs gSa rks ge bls nqxuk djrs gSa] ;fn ge fodsUnzhdj.k djrs gSarks dbZ xquk djrs gSaA** dSls le>kb;sA

Answers

1. (i) Functional Organisation@dk;kZRed laxBu

(ii) Divisional Organisation@foHkkxh; laxBu

2. (i) Informal Organisation@vukSipkfjd laxBu

(ii) Formal Organisation@vkSipkfjd laxBu

3. Organising@laxBu

4. Optimum utilization of resources or any other objective.@ lk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx

5. Performance of work become difficult@dk;Z djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA

6. Increases@c<+sxh

7. Not followed@ikyu ugha fd;k tkrk

8. Essential@vko';d

9. Yes@gk¡

10. Delegation of authority@vf/kdkj vUrj.ak


CHAPTER-6

STAFFING

fu;qfDrdj.kfu;qfDrdj.kfu;qfDrdj.kfu;qfDrdj.kfu;qfDrdj.k

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Staffing is a part of the management, which is concerned with obtaining, utilizing

maintaining a satisfactory work force.

2. Staffing function is needed because of

(a) Increasing size of organisations

(b) Rapid advancement of technology

(c) Complicated behaviour of human beings

3. Human resource management is a broader concept, which includes

(a) Human resource planning

(b) Employing people

(c) Training and development etc.

4. Steps in the process of staffing :-

(a) Estimating manpower requirement

(b) Recruitment

(c) Selection

(d) Placement and Development

(e) Training and development

5. Recruitment refers to the process of searching for prospective employees & stimulating

them to apply for a job.

6. Selection : It is a process of selection of right types of candidates and offering them

jobs.

7. Sources of requirement

(a) Internal:- Transfer, Promotion

(b) External:- Casual callers, Advertisememt, Employment exchange, placement


agencies, management, consultants, Campus recruitment, direct recruitement,

recommendations of emplyees, labour contractors, Telecasting and web publishing.

8. Differences between recruitment and Selection :-

Basis Recruitment Selection

Process It is a positive and simple process It is a negative and complex process.

Purpose Its aim is to attract more and more Its aim is to reject unsuitable

candidates for the vacant jobs. candidate and select the most

suitable people for the vacant job.

Sequence It takes place prior to selection. It is done after the recruitment.

Numbers No restriction on the numbers Only a limited number of candidates

of candidates. are selected.

9. Training is a process by which the aptitude, skills and abilities of employees to perform

specific jobs are increased.

10. Human Resource Management (HRM) :-

Human Resource Planning

Employing People

Training & Development

11. Development refers to the learning opportunities designed to help the employees to

grow.

12. Methods of training:

(a) On the job training methods :- Coaching, Internship, Apprenticeship programms,

job rotation.

(b) Off the job training methods :- Classroom lectures, films, case study, computer

modeling, programmed instruction, vestibule training.

egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&egRoiw.kZ fcUnq %&

1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - fu;qDrhdj.k izca/k izfØ;k dk og Hkkx gS tks larq’V ,oa larq’V djus okys dk;Zcy ds izkfIrdj.k]mi;ksx ,oa j[kj[kko ls lacaf/kr gSA

2- fu;qDrhdj.k dk;Z dh vko”;drk gS D;ksafd %

¼1½ laLFkk dk vkdkj c<+ jgk gSA


¼2½ rduhd esa rhoz izxfr gks jgh gSA

¼3½ ekuoh; O;ogkj tfVy gSA

3- ekuoh; lalk/ku izcU/k ,d foLr`r vo/kkj.kk gS ftlds varxZr&

¼1½ ekuo lalk/ku fu;kstu

¼2½ fu;qfDr;k¡ nsuk

¼3½ izf”k{k.k o fodkl bR;kfn fufgr gSaA

4- fu;qfDrdj.k izfØ;k ds varxZr&

¼1½ ekuo”kfDr vko”;drksa dk vkdyu

¼2½ HkrhZ

¼3½ p;u

¼4½ vuqLFkkiu rFkk vfHkfoU;kl

¼5½ izf'k{k.k rFkk fodkl

5- HkrhZ dk vFkZ Hkkoh deZpkfj;ksa dks [kkstus ,oa mUgsa laxBu esa fjDr inksa ds fy, vkosnu djusgsrq izksRlkfgr djus dh izfØ;k gSA

6- p;u vfHk;kfFkZ;ksa dks pquus rFkk mUgsa dke izLrkfor djus dh izfØ;k gSA

7- HkrhZ dk lzksr%&

¼1½ vkUrfjd & LFkkukUrj.k] inksUufr

¼2½ ckg~; & vkdfLed cqykok] foKkiu] jkstxkj] dk;kZy;] izca/k ijke”kZnkrk] dSEil HkrhZ] izR;{kHkrhZA

8- HkrhZ vkSj p;u esa varj %&

vk/kkj HkrhZ p;u

izfØ;k ;g ,d ?kukRed ,oa ljy izfØ;k gSA ;g ,d _.kkRed rFkk tfVy izfØ;k gS

mn~ns'; bldk mn~ns'; fjDr LFkkuksa ds fy, bldk mn~ns'; vuqi;ksxh vH;kfFkZ;ksa dks

vf/kd ls vf/kd vH;kfFkZ;ksZa dks vR;Ur mi;qDr yksxksa dks fjDr LFkku ds

vkdZf"kr djuk gSA fy, pquuk gSA


Øe ;g pquko ls igys gksrk gSA ;g HkrhZ ds ckn gksrk gSA

la[;k vH;kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k ij dksbZ jksd dsoy lhfer la[;k esa gh vH;kFkhZ pqus tkrs

ugha gksrh gSA gSaA

9- izf”k{k.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk fo”ks’k dk;Z dks iwjk djus gsrq deZpkfj;ksa dh izo`fr;kas]fuiw.kZrkvksa ,oa ;ksX;rkvksa esa o`f) dh tkrh gSA

10- ekuo lalk/ku izca/ku

ekuo lalk/ku fu;kstu

jkstxkj iznku djuk

izf'k{k.k vkSj fodkl

11- fodkl vf/kxe voljksa dks crkrk gS tks deZpkfj;ksa dks vkxs c<+us esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

12- izf”k{k.k dh fof/k;k¡%&

¼1½ dk;Z ij izf”k{k.k fof/k;k¡ & dksfpax] la;qDr izf”k{k.k] dk;Z cnyh izf”k{k.kA

¼2½ dk;sZ ls ijs izf”k{k.k fof/k;k¡ & d{kkd{k Hkk’k.k] fQYesa] dsl v/;;u] izdks’B”kkyk izf”k{k.k]dEI;wVj ekMfyax&izksxjke funZs'kA


ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Why is recruitment called a positive process?

HkrhZ dks ldkjkRed izfØ;k D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

2. Name the process by which the most suitable candidates is placed to fill the vacant

job position.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb, ftlds }kjk lcls mi;qDr izkFkhZ dks fjDr LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gS\

3. Name the concept which involve growth of an individual in all respects.

ml vo/kkj.kk dk uke crkb, ftlesa fdlh O;fDr ds lHkh igyqvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA

4. "Our assets walk out of the door each evening. We have to make sure that they come

back the next morning." This statement relates to which function of management.

gekjh laifÙk;k¡ izR;sd lk;adky njokts ls ckgj pyh tkrh gSaA gesa fuf'pr djuk gksxk fd vxyhlqcg os okfil vk,¡A ;g dFku izca/k ds fdl dk;Z ls lacaf/kr gS\

5. Out of Human Resource management and staffing which one is wider?

ekuo lalk/ku izca/k rFkk fu;qfDrdj.k esa ls fdldk {ks= O;kid gS\

6. Name any two internal sources of Recruitment.

HkrhZ ds nks vkarfjd lzksr crkb,A

7. Name the source of recruitment in which newspaper, employment news, television

etc. are used.

lekpkj i=] jkstxkj lekpkj] Vsfyfotu vkfn dk iz;ksx HkrhZ ds fdl ek/;e esa fd;k tkrkgS\

8. Name the method of training suitable for plumbers, electricians and iron workers.

ml izf'k{k.k fof/k dk uke crkb, tks IyEcj] fctyh dk dke vFkok yqgkj ds fy, mfprgSA

9. How education is broader in scope than training?

f'k{kk dk {ks= izf'k{k.k ds {ks= ls fdl izdkj vf/kd O;kid gS\

10. Write the meaning of placement.

vuqLFkkiu dk vFkZ crkb,A


11. Mention any two employment tests.

fdUgha nks ijh{kkvksa ds uke crkb, ftudk iz;ksx deZpkfj;ksa ds p;u gsrq fd;k tkrk gS\

12. Why is selection considered to be a negative process.

p;u dks udkjkRed izfØ;k D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

13. Give one advantage of job rotation training.

dk;Z cnyh izf'k{k.k dk ,d ykHk fyf[k,A

14. 'Which source of recruitment has the disadvantage of 'increase in labour turnover.'

^Je ifjorZu nj esa o`f)* dh gkfu HkrhZ ds fdl lzksr esa gksrh gS\

15. State one objective of preliminary screening.

izkjafHkd tk¡p dk ,d mn~ns'; fyf[k,A

3 Marks Questions

16. Why is staffing function considered to be the key to other functions of management?

fu;qfDrdj.k dks vU; lHkh izca/kdh; dk;ksZa dh dq¡th D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

17. Write three points of distinction between training and development.

izf'k{k.k rFkk fodkl esa rhu varj fyf[k,A

18. Why internal sources of recruitment are considered as economical?

HkrhZ ds vkarfjd lzksrksa dks D;ksa ferO;;h ¼de [kphZyk½ ekuk tkrk gS\

19. State any three benefits of training to an organization.

izf'k{k.k ls fdlh laxBu dks gksus okys fdUgha rhu ykHkksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

20. A company wants to recruit supervisor for production department. The assistant

supervisor is not competent and appointment has to be made on emergency basis. Out

of the following sources which one should be adopted any why :

(i) Factory gate appointment.

(ii) By advertisement in newspaper.

(iii) By promoting the existing supervisor.

,d daiuh mRiknu foHkkx esa i;Zos{kd dh HkrhZ djuk pkgrh gSA lgk;d i;Zos{kd l{ke ughagS vkSj vkikr dkyhu vk/kkj ij fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSa fuEu esa ls dkSu lk lzksr viukuk pkfg,


vkSj D;ksa\

¼d½ dkj[kkuk }kj HkrhZ ¼[k½ lekpkj i= esa foKkiu ¼x½ fo|eku i;Zos{kd dh inksUufr

4 Marks Questions

21. Define selection. What is the purpose of selection?

p;u dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A p;u dk iz;kstu Li"V dhft,A

22. Differentiate between internal and external sources of recruitment on the basis of (i)

Purpose (ii) Economy (iii) Quality (iv) Time

vkarfjd o ckg~; lzksr esa fuEu vk/kkjksa ij varj dhft, %&

¼d½ mn~ns'; ¼[k½ vkfFkZd ¼x½ xq.koÙkk ¼?k½ le;

23. What do you mean by employee development? Why it is needed?

deZpkjh fodkl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ ;g D;ksa vko';d gS\

24. Write four differences between recruitment and selection.

HkrhZ vkSj p;u esa pkj varj fyf[k,A

25. Explain briefly any five types of employment tests.

fdUgha pkj jkstxkj ijh{k.kksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

26. Explain any five steps involved in the process of selection of Employees.

deZpkfj;ksa dh p;u izfØ;k esa vUrfuZfgr fdUgha ik¡p pj.kksa dks le>kb;sA

27. Explain any two of the following :-

(i) Job Rotation (ii) Internship (iii) Vestibule Training.

fuEu esa ls dksbZ 2 dks Li"V dhft, %&

¼d½ dk;Z cnyh ¼[k½ LFkkuc)@la;qDr izf'k{k.k ifj;kstuk ¼x½ izdks"B 'kkyk izf'k{k.k

28. What is meant by manpower planning? Why it is important?

ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ bls egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\

6 Marks Questions

29. "Filling vacancies from within the organization has some advantages as well as

limitations." Explain any three such advantages and three limitations.


laLFkk esa ls gh fjDr inksa dks Hkjus ds dqN ykHk Hkh gSa vkSj dqN lhek,¡ HkhA ,sls fdUgha rhuykHkksa ,oa rhu lhekvksa dks Li"V dhft,A

30. Explain in brief three merits and three limitations of external sources of recruitment.

HkrhZ ds ckg~; lzksrksa ds rhu ykHk ,oa rhu lhekvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

31. Explain briefly any three 'off the job methods' of training.

^dk;Z ls ijs izf'k{k.k* dh fdUgha rhu fof/k;ksa dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft,A

32. Staffing is termed as a part of HRM. Explain.

fu;qfDrdj.k] ekuo lalk/ku dk ,d Hkkx gSA Li"V djsaA

33. Explain in brief, the various steps involved in the staffing procedure.

fu;qfDrdj.k izfØ;k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft,A


1. Name the concept which relate the temporary separation of employees from the

employer?

deZpkfj;ksa dks dqN le; ds fy, fu;ksDrk ls nwj djuk fdl /kkj.kk ls lacaf/kr gS\ crkb;sA

2. Our assets walk out of the door each evening. We have to make sure that they come

back the next morning. This statement is related to which function of Management?

gekjh lEifÙk;k¡ izR;sd lk;adky njokts ls ckgj pyh tkrh gSaA gesa fuf'pr djuk gksrk gS fdvxyh lqcg os okfil vk;saA ;g dFku izca/k ds fdl dk;Z ls lacaf/kr gS\

3. An organisation can achieve its objectives only when it has the right person in the right

position. In the light of the above statement explain any four points highlighting the

importance of staffing function to the organisation.

,d laxBu vius mn~ns';ksa dks dsoy rc gh izkIr dj ldrk gS tc ogk¡ Bhd O;fDr Bhd fLFkfresa gksA

mijksDr dFku ds lanHkZ esa fu;qfDrdj.k ds egÙo ds pkj fcanqvksa dks Li"V dhft,A

4. "Which aspect of Management is known as the process of hiring and developing the

required personnel to fill in the various positions in the organisation." Briefly discuss

the steps in the process of above statement.

ôkafNr deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z ij yxkuk] mUgsa fodflr djuk laxBu ds fofHkUu inksa dh iwfrZ djus


ds fy, tks izfØ;k dh tkrh gSA* izca/k ds fdl Hkkx ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gS\ mijksDr izfØ;kds fofHkUu pj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A

Answers

1. Candidate are invited to apply for the job.@ izkfFkZ;ksa dks fjfDr;k¡ Hkjus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;ktkrk gSA

2. Selection.@p;u

3. Development.@fodkl

4. Staffing.@fu;qfDrdj.k

5. Human Resource Management.@ekuo lalk/ku izca/k

6. Transfer, [email protected]] inksUufr

7. Advertisement.@foKkiu

8. Apprenticeship@izf'k{k.kkFkhZ dk;ZØe

9. Training is tied to the goals of organisation more to the goals of the individual. Education

increases the knowledge and understanding of employees.

izf'k{k.k laxBu ds y{;ksa ls tqM+k gksrk gS u fd O;fDr ds y{;ksa lsA f'k{kk deZpkfj;ksa ds KkurFkk cks/k dks c<+krh gSA

10. Filling the selected person to the right job.@deZpkjh dk inHkkj laHkkyuk ftl ds fy, mldkp;u gqvk gSA

11. (i) Personality test@O;fDrRo ijh{kk (ii) Aptitude test@vfHk:fp ijh{kk

12. In selection process more candidates are rejected as compare to the no. of candidates

who are employed.@p;u izfØ;k esa vf/kd mEehnokjksa dks fudky fn;k tkrk gSA

13. Broader understanding of all jobs of the business.@O;olk; ds lHkh vaxkas dks foLr`r :ils le>us esa dk;Z djrk gSA

14. External source@ckg; lzksr

15. To eliminate unqualified and unfit job seekers.@v;ksX; rFkk vuqi;qDr izkfFkZ;ksa dks fudkynsukA


CHAPTER - 7

DIRECTING

funs Zfuns Zfuns Zfuns Zfuns Z”ku

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. DIRECTION it includes four elements

(i) Supervision

(ii) Motivation

(iii) Leadership

(iv) Communication

2. Supervision : Supervision is comprised of two words :-

Super Vision

(It is referred as over (Act of seeing objects subordinates

and above) and giving instructions)

With the

objective to

(i) To ensure optimum utilization of resources.

(ii) To achieve work targets.

3. Since supervising is referred as the function of overseeing the subordinate and giving

instructions, this functions is performed at all levels. Supervision as an element of

directing is prevalent at all levels of management.

4. Post of supervisor is however designated at the operative level in the organizational

hierarchy.

5. Since supervisors work at operative level and are directly related to work targets and

worker, they are referred as first line managers.

Motivation

1. The ability to do a work is created through education and training while willingness to

do the work is created through motivation.

2. Needs is the driving forced factor that bring people to action.


3. Maslow's theory provides an insight to managers that they must be sensitive to the

needs of subordinates and provide an environment for the satisfaction of their dominant

needs.

4. Needs are in hierarchial order, starting from basic needs to other higher level needs.

5. Level of needs is the decisive factor in the development of various motivational schemes.

6. Relevance of Maslow's Theory in Motivation.

Non financial incentives are Various non-financial

more attractive incentives are status,

organizational climate,

career advancement

opportunity, employee

recognition projection

etc.

Monetary incentives are Various financial

more important as they incentives are pay and

act as better motivators allowances, productivity

linked wage incentive,

bonus, profit sharing

and co-partnership etc.

Need Hieratchy

Leadership

1. Leadership is the ability to use non-coercive influence on the activities, goals and

motivation of others for achieving organizational objectives.

2. A leader may not be a manager but a manager has to be a leader.

3. Leadership is related to a situation. There is no best style of leadership suitable for all

situations.

4. The leaders always play a key role for the success and excellence of any organization.

5. Although leadership is one element of directing, it is closely inter related with other

three elements.

Communication

1. Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one

person to another.

2. Communication in never complete without feedback.

3. Communication helps in smooth working of an enterprise.

4. Communication promotes cooperation and industrial peace.

5. Communication boosts morale and provides motivation.

Self Actualization need

Esteem Need

Social Need

Safety Need

Physiological

Need

}}


6. Communication is of two types :- (i) Informal (ii) Formal

7. Informal communication does not follow the principle of chain of command. Formal

communication has prescribed path.

8. Formal communication can be divided in two parts

Vertical communication

Downward Communication Upward communication

Downward communication :-

Superior What is communicated :-

Instructions, policies, plans, rules, orders

and procedures etc.

Subordinates

Upwards Communication :-

Superior

Grievances, Suggestions, Reports etc.

Subordinates

Horizontal Communication :-

Production Manager Finance Manager.

Exchange of information between

two deptt. heads working at same level.

;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcanq;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcanq;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcanq;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcanq;kn j[kus ;ksX; fcanq

1- funsZ'ku esa pkj rRo lfEefyr gSa %&

¼d½ i;Zos{k.k ¼[k½ vfHkizsj.k ¼x½ usr`Ro ¼?k½ lEizs"k.k

2- i;Zos{k.k esa nks 'kCn lekfgr gSa %&

i;Z ¼Super½ os{k.k ¼Vision½

¼Åij ls½ ¼voyksdu vFkkZr ns[kus dh fØ;k v/khuLFkksa ds dk;Z½

ftldk mn~ns'; gSA


1- lHkh lk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksxA

2- yf{kr mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIrA

3- i;Zos{k.k dk laca/k v/khuLFkksa ds dk;ksZa dk voyksdu djuk vkSj mUgsa funsZ'k nsuk gS] dk;Z ds :iesa ;g lHkh Lrjksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, funsZ'ku ds rRo ds :i esa ;g izca/k ds lHkh Lrjksaij O;kIr gSA

4- i;Zos{kd dk in izca/k dh vkSipkfjd Ja[kyk esa dk;kZRed vFkkZr fuEu Lrj ij gksrk gSA

vfHki z sj.kvfHki z sj.kvfHki z sj.kvfHki z sj.kvfHki z sj.k

1- fdlh dk;Z dks djus dh ;ksX;rk f'k{k.k o izf'k{k.k ls mRiUu gksrh gS fdUrq dk;Z djus dh bPNkvfHkizsj.k ls mRiUu gksrh gSA

2- vko';drk,¡ gh euq"; dks dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSaA

3- esLyks ds fl)kar izca/kdksa dks ;g le>us esa lgk;rk nsrs gSa fd os vius v/khuLFkksa dh vko';drkvksafd izfr laosnu'khy gks rFkk mUgsa ,slk dk;Z okrkoj.k nsa fd os viuh vko';drkvksa dks larq"Vdj ldsaA

4- vko';drkvksa dk ,d vuqØe gksrk gS tks lkekU; vko';drkvksa ls mPp Lrjh; vko';drkvksavFkkZr vkRe izkfIr dh vko';drk rd gksrk gSA

5- vko';drkvksa dk Lrj gh izca/k }kjk fofHkUu vfHkizsjd ;kstuk,¡ fodflr djus esa fu/kkZjd rRogksrk gSA

6- vfHkizsj.k esa esLyksa ds fl)kar dk vkSfpR; %&

usr`Rousr `Rousr `Rousr `Rousr `Ro

1- usr`Ro vU; O;fDr;ksa dh fØ;kvksa] y{;ksa rFkk vfHkizsj.k dks fcuk cy iz;ksx izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rkgS rkfd laLFkk ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr gks ldsA

2- ,d usrk vko';d ugha gS fd izca/kd gks fdUrq izca/kd vko';d :i ls usrk gksrk gSA

3- usr`Ro fLFkfr ls laca/k j[krk gSA blfy, usr`Ro dk dksbZ Hkh izdkj lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mi;qDr


ugha gSA

4- usrk laLFkk dh lQyrk rFkk mRd`"rk esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

5- ;|fi usr`Ro izca/kdh; funsZ'ku dk ,d rRo gS fdUrq ;g vU; rhu rRoksa ds lkFk lh/kklaca/k j[krk gSA

lEiz s "k.klEiz s "k.klEiz s "k.klEiz s "k.klEiz s "k.k

1- lEizs"k.k ,d izfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr lans'k ,oa le> dks ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr rd igq¡pk;ktkrk gSA

2- lEizs"k.k izfriqf"V ds fcuk v/kwjk gSA

3- lEizs"k.k miØe dh 'kkafre; dk;Zokgh esa lgk;d gksrk gSa

4- lEizs"k.k lg;ksx rFkk vkS|ksfxd 'kkafr dks c<+kok nsrk gSA

5- lEizs"k.k eukscy o`f) rFkk vfHkizsj.kk iznku djrk gSA

6- lEizs"k.k nks izdkj dk gksrk gS %& vukSipkfjd rFkk vkSipkfjdA

7- vukSipkfjd lEizs"k.k vkns'k dh Ja[kyk@lkSiku Ja[kyk dk ikyu ugha djrkA vkSipkfjd lEizs"k.kdk fu/kkZfjr ekxZ gksrk gSA

8- vkSipkfjd lEizs"k.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS %&

yEcor lEizs"k.k %& v/kkseq[kh lEizs"k.k rFkk m/oZeq[kh lEizs"k.k

v/kkseq[kh lEizs"k.k

vf/kdkjh funsZ'k] uhfr;k¡] ;kstuk,¡] fu;e] vkns'k o fof/k;k¡ lEizsf"kr dh tkrh gSaA

↓

v/khuLFk

m/oZeq[kh lEizs"k.k

vf/kdkjh f'kdk;rsa] lq>ko rFkk fjiksZV lEizsf"kr fd, tkrs gSaA

↑

v/khuLFk

lery lEizs"k.k %& mRiknu izca/kd & nks foHkkxh; izeq[k tks izca/kdh; Ja[kyk esa ,d gh Lrjij dk;Z djrs gSa mlesa lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku & foÙk izca/kdA


1 Mark Questions

1. Name the element of directing function under which the superiors oversee the activities

of their subordinates.

funsZ'ku ds ml rRo dk uke fyf[k, ftlds varxZr mPp vf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFkksa ds dk;ksZa dkfujh{k.k djrs gSaA

2. Name the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals.

ml izfØ;k dk uke fyf[k, tks bfPNr mn~ns';ksa dks iwjk djus gsrq yksxksa dks dk;Z djus ds fy,izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

3. An element of directing which refers to the ability of influencing people to strike willingly

for mutual objectives. Name that element.

funsZ'ku ds ml rRo dk uke fyf[k, ftldk laca/k O;fDr;ksadh ikjLifjd mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrqLoSfPNd iz;Ru ds fy, izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gS\

4. Name the type of communication in which persons communicate with each other

through official channels.

ml lEizs"k.k dk uke crkb, ftlesa O;fDr;ksa }kjk laxBukRed lans'k dk vknku&iznku fd;k tkrkgSA

5. "Better human relations" is one of the advantages of which type of communication?

^^vPNs ekuoh; laca/k** lans'kokgu ds fdl izdkj dk ,d ykHk gS\

6. Which function of management is known as 'Management-in-action'?

izca/k ds fdl dk;Z dks ^îzca/k dk fØ;k'khy gksuk dgk tkrk gS\**

7. "A good leader does not wait for opportunities but creates them." This statement is

related to which Quality of a good leader?

^^vPNk usrk voljksa dk bartkj ugha djrk cfYd mUgsa iSnk djrk gSA** ;g dFku ,d vPNs usrkds fdl xq.k ls lacaf/kr gS\

8. State two points of importance of Supervision.

i;Zos{k.k ds egÙo ds nks fcanq fyf[k,A

9. Name the communication network in which each person can communicate with his

adjoining two persons.


ml lEizs"k.k ra= dk uke fyf[k, ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr vius vkl&ikl ds dsoy nks lgdfeZ;ksads lkFk lans'k dk vknku&iznku dj ldrk gS\

10. What do you mean by 'Motive'?

êksfVo* 'kCn ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

3 Marks Questions

11. "Direction is the least important function of management." Do you agree with this

statement? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

^^funsZ'ku izca/k dk lcls de egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA** D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius mÙkjds leFkZu esa dksbZ rhu dkj.k fyf[k,A

12. Explain how supervision is helpful in the improvement of communication and motivation?

O;k[;k dhft, fd i;Zos{k.k lans'kokgu ,oa vfHkizsj.k lq/kkj esa dSls lgk;d gS\

13. "Leadership is required only for less efficient subordinates." Do you agree? Write

threereasons in support of your answer.

^ûsr`Ro dh vko';drk dsoy de dq'ky v/khuLFkksa ds fy, gksrh gSA** D;k vki lger gSa\ viusmÙkj ds i{k esa rhu dkj.k fyf[k,A

14. State any three points of importance of communication?

lans'kokg ds egÙo ds fdUgha rhu fcanqvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

15. Himanshu and Shilpa are working in the same organisation but in different departments.

One day at lunch time Shilpa informed Himanshu that due to computerization many

people are going to be retrenched soon from the organisation.

Name, which type of communication is this? State any two limitations of this type of

organisation.

fgeka'kq vkSj f'kYik ,d gh laxBu esa ysfdu vyx foHkkxksa esa dke djrs gSaA ,d fnu yap dsle; f'kYik us fgeka'kq dks crk;k fd dEI;wVjhdj.k ds dkj.k laxBu ls tYnh gh vusd yksxksadh NVuh gksus tk jgh gSA ;g fdl rjg dk lEizs"k.k gS uke crkb,A bl rjg ds lEizs"k.kdh nks lhek,¡ crkb,A

4 Marks Questions

16. Explain how motivation helps to reduce employees turnover in the organisation?

O;k[;k dhft, fd fdl izdkj vfHkizsj.k laxBu esa deZpkfj;ksa dh vko`Ùk dh nj ?kVkus esa lgk;dgS\


17. State four assumptions of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

ekLyks dh vko';drk izkFkfedrk Øe dh pkj ekU;rk,¡ fyf[k,A

18. Explain any four functions of a Supervisor.

i;Zos{kd ds dksbZ pkj dk;Z fyf[k,A

19. Explain any four measures which can be used to overcome the barriers of effective

communication.

izHkkoh lans'kokgu dh lkekU; ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds fdUgha pkj mik;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

5 Marks Questions

20. Explain 'Job enrichment' and 'Job security' as non-financial motivators.

xSj ekSfnzd vfHkizsjd ds :i esa dk;Z lEiUurk rFkk lsok lqj{kk dks le>kb,A

21. What do you mean by NOISE in communication process? State four examples.

lans'kokgu esa 'kksj dk D;k vFkZ gS\ blds dksbZ pkj mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

22. "Motivation is the care of management." In the light of this statement explain the

importance of motivation. (Any five points)

^^vfHkizsj.k izca/k dk lkj gSA** bl dFku dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vfHkizsj.k ds egÙo dks le>kb,A¼dksbZ ik¡p fcanq½

6 Marks Questions

23. "Human beings can be motivated only through the satisfaction of their needs." Explain.

O;k[;k dhft, fd ekuo dks mudh vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V }kjk gh vfHkizsfjr fd;k tk ldrkgS\

24. "Leaders can be distinguished from non-leaders by certain unique traits/ Qualities

possessed by them." Explain any six traits of a good leader.

^^,d usrk xSj usrk ls dqN fof'k"V xq.kksa ls fHkUu gSA** ,d vPNs usrk ds N^ xq.k fyf[k,A

25. Differentiate between formal and informal communication. (Any six points)

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd lEizs"k.k esa dksbZ N% varj fyf[k,A

26. What is meant by 'Non-monetary' incentives? Explain briefly any five types of non-

monetary incentives which contribute to the performance of employee.


xSj ekSfnzd vfHkizsjdksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gSA fdUgha ik¡p xSj ekSfnzd vfHkizsjdksa dh laf{kIr esa O;k[;kdhft, tks deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

Questions based of High Order Thinking Skills

27. "Suggestions and reactions" are included in which type of formal communication.

lq>ko o izfrfØ;kvksa dks fdl vkSipkfjd lans'kokgu esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS\

28. Communication originally drafted in English has been very poorly translated in Hindi.

Name the type of barrier to effective communication, and explain any other two barriers

of this type.

lans'k tks igys vaxzsth esa fy[kk x;k Fkk fgUnh Hkk"kk esa Bhd ls vuqokn ugha gks ldkA bls lEizs"k.kdh dkSu lh ck/kk dgsaxs\ bl rjg dh vU; nks ck/kkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

29. "The greatest number of managerial levels in an organisation makes it more complex."

This statement is about which type of organizational barrier to communication.

^^fdlh laxBu esa ftrus vf/kd izca/kdh; Lrj gksrs gSa laxBu dk Lo:i mruk gh tfVy cuktkrk gSA** ;g dFku lans'kokgu esa laxBukRed vojks/k ds dkSu ls izdkj ds ckjs esa gS\

30. To create a desire among employees to perform at the highest level of their abilities

is an important aspect of directing. Explain how this works in the success of an

organisation.

deZpkfj;ksa esa mudh ;ksX;rk ds mPpre Lrj rd dke djus dh bPNk iSnk djuk funsZ'ku dk,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA o.kZu dhft, fd ;g laxBu dh lQyrk esa dSls Hkkxhnkjh djrk gS\

31. "The post of Supervisor should be abolished in the hierarchy of Managers." Do you

agree? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

^îzca/kdksa dh Ja[kyk esa i;Zos{kd dk in lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A** D;k vki lger gSa\ viusmÙkj ds leFkZu esa dksbZ rhu dkj.k fyf[k,A

32. "Poorly motivated people can nullify the soundest organisation." Comment.

^^vi;kZIr :i ls vfHkizsfjr O;fDr lokZf/kd l`n`<+ laxBu dks Hkh izHkkoghu dj nsrsa gSaA** fVIi.khdhft,A

33. "All mangers are leaders, but all leaders are not managers." Do you agree with this

statement? Give any three reasons in support of your answer.

^^lHkh izca/kd usrk gksrs gSa ijarq lHkh usrk izca/kd ugha gksrsA** D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa dksbZ rhu dkj.k nhft,A


Answers1. Supervision@i;Zos{k.k

2. [email protected]

3. Leadership@usr`Ro

4. Formal Communication@vkSipkfjd lEizs"k.k

5. Informal Communication@vukSipkfjd lEizs"k.k

6. Directing@funsZ'ku

7. Initiative@igy {kerk

8. (i) Ensures Issuing instructions@lwpukvksa dk izs"k.k lqfuf'pr djuk

(ii) Facilitates control@fu;a=.k esa lgk;d

9. Circular Network@xksykdkj ra=

10. A motive is an inner state that energies, activates or moves and direct's behaviour

towards goals.

O;fDr esa fNih gqbZ ,slh bPNk 'kfDr ls gS tks dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA


CHAPTER - 8

CONTROLLING

fu;=a.kfu;=a.kfu;=a.kfu;=a.kfu;=a.kPOINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Controlling is the process of comparing the actual performance with the laid standards,

finding out the deviations and taking corrective action to ensure a attainment of

objectives.

2. Relationship between Planning and Controlling :- Planning and Controlling are

interdependent and interlinked activities. Planning provides basis of controlling

activities while controlling improves future planning. Planning is looking ahead whereas

controlling is looking back as well as forward looking.

3. Techniques of Control

(A) Traditional Techniques :- (i) Personnel observation (ii) Statistical report (iii)

Break-even Analysis (iv) Budgetary Control.

(B) Modern Techniques :- (i) Return on Investment (ii) Ratio Analysis (iii)

Responsibility Accounting (iv) Management Audit (v) PERT and CPM (vi)

Management information system.

4. Budgetary Control :- In Budgetary control all operations are planned in advance in

the form of budgets and actual results are compared with budgetary standards.

egÙoiw.kZ fcanqegÙoiw.kZ fcanqegÙoiw.kZ fcanqegÙoiw.kZ fcanqegÙoiw.kZ fcanq

1- fu;a=.k og izfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr okLrfod izxfr rFkk fu/kkZfjr izek.kksa esa rqyuk djds fopyuksadk irk yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds fy, lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS rkfdy{;ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA

2- fu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa laca/kfu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa laca/kfu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa laca/kfu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa laca/kfu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa laca/k %& fu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj rFkk ijLij var%laca/kh xfrfof/k;k¡ gSaA fu;kstu] fu;a=.k ds fy, vk/kkj miyC/k djkrk gS tcfd fu;a=.k Hkfo";ds fy, fd, tkus okys fu;kstu esa lq/kkj djrk gSA fu;kstu Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kuk gS ijarqfu;a=.k ihNs dh vksj ns[kus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kuk Hkh gSA

3- fu;a=.k dh rduhdsafu;a=.k dh rduhdsafu;a=.k dh rduhdsafu;a=.k dh rduhdsafu;a=.k dh rduhdsa

¼v½ ikjaifjd rduhdsa %& ¼d½ O;fDrxr voyksdu ¼[k½ lkaf[;dh; izfrosnu ¼x½ fcuk gkfu&ykHkO;kikj fo'ys"k.k ¼?k½ ctVh; fu;a=.k

¼c½ vk/kqfud rduhdsa %& ¼d½ fuos'k ij izR;k; ¼[k½ vuqikr fo'ys"k.k ¼x½ mÙkjnkf;Ro ys[kkdj.k¼?k½ izca/k vads{k.k ¼M½ PERT rFkk CPM ¼p½ izca/k lwpuk i)frA

4- ctVh; fu;a=.kctVh; fu;a=.kctVh; fu;a=.kctVh; fu;a=.kctVh; fu;a=.k %& ctVh; fu;a=.k rduhd esa lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ ctV ds :i esa iwoZ esa ghfu;ksftr gksrh gSa rFkk okLrfod ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk ctVjh ekudksa ls dh tkrh gSA


1 Mark Questions

1. Mention two features of good controlling system.

vPNh fu;a=.k iz.kkyh dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

2. Which principle of management control is based on the belief that - "An attempt to

control everything may end up by controlling nothing."

fu;a=.k izca/k dk dkSu lk fl)kar bl lksp ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ;fn vki lHkh dqN fu;af=rdjuk pkgsaxs rks dqN Hkh fu;af=r ugha dj ik,¡xs\

3. Why is controlling called a backward looking function?

fu;a=.k ihNs dh vksj ns[kus okyk dk;Z D;ksa dgykrk gS\

4. What do you mean by "Key Result Areas' in the context of controlling?

fu;a=.k ds lanHkZ esa êwy ifj.kke {ks=ksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\*

5. Which two principles a manager must consider while dealing with the deviations

effectively.

fopyuksa ls izHkkoh rjhds ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d eSustj dks fdu nks fl)karksa dks vo';d/;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,\

3 Marks Questions

6. Controlling helps in decision making. How?

fu;a=.k fdl izdkj fu.kZ; djus esa lgk;d gS\

7. How does controlling simplify the task of a supervisor?

fu;a=.k i;Zos{kd ds dk;Z dks fdl izdkj ljy cukrk gS\

8. "Control does not require any process." Comment.

^^fu;a=.k ds fy, fdlh izfØ;k dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA** Li"V dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

9. Planning and Controlling are interdependent & interlinked activities. Explain.

^^fu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k ?kfu"B ,oa var% lacaf/kr fØ;k,¡ gSaA** Li"V dhft,A

10. "Controlling is not only looking back but it is forward looking also." Do you agree?


Explain.

fu;a=.k dsoy ihNs dh vksj ns[kuk gh ugha gS ;g Hkfo";n'khZ Hkh gSA D;k vki lger gSa\ Li"Vdhft,A

5 Marks Questions

11. Which function of Management ensures work accomplishment according to plans?

Explain the importance of that function.

izca/k dk dkSu lk dk;Z ;kstukvksa ds vuq:i dk;Z laiUurk dk vko'oklu nsrk gS\ ml dk;Zds egÙo dks Li"V dhft,A

12. What is budgetary control? Give its two benefits & two limitations.

ctVh; fu;a=.k D;k gS\ blds nks ykHk rFkk nks lhek,¡ crk,¡A

6 Marks Questions

13. Explain the different steps involved in the process of control.

fu;a=.k dh izfØ;k ds pj.kksa dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A

14. Explain the following modern techniques of control :-

(i) PERT/ CPM (ii) Management Audit (iii) Responsibility Centres

izca/kdh; fu;a=.k dh fuEufyf[kr rduhdksa dks Li"V dhft, %&

¼d½ PERT/ CPM ¼[k½ izca/k vad{k.k ¼x½ mÙkjnkf;Ro dsanz

Questions based on High Order Thinking Skills

15. Name the process in which the actual performance is compared with the laid down

standards to find the deviations for taking corrective action.

ml izfØ;k dk uke crkvks ftlesa okLrfod izxfr rFkk fu/kkZfjr izek.kksa esa rqyuk djds fopyuksadk irk yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds fy, lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA

16. "If you try to control everything. You may end up controlling nothing." Explain.

^^;fn vki izR;sd pht dks fu;af=r djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa rks var esa vki dqN Hkh fu;af=rugha dj ikrsA** Li"V dhft,A

17. Engineer India Ltd. is engaged in manufacturing machine components. The target

production is 300 units per day. The company had been successfully attaining this

target three months ago. Over the last three months, it has been observed that daily

production varies between 220 and 250 units.


Identify the management function to rectify the above situation. Briefly state the

procedure followed so that the actual production may come up to the target production.

bfUtfu;j bfUM;k fy0 e'khuh lkeku cukrk gSA izfrfnu dk yf{kr mRiknu 300 ;wfuV gSA daiuhrhu eghus igys rd ;g y{; izkIr dj jgh FkhA fiNys rhu eghuksa ls okLrfod mRiknu 220ls 250 ;wfuV jgkA

izca/k ds fdl dk;Z }kjk bl fLFkfr dks lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS\ bl izfØ;k dh laf{kIr O;k[;kdhft, rkfd okLrfod mRiknu yf{kr mRiknu ds cjkcj gks tk,A

18. You are the manger of Cat Technology Ltd. It is reported that postal expenses have

increased by 10% over the standard rate and cost of raw materials have increased

by 2%. Which of the two deviations will be more critical to you? Why?

vki dSV VSDuksykWth fy0 ds izca/kd gSaA vkidks ;g tkudkjh feyh gS fd Mkd O;k;] ekudnjksa ls 10 izfr'kr c<+ x;s gS rFkk dPps eky dh dher 2 izfr'kr ls c<+ x;h gSA vkidsn`f"Vdks.k esa dkSu lk fopyu vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS\ D;kas\

19. Harik Kranks Ltd produces Hydrolic Brakes used in tractors. The company's policy

is that at most 1% of the daily production could b defective. Over the two months

period, it has been observed that 5-6% of the production is defective. The cause of

deviation found is defective machinery. What corrective action should be taken by the

management?

gSfjd ØSUd fy0 VªSDVj esa iz;ksx gksus okys gkbZMªkfyd czSd cukrh gSA daiuh dh uhfr gS fdizfrfnu mRiknu dk vf/kdre 1 izfr'kr czsd [kjkc gks ldrs gSaA nks eghus dh vof/k ds nkSjku;g ik;k x;k fd 5&6 izfr'kr mRiknu [kjkc Fkk fopyu dk dkj.k [kjkc e'khujh gksuk FkkAizca/k }kjk D;k lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,\


Answers

1. (i) Dynamic Process@xfr'kyh izfØ;k

(ii) Action Oriented@dk;Z&dsfUnzr

2. Control/ Management by exception@viokn }kjk fu;a=.k@izca/k

3. In controlling actual performance is compared with the laid standards so it is called

a backward looking function.

fu;a=.k esa okLrfod izxfr dh fu/kkZfjr izek.kksa ls rqyuk dh tkrh gS blfy, bls ihNs dh vksjns[kus okyk dk;Z dgykrk gSA

4. Key result areas are the point which are critical to the success of an organisation.

ewy ifj.kke {ks= os fcanq gSa tks fdlh laLFkk dh lQyrk ds fy, vko';d gSaA

5. (i) Critical point control@ ladV fcanq fu;a=.k

(ii) Control by exception@viokn }kj fu;a=.k

15. Controlling@ fu;a=.k


CHAPTER - 9

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

foÙkh; izca/kfoÙkh; izca/kfoÙkh; izca/kfoÙkh; izca/kfoÙkh; izca/k

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Financial management is concerned with the procurement of necessary finance and

its optimal usage for business activities.

2. The primary objective of financial management is to maximise shareholder’s wealth.

3. There are three main financial decisions taken by the company :-

(a) INVESTMENT DECISIONS :- relating to how a firm’s funds are invested in assets.

A long term decision is called capital budgeting decision while a short term

decision is called working capital decision.

(b) FINANCING DECISION:- The quantum of funds to be raised from various long

term sources i.e. debt and equity.

(c) DIVIDEND DECISION:- The quantum of dividend to be paid to the equity

shareholders depending on various factors.

4. The factors affecting Capital budgeting decision are:-

(a) Cash flows of the project (b) The rate of return (c) The investment criteria involved.

The various factors affecting financing decision are:- (a) Cost of funds (b) Risk (c)

Floatation Costs (d) Cash flow position of the business (e) Level of Fixed operating

costs (f) Control considerations (f) State of Capital markets. The various factors affecting

divided decision are:- (a) Earnings (b) Stability of Earnings (c) Stability of Dividends

(d) Growth Opportunities (e) Cash Flow Position (f) Shareholder preference (g) Taxation

Policy (h) Stock Market Reaction (i) Access to Capital Markets, (j) Legal Constraints

(k) Contractual Constraints.

5. Financial Planning is essentially preparation of a financial blueprint of an organisation’s

future operations. The twin objectives of financial planning are:- (a) To ensure availability

of funds whenever they are required. (b) To see that the firm does not raise the

resources unnecessarily.

6. The proportion of owner’s funds to borrowed funds and their quantum is known as


Financial Structure of the company. Factors affecting the choice of capital structure

are:- (a) Cash flow position (b) Interest coverage ratio (c) Debt service coverage ratio

(d) Return on investment (e) Cost of debt (f) Tax Rate (g) Cost of equity (h) Floatation

Cost (i) Risk consideration (j) Flexibility (k) Control (l) Regulatory framework (m) Stock

market conditions (n) Capital structure of other companies.

7 The amount of capital invested in fixed assets which are used to produce goods or

services is known as Fixed Capital. It is also known as capital budgeting decision and

is important for the following reasons :- (a) Long term growth and effects (b) Large

amounts of funds involved (c) Risk involved (d) Irreversible decisions. Following are

the factors affecting the requirement of fixed capital :- (a) Nature of Business (b) Scale

of Operations (c) Choice of Technique (d) Technology up gradation (e) Growth

Prospects (f) Diversification (g) Financing Alternatives (h) Level of Collaboration.

8. Working capital is the amount of capital used in day to day operations of the business.

It is calculated by using the formula WORKING CAPITAL= CURRENT ASSETS-

CURRENT LIABILITIES. The factors affecting the requirements of working capital are

(a) Nature of business (b) Scale of operations (c) Business Cycle (d) Seasonal factors

(e) Production Cycle (f) Credit Allowed (g) Credit Availed (h)Operating Efficiency (i)

Availability of raw material (j) Growth Prospects (k) Level of Competition (l) Inflation.


1- foÙkh; izca/k dk laca/k O;olkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vko”;d foÙk izkfIr rFkk lnqi;ksx ls gSA

2- foÙkh; izca/k dk eq[; mn~ns”; “ks;j/kkjd ¼Lokeh½ dh laifÙk dks vf/kdre djuk gSA

3- ,d daiuh }kjk rhu eq[; fofÙk; fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa%&

¼1½ fofu;ksx fu.kZ;%&fofu;ksx fu.kZ;%&fofu;ksx fu.kZ;%&fofu;ksx fu.kZ;%&fofu;ksx fu.kZ;%& bldk laca/k QeZ ds dks’kksa dk laifÙk;ksa esa fofu;ksx ls gSA ,sls nh?kZdkyhufu.kZ; dks iw¡th ctVh; fu.kZ; dgk tkrk gS rFkk vYidkfyd fu.kZ; dks dk;Z”khy iw¡thfu.kZ; dgk tkrk gSA

¼2½ foÙk O;oLFkk fu.kZ;%&foÙk O;oLFkk fu.kZ;%&foÙk O;oLFkk fu.kZ;%&foÙk O;oLFkk fu.kZ;%&foÙk O;oLFkk fu.kZ;%& fofHkUu nh?kZdkyhu lzksr ;kfu LokfeRo iw¡th ,oa _.k iw¡th ls fdruhek=k esa dks’k izkIr dh tk;sA

¼3½ ykHkka'k fu.kZ;%&ykHkka'k fu.kZ;%&ykHkka'k fu.kZ;%&ykHkka'k fu.kZ;%&ykHkka'k fu.kZ;%& fofHkUu dkjdksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, “ks;j/kkjdksa dks fn;s tkus okysykHkka”k dh ek=k fu/kkZfjr djukA

4- iwath ctfVax fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa%&¼1½ ifj;kstuk dk jksdM+ izokg


¼2½ vk; dh nj ¼3½ fofu;ksx dk vk/kkjA

foÙk O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd gSa%&¼1½ dks’kksa dh ykxr ¼2½ tksf[ke ¼3½ fuxZeu ykxrsa¼4½ O;olk; dh jksdM+ izokg fLFkfr ¼5½ LFkkbZ izpkyu ykxrksa dk Lrj ¼6½ fu;a=.k dks ekuuk¼7½ iwath cktk+j dh fLFkfr A

ykHkka”k fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa%&¼1½ vk; ¼2½ vk; dh fLFkjrk ¼3½fodkl dh laHkkouk;sa ¼4½ ykHkka”k dh fLFkjrk ¼5½ jksdM+ izokg fLFkfr ¼6½ va”k/kkjh izkFkfedrk ¼7½dj uhfr ¼8½ Ldan cktk+j izfrfØ;k ¼9½ iw¡th cktk+j rd igqap ¼10½ oS/kkfud ca/ku ¼11½vuqcaf/kr ca/kuA

5- laxBu ds Hkfo’; esa xfrfof/k;ksa ds foÙkh; [kkds dks rS;kj djuk foÙkh; fu;kstu ds varxZr vkrkgSA foÙkh; fu;kstu ds nks eq[; mn~ns”; gS%&¼1½ tc vko”;drk gks rc dks’kksa dh miyC/krklqfuf”pr djuk ¼2½ ;g lqfuf”pr djuk dh daiuh vuko”;d lalk/ku u tqVk,A

6- LokfeRo dks’kksa ,oa _.k dks’kksa ds ikjLifjd vuqikr ,oa mudh ek=kk dks daiuh dk foÙkh; <+k¡pkdgrs gSaA foÙkh; <+k¡ps ds pquko dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa%&¼1½ jksdM+ izokgfLFkfr ¼2½ C;kt vkoj.k vuqikr ¼3½ _.k dh ykxr ¼4½ dj nj ¼5½ lerk iw¡th dh ykxr¼6½ fuxZeu ykxrsa ¼7½ tksf[ke fopkj ¼8½ yksp”khyrk ¼9½ fu;a=.k ¼10½ oS/kkfud <+kapk ¼11½ LVkWdcktk+j dh fLFkfr;k¡ ¼12½ vU; daifu;ksa dk iw¡th <+kapk ¼13½ _.k Hkqxrku vkoj.k vuqikr ¼14½fofu;ksx ij izR;k;A

7- eky vFkok lsokvksa ds mRiknu gsrq LFkkbZ laifÙk;ksa esa yxkbZ tkus okyh iw¡th dgrs gSaA bls iw¡thctfVax fu.kZ; Hkh dgrs gSaA rFkk ;g fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls egRoiw.kZ gS%& ¼d½ nh/kZdkyhu o+)h,oa izHkko ¼[k½ Hkkjh ek=k esa dks’kksa dk mi;ksx ¼x½ O;kIr tksf[ke ¼?k½ vifjorZuh; fu.kZ;A

LFkkbZ iw¡th dh vko”;drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gS%& ¼1½ O;olk; dh izd`fr ¼2½ fØ;kvksadk iSekuk ¼3½ i)fr dk p;u ¼4½ rduhdh uohurk ¼5½ fodkl laHkkouk;sa ¼6½ fofof/kdj.k ¼7½foÙk O;oLFkk fodYi ¼8½ lgdk;rk dk LrjA

8- O;olk; ds fnu izfrfnu ds dk;ksZ esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus okyh iw¡th dks dk;Z”khy iw¡th dgrs gSaAbldk fuEufyf[kr lw= gS%& dk;Z”khy iw¡th ¾ pkyw lEifÙk;k¡ & pkyw ns;rk,¡A pkyw iw¡th dhvko”;drkvksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa %& ¼1½ O;olk; dh izd`fr ¼2½ fØ;kvksadk Lrj ¼3½ O;olkf;d pØ ¼4½ ekSleh ?kVd ¼5½ mRiknu pØ ¼6½ m/kkj miyC/k djkuk ¼7½m/kkj dh izkIr ek=k ¼8½ izpkyu dq”kyrk ¼9½ dPps eky dh miyC/krk ¼10½ fodkl laHkkouk;sa¼11½ izfr;ksfxrk dk Lrj ¼12½ eqnzkLQhfrA


ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is the primary aim of financial management?

foÙkh; izca/k dk izkFkfed mn~n”; D;k gS\

2. S.B.I. want to open a new branch of its bank. What is this decision called?

S.B.I. cSad viuh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk [kksyuk pkgrh gSA bl fu.kZ; dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\

3. What is the other name of a long term investment decision?

nh?kZ dkyhu fuos'k fu.kZ; dk nwljk uke D;k gS\

4. A decision is taken to distribute certain part of the profit to shareholders after paying

tax. Name the decision.

'ks;j/kkjdksa dks ykHk dk dqN Hkkx VSDl dk Hkqxrku djus ds ckn fn;s tkus okys fu.kZ; dks D;kdgk tkrk gS\

5. Give a formula for calculating working capital requirements?

dk;Z'khy iw¡th dk ifjdyu djus dk lw= fyf[k,A

6. Name the two types of capital which are parts of capital structure?

iw¡th lajpuk ds Hkkx ds :i esa nks izdkj dh iw¡th fyf[k,A

7. What is meant by floating cost?

izorZu ykxrksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8. Give one example of floating cost.

izoZru ykxr dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A

9. What is financial leverage?

fofÙk; mÙkksyd D;k gS\

10. Name the major determinant of a dividend decision.

ykHkka'k fu.kZ; dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys izeq[k rRo dk uke fyf[k,A

11. Name one factor affecting the choice of capital structure.

iw¡th lajpuk dks izHkkfor djus okyk dksbZ ,d dkjd fyf[k,A


3 Marks Questions

12. Explain three objectives of Financial planning.

fofÙk; fu;kstu ds rhu mn~ns';ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

13. "A decision to invest in fixed capital is irreversible decision." Explain briefly.

^^LFkk;h iw¡th esa fuos'k djus dk fu.kZ; vifjorZuh; gksrk gS** la{ksi esa crkb,A

14. A company X Ltd is engaged in manufacturing business. Where as another company

Y Ltd is engaged in trading business. Which of them will require more working capital.

Justify your answer.

,d daiuh X fyfeVsM fofuekZ.k O;olk; esa dk;Zjr gS tcfd Y fyfeVsM daiuh O;kikj O;olk;esa dk;Zjr gS buesa ls fdldks vf/kd dk;Z'khy iw¡th dh vko';drk gksxh\ vius mÙkj dh iqf"Vdhft,A

15. How "cost affects the financing decision"?

^ykxr* foÙk O;koLFkk fu.kZ; dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gS\

16. "Share capital is better than debt capital." Give two factor which affects the capital

structure?

^^va'k iw¡th _.k iw¡th ls csgrj gSA** iw¡th <+k¡ps dks izHkkfor djus okys nks ?kVd crkb,A

17. Explain briefly :-

(i) Cash flow of the project (b) The Ratio of Return

la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft, %&

¼d½ ifj;kstuk dk jksdM+ izokg ¼[k½ vk; dh nj

4 Marks Questions

18. Explain four objectives of financial management?

fofÙk; izca/k ds pkj mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

19. Explain the term 'trading on equity' with example?

^lerk ij O;kikj* dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A

20. Write short note on :

(i) Meaning of fixed capital with example.


(ii) Meaning of working capital with example.

fuEu ij fVIi.kh fyf[k, %&

¼d½ LFkk;h iw¡th dk mnkgj.k lfgr vFkZ crkb,A

¼[k½ dk;Z'khy iw¡th dk mnkgj.k lfgr vFkZ crkb,A

21. Whether the following manufacturing concerns requires large or small working capital.

Explain with reasons?

(i) Fans (ii) Biscuits (iii) Cars (iv) Manufacturing of furniture on order.

fuEufyf[kr fuekZ.kh miØeksa dks T;knk dk;Z'khy iw¡th pkfg, ;k deA dkj.k lfgr O;k[;k

dhft, %&

¼d½ ia[ks ¼[k½ fcLdqV ¼x½ dkj ¼?k½ vkns'k ij QuhZpj fuekZ.k

22. How does stock market reaction affect the dividend decision.

va'k cktkj izfrfØ;k ykHkka'k fu.kZ; dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gS\

5 Marks Questions

23. Explain briefly any five factors to be considered in determining working capital

requirements?

fdlh O;olk; dh dk;Z'khy iw¡th lac/kh vko';drkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus okys fdUgha ik¡p rRokasdh O;k[;k dhft,A

24. Define fixed capital and explain the determinants of fixed capital?

LFkk;h iw¡th dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, vkSj LFkk;h iw¡th ds fu/kkZjd rRoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

25. Explain the difference between fixed capital and working capital?

dk;Z'khy iw¡th vkSj LFkk;h iw¡th esa vUrj dhft,A

26. What is the effect of level of fixed operating costs on the financing decision?

LFkkbZ izpkyu ykxrksa ds Lrj dh foÙk O;oLFkk ds fu.kZ; dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gS\

27. "Primary objective of financial management is to maximise shareholders Wealths."

How?

^^fofÙk; izca/kd dk izkFkfed mn~ns'; va'k/kkfj;ksa dh laink dks vf/kdre djuk gSA** dSls\

28. Explain the terms :- (i) Return on Investment (ii) Debt service coverage Ratio

O;k[;k dhft, %&


¼d½ fuos'k ij vk; ¼[k½ _.k lsok vkoj.k vuqikr

6 Marks Questions

29. What are the factors those affecting financing decision of a business?

O;olk; esa fofÙk; fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

30. Explain the six factors effecting dividend decision?

ykHkka'k fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djus okys N% dkjdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

31. What are the functions of a finance manager?

foÙk izca/kd ds izeq[k dk;Z dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

32. Explain six factors affecting capital structure?

iw¡th lajpuk dks izHkkfor djus okys N% dkjdksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

33. AB Ltd company works to design its capital structure. What factor should be considered

by it?

AB Ltd. daiuh viuk iw¡th <+k¡pk rS;kj djuk pkgrh gS blds fy;s fdu&fdu ?kVdksa ij fopkjfd;k tkuk pkfg,a

34. A capital budgeting decision is capable of changing financial fortune of a business. Do

you agree? Why?

,d iw¡th ctfVax fu.kZ; O;olk; dk fofÙk; HkkX; cny ldrk gS\ D;k vki lger gSa\ D;ksa\


35. "How are the shareholders of a company like to gain from a debt component in the

capital employed." Explain with the help of suitable example.

^^fofu;ksftr iw¡th esa _.k ?kVd ls daiuh ds va'k/kkfj;ksa dks ykHk dh lEHkkouk dSls gks ldrhgS\** mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls O;k[;k dhft,A

36. "A sound financial plan is a key to sound financial management of the company."

Discuss.

^^,d lVhd fofÙk; O;oLFkk ;kstuk daiuh ds lVhd fofÙk; izca/k dh dq¡th gSA** foospuk dhft,A

37. Capital structure decisions are essentially optimisation of risk return relationship.


Comment.

îw¡th lajpuk fu.kZ; vkerkSj ij tksf[ke izfrQy laca/k esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gSaA* fVIi.khdhft,A

38. "A company having higher operating efficiency requires less working capital." Explain

this statement with the help of an example?

^^ml dEiuh dks de dk;Z'khy iw¡th dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlesa vf/kd lapkyu dk;Z dq'kyrkgksrh gSA** bl dFku dks mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A


Answers

1. To maximise the return to owners i.e. shares holders.

daiuh ds Lokeh ;kfu 'ks;j /kkjdksa dks vf/kdre izfrQy nsukA

2. A long term investment decision.@nh?kZ vof/k ds fy, fuos'k fu.kZ;A

3. Capital Budgeting Decision.@iw¡th ctfVax fu.kZ;A

4. Dividend Decision.@ykHkka'k fu.kZ;A

5. Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

dk;Z'khy iw¡th ¾ pkyw lEifÙk;k¡ & pkyw nkf;Ro

6. Debt and Equity@_.k vkSj lerkA

7. Floating Cost means the cost of raising funds.

izorZu ykxrksa dk vfHkizk; & QaM izkIr djus ds fy, nh xbZ ykxrksa ls gSA

8. Advertisement@foKkiu

9. Financial leverage is the proportion of debt in the over all capital.

lEiw.kZ i¡wth ls _.k dk vuqikr fofÙk; mÙkksyd gSA

10. Earning@ vk;

11. Cost flow Position@jksdM+ izokg fLFkfr


CHAPTER - 10

FINANCIAL MARKET

foÙkh; cktk+jfoÙkh; cktk+jfoÙkh; cktk+jfoÙkh; cktk+jfoÙkh; cktk+j

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Financial market brings together lenders of money & borrowers of money.

Savers → Banks Financial Market → Business Firms

Financial Markets

Capital Market Money Market

(For long term requirement) (For short term rquirement)

More than one year Less than one year

Primary Market Secondary Market Market Instrument

(For new issue (Issue securities 1. Treasuary bill

of shares and are traded) 2. Call money

debentures) 3. Commercial paper

Participants :– 4. Certificate of deposit

Bank, Investors, Foreign 5. Commercial Bill

investors Participant :-

Institution LIC, UTI

Controlled by SEBI

Controlled R.B.I.

2. BSE and NSE are famour stock exchange in India. They provide platform for buying

and selling existing securities. There are 23 stock exchange in India.

3. SEBI is a regulatory body set up by Govt of India to protect the interest of investors.

It perform protective regulatory and developement function.


1- foÙkh; cktk+j foÙk dh vkiwfrZ djus okys rFkk foÙk dh ekax djus okys ds chp laca/k LFkkfirdjrk gSA


foÙkh; cktkj

iw¡th cktkj eqnzk ckt+kj

izkFkfed cktkj f}rh; cktkj

2- eqEcbZ LVkd ,Dlpsat vkSj jk"Vªh; LVkd ,Dlpsat izfl) 'ks;j cktkj gSA tks fuos'k dÙkkZvksa dks'ks;j [kjhnus vkSj cspus ds fy, lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa 23 LVkd ,Dlpsat gSA

3- lsch dh LFkkiuk ljdkj ds }kjk ,d oS/kkfud fudk; ds :i esa dh xbZ gS rkfd fuos'kdksa dsfgrksa dh j{kk dh tk ldsA ;g lqj{kkRed vkSj fodklkRed rFkk fu;ked dk;Z djrh gSA


1 Mark Questions

1. What are main features of Money Market Instruments?

eqnzk cktkj ds midj.kksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk D;k gS\

2. Who determines the Prices of new IPO?

u;s IPO dh dher dk fu/kkZj.k fdl ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS\

3. Who is the borrower of Call Money?

ek¡x eqnzk dk izeq[k ysunkj dkSu gS\

4. How are the Prices of securities determined in the secondary Market?

f}fr;d cktkj esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fdl izdkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS\

5. Who are the main Participants in a Money Market?

eqnzk cktkj ds izeq[k Hkkxhnkj dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

6. What is the other name of Treasury Bill?

Vªstjh fcy dk nwljk uke D;k gS\

7. Who Issue the Treasuary Bill?

Vsªtjh fcy fdl ds }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gS\

8. What is the minimum amount of Treasuring Bill?

Vªstjh fcy dh U;wure jkf'k D;k gS\

9. Name anyone method of Issue of New Shares.

u;s 'ks;j tkjh djus dh fdlh ,d fof/k dk uke fyf[k;sA

10. What is the other name of Primary Market?

izkFkfed cktkj dk nwljk uke D;k gS\

11. What is the main function of Broker?

czksdj dk eq[; dke D;k gS\

12. Who provides protection and guidelines to the Investor?

fuos'kdÙkkZvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk o funsZ'ku dk dk;Z dkSu djrk gS\

13. Rakesh got a chance to buy shares from ABC company in the Ratio of 1:1. What is

the type of Issue of new securities?

jkds'k dks 1%1 ds vk/kkj ij ABC daiuh ls 'ks;j [kjhnus dk ekSdk izkIr gqvkA ;g izfrHkwfrtkjh djus dk dkSu lk rjhdk gSA

3 Marks Questions

14. What is 'Badla?'

^cnyk* D;k gS\

15. What is Prospectus?


fooj.k if=dk D;k gS\

16. What is Dematerialization?

fMesVjykbts'ku D;k gS\

17. Give the meaning of term "Speculator?"

lV~Vsckt dk D;k vFkZ gS\

18. Give the meaning of the term "Bid Price".

cksyh ewY; dk D;k vFkZ gS

19. What do you mean "Price Rigging" and "Insider Trading". Give one example of each.

izfrHkwfr;ksa ds d`f=e ewY; ?kVus ;k c<+us rFkk va'kksa ds vkUrfjd O;kikj dk D;k vFkZ gS\ izR;sddk ,d&,d mnkjg.k nhft,A

20. "The securities of Money Market are safer than share market securities." How?

^êqnzk cktkj dh izfrHkwfr;k¡ 'ks;j cktkj dh izfrHkwfr;ksa ls vf/kd lqjf{kr gSA** dSls\

21. State any three features of the capital Market.

iw¡th cktkj dh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

22. Give the difference between certificate of deposit and fixed deposit on the following

basis :-

(i) Safety (ii) Time

tek ds izek.k i= vkSj LFkk;h tek esa fuEu vk/kkj ij varj dhft, %&

¼d½ lqj{kk ¼[k½ vof/k

23. What are the functions of Financial Market?

fofÙk; cktkj ds izeq[k dk;Z D;k gSa\

24. What are the differences between Primary Market and Secondary Market?

izkFkfed cktkj vkSj f}fr;d cktkj esa D;k vUrj gS\

25. Distinguish between Capital Market and Money Market on the basis of :-

(i) Liquidity (ii) Expected Return (iii) Duration (iv) Safety

iw¡th cktkj vkSj eqnzk cktkj esa fuEu vk/kkj ij vUrj dhft, %&

¼d½ rjyrk ¼[k½ visf{kr izfrQy ¼x½ vof/k ¼?k½ lqj{kk

26. Explain the objectives of N.S.E.?

jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj ds D;k mn~ns'; gSa\

27. Distinguish between NSE and OTCEI.

NSE vkSj OTCEI ds chp varj dhft,A


5 Marks Questions

28. Explain various money market instruments with examples.

mnkgj.k lfgr eqnzk cktkj ds izeq[k izi=ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

29. Describe five common features of NSE and OTCEI.

NSE vkSj OTCEI esa ik¡p leku fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

30. Explain various methods of floating new issue in Primary market.

izkFkfed cktkj esa ubZ izfrHkwfr;k¡ tkjh djus dh fof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

31. Explain the nature of capital market.

iw¡th cktkj dh izd`fr dk o.kZu dhft,A

32. Explain the trading process in Stock Market.

'ks;j cktkj esa lkSnk djus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A

33. Explain the Importance of Capital Market.

iw¡th cktkj ds egÙo dk o.kZu dhft,A

6 Marks Questions

34. You are a finance expert. Your father feels that there is no difference in primary market

and secondary market. Where do you differ with him? How would you convince him?

Give reasons in support of your answer?

vki foÙk fo'ks"kK gSa vkids firkth ds vuqlkj izkFkfed vkSj f}fr;d cktkj esa dksbZ vUrj ughagS fdUrq vki lger ugha gSA mUgsa fdl izdkj vUrj le>k,axs\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A

35. Explain any six functions of the stock markets?

'ks;j cktkj ds N% izeq[k dk;Z dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

36. What are the advantages of over the counter exchange of India (OTCEI)?

Hkkjrh; vf/kizfrnkok iVy 'ks;j cktkj (OTCEL) ls D;k ykHk gS\

37. Explain the meaning and features of money market?

eqnzk cktkj dk vFkZ crkrs gq, mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


38. "SEBI is the watch dog of security market." How?

^^lsch izfrHkwfr cktkj ds fy, j[kokyh djus okys dqÙks ds leku gSA** dSls\

39. "Stock market imparts liquidity to investments." Comment.

^^'ks;j cktkj izfrHkwfr;ksa dks rjyrk iznku djrk gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A

40. "SEBI is the regulatory body of Indian capital Market." Comment.

^^lsch Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj dk fu;ked gSA** fVIi.kh dhft,A

41. "Stock exchange is the berometer of a Country's economic health." Comment.

^^'ks;j cktkj ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds LokLF; dk ekid gSA** O;k[;k dhft,A


Answers

1. Provide funds for short term.

y?kq vof/k ds fy, dks"k miyC/k djkukA

2. Management of the company.@daiuh dk izca/k

3. Banks with temporary shortage of funds.

cSad dks"kksa dh vLFkk;h deh ds fy,

4. By demand and supply of shares in the market.

cktkj esa 'ks;jksa dh ekax vkSj iwfrZ ds }kjkA

5. R.B.I., Financial Inst and Financial Company.

fjtZo cSad vkQ baf.M;k] fofÙk; laLFkku vkSj fofÙk; daiuh

6. Zero coupon Bonds.@ thjksa dwiu ckaM+

7. Reserve Bank of India.@ fjtZo cSad vkQ bf.M;k

8. Rs. 25000/-@ 25000 :i;s

9. Private Placement, Right Issue, I.P.O.@futh fu;kstu] vf/kdkj fuxeZ] bySDVªksfud vkjafHkdfuxeZA

10. New Issue Market@uohu fuxZe cktkj

11. Buying and selling of securities@izfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø; foØ;

12. SEBI@lsch

13. Right basis Issue@vf/kdkj vk/kkfjr fuxZe


CHAPTER - 11

MARKETING MANAGEMENT

foi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.ku

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. TRADITIONAL SENSE

MARKET – It refers to the place where buyers and sellers gather to enter into

transactions, involving the exchange of goods & services.

MARKETING – Performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods &

services from producer to consumer.

MODERN SENSE

MARKET – A set of actual & potential buyer of a product or service.

MARKETING – A social process by which individual groups obtain what they need

and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of

value with others.

2. MARKETING MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHIES

(a) Production Concept - Availability and Affordability of the product are key to the

success of a firm.

(b) Product Concept - It states that improvement in the quality of product is the key

to the profit maximisation of a firm.

(c) Sales Concept - Aggressive selling and promotional efforts are important to make

customer to buy product.

(d) Marketing Concept - It implies that focus on satisfaction of customers needs is the

key to success of organization.

(e) Societal Marketing Concept - It is the extension of the marketing concept and

includes long term welfare of the society.


3. MARKETING MIX

It is a set of marketing tools that firm uses to pursue its objectives in a target market.

It has four elements, popularly known as 4Ps. The elements are –

(A) Product (B) Price (C) Physical Distribution (D) Promotion

(A) PRODUCT

(B) Pricing – Price may be defined as the amount of money paid by a buyer or

received by a seller, in consideration of the purchase of a product.

(C) Physical Distribution – There are two important decisions related to this aspect

– one regarding physical movement of goods and two regarding the channels.

Channels of Distribution – It refers to set of firms and individuals that assist in

transferring the title of the goods as it moves from the producers to consumers.

Channels (levels) of Distribution

Direct distribution Indirect distriution

(Zero level channel) (one level channel)

Producer → Consumers

One level channel Manufacturer → Retailer → Customer

Second level channel Manufacturer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer

Third level channel Manufacturer → wholesaler → Agent →Retailer →Customer

Consumer goods Industrial goods

On the basis of On the basis ofshopping efforts

Services Non Convenienceproducts

Shoppingproducts products

Capitalitems

Supplies & Businessservices

Classification ofProduct

Material& partsDurability

DurableDurable Speciality

Product


PROMOTION – It refers to the use of communication with the twin objectives of

informing potential customers about a product and persuading them to buy it. There

are four major elements of promotion –

(i) Advertising (ii) Personal selling (iii) Sales promotion (iv) Publicity

4. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

w Generic Name – It refers to the name of whole class of product. Example - Book,

Wrist watch.

w Brand – It is a name, term, sign, symbol, design or some combination of these,

used to identify the product. Example - Bata.

w Brand Name – It is a verbal component of Brand. Example - Maggi.

w Brand Marks – It is that part of brand which can be recognized but which is not

utterable is called Brand mark. Example - Devil of India.

w Trade Marks – It is a brand or a part of a brand that is given legal protection.

Example - Trade mark of Vodafone.

w Packaging – The act of designing and producing the wrappers of a product is

referred as packaging.

There can be three different levels of packaging :-

(i) Primary (ii) Secondary (iii) Transportation

w Labelling – It refers to designing the label to be put on the package.


1- ijaijkxr fopkjijaijkxr fopkjijaijkxr fopkjijaijkxr fopkjijaijkxr fopkj

cktkjcktkjcktkjcktkjcktkj ¼Market½ ls vfHkizk; ml fo'ks"k LFkku ls gS tgk¡ Øsrk o foØsrk ,df=r gksdj oLrqvksao lsokvksa ds Ø; foØ; ds lkSns djrs gSaA

foi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.kufoi.ku ls vfHkizk; mu O;kolkf;d fØ;kvksa ds fu"iknu ls gS ftuds dkj.k oLrq ,oa lsok,¡ mRikndls miHkksDrk rd igq¡prh gSaA


vk/k qfud fopkjvk/k qfud fopkjvk/k qfud fopkjvk/k qfud fopkjvk/k qfud fopkjcktkjcktkjcktkjcktkjcktkj ¼Market½ ls vfHkizk; oLrq vFkok lsok ds okLrfod ,oa laHkkfor Øsrkvksa ds lewg ls gSAfoi.ku ¼Marketing½ & ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS] ftlesa yksx oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk eqnzk vFkokfdlh ,slh oLrq esa fofue; djrs gSa ftldk muds fy, dqN ewY; gSA

2- foi.ku izca/k dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk,¡foi.ku izca/k dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk,¡foi.ku izca/k dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk,¡foi.ku izca/k dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk,¡foi.ku izca/k dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk,¡

¼d½ mRiknu dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj fdlh O;kolkf;d bdkbZ dh lQyrk dh dqath mRikndh miyC/krk ,oa xzkgd dh lkeF;Z esa gksus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

¼[k½ mRikn dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj mRikn dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj QeZ ds vf/kdre ykHk dhdqath gSA

¼x½ foØ; dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj mRiknu dh fcØh dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, mlds foØ;,oa izorZu ij cgqr vf/kd tksj nsuk gksrk gSA

¼?k½ foi.ku vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj miHkksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V ij gh /;ku dsafnzrdjus ls fdlh Hkh laLFkk dks cktkj esa lQyrk fey ldrh gSA

¼M½ lektksUeq[kh vo/kkj.kk foi.ku vo/kkj.kk dk gh foLrkj gS ftlesa lekt ds nh?kZ vof/k dsdY;k.k dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA

3- foi.ku feJ & foi.ku feJ.k ls vfHkizk; fofHkUu foi.ku fØ;kvksa dks lQyrkiwoZd iwjk djus dsfy, cukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa ds ;ksx ls gSA blds pkj rRo gSa ftUgsa 4Ps ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrkgSA¼d½ mRikn ¼Product½ ¼[k½ ewY; ¼Price½¼x½ LFkku@HkkSfrd forj.k ¼Place½ ¼?k½ izorZu ¼Physical distribution½¼d½ mRikn

'kh?kzuk'okumRikn

mRikn dk oxhZdj.k

1- miHkksDrk mRikn 2- vkS|kSfxd mRikn

oLrq ds fVdkÅiu ds vk/kkjij

xzkgdksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys Ø;iz;klksa ds vk/kkj ij

fVdkÅmRikn

lsok,¡ lqfo/kktudmRikn

fcØhxrmRikn

fof'k"VmRikn

vkiwfrZ ,oaO;olkf;dlsok,¡

iw¡ftxrmRikn

eky ,oaiqtZs


¼[k½ ewY; & og jkf'k gS ftldk mRikn vFkok lsok dks Ø; ds izfrQy ds :i esa Øsrk }kjkHkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS vFkok foØsrk }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

¼x½ HkkSfrd forj.k ds varxZr nks eq[; fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSa %& ¼v½ oLrq,¡ fdu&fdu e/;LFkksals gksdj miHkksDrkvksa rd igq¡pasxh rFkk ¼[k½ mudk HkkSfrd forj.k dSls fd;k tk,xk vFkkZr~mRiknu LFkku ls miHkksx LFkku rd dSls igq¡pkbZ tk,¡A

HkkSfrd forj.k ds ek/;e ds izdkj %&

izR;{k ek/;e vizR;{k ek/;e

¼'kqU; Lrjh;½fuekZrk → xzkgd

,dLrjh; ek/;e & fuekZrk → QqVdj foØsrk → xzkgd

f}Lrjh; ek/;e & fuekZrk → Fkksd O;kikjh → QqVdj O;kikjh →xzkgd

rhu Lrjh; ek/;e & ,tsaV → Fkksd O;kikjh →QqVdj O;kikjh → xzkgd

¼?k½ izorZu ls vfHkizk; lEizs"k.k dk mi;ksx nks mn~ns';ksa ds fy, djuk gS & ¼v½ laHkkfor xzkgdksadks mRikn ds laca/k esa lwfpr djuk ,oa ¼c½ budks Ø; djus ds fy, rS;kj djus ls gSAizorZu ds pkj ?kVd gSa %&

¼1½ foKkiu ¼2½ foØ; lao/kZu

¼3½ oS;fDrd foØ; ¼4½ izpkj

5- dqN egÙpiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh

w lkekU; uke & ;g mRiknu ds iwjs oxZ ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkrk gSA tSls & iqLrd] ?kM+hA

w czkaM ,d uke] 'kCn] fpg~u] izrhd] fMtkbu vFkok budk dksbZ feJ.k gksrk gS ftldk mi;ksxoLrq vFkok lsok dh igpku djus rFkk izfr;ksxh ds mRikn ls mudk varj djus ds fy,fd;k tkrk gSA

w czkaM uke & czkaM dk og Hkkx ftldk mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gS] tSls & ckVk


w czkaM ekdZ & czkaM dk og Hkkx ftldh igpku laHko gS ysfdu ftldk mPpkj.k laHko ughagSA

w VªsM ekdZ & czkaM vFkok mldk dksbZ Hkkx ftldks fof/kd laj{k.k fey tkrk gS rks mlsVsªM ekdZ dgrs gSaA

w iSdsftax & fdlh mRikn ds vuq:i.k ,oa fMCcs vFkok vkoj.k ds mRiknu dks iSdsftax dgrsgSaA iSdsftax ds rhu fHkUu Lrj gks ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ izkFkfed] f}rh;d ,oa ifjogu iSdsftaxA

w yscfyax ls vfHkizk; oLrq ij fpidkus okys yscy ds vuq:i.k ls gSA

1 Mark Questions

1. Define marketing in Modern sense.

foi.ku dh vk/kqfud ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

2. Write one example of exchange of goods in which buyer is a marketer.

fofue; dk ,d ,slk mnkgj.k nhft, ftlesa Øsrk] foi.kudÙkkZ dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

3. A cosmetic manufacturing concern is spending a lot of money on making good

advertisement for their product as they believe that the sale of their product is depending

largely on the quality of advertisement.

Name the marketing philosophy followed by the firm.

,d lkSan;Z izlk/ku cukus okyh daiuh vius mRiknuksa dk vPNk foKkiu cukus ds fy, T;knk/ku O;; djrh gSA mudh ;g lksp gS fd muds foKkiu dh xq.koÙkk] mudh fcØh dks izHkkfordjrh gSA foi.ku dh ml vo/kkj.kk dk uke fyf[k, ftlds vk/kkj ij laLFkk dk;Z dj jgh gS\

4. 'Grading is particularly necessary for products which are not produced according to

free determined specifications.' Give two examples of such products.

^^Js.khdj.k fo'ks"k :i ls mu mRiknksa ds fy, vko';d gS ftudk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fof'k"Vrkvksa dsvuqlkj mRiknu ugha fd;k tkrkA** bl izdkj ds mRiknksa ds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

5. What do you understand by the term 'Generic Name?' Give two examples of generic

name.

^lkekU; uke* ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

6. Explain the meaning of marketing mix.

foi.ku feJ ds vFkZ dks Li"V dhft,A

7. Haldi Ram is selling fast food to the customers. Write the name of channel of distribution

used by the company.

gYnhjke ds }kjk xzkgdksa dks QkLVQwM dh fcØh dh tkrh gSA daiuh vius mRiknksa ds forj.kds fy, fdl ek/;e dk iz;ksx dj jgh gS\


8. For selling its cars and Vans, Maruti Udyog is making use of which channel of

distribution?

vius okguksa dh fcØh ds fy,] ek:fr m|ksx forj.k ds fdl ek/;e dk iz;ksx dj jgh gS\

9. "It pays to advertise." Give one reason in support of this comment.

^^foKkiu djuk ykHknk;d gSA** bl dFku ds i{k esa dksbZ ,d rdZ nhft,A

10. Give two examples of Convenience product.

lqfo/kktud mRiknksa ds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

11. A tube of shaving cream is always offered in a cardboard box. Name the type of

packaging used in this case.

,d 'ksfoax Øhe dh V~;wc dks dkMZ cksMZ ds fMCcs esa iSd fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fdl izdkj dhiSfdax dk mnkgj.k gS\

12. A gift item dealer wants to send some gift items of crystal glass to Bombay from Delhi.

Write the name of type of packaging needed in this case.

,d migkj foØsrk fØLVy dk¡p ds dqN migkjksa dks fnYyh ls cacbZ Hkstuk pkgrk gSA blds fy,fdl izdkj dh iSfdax dh vko';drk gksxh\ uke fyf[k,A

13. How sometimes advertisements undermine the social values?

dbZ ckj foKkiu ls lkekftd ewY;ksa dh vogsyuk gksrh gSA dSls\

14. What is "full finance at 0% (zero percent)" in sales promotion?

foØ; lao)Zu esa ^^0 izfr'kr ij iwjk foÙk iznku djuk** ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

15. What is the "product concept" of marketing management?

foi.ku izca/k dh ^^mRikn vo/kkj.kk** D;k gS\

16. Name the non-paid form of communication of information about the products.

ml xSj Hkqxrku okys lEizs"k.k dk uke crkb, ftlesa mRikn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkrh gS\

17. Write the names of classes in which Industrial goods can be classified.

vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa ds eq[; oxksZa ds uke crkb,A

18. Some celebrities have tended their names to certain brands of product. Write the

names of two celebrities and the brands they have endorsed.

dqN cM+h gfLr;ksa ds uke dqN fuf'pr mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds czkaM ds lkFk tqM+s gq, gSaA fdUghanks gfLr;ksa rFkk muls tqMs gq, nks mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds czakMksa ds uke crkb,A

3 Marks Questions

19. What are the important pricing objectives of the Organization?

oLrq ds ewY; fu/kkZj.k ds fdUgha rhu eq[; mn~ns';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,a

20. Differentiate between convenience Product and shopping Product on the basis of :-

(a) Nature of product (b) Unit price (c) Efforts of customers


fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij lqfo/kk mRiknksa rFkk Ø; ;ksX; oLrqvksa esa vUrZHksn dhft, %&

¼d½ oLrqvksa dh izd`fr ¼[k½ izfr bdkbZ ewY; ¼x½ xzkgdksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys iz;Ru

21. Explain briefly any three functions of labelling in the marketing of product.

mRiknksa ds foi.ku esa yscfyax ds }kjk fd, tkus okys fdUgha rhu dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

22. Illustrate with examples how coupons, samples and bonus offer help in sales promotion.

dwiu] lSEiy rFkk cksul volj fdl izdkj foØ; lao)Zu esa ennxkj lkfcr gksrs gSa\ mnkgj.klfgr crkb,A

23. On the basis of marketing efforts of customers, the following items belong to which

category of products :-

(a) Cosmetic (ii) Newspaper (iii) Hair cutting (iv) Jewellary (v) Shoes (vi) Clothes

[kjhnnkjh ds le;] xzkgd ds }kjk fd, tkus okys iz;Ruksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr mRikn@lsok]mRikn ds fdl oxZ ls lacaf/kr gSa %&

¼d½ lkSan;Z izlk/ku ¼[k½ v[kckj ¼x½ ukbZ dh nqdku ¼?k½ tsoj ¼M½ twrs ¼p½ diM+s

24. Differentiate between Advertisement and Publicity on any three grounds.

foKkiu rFkk izpkj esa ik, tkus okys fdUgha rhu vUrjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4 Marks Questions

25. Explain the major activities involved in the physical distribution of the product.

oLrqvksa ds HkkSfrd forj.k esa iz;qDr gksus okyh eq[; fØ;kvksa dk o.kZu djksA

26. 'Bata is selling its shoes through its own chain stores.' Name the level of channel of

distribution used by Bata Company. And also explain the other types of channel/ level

of distribution with suitable examples.

ckVk daiuh vius mRikn ds forj.k ds fy, Ja[kyk Hk.Mkjksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA ;g forj.k dkdkSu lk ek/;e gS\ rFkk forj.k ds vU; ek/;e dkSu ls gSa] mudk o.kZu dhft,\

27. Write the name of medium of advertisement you will choose in following circumstances

and why?

(a) You have set up a catering service unit for supplying food and snacks at customer's

door step in your colony.

(b) You are the marketing manager of an organization selling heavy machinery for

producing specialized product.

(c) You are the manager incharge of an organization manufacturing toys and games

for children.

(d) You are the manager incharge of an organization making different types of fruits

and vegetable cutters to be used in kitchen by ladies.

fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vki foKkiu ds fdl ek/;e dk p;u djsaxs vkSj D;ksa\

¼d½ vkius ,d Hkkstuky; LFkkfir fd;k gS] tks xzkgdksa dks Hkkstu rFkk uk'rs dks muds ?kj rd


igq¡pkus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA

¼[k½ vki ,d laLFkk esa foi.ku izca/kd gSa tks dqN fof'k"V mRiknksa ds mRiknu eas iz;qDr gksusokyh Hkkjh e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA

¼x½ vki ,d laLFkk ds eq[; izca/kd gSa tks cPpksa ds f[kykSuksa rFkk [ksy midj.kksa dk mRiknudjrh gSA

¼?k½ vki ,d laLFkk ds eq[; izca/kd gSa tks jlksbZ?kj esa efgykvksa }kjk Qyksa vkSj lfCt;ksa dksdkVus ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkus okys midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA

28. Distinguish between Advertising and Personal selling on any four grounds.

foKkiu rFkk O;fDrxr foØ; esa fdUgha pkj vk/kkjksa ij vUrZHksn dhft,A

29. Explain any four functions of packaging.

iSdsftax ds fdUgha pkj dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5 Marks Questions

30. 'Advertisement confuses the buyers.' – Do you agree with this statement? What are the

other objections which are usually levied against advertisements. Write.

^^foKkiu Øsrkvksa dks Hkzfer djrk gSA** D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ foKkiu ds foi{k esafn, tkus okys vU; rdZ dkSu ls gSa\ fyf[k,A

31. Explain any five characteristics of a Good Brand Name.

,d vPNs czkaM uke esa ik, tkus okys fdUgha ik¡p xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

32. Write five advantages of personnel selling to businessman.

O;fDrxr foØ; ls O;olk;drkZ dks gksus okys fdUgha ik¡p ykHkksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

33. Write about five advantages of branding to the marketers and customers.

ukedj.k ds }kjk Øsrkvksa rFkk foØsrkvksa dks gksus okys fdUgha ik¡p ykHkksa dk o.kZu djksA

6 Marks Questions

34. Explain the role of following three factors in choice of channel of distribution :-

(a) Product related factors (b) Company characteristics (c) Competitive factors

forj.k ds ek/;e ds p;u esa fuEufyf[kr ?kVdksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ crkb;s %&

¼d½ oLrq laca/kh dkjd ¼[k½ dEiuh laca/kh dkjd ¼x½ izfr;ksfxrk laca/kh dkjd

35. Explain any six functions of marketing in detail.

foi.ku ds fdUgha N% dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

36. Explain four important elements of marketing mix.

foi.ku feJ ds pkj egÙoiw.kZ rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

37. You are a marketing manager of Reliance Ltd. The organization has introduced a new

product into the market. Suggest and explain any six promotional measures you will


undertake to improve the sales.

vki fjyk;Ul fyfeVsM ds foi.ku izca/kd gSa] vkidh laLFkk cktkj esa ,d ubZ mRikn dks ysdjvkbZ gSA ,slh fdUgh N% foØ; lao)Zu dh fØ;kvksa dk o.kZu djks] ftudk iz;ksx vki vius laLFkkds mRikn dh fcØh dks c<+kus ds fy, djsaxsa

38. Explain the factors which should be considered while fixing the price of the product of

the firm.

oLrqvksa ds ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; fdUgha N% dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA


39. Rajan is very particular in getting his hair cut from XYZ saloon of Khan Market. Which

type of product is it?

jktu lnSo vius cky dVkus ds fy,] [kku ekfdZV esa fLFkr XYZ lsywu esa gh tkrk gS & ;gfdl izdkj ds mRikn dk mnkgj.k gS\ uke fyf[k,A

40. A leading export oriented firm dealing in banned animal skin, is making huge profit.

Name the marketing concept, which is being ignored here.

,d cM+h fu;kZr laLFkk] vkjf{kr i'kqvksa dh [kky dks fu;kZr djds cgqr ykHk dek jgh gSA mlfoi.ku vo/kkj.kk dk uke crkb;s ftls ;gk¡ vuns[kk fd;k tk jgk gS\

41. Mr. Aman wants to buy a LCD T.V. for his family. Now he has come to Narang

Electronics, Model Town. After coming to shop, he gets confused. Write the name of

that tool of promotion which has brought him to the shop and promotional tool which

is needed now. Also write the four points of importance of latter tool.

feLVj veu vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ,y-lh-Mh- Vh-oh- ysus ds fopkj ls ekWMy VkÅufLFkr ukjax bysDVªksfuDl dh nqdku ij x,A nqdku ij igq¡pus ds ckn muds fnekx esa la'k;mRiUu gks x;kA lao)Z/ku dh ml rduhd dk uke crkb;s ftlds izHkko Lo:i veu us Vh-oh- ysus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rFkk ftldk iz;ksx nqdkunkj dks vc] foØ; djus ds fy, djuk pkfg,Ackn esa iz;ksx dh tkuh okyh rduhd dk egÙo crkb;sA

Answers

1. In modern sense, Marketing can be defined as a social process where by people

exchange goods and services for money or for something of value to them.

foi.ku ,d lkekftd fØ;k gS] ftlesa yksx oLrq ,oa lsokvksa dk eqnzk vFkok fdlh ,slh oLrqesa fofue; djrs gSa ftldk muds fy, dqN ewY; gSA

2. In situation of rare supply, where buyer may be taking extra efforts in persuading the

seller to sell the product to him/her.

Example - A country has installed a nuclear plant. And now it needs the supply of


nuclear fuel or 'Heavy Water.' It may need to convince the supplier of the products to

supply the same to it, by promising that it will be used for peaceful purposes only.

,d ns'k us vkf.od la;a= LFkkfir fd;k gS vkSj mls vkf.od baZ/ku vFkok ^Hkkjh ty* dh vko'drkgSA mls vkiwfrZdrkZ dks ;g fo'okl fnykuk gksxk fd bldk mi;ksx dsoy 'kkafr iw.kZ mn~ns';ksads fy, gksxk blfy, mls bldh vkiwfrZ dj nsuh pkfg,A

3. Selling concept.@ fcØh dh vo/kkj.kk

4. Wheat, rice, apple etc.@xsgw¡] pkoy] lsc vkfn

5. Book, Wristwatch.@ fdrkc] gkFk dh ?kM+h

6. Marketing mix refers to the ingredients or the tools or the variables which the marketer

mixes in order to achieve firm's marketing objectives in the target market.

foi.ku feJ ls vfHkizk;] foi.kudrkZ ds }kjk fd, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa] iz;ksx fd, tkus okys rRoksads ;ksx ls gS ftldk iz;ksx og yf{kr cktkj esa vius mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, djrk gSA

7. Direct channel (Zero level) of distribution.

izR;{k ¼'kwU; Lrjh;½ ek/;eA

8. One level channel of [email protected] dk ,dLrjh; ek/;eA

9. 'It pays to advertise,' because with the help of advertisement marketer can reach to

large no. of customers and can inform them about the features, needs and advantages

of the product. And in this way he can increase the sale of his product.

^foKkiu ykHknk; gS D;ksafd bldh enn ls foØsrk] xzkgdksa dks vius eky dh lwpuk nsdj mUgsavf/kd Ø; djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gSA*

10. Newspapers, stationery items, medicines etc.

v[kckj] LVs'kujh] nokb;k¡ vkfnA

11. Secondary packaging.@f}rh;d iSdsftax

12. Advertisements undermine social value of contentment and promotes materialism and

brings discontentment and customers by informing them about number of products

they can't consume because of their affordability.

foKkiu ^larks"k* ds lkekftd ewY; dh vogsyuk djrk gS D;ksafd blds }kjk xzkgd mu lHkhoLrqvksa ls Hkh ifjfpr gksrk gS ftldk iz;ksx og viuh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha dj ldrkftlls mlesa vlarks"k dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksrh gSA

13. Transportation packaging. @ifjogu iSdsftax

14. Full finance at 0% finance – Under this method, marketers charge price of their product

in easy instalments without charging any interest.

bl fof/k ds vUrxZr] eky fcuk C;kt dh fdLrksa ij cspk tkrk gSA foØsrk eky ds ewY; Øsrkls fd'rksa esa ysrk gS] ftlesa fdlh izdkj dk C;kt ugha olwy fd;k tkrkA

15. According to Product concept, consumers prefer that product which is of best quality,

or which provides better performance or of innovative features. So product quality is


the key to profit maximisation.

mRikn dh vo/kkj.kk ds vUrxZr mRikn dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj QeZ ds vf/kdre ykHk dh dq¡thgSA

16 Publicity. @izpkj

17. Industrial products can be classified into following classes :

(i) Materials and Parts (ii) Capital items (iii) Supplies and Business services

vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEu oxksZa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS %&

¼d½ eky ,oa iqtksZa ¼[k½ iw¡thxr mRikn ¼x½ vkiwfrZ ,oa O;kolkf;d lsok,¡A

18. Name of the Celebrity - Name of the product

Amitabh Bachan - Cadbury Chocolate

Shah Rukh Khan - Centro

Rani Mukherjee - Munch

Priyanka Chopra - Lux

39. Speciality Products@fof'k"V mRikn

40. Societal Marketing concept@lektksUeq[kh foi.ku dh vo/kkj.kkA


CHAPTER - 12

CONSUMER PROTECTION

miHkksDrk laj{k.kmiHkksDrk laj{k.kmiHkksDrk laj{k.kmiHkksDrk laj{k.kmiHkksDrk laj{k.k

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Consumer Protection means to protect consumer's against the Unfair Trade Practices

of the Producers and Sellers.

2. World Consumer Day is celebrated on 15th of March every year.

3. Consumer Protection Councils (CPCs) have been established under Consumer

Protection Act, 1986.

4. Consumer Protection Act, 1986, Provides Safeguards to Consumers against defective

goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices and other forms of their exploitation.

5. Agriculture Produce (Grading and Marking) Act 1973, has the Provisions of issuing

Agmark.

6. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has two major activities.

(i) The formulation of quality standards for goods and

(ii) Their certification through the BIS Certification Scheme.

7. The competition Act, 2002 has replaced. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices

Act 1969 (MRTP ACt 1969).

8. The Trade Mark Act 1999. Prevents the use of Foundent Marks on the product.

9. The Consumer protection Act, 1986 has Provided Three-Tier Machinery for redressing

the consumer' Grievances it is :

(i) District forum (ii) State commision (iii) National commision

10. The following are standardized Marks for the different Products :

Marks Products

(1) ISI Electronic Equipment

(2) F.P.O. Food product

(3) Hall Mark Jewellery

(4) Agmark Agricultured food product.


1- miHkksDrk laj{k.k dk vFkZ gS mRiknksa vkSj O;kifj;ksa }kjk miHkksDrk fgrksa ds fo:) dh xbZ vuqfprO;kikfjd dk;Zokfg;ksa ls laj{k.k iznku djukA

2- fo'o miHkksDrk fnol 15 ekpZ dks izfro"kZ euk;k tkrk gSA

3- miHkksDrk laj{k.k ifj"kn miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 ds vUrxZr LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA


4- miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986] miHkksDrkvksa dks nks"kiw.kZ oLrqvksa] vlUrks"kizn lsokvksa] vuqfprO;kikfjd dk;Zokfg;ksa vkfn ds fo:) laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA

5- d`f"k mRikn ¼Js.khdj.k vkSj fpg~ukadu½ vf/kfu;e] 1987] esa Agmark tkjh djus dk izko/kku gSA

6- Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks ds nks egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gSa %&

¼d½ oLrqvksa dh xq.koÙkk ds ekud fu/kkZfjr djuk rFkk

¼[k½ BIS izek.ki= ;kstuk ds }kjk mUgsa izek.k&i= iznku djrk gSA

7- izfrLi/kkZ vf/kfu;e] 2002 us MRTP vf/kfu;e 1969 dks izfrLFkkfir fd;kA

8- VsªM ekdZ vf/kfu;e 1999 miHkksDrkvksa dks mRiknksa ij /kks[kk nsus okys fpg~uksa ls cpkrk gSA

9- miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 ls miHkksDrk dh f'kdk;rksa ds fy, f=Lrjh; oS|kfud e'khujhdk izko/kku gSA ;g gS %&

¼d½ ftyk Qksje ¼[k½ jkT; vk;ksx ¼x½ jk"Vªh; vk;ksx

10- fuEufyf[kr ds ekud fpg~u vyx&vyx mRiknkssa ds fy, gSa %&

ekdksZ mRikn

¼d½ ISI fo|qr midj.k

¼[k½ F.P.O. [kk| mRikn

¼x½ Hall Mark ToSyjh ¼vkHkw"k.k½

¼?k½ Agmark d`f"kxr [kk| oLrq,¡

1 Mark Questions

1. What was the basic reason behind formation of consumer protection Act?

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dk fuekZ.k eq[;r% fdl mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k Fkk\

2. Write the name of any two statutory documents/Acts formed by govt. for safeguarding

the interest of consumers.

ljdkj ds }kjk xzkgdksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, cuk, x, oS|kfud nLrkostksa esa ls fdUghanks ds uke fyf[k,A

3. Anita wants to buy a gold necklace for herself. As an aware customer, how can she

be sure about the purity of gold necklace she wants to buy?

vfurk vius fy, ,d lksus dk gkj [kjhnuk pkgrh gSA ,d tkx:d xzkgd ds :i esa og lksusdh 'kq)rk ds fo"k; esa dSls vko'oLr gks ldrh gS\

4. Mr. Vinod filed a case against "Maruti Udyog" in the District forum. But he was not

satisfied with the order of District forum. Name the authority to which he may appeal

against the decision of district form.

fe0 fouksn us ek:fr m|ksx ds fo:) ftyk Qksje esa f'kdk;r ntZ djh@ijUrq og ftyk Qksje


ds }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; ls lUrq"V ugha gSA ml izf/kdj.k dk uke crkb,] tgk¡ ftyk Qksjeds fu.kZ; ds fo:) vihy djh tk ldrh gSA

5. Write name of any two NGOs which are working for the protection and promotion of

consumers interest.

miHkksDrkvksa ds lja{k.k esa yxs fdUgha nks xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds uke fyf[k,A

6. Name the ministry which introduced "Eco mark' scheme to be used only on the

environment friendly product.

ml ea=ky; dk uke fyf[k,] ftlds funsZ'k vuqlkj ^î;kZoj.k fe= dk fpUg** mu lHkh phtksaij vafdr fd;k tkrk gS] ftudk fuekZ.k i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy fd;k x;k gSA

7. Establishing a "Consumer service cell" is the example of which consumer right?

^^miHkksDrk lsok lSy** dh LFkkiuk fdl miHkksDrk vf/kdkj dk mnkgj.k gS\

8. To publish a magazine under the title "Upbhokta Adhikar" is the example of which

consumer right?

^^miHkksDrk vf/kdkj** uked eSxthu dk izdk'ku&fdl miHkksDrk vf/kdkj dk mnkgj.k gS\

9. What can be used as a proof for purchase of goods, for filing a compliant against

defective product?

,d [kjkc oLrq dh f'kdk;r djrs le;] lk{; ds :i esa fdldks izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS\

10. Name the quality certification work used in case of food products?

[kk| inkFkkZsa dh xq.koÙkk ds izfr vk'okfLr djus ds fy, fdl fpg~u dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgS\

11. BIS stands for?

BIS ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

3 Marks Questions

12. How does "Essential commodities Act' protect the interest of consumers?

^^vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e** fdl izdkj ls xzkgdksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk djrk gS\

13. Write about the major activities done by Bureau under the Bureau of Indian standards

Act, 1986.

Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vUrZxr C;wjksa ds }kjk dh tkus okyh eq[; dk;Zokfg;k¡dkSu lh gSa\


14. Mention three ways by which consumers are exploited by traders.

fdUgha rhu rjhdksa dk o.kZu djks] ftuds }kjk O;olk;drkZ xzkgdksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa\

15. Write about 3 points of importance of consumers Protection from consumer's point of

view.

miHkksDrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls] miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e* dk D;k egÙo gS\ fdUgha rhu fcUnqvksadh enn ls Li"V fdft,A

16. Mr. Kanti Prasad, purchased medicine without noting the date of expiry. He also didn't

obtain the cash memo. Do you think he will be able to protect himself by the loss

caused due to the expired medicine. Give reasons to support your answer.

fe0 dkUrh izlkn us ,DlikbZjh frfFk ns[ks fcuk ,d nokbZ [kjhnhA mlus dS'k eSeks Hkh ugha fy;kAD;k vki le>rs gSa fd mls ml nokbZ ls gq, uqdlku ds fo:) laj{k.k feysxk\ vius mÙkjds leFkZu esa dkj.k nhft,A

4 Marks Questions

17. Who can file a complaint under consumer protection Act?

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds vUrZxr f'kdk;r fdl ds }kjk ntZ djh tkrh gS\

18. Explain the role of the press in protecting the interests of the consumer.

miHkksDrk ds fgr ds laj{k.k esa izSl dh Hkwfedk dks le>kb;sA

19. "The consumer has a right to know about the quality, quantity, ingredients, date of

manufacturing and date of expiry of the product, he is buying." What are the other

rights which are given to consumers under consumer protection Act? Explain.

^^miHkksDrk dks vius }kjk [kjhnh tkus okyh oLrq dh fdLe] ek=k] iz;ksx fd, x, rRo] mRiknudh frfFk rFkk iz;ksx djus dh vfUre frfFk ds fo"k; esa tkuus dk iwjk vf/kdkj gSA** miHkksDrklaj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds varxZr] miHkksDrkvksa dks fn, x, vU; vf/kdkjksa dk o.kZu djksA

20. Explain any five regulations provided by Indian legal system to protect consumers.

miHkksDrkvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, Hkkjrh; oS|kfud iz.kkyh esa fn;s x;s fdUgha ik¡p vf/kfu;eksa dhO;k[;k dhft,A

21. Non-Govt. Organization (NGOs) perform several functions for the protection and

promotion of interests of consumers. State any five functions performed by them?

miHkksDrkvksa ds lja{k.k esa yxh xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa (NGOs) ds }kjk fd, tkus okys fdUgha ik¡pdk;ksZa dk o.kZu fdft,A


22. Explain the importance of consumers protection from the point of view of business.

O;olk; dh n`f"V ls miHkksDrk laj{k.k ds egÙo dks le>kb,A

23. Explain the redressal mechanism available to consumers under the consumer protection

Act, 1986.

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986] ds vUrxZr cuk, x, U;kf;d ra= ds fo"k; esa fyf[k,A

24. Explain the various ways and means of consumer protection.

miHkksDrk laj{k.k ds fofHkUu rjhdksa o lk/kuksa ds fo"k; esa fyf[k,A

25. Explain the following three rights of consumers, given to them under consumer

protection Act :-

(a) Right to be heard

(b) Right to be informed

(c) Right to seek redressal

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr] miHkksDrkvksa dks fn, tkus okys fuEufyf[kr rhu vf/kdkjkasdk o.kZu djks %&

¼d½ lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ¼[k½ f'kdk;r dk vf/kdkj ¼x½ f'kdk;r fuokj.k dk vf/kdkj


26. The earlier approach of caveat emptor which means "Let the buyer beware" has now

been changed to what?

^^dSfoV ,EiVj dh izkjfEHkd vo/kkj.kk** Øsrk Lo;a pkSdUuk jgs dk LFkku vc fdl vo/kkj.kk usys fy;k gS\

27. Name any 2 Mass Media programs telecasted on television or radio which are based

on consumer awareness.

miHkksDrk tkx:drk ij vk/kkfjr fdUgha nks ekl ehfM;k ds dk;ZØeksa ds uke crkb;s] tks Vh-oh- vFkok jsfM;ks ij izlkfjr gksrs gSaA

28. Which Act has replaced and repeated the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958?

fdl vf/kfu;e us Ô;kikj o okf.kT; fpg~u* vf/kfu;e 1958 dks lekIr djds mldk LFkku ysfy;k gSA

29. Which Act has replaced MRTP act?

,dkf/kdkj ,oa izfrjks/k O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e dk LFkku vc fdl vf/kfu;e us ys fy;k gSA


30. Two friends Rajesh & Surjeet have purchased two bed room flat and three bed room

flat from Hari Om Builders for Rs. 18 lacs and 22 lacs respectively. After allotment of

their flats, they realised that they have been cheated by the builder of society Write

the name of the authority where they can file their complaints.

nks nksLr & jkts'k vkSj lqjthr us gjh vkse fcYMZl ls Øe'kr% 18 yk[k vkSj 22 yk[k :i;sds ¶ysVl [kjhnsA ckn esa mUgsa irk pyk fd fcYMj us ¶ysVl ds fuekZ.k esa csbZekuh djh gSAmu izf/kdj.kksa ds uke fyf[k,] tgk¡ ij og blds fo:) viuh f'kdk;r ntZ dj ldrs gSaA

31. "In order to rescue the rights, consumers has to fulfill some duties." Explain.

^vius vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy,] xzkgdksa dks dqN nkf;Roksa dk ogu Hkh djuk gksxkA* foospukdhft,A

32. Suman purchased one electronic item of BPL Co., which was later on found to be

defective. Now she has filed a case against BPL Ltd. Write any five relief measures

which can be granted by court to her.

lqeu us BPL dEiuh dk ,d fctyh dk midj.k [kjhnkA iz;ksx ds nkSjku mUgsa midj.k dh[kjkch dk irk pykA blds fy, mUgksaus BPL dEiuh ds fo:) mfpr izkf/kdj.k esa ;kfpdk nk;jdhA

fdUgha ik¡p mipkjksa dk o.kZu dhft, tksfd mUgsa izkf/kdj.k ds }kjk fn, tk ldrs gSa\

33. I saw an advertisement in the newspaper regarding a domestic iron and ordered for

the purchase of the same to the shopkeeper.

What will be my responsibilities as a customer so that I should not be exploited by the

shopkeeper? Write any four such responsibilities.

eSaus v[kckj esa izsl dk foKkiu ns[kk rFkk mlh ds vk/kkj ij eSaus mls [kjhnus ds fy, nqdkunkjdks dg fn;kA ,d miHkksDrk ds ukrs esjk D;k mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd foØsrk esjk 'kks"k.k u dj ldsAdksbZ pkj mÙkjnkf;Ro crkb,A

Answers1. The main aim of CPA is to protect and promote the interests of consumers.

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mn~ns'; xzkgdksa ds fgrksa dks lqjf{kr djuk rFkk c<+kok nsukgSA

2. (i) The consumer protection Act 1986.

(ii) The sale of goods Act 1930.

(iii) The Essential commodities Act 1955.


(iv) The prevention of food Adulteration Act, 1954 or Name of any other Act relating to

consumer protection.

¼d½ miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1986

¼[k½ oLrq fcØh vf/kfu;e 1930

¼x½ vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e 1955

¼?k½ [kk| feykoV fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1954 ,oa fdlh Hkh xzkgd lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr vf/kfu;e dk ukeA

3. For quality assurance (Purity) of gold Anita should see Hallmark on replace.

lksus dh 'kq)rk ds fo"k; esa vk'oLr gksus ds fy, vfurk dks gkj gkWyekdZ dk fpg~u ns[k ysukpkfg,A

4. State commission

jkT; vk;ksx

5. Any two :-

(i) Consumer coordination council, Delhi.

(ii) Common cause, Delhi

(iii) Consumer Education & Research centre, Ahmedabad

(iv) Consumer protection council, Ahmedabad or Name of any NGO working for

consumer rights.

6. Ministry of Environment and Forest

i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=ky;

7. Right to be heard

lquokbZ dk vf/kdkj

8. Right to consumer education

miHkksDrk f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

9. Cash memo

dS'k eSeks

10. FPO

11. Bureau of Indian Standard


Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks

26. Let the seller Beware

foØsrk Lo;a pkSdUuk jgs

27. (i) Jago grahak Jago@tkxks xzkgd tkxks

(ii) Apne Adhikar@ vius vf/kdkj

28. The Trade Marks Act, 1999 has repealed and replaced the trade & Merchandising

Mark.

^VªsM ekdZ vf/kfu;e 1999* us Ô;kikj okf.kT; fpg~u* vf/kfu;e dks lekIr dj mldk LFkku ysfy;k gSA

29. The competition Act, 2002 has repealed MRTP Act.

îzfr;ksfxrk vf/kfu;e] 2002* us ^,dkf/kdkj ,oa izfrjks/k O;kikj O;ogkj vf/kfu;e* dk LFkku ysfy;k gSA


MODEL TEST PAPER - I

BUSINESS STUDIES

CLASS- XII

Time : 3 hours Maximum marks :100

General Instructions :

1. Answers to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.

2. Answers to questions carrying 3 marks may be from 50-75 words.

3. Answers to questions carrying 4-5 marks may be about 150 words.

4. Answers to questions carrying 6 marks may be about 200 words.

5. Attempt all parts of question together.

lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&

1- 1 vad okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj ,d 'kCn ls ,d okD; rd gksaA

2- 3 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj 50&75 'kCnksa ds gksaA

3- 4&5 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx 150 'kCnksa ds gksaA

4- 6 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx 200 'kCnksa ds gksaA

5- gj iz”u ds lHkh Hkkx lkFk&lkFk gh gy dhft,A

1. As a technique of scientific management what is the meaning of "Simplification."

(1)

oSKkfud izca/k dh ,d i)fr ds :i esa ljyhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

2. Why is it said that management principles are universal? (1)

,slk D;ksa dgk tkrk gS fd izca/k ds fl)kar lkoZHkkSfed gSa\

3. State two features of Business Environment. (1)

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

4. Write the first step of staffing process. (1)

fu;qfDrdj.k izfØ;k ds izFke pj.k dks fyf[k,A

5. "Recruitment by Advertisement" is which type of recruitment? (1)


^^foKkiu }kjk HkrhZ** HkrhZ dk dkSu lk lzksr gS\

6. State first two steps of the planning process. (1)

fu;kstu izfØ;k ds igys nks pj.k crkb,A

7. It is said that planning provides basis for control. Why? (1)

;g dgk tkrk gS fd fu;kstu] fu;a=.k ds fy, vk/kkj miyC/k djrk gSA D;ksa\

8. "Which principle of control management is based on the belief that an attempt to

control everything may end up controlling nothing". (1)

^îzR;sd pht dks fu;a=.k djus dh dksf'k'k dk var dqN Hkh fu;a=.k u dj ikus esa gksrk gSA**;g fopkj izca/k ds dkSu ls fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS\

9 Name any two consumer organizations and NGO's engaged in protecting and promoting

consumers interest. (1)

miHkksDrkvksa ds laj{k.k esa yxs fdUgha nks xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds uke fyf[k,A

10. As an aware customer what a person should see for getting assured about the purity

of gold before buying gold jewellery. (1)

,d xzkgd dks lksus ds vkHkw"k.k [kjhnrs le; lksus dh 'kq)rk ds izfr vk'oLr gksus ds fy, fdlfpg~u dks ns[kuk pkfg,A

11. "Success of an organization largely depends upon its management." Give three reasons

to justify the above statement. (3)

^^,d laxBu dh lQyrk mlds izca/k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA** bl dFku ds leFkZu esa dksbZ rhudkj.k nhft,A

12. As a marketing manager of Maruti Udyog, you have been assigned a duty of suggesting

a good brand name for a new car company is launching. Write any three qualities of

a good brand name. (3)

ek:fr m|ksx ds foi.ku izca/kd ds :i esa dEiuh ds }kjk cktkj esa ykbZ tkus okyh ubZ dkjdk czkaM uke lq>kus dk dk;Z vkidks fn;k x;k gSA ,d vPNs czkaM uke esa ik, tkus okys fdUgharhu xq.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

13. Explain "Trading on Equity" with example. (3)

^^lerk ij O;kikj** dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A


14. What is the importance of Capital Budgeting? (3)

iw¡th cktkj dk D;k egÙo gS\

15. Explain the term (a) Treasury Bill (b) Call money. (3)

budh O;k[;k dhft, ¼d½ [ktkuk fcy ¼[k½ ek¡x eqnzkA

16. "External environment of business is dynamic." Explain this statement with the help of

at least two examples. (4)

^Ô;olk; dk ckg~k; okrkoj.k xfr'khy gksrk gSA** de ls de nks mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls bldFku dh O;k[;k djsaA

17. Explain any four factors which are likely to disrupt effective communication. (4)

izHkkoiw.kZ lEizs"k.k dks ckf/kr djus okys dksbZ pkj laHkkfor rRoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

18. Why is it said that Decentralization inspite of its benefits, should be applied with

caution. (4)

fodsUnzhdj.k dks blds }kjk izn~r ykHkksa ds ckotwn lko/kkuh ds lkFk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

19. "Coordination is needed at all levels of management." Explain with the help of

examples. (4)

^îzca/k ds lHkh Lrjksa ij leUo; dh vko';drk gksrh gSA** mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A

20. Explain the following two rights of a consumer :- (4)

(i) The right to be heard

(ii) The right to consumer education

fuEufyf[kr miHkksDrk vf/kdkjksa dk o.kZu dhft, %&

¼d½ lqukokbZ dk vf/kdkj ¼[k½ miHkksDrk f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

21. Which technique of Taylor suggests that each worker should be supervised by

specialist? Explain that technique. (5)

Vsyj dh dkSu lh i)fr ;g ijke'kZ nsrh gS fd izR;sd Jfed dk i;Zos{k.k fo'ks"kKksa }kjk gksukpkfg,\ bl rduhd dk o.kZu dhft,A

22. "Planning is of vital importance in the managerial process." Do you agree? Explain

five reasons in support of your answer. (5)

^^fu;kstu izca/kdh; izfØ;k esa vfregÙoiw.kZ gSA** D;k vki lger gSa\ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa ik¡pdkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


23. What is Budgetary control? Give two advantages and two disadvantages. (5)

ctVh; fu;a=.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ blds nks ykHk rFkk nks lhek,¡ fyf[k,A

24. Explain the following two concept of marketing management with suitable example

(i) Marketing concept

(ii) The societal concept (5)

foi.ku izca/k dh fuEufyf[kr nks vo/kkj.kkvksa dk o.kZu mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa lfgr dhft, %&

¼d½ foi.ku vo/kkj.kk ¼[k½ lektkseq[kh vo/kkj.kk

25. Explain the purpose of OTCEI. (5)

OTCEI ds izeq[k mn~ns'; dkSu ls gSa\

26. What is informal communication? Explain briefly two advantages and two disadvantages

of informal communication. (6)

vukSipkfjd lEizs"k.k D;k gS\ vukSipkfjd lEizs"k.k ds nks ykHk ,oa nks lhekvksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZudhft,A

OR

"Good and effective directing should be based upon certain principles." Explain any

three principles of directing.

vPNk rFkk izHkkoh funsZ'ku dqN fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A funsZ'ku ds fdUgha rhu fl)karksadk o.kZu dhft,A

27. Write difference between functional structure of organization and divisional structure of

organization on the basis of following :-

(i) Formation (ii) Specialization (iii) Cost (iv) Coordination (v) Responsibility (vi) Control.

laxBu ds fØ;kRed <+k¡ps esa fuEu vk/kkjksa ij varj fyf[k, %&

¼d½ fuekZ.k ¼[k½ fof'k"Vdj.k ¼x½ ykxr ¼?k½ leUo; ¼M½ mÙkjnkf;Ro ¼p½ fu;a=.k

OR

Write difference between formal and informal organization on the basis of following :-

(i) Origin (ii) Purpose (iii) Structure (iv) Leadership (v) Nature (vi) Authority (6)

vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa fuEu vk/kkjksa ij varj fyf[k, %&

¼d½ mRifÙk ¼[k½ mn~ns'; ¼x½ <+k¡pk ¼?k½ usr`Ro ¼M½ izd`fr ¼p½ vf/kdkj

28. Explain the steps involved in selection procedure. (6)


p;u izfØ;k ds pj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A

OR

Write six differences between recruitment and selection.

HkrhZ vkSj p;u esa dksbZ N% varj fyf[k,A

29. Mr. Rajat is marketing manager of a company manufacturing Home appliances. Explain

any six functions he has to perform as marketing manager of this concern. (6)

feLVj jtr ,d ?kjsyw midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkk ds foi.ku izca/kd gSaA

fdUgha N% dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft, tks mUgsa foi.ku izca/kd ds :i esa djus iM+saxsA

OR

Explain in brief the factors that are taken into consideration while taking decisions on

pricing the product.

oLrqvksa ds ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k djrs le; /;ku j[kus okys fdUgha N% dkjdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

30. What do you mean by capital structure? Explain any five factors that affect the capital

structure of a company?

iw¡th <+k¡ps ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ,d dEiuh ds iw¡th <+k¡ps dks izHkkfor djus okys fdUgha ik¡p?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

OR

Explain any six factors affecting the dividend decision of a company.

,d dEiuh ds ykHkka'k fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djus okys fdUgha N% ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


MODEL TEST PAPER - 2

BUSINESS STUDIES

CLASS- XII

Time : 3 hours Maximum marks :100

General Instructions :

1. Answers to questions carrying 1 mark may be from one word to one sentence.

2. Answers to questions carrying 3 marks may be from 50-75 words.

3. Answers to questions carrying 4-5 marks may be about 150 words.

4. Answers to questions carrying 6 marks may be about 200 words.

5. Attempt all parts of question together.

lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&lkekU; funs Z’k %&

1- 1 vad okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj ,d 'kCn ls ,d okD; rd gksaA

2- 3 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj 50&75 'kCnksa ds gksaA

3- 4&5 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx 150 'kCnksa ds gksaA

4- 6 vadksa okys iz”uksa ds mÙkj yxHkx 200 'kCnksa ds gksaA

5- gj iz”u ds lHkh Hkkx lkFk&lkFk gh gy dhft,A

1. Manish a manager expects his subordinates to adopt the new environment and working

conditions without giving them time to settle down, which principle of management is

being over looked? (1)

euh"k] tks ,d izca/kd gS vius v/khuLFkksa dks LFkkfir gksus dk le; fn, fcuk muls u;s okrkoj.krFkk dk;Zn'kkvksa dks viukus dh mEehn j[krk gSA izca/k ds fdl fl)kar dh vogsyuk gks jghgS\

2. State one positive effect of the Principle of management. 'Division of work.' (1)

izca/k ds ^^dk;ZfoHkktu** fl)kar dk ,d /kukRed izHkko crkb,A

3. List any two dimensions of business environment. (1)

O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k ds dksbZ nks vk;ke fyf[k,A

4. Name the first stage of evolution of HRM. (1)


ekuoh; lalk/ku izca/k (HRM) ds fodkl dk izFke pj.k crkb;sA

5. How training increases the adoptability? (1)

izf'k{k.k xzg.k'khyrk eas o`f) dSls djrk gS\

6. What is meant by 'policy' as a type of 'plan'? (1)

;kstuk ds izdkj ds :i esa ûhfr* dk D;k vFkZ gS\

7. How are deviations revealed in controlling process? (1)

fu;a=.k izfØ;k eas fopyuksa dk irk dSls pyrk gS\

8. The earlier approach of Caveat Emptor which means "Let the buyer beware" has been

changed to what? (1)

dSfoV ,EiVj dh izkjafHkd vo/kkj.kk ^^Øsrk Lo;a pkSdUuk jgs** dk LFkku vc fdl vo/kkj.kk usys fy;k gS\

9. Mention one way by which consumers are exploited by trader. (1)

O;olk;dÙkkZ ds }kjk xzkgdksa ds 'kks"k.k djus dk dksbZ ,d rjhdk crkb;sA

10. "Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done?" State the feature of planning

indicated by the given statement. (1)

^^fu;kstu dk vFkZ D;k djuk gS dk iwokZuqeku gSA** bl dFku ls fu;kstu dh dkSu lh fo'ks"krkirk pyrh gS\ crkb,A

11. Explain the elements of coordination from the point of effective management. (3)

,d izHkkoiw.kZ izca/k dh n`f"V ls leUo; ds rRoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

12. Differentiate between convenience product and shopping product on the following

basis :- (a) Nature of product (b) Unit price (c) Efforts of customers. (3)

fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij lqfo/kk mRikn rFkk Ø; ;ksX; mRikn esa vUrZHksn dhft, %&

¼d½ oLrqvksa dh izd`fr ¼[k½ izfr bdkbZ dher ¼x½ xzkgdksa ds }kjk fd, tkus okys iz;RuA

13. Explain the trading procedure in stock markets? (3)

'ks;j cktkj esa lkSnk djus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft,A

14. Write any three factors affecting dividend decision. (3)


ykHkka'k fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor djus okys fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

15. Explain the role of financial Management. (3)

fofÙk; izca/ku dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djsaA

16. Why is it important for business enterprises to understand their environment? Explain

briefly any four points. (4)

O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa ds fy, vius okrkoj.k dks le>uk D;ksa vko';d gS\ fdUgha pkj fcanqvkasdk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft,A

17. "Supervision is an important element of directing function." Explain any four reasons

in support of your answer. (4)

î;Zos{k.k funsZ'ku dk;Z dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA* mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa fdUgha pkj dkj.kksadk o.kZu dhft,A

18. Write any four reliefs available to consumers under consumer protection Act. (4)

miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr miHkksDrkvksa dks miyC/k fdUgha pkj mipkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

19. (i) Write two features of a good organizational structure. (4)

(ii) In a divisional structure each division is considered to be multifunctional. Why?

¼d½ ,d vPNs laxBukRed <+k¡ps dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

¼[k½ ,d foHkkxh; <+k¡ps dk izR;sd [k.M cgqdk;kZRed gksrk gS] D;ksa\

20. "Management is the are of getting things done through other people." Explain any four

importance of management in the light of the given statement. (4)

^îzca/k vU; yksxksa ds }kjk dke dks djkus dh dyk gSA** bl dFku dh iqf"V djrs gq, izca/kds dksbZ pkj egÙoksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

21. Explain five functions performed by a labelling. (5)

yscfyax }kjk fd, tkus okys ik¡p dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

22. Explain any five points regarding the significance of the principles of management. (5)

izca/k ds fl)karksa ds egÙo ds fdUgha ik¡p fcUnqvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

23. "There is close and reciprocal relationship between planning and controlling." Explain

the statement. (5)


^^fu;kstu ,oa fu;a=.k esa ?kfu"B rFkk vU;ksU;kfJr laca/k gSA** bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A

24. Why does planning sometimes fail inspite of the best efforts of management? (5)

izca/k ds Hkjld iz;klksa ds ckotwn dbZ ckj fu;kstu vlQy D;ksa gks tkrk gS\

25. Explain any five functions of SEBI. (5)

lsch ds fdUgha ik¡p dk;ksZa dk o.kZu dhft,A

26. "Effectiveness of leadership depends on the qualities of a leader." Explain any four

such qualities of a leader. (6)

^ûsr`Ro dh izHkkoiw.kZrk usrk ds xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA** ,d usrk ds ,sls fdUgha pkj xq.kksa dko.kZu dhft,A

OR

"It is through motivation the managers can inspire their subordinates to give their best

to the organization." In the light of this statement. Explain any four points regarding the

importance of motivation.

^^vfHkizsj.k }kjk izca/kd vius v/khuLFkksa dks mudh iw.kZ dk;Zdq'kyrk laxBu dks iznku djus dsfy, izsfjr dj ldrs gSA** bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa fdUgha pkj fcanqvksa ds egÙo dk o.kZu dhft,A

27. Mr. Sundaram wants to buy a family car. He went to the showroom of Ganga

Automobiles, Ashok Vihar, where he confused among various models. Write the name

of the tool of the shop and promotional tool which is needed now by the shopkeeper

to sell car. Write four merits of the promotional tool which is used in the first place.

fe0 lqanje vius ifjokj ds fy, dkj [kjhnuk pkgrs gSaA og xaxk vkWVkseksckbYl] v'kksd fogkjds 'kks:e esa igq¡ps] tgk¡ ij muds fnekx esa la'k; mRiUu gks x;kA lao)Zu dh ml rduhddk uke crkb, ftlds dkj.k fe- lqanje 'kks:e igq¡ps rFkk ftldk iz;ksx nqdkunkj dks vc] dkjdks foØ; djus ds fy, djuk pkfg,A 'kq: esa iz;ksx dh xbZ rduhd ds dksbZ pkj ykHk fyf[k,A

OR

Write any six commonly used sales promotional activities. (6)

foØ; izksRlkgu ds fdUgha N% rjhdksa ds ckjs esa crkb,A

28. What is staffing? Briefly discuss the steps in the process of staffing. (6)

fu;qfDrdj.k D;k gS\ la{ksi esa fu;qfDrdj.k izfØ;k ds pj.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

OR

What is process of recruitment? State any four limitations of using internal sources of

recruitment.

HkrhZ izfØ;k D;k gksrh gS\ HkrhZ ds vkUrfjd lzksrksa dk iz;ksx djus dh fdUgha pkj lhekvksa dk


mYys[k dhft,A

29. Can an over burdened manager take help from his subordinates? How? Explain the

three important things which he should keep in mind while taking such help. Compare

them on the basis of following :-

(i) Meaning (b) Delegation

D;k ,d vfrHkkfjr izca/kd vius v/khuLFkksa ls lgk;rk izkIr dj ldrk gS\ bl izdkj dh lgk;rkysrs le; mls fdu rhu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,\ mu esa fuEu vk/kkj ij rqyuk dhft,¼d½ vFkZ ¼[k½ varj.k

OR

Why is organization considered an important function of management? Give any six

reasons.

laxBu dks izca/k dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z D;ksa le>k tkrk gS\ dksbZ N% dkj.k nhft,A

30. Explain the factors affecting the requirement of fixed capital. (6)

LFkk;h iw¡th dh vko';drk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

OR

Explain the factors affecting the requirement of working capital.

dk;Z'khy iw¡th dh vko';drkvksa dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


MARKING SCHEME

MODEL TEST PAPER - 2

1. Stability of personnel. (1)

2. Specialization . (1)

3. Political & social environment. (1)

4. Labour welfare step. (1)

5. By doing metal development of Employee. (1)

6. A policy is a guide to thinking. (1)

7. Deviations can be revealed by comparing actual performance with standard

performance. (1)

8. Let the seller beware. (1)

9. Any one of the following activities :- (1)

(i) Selling unsafe & inferior quality products

(ii) Adulteration in products

(iii) Misleading advertisement.

10. Forward looking/ Futuristic. (1)

11. Element of coordination are :-

(i) Integration (ii) Balancing (iii) Timing. (½ mark each for naming, ½

for explaining)

12. Difference (1×3)

Convenience Product Shopping Product

Nature of product Usually non-durable product Durable product

Unit price Low High

Efforts of Customer Purchases are done at convenient Lot of efforts are done

location with least efforts. by customers.

13. Trading procedure on the Exchange :-

(i) Locating a broker (ii) Placing order (iii) Execution of order (1×3)

14. Factors affecting dividend decisions

(i) Earning (ii) Cash flow position (iii) Growth opportunities (1×3)

15. Role of financial Management

(i) Determination of fixed Assets (ii) Determination of current Assets

(iii) Determination of proportion of long term and short term finance. (1×3)

16. (i) Enable identification of opportunities & getting the first mover advantage.


(ii) Helping in the identification of threats and early warning signals.

(iii) Tapping useful resources

(iv) Coping with rapid changes. (Any other suitable point) (1×4)

17. (i) Ensures issuing instructions

(ii) Facilitates control

(iii) Optimal utilisation of resources

(iv) Improves communications (1×4)

18. Relief available to consumers

(i) To remove the defects of goods

(ii) To replace the defective products with new one.

(iii) To refund the price paid for the product.

(iii) To get compensation for any loss or injury suffered by the customer. (1×4)

19. (i) (a) Contribute towards the achievement of organizational objectives.

(b) Provide scope for initiative.

(ii) In a divisional structure each division is multifunctional because within each

division functions like production, marketing, finance purchase etc. are performed

together to achieve a common goal. (2+2)

20. Importance of management.

(i) Help in achieving organizational goal.

(ii) Reduces cost.

(iii) Leads to optimum utilization of resources.

(iv) Improve efficiency. (Any other suitable point) (1×4)

21. Functions of labelling

(i) Describe the product & specify its content.

(ii) Identification of the product or Brand.

(iii) Grading of product.

(iv) Help in promotion of products.

(v) Providing information required by law. (1×5)

22. (i) Provides useful insight to mangers.

(ii) Optimum utilisation of resources.

(iii) Scientific decisions.

(iv) Fulfilling social responsibility.

(v) Increase efficiency & minimise wastes.

23. There is close as well as reciprocal relationship between planning and controlling.

Planning provides basis for controlling while controlling ensures realizing planned

goals efficiently. Planning provides standards with which the actual performance is

measured while controlling helps in future plans. (5)


24. Planning sometimes fails due to following reasons :-

(i) Change in Govt. policies

(ii) Change in technology

(iii) Natural calamities

(iv) Change in fashion, taste etc.

(v) Strategies of competitors. (1×5)

25. Any five function of SEBI

(i) Protective function

(ii) Regulatory function

(iii) Development function (1×5)

26. Any four qualities :-

(i) Physical features

(ii) Integrity

(iii) Knowledge

(iv) Communication skill (1½×4 = 6)

OR

(i) Improves performance level

(ii) Helps to change negative attitudes of employees

(iii) Reduction in employees turnover

(iv) Helps to reduce absenteeism in the organization. (1½×4 = 6)

27. Mr. Sundaram must have come to shop after seeing advertisements of different cars.

Now after his coming to shop, there is a role of personal selling.

Four merits of advertisement :-

(i) Mass reach

(ii) Economical mode

(iii) Expressiveness

(iv) Enhancing customer satisfaction and confidence. (1+1+4)

OR

Commonly used sales promotion Activities are :-

(i) Rebate

(ii) Discounts

(iii) Refunds

(iv) Product combination

(v) Quantity gift

(vi) Lucky Draw (Any other suitable activity) (1×6 = 6)


28. Staffing

Definition :- It refers to filling and keeping filled post with people.

Steps in the process of staffing :-

(i) Estimating the manpower requirement

(ii) Recruitment

(iii) Selection

(iv) Placement and Orientation

(v) Training and development. (1+5×1)

OR

Process of recruitment :-

(i) requisition of employees.

(ii) Identification of sources of recruitment.

(iii) Invitation

(iv) Preparing list of deserving applicants.

Limitations of internal sources of recruitment :-

(a) Stop entry of young blood

(b) Employees become lethargic

(c) Not available for new organization

(d) Frequent transfers adversely affect productivity. (½×4+1×4)

29. Yes, an overburdened manager take help from his subordinates by delegation while

taking such help.

The manger should keep in mind following

(i) Authority (ii) Responsibility (iii) Accountability

Comparison (1+3+2 = 6)

Basis Authority Responsibility Accountability

1. Meaning Right to command Obligation to perform Answerability for

an assigned task outcome of

the assigned tools.

2. Delegation Can be delegated Cannot be entirely Cannot be delegated.

delegated

OR

Importance of organizing (Any six)

(i) Benefit of specialization

(ii) Classify in working relationship

(iii) Optimum utilisation of resources

(iv) Adoption to change


(v) Effective administration

(vi) Development of personnel

(vii) Expansion and Growth (1×6 = 6)

30. (i) Nature of Business

(ii) Scale of prospects

(iii) Choice of technique

(iv) Growth prospects

(v) Diversification

(vi) Level of collaboration (1×6 = 6)

OR

(i) Business Cycle

(ii) Seasonal factor

(iii) Production Cycle

(iv) Credit Allowed

(v) Operating efficiency

(vi) Availability of raw material (1×6 = 6)

Documents

Business Studies @O;kolk; v/;;u