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BuoyancyA measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an
object
Buoyancy
A measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object
Carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into
organisms and back again
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide (CO2)A heavy odorless colorless gas
formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic
substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
Catalyst
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not
used up itself or permanently changed
Cell
•Basic unit of all living things.
•Carry out life functions of organism
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell/Plasma MembraneThin, flexible barrier around a
cell: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cell nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA
and RNA and responsible for
growth and reproduction
Cell organ, specialized
part of a cell:Example:
MitochondrionNucleus
Ribosome
Cell organelles
Cell wall
Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and
some bacteria
Cell wall No Cell wall
Both have a plasma/cell membrane
Chemical bond• An electrical force linking atoms.
• The force holding atoms together to form molecules and solids.
Chloroplast• cells that capture
the energy from sunlight
• converts sunlight into chemical energy
ChromosomeThreadlike structure within the nucleus
containing the genetic information that is passed from one
generation of cells to the next
Convectionoccurs when hot
matter rises upward due to a
decrease in density, and
then expands, giving off heat
CytoplasmMaterial inside the cell membrane-
not including the nucleus
DNA
• Found in the nucleus of a cell
• formed from nucleotides
• shaped like a double helix
DNA replicationThe process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication
The process of making a copy of DNA
Another Example:
DNA Replication
Elasticity
The measure of a solid’s ability to be stretched and
then returned to its original size
Electric potentialThe difference in electrical
charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
Electrically neutral
An object that has equal amounts of positive and negative charges
Electromagnetic spectrum
The whole range of light
ElectronA subatomic particle in an atom that is negatively charged and is found in the energy levels outside the nucleus of the atom.
Electron
Element
• Building blocks of all matter.
• identified by an atomic number ;
• Atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum(Major Part of a Cell)
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in molecule processing and transport
Enzyme• A protein• It speeds up a
chemical reaction in a living organism (plants, animals)
• Is not permanently changed or destroyed
An enzyme acts as a catalyst
Exothermic reaction
Chemical reaction in which heat energy is released
Fossil fuels
Fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in
rocks in the earth’s crust with high carbon and hydrogen
content
Coal - Oil - Natural Gas
Fossil fuels
Carboniferous Period is famous for its vast swamps.
Coal = Fossil Fuel = Plant Fossil
Over time, the peat fossilized into coal
deposits.
Coal is the fossil of
decomposed plants
Peat is decomposed plant matter
Plant debris = decaying plants
Gene ExpressionThe manifestation of the genetic
material of an organism in the form of a specific trait
PhenotypeBlue Eyes
GenotypeBlue Eyes
bbb = recessive gene for blue eye color
The appearance of an expressed trait
Phenotype
Long Eye Lashes
Short Eye LashesBlue Eyes
The appearance of an expressed trait
Genotype
MMMm
mmbb
Phenotype
Long Ears Short Ears
GenotypeMMMm
mm
Dominate vs Recessive • Recessive genes
are expressed with lower case letters.
•Dominate genes are expressed with capital letters.
R r
Dominate vs. Recessive • Must have two
recessive genes for the trait to be expressed (appear)
•Need only one dominate gene for the trait to be expressed (appear)
RR rrRr
Dominate vs Recessive • grey, green, hazel,
and blue eyes• color blind• no Freckles• 5 fingers• normal joints
•Brown Eyes
•Normal Vision•Freckles•6+ Fingers•Double Jointed
Genetic mutation
Any event that changes genetic structure; any
alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the
genotype of an organism
Golgi apparatusCell organelle that helps make and
package materials to be transported out of the cell
GolgiApparatus
Golgi apparatus
Gregor MendelAugustinian monk and
botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to
his eventual recognition as founder of the science of
genetics
MicrowaveA short electromagnetic wave used for
radar and microwave ovens and for transmitting telephone, fax, video and
data
MitochondrionIn eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is the site of cellular respiration which
produces ATP
Mitochondrion
MitosisIn eukaryotic cells, a
process of cell division that forms two daughter cells, each of which has
the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis• process of cell replication
• egg cells are produced in the female ovaries
• sperm cells are produced in the male testes.
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes (egg cells or sperm cells)
Meiosis: produces gametes
In females: only one of the 4 cells will develop into an egg
cellIn males: all 4 cells will
develop into sperm cells
Organ System
Organs
Tissue
Cells
Levels of Organization
Organism
Cell
DNA
Chromosome Gene
Bases
A T
C G
Levels of Organization
Kingdoms
Eukaryotic Cells• Eukaryotic cells = Protists, Animal,
Plant, Fungi• easily distinguished by having a
membrane-bound nucleus and organells.
• Not Monera (Arachaebacteria, Eubacteria).
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic CellsMonera
(Arachaebacteria, Eubacteria)
•Genetic material is found in cytoplasm •No membrane-bound organelles•Has a cell wall•Some have a flagellum
Prokaryotic Cells
Nitrogen cycleThe
circulation of nitrogen
Visible light
Light that can be seen
by the human eye- white light.
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Vacuole
• Large in plant cells
• Involved with turgor pressure
VacuoleIf plant is well-watered, water collects in vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/human.php chromosome imagehttp://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna dna imagehttp://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/images/DNA_replication_fork.png DNA replicationhttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/ batteryhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/carboniferous.html Carboniferous imagehttp://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/plantcell.jpg animal and plant cellhttp://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/mendel_gregor.html mendel imagehttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm moneran, prokaryotic and eukaryotic imageshttp://www.ict-science-to-society.org/Pathogenomics/bacteria.htm bacteria imageshttp://www.kidsgeo.com/images/nitrogen-cycle.gif nitrogen cyclehttp://www.uwsp.edu/gEo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/earth_system/nitrogen_cycle_EPA.jpg nitrogen cyclehttp://www.baeducation.com/for/science/dnabiology.html levels of organization, Mitosis, meiosis, DNA, mitosis images
