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1 SPECIAL AWARD, 2 GOLDMEDALS AND 1 SILVER MEDAL
AT INTERNATIONAL INVENTIONEXPOSITION 2011
Penang, 6 May – 2 lecturers fromSchool of Materials and Mineral ResourcesEngineering were the top winners at theKorea International Women’s InventionExposition 2011, (KIWIE 2011). KIWIE2011 was organized by the Korea WomenInventors Association (KWIA) and sup-ported by World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO). Professor HanafiIsmail together with his MSc student, NorFasihah Zaaba won gold medal and spe-cial award from Iran for their productentitled “BananaPlast – A New and NovelBiodegradable Plastic from Banana Frondand Stem”. Assoc Prof. Dr. SrimalaSreekantan won gold medal for her inven-tion entitled “Nanopurifier a SustainableWay of Destroying Contaminants in airand water”.
Meanwhile at the 39th InternationalExhibition of Inventions in Geneva,Switzerland, Prof Dr. Ahmad Fauzi and hisgroup won silver medal for their invention“NanoMgFe – Soft Magnetic Ferrite forMicrowave Frequency Range Application”.Overall USM won 2 gold medals and 6 sil-ver medals in this competition which wit-nessed the participation of 45 countrieswith 765 research products in severalmain categories.
18 SMMRE LECTURERRECEIVED USM SANGGAR
SANJUNG AWARD.
17 Mac 2011 – 18 lecturers were therecipient for the USM Sanggar SanjungAward and 27 were recipients for theMerit Award 2010 which was held atEquatorial Hotel, Penang. The guest ofhonour Malam Sanggar Sanjung was theUSM Chansellor, Tuanku Syed SirajuddinJamalullail and Tuanku Fauziah Binti Al-
Marhum Tengku Abdul Rashid. TheSanggar Sanjung Award is a recognitionconferred by USM to its academic staffwho have enhanced USM’s reputation byattaining excellence in research and aca-demic activities annually. Commencing in2001, staff who have succeeded in pro-ducing an innovative product, publishedan internationally acclaimed and peerreviewed publication or who are recipi-ents of awards at international or nation-al lavel are feted at the giitzy gala eventtagged the Sanggar Sanjung Night. Therecipients for the awards are as follows:
1) Sanggar Sanjung Award
Publication CategoryAssoc. Prof. Ahmad Azmin Mohamad,
Prof. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor, Assoc.Prof. Azlan Ariffin, Assoc. Prof. CheongKuan Yew, Prof. Hanafi Ismail, Dr.Hasmaliza Mohamad, Assoc. Prof. HazizanMohd Akil, Dr. Khairunisak Abd Razak,Assoc. Prof. Mariatti Jaafar, Prof RadzaliOthman, Assoc. Prof. Sabar DeritaHutagalung, Assoc.Prof. SamayamutthirinPalaniandy, Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim,Assoc. Prof. Srimala Sreekantan, Assoc.Prof. Zainovia Lockman, Prof. Hj. ZainalAriffin Ahmad and Dr. Zuhailawati Hussin.
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ENJINIERBuletin Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral
Bulletin for the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia
JIL. 13 BIL. 01 No. ISSN: 1511-5275 http://www.usm.my JUN 2011
1Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011
Professor Hanafi and Assoc. Prof. Srimala (1st and 2nd from right) at Gala Dinner during KIWIE 2011
Prof. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor explaining about his invention to the judges at GenevaInvention
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Research Product Category
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Distinguished individual Category
Prof. Dato’ Ir. Eric Goh Kok Hoe
2) The Merit Award
Assoc. Prof. Ahmad Azmin Mohamad, Dr.Anasyida Abu Seman, Prof. Ahmad FauziMohd Noor, Assoc. Prof. AzlanAriffin,Assoc. Prof. Azura A. Rashid,Assoc. Prof. Chow Wen Shyang, Dr.Razaina Mat Taib, Assoc. Prof. CheongKuan Yew, Prof. Hanafi Ismail, Dr.Hasmaliza Mohamad, Assoc. Prof. HazizanMohd Akil, Dr. Khairunisak Abd Razak,Assoc. Prof. Mariatti Jaafar, Prof. RadzaliOthman, Assoc. Prof. Sabar DeritaHutagalung, Assoc. Prof.Samayamutthirian Palaniandy, Dr. SyedFuad Saiyid Hashim, Assoc. Prof. SrimalaSrimala Sreekantan, Assoc. Prof. ZainoviaLockman, Prof. Hj. Zainal Ariffin Ahmad ,Dr. Zuhailawati Hussin, Assoc. Prof.Zulkifli Ahmad and Assoc. Prof. ZulkifliMohd Ariff.
Research Product Category
Prof. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor, AhmadBadri Ismail, Dr. Zuhailawati Hussin,Assoc. Prof. Sabar Derita Hutagalung andAssoc. Prof. Zainovia Lockman.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPAND CONFERENCE ON EARTH
RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY(IWCERT)
9 May 2011 - School of Materials andMineral Resources Engineering organizedthe 5th International Workshop andConference on Earth ResourcesTechnology (IWCERT). USM was selectedto be host after Japan and Thailand host-ed the event previous years. Ipoh, Perakwas chosen due to the long time historyof becoming active mining state.
The theme for this year conference is“Sustainable Development in MineralIndustry through Green Technology inSouth East Asia.”The main agenda of theconference was to gather people whohave common interest in mining and min-eral related which comprises of geology,mining mineral processing, environment,education and training.
This program was the spin off fromAUN/SEED-Net Program where the miner-al based interest from the Geologyumbrella and Interdisciplinary NaturalResources and Material EngineeringUmbrella created a platform to focus onEarth Resources Technology.
The conference also enhanced theunderstanding and cooperation in themining field among the researchers andengineers to share experiences and thelatest advancement in science and tech-nology that encompasses the field ofEarth Resources technology.
The conference was a successfulevent with participation of more than 60delegates from various countries includ-ing Australia, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia,Germany, Sweden and Philippines.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 2
Dr. Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
(Chief Editor)
A.P. Dr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
Mr. Mohd Nazri Idris
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
(Advisor)
A.P. Dr. Azura A. Rashid
Assistant Editor
Editorial Board
Ms. Hasnah Awang
Ms. Habsah Haliman
Participants of IWCERT 2011
MAJLIS MERAIKAN ANAK-ANAK STAF YANG MENDUDUKI
UPSR, PMR DAN SPM 2010
17 Mac 2011- Majlis meraikan anak-anak staf yang menduduki peperiksaanUPSR, PMR dan SPM telah diadakan buatkali keduanya bertempat di Bilik Seminar,PPKBSM. Majlis ini diadakan bagi mem-berikan galakan kepada anak-anak stafagar terus bersaing bagi meningkatkanpelajaran mereka. Penyampaian cender-ahati telah diberikan kepada anak-anakstaf yang telah mencapai kejayaan dalampeperiksaan iaitu bagi UPSR seramai 8orang, PMR seramai 9 orang dan SPMseramai 5 orang.
Di samping itu, PPKBSM juga telahmeraikan anugerah staf berkualiti yangjulung kalinya diadakan. Penyampaiancenderahati telah diberikan kepada stafberkualiti melalui undian yang dibuat.Bagi kategori Staf Akademik (Prof. MadyaAzhar Bin Abu Bakar), kategori Teknikal(Encik Mohd Halim Bin Hassan) dan kate-gori Pentadbiran (Cik Noor Hakishah Bt.Samsudin) telah menerima anugerahkualiti atas hasil usaha mereka yang telahmeningkatkan produktiviti dan dayasaing.
Majlis ini dirasmikan oleh ProfesorAhmad Fauzi Bin Mohd Noor, Dekan PusatPengajian dan diakhiri dengan jamuanringan.
LAWATAN PANEL EAC KE PPKBSM
28 - 29 Mac 2011, Panel EAC yangdiketuai oleh Ir. Prof. Dr. Abdul WahabMohammad (UKM) telah berada di PPKB-SM bagi tujuan akreditasi program IjazahSarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Polimer. Ahli-ahli panel lain yang turut menyertai aktiv-iti tersebut ialah Ir. Prof. Dr. Mohamad NorBerhan (UiTM) dan Ir. ParthibanSiwayanan (wakil daripada industri). Iniadalah kali pertama programKejuruteraan Polimer dinilai secara penuhterhadap perlaksanaan “Outcome-BasedEducation” (OBE) selepas ia mula dilak-sanakan pada 2007.
Aktiviti penilaian semasa lawatantersebut bermula dengan pembentanganringkas oleh Dekan mengenai programpengajian yang ditawarkan oleh PusatPengajian. Kemudian disusuli dengan tak-limat Pengerusi Rancangan KejuruteraanPolimer, Prof. Madya Dr. Zulkifli MohamadAriff yang menerangkan secara lebih ter-perinci tentang program KejuruteraanPolimer yang ditawarkan oleh PPKBSM.Bagi melancarkan perjalanan aktivititersebut, Prof. Madya Dr. Azlan Ariffinselaku mantan Pengerusi RancanganKejuruteraan Polimer dan Prof. Madya Dr.Azhar Abu Bakar (Timbalan Dekan,Pembangunan Pelajar & Akademik) turutserta dalam sesi tersebut bagi memberi
maklum balas terhadap sebarang per-soalan yang dibangkitkan oleh panel men-genai program Kejuruteraan Polimer.Itenari selanjutnya melibatkan aktivititemubual dengan staf akademik yang dip-ilih oleh panel bagi mendapatkan inputtentang program dan perlaksanaan OBEdalam kursus yang dikendalikan oleh stafyang ditemubual.
Selain daripada staf akademik, stafpentadbiran dan teknikal juga terlibatdengan temubual bersama-sama panelpada hari pertama lawatan berkenaan.Panel EAC juga tidak ketinggalan mene-mubual pihak-pihak berkepentingan yangterdiri daripada Alumni, PanelPenasihatan Industri dan para pelajar.
Sesi tersebut telah dihadiri oleh paraAlumni, pelajar dan tiga orang PanelPenasihatan Industri bagi programKejuruteraan Polimer, iaitu En. Lu EngShean (Cape Technology Sdn. Bhd), En.Raja Ismail Raja Daud (M-Pol PrecisionProduct Sdn. Bhd.) dan Dr. Ng Chee Mang(Penchem Industries Sdn. Bhd.).
Aktiviti hari kedua lawatan tertumpukepada pemeriksaan oleh Panel EAC keatas dokumen-dokumen yang berkaitansecara terperinci terutamanya melibatkankurikulum program, hal-hal berkaitanpeperiksaan, pengurusan pentadbiran,hal ehwal keselamatan dan kesihatanpekerjaan yang dilaksanakan di pusatpengajian.
Aktiviti berkenaan juga melibatkanlawatan panel ke makmal-makmal yangterlibat bagi memastikan ciri-ciri yangdiperlukan bagi setiap perkara tersebutdipenuhi. Lawatan Panel EAC diakhiri den-gan majlis pembentangan Panel EACkepada pihak pengurusan tertinggiKampus Kejuruteraan USM terhadaprumusan dapatan yang diperolehi sepan-jang lawatan tersebut.
Majlis penutup berkenaandipengerusikan sendiri oleh PengarahKampus, Prof. Dr. Abd. Aziz Tajuddin.
ITEX 2011 AND MTE 2011 :SMMRE LECTURERS WON BESTINVENTION AWARD, 3 GOLD, 2SILVER AND 3 BRONZE MEDALS
Five of SMMRE lecturers won 5 medalsplus 1 best invention award for theirinventions that were exhibited at the 22nd
International Invention, Innovation &Technology Exhibition (ITEX 2011) from20 – 22 May 2011 at Kuala LumpurConvention Centre (KLCC). ProfessorHanafi Ismail won gold medal and ITEX2011 Best Invention Award through hisproduct ‘1 plus 1 – From Rubber Wastesinto 2 Novel Products’. The other lecturersare Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azura A. Rashid [D –Gloves (Gold Medal)], Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr.Mariatti Jaafar [A Novel Flexible EpoxyThin Film Composites (Silver Medal)],Professor Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor [Nano– Charm: NanostructuredCarbonatedHydroxyapatite for Medical Application(Bronze Medal) and Dr. Yeoh Fei Yee[Photuluminescent Rice Husk Glass (SilverMedal)].
SMMRE lecturers also won 1 gold,and 2 bronze medals during the MalaysiaTechnology Expo (MTE 2011) held atKLCC from 17 – 19 February 2011.
A gold medal was awardto Dr. Zuhailawati Hussain and her groupfor their invention of Novel SURREAL AlloyAssembled Components. ProfessorAhmad Fauzi Mohd Noor and his group,and Dr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy andhis group with their invention of ‘MFWelding of Ceramic Composites to 6061Aluminium Alloy’ and ‘NanoHematite –Novel Low Cost Semi Amorphous Catalystfor Dye Removal in Textile Industry wereawarded bronze medals, respectively.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 3
Professor Hanafi (2nd from right) and Assoc. Prof. Azura (2nd from left) received their gold
medals at “ Malam Budaya Cipta “ at ITEX 2011.
SHORT COURSE ON CLAY CERAMIC PRODUCTION
TECHNIQUES : TECHNICALASSISTANT SERIES
On February, 11th and 12th 2011 asmany as 25 participants from thePenang’s Department of WomenDevelopment took part in the first seriesof Clay Ceramic Production TechniquesCourse: Technical Assistant Series organ-ized by the Division of Industry &Community Network with the help fromSchool of Material and Mineral ResourcesEngineering, USM. Besides that on June23rd and 24th 2011, the second series ofthe course was held and attended by 26participants from several departmentsand schools of the USM’s main and engi-neering campus.
Through out the course, participantshave been exposed to the knowledge andbasic method of ceramic production suchas the slip casting and surface decorationon casted products. Besides that, partici-pants were also taught the basic glazingtechnique and on glaze decoration usingdecal paper on the surface of ceramic cupand plate. For both session, the partici-pants has been taught and assisted byProfesor Dr. Zainal Arifin Ahmad, EncikAbdul Rashid, Msc Students and theschool’s technical staffs Encik ShahrulAmi, Encik Mohd Farid dan EncikMohamad Syafiq.
“SATU STAF SATU BUKU”
23 Februari, Nibong Tebal,Jawatankuasa Kampus Sejahtera PPKBSMtelah melancarkan satu kempen ‘SATUSTAF SATU BUKU” dengan misi utamauntuk menyediakan perpustakaan mini dirumah anak yatim sekitar Pulau Pinang/Perak / Kedah yang telah dikenal pasti.Kempen ini telah dilancarkan oleh DekanPPKBSM, Profesor Ahmad Fauzi MohdNoor dan diikuti dengan ceramah pemba-gunan ilmiah Integriti dan AkauntabilitiDalam Pekerjaan . Ceramah tersebuttelah disampaikan oleh Yang BerbahagiaUstaz Mohamad Imran bin IbrahimPenolong Pengarah Takmir Jabatan HalEhwal Agama Islam Pulau Pinang.
Objektif Kempen ini adalah untukmemupuk nilai murni dikalangan wargakampus khususnya warga PPKBSM iaitu “MEMBERI LEBIH BAIK DARI MENERIMA”.Ia juga sebagai memenuhi tanggung-jawab sosial dikalangan warga kampusserta untuk menyokong kempen budayamembaca dikalangan rakyat Malaysia.Penyertaan kempen ini telah dilakukandengan penyumbangan buku baru/ter-pakai atau melalui sumbangan wangsetara dengan harga buku melalui ker-jasam dengar pengedar buku terpilih
http://www.stormreaders.net/aazmin).Untuk sumbangan wang setara hargabuku,resit pembelian akan dikeluarkanoleh agen stormreader untuk rebet LHDN.Sepanjang kempen ini, kampus sejahteraPPKBSM telah menerima sambutan yangmengalakkan dari semua warga kampusdan PPKBSM. Tahniah dan terima kasihkepada semua yang menyumbang.Kepada sesiapa yang masih inginmenyumbang boleh menyertai kempen“B3 – BOOKS FOR BOTTOM BILLION”.bersempena dengan Sambutan 25 TahunPPKBSM yang dianjurkan olehjawatankuasa Alumni PPKBSM.
JAMUAN MAKAN MALAMMIMATES 2011
Mac 2011 – Majlis Jamuan MakanMalam MIMATES telah diadakan pada8.30 malam bertempat di PusatMahasiswa Kampus Kejuruteraan. Majlisini merupakan aktiviti tahunan MIMATESyang bertujuan mengeratkan lagi perpad-uan dan silaturahim antara sesama pela-jar dan kakitangan pusat pengajian.Majlis ini juga bertujuan meraikan pela-jar-pelajar tahun akhir pusat pengajian disamping mengetengahkan bakat-bakatsedia ada para pelajar dengan persemba-han-persembahan yang dijalankan padamalam berkenaan. Kehadiran kakitangan-kakitangan akademik turut memeriahkanlagi majlis jamuan berkenaan.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 4
Bil Tarikh Tajuk Penceramah Organisasi
1 31.01.2011 Work-softening, high-pres-sure, phase transformationand powder consolidation byhigh pressure torsion
Prof. MinoruUmemoto
Toyohashi Univ.of Technology,Japan
2 02.03.2011 Performance Enhancement ofPolyimide by Hybridizationand Development ofPolybenzoxazine as a NovelPhenolic Resin
Prof. TsutomuTakeichi
Toyohashi Univ.of Technology,Japan
3 03.03.2011 Seminar and workshopHitachi TM 300 tabletopSEM with integrated EDS
Mr. Ivan Goh Hi-TechInstrumentsSdn. Bhd.
4 05.04.2011 Graphine: Another CarbonMaterials with Great Potential
Prof. Jang-Kyo Kim Hong KongUniv. of Science& Technology
5 28.06.201129.06.2011
Kursus asas Suntingan Video En. Khairul Nasrinbin Abas, En. MohdHalim bin Hasan
JawatankuasaICT PPKBSM
AKTIVITI SAMBUTAN 25TAHUN
Sempena Sambutan 25 Tahun PusatPengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan DanSumber Mineral pada tahun ini, bebera-pa siri ceramah ilmiah dan teknikal telahdijalankan bagi menyambut danmeraikan sambutan ini. Berikut adalahsenarai program yang telah dijalankansehingga penghujung Jun 2011.
KEJOHANAN BADMINTON TERBUKA PELAJAR IJAZAH
TINGGI PIALA PROF HANAFI2011 (P-GRAD SUPER SERIES
2011)
Pada 12 Februari 2011, P-Grad SuperSeries 2011 Piala Prof. Hanafi Ismail telahberjaya dilangsungkan bertempat digelanggang badminton, Kompleks Sukan,Kampus Kejuruteraan USM. Kejohanan inimensasarkan penglibatan pelajar ijazahtinggi dari pusat pengajian yangberlainan. Ini bertujuan untuk merap-atkan hubungan silaturrahim sesamawarga kampus walaupun berlainan latarbelakang. Selain itu program ini jugadiadakan sebagai aktiviti tahunan PGsCdan juga untuk meningkatkan lagisemangat kesukanan di antara wargaPPKBSM. Acara penutup dan penyampa-ian hadiah telah disempurnakan olehdekan PPKBSM, Prof. Ahmad Fauzi MohdNoor. Acara telah dibahagikan kepadabeberapa kumpulan seperti ‘Main event’dan ‘Pool event’ bagi setiap lelaki danuntuk kategori wanita hanya terdapatmain event. Pemenang-pemenang bagisetiap kategori adalah seperti berikut:Kategori Emas:Mohd Hafidz/ RohaifiIda Idyuni/Intan AidhaMohd Salihin/Mohd SyukryKategori Perak:Sam Sung Ting/ Warapong KrengviratTan Wee Ching/Chan Pooi KuanJeremy Koh/Quah Hock JinKategori Gangsa:Nik Noriman/Mohd FirdausChan Kean Seng/Oong Tatt HeeMarini/ Siti ZalifahRatnamalar/Azrin Hani
PERTANDINGAN SUDOKU PROFESOR ZAINAL ARIFIN
AHMAD 2011
Pertandingan Sudoku ke-empat telahdiadakan pada 14 Februari 2011 bertem-pat di Bilik Seminar Pusat PengajianKejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral.Pertandingan ini merupakan antara aktiv-iti tahunan Kelab Ijazah Tinggi (PGsC)yang telah dimulakan sejak dari tahun2007. Tujuan pertandingan ini diadakanadalah untuk menyediakan satu platformuntuk para pelajar menggunakan pemiki-ran kreatif mereka dalam menyelesaikanmasalah Sudoku. Seramai 102 orangpeserta telah menyertai pertandingan inidengan 18 orang daripadanya merupakanstaff PPKBSM, 44 orang pelajar ijazahtinggi manakala selebihnya (40 orang)adalah pelajar ijazah pertama. Selaindaripada itu, penglibatan pelajar antara-bangsa turut menggalakkan. Antara pela-jar antarabangsa yang menyertai per-tandingan ini adalah para pelajar daripa-da Libya, Laos, China, Jordan dan
Myanmar. Setiap peserta dikehendakimenyelesaikan 2 masalah Sudoku dalammasa 45 minit dan pemenang diadiliberdasarkan ketepatan keseluruhan dankepantasan mereka. Hadiah telahdiberikan kepada 10 pemenang terbaikdan johan telah dimenangi oleh Chua KaiLin yang telah berjaya menyelesaikankedua- dua masalah dalam masa 9 minit30 saat dengan merangkul piala kejo-hanan, piala tempat pertama dan hamper.
PERTANDINGAN MIKROGRAFSEM
Pertandingan SEM adalah aktiviti yangbaru diwujudkan pada tahun 2010. Padatahun ini, sekali lagi pertandingan SEMtelah diadakan pada 21 Mac 2011 hingga20 April 2011. Pertandingan ini diharap-kan dapat menjadi aktiviti tahunan kepa-da kelab Ijazah Tinggi. Tujuan pertandin-gan ini diadakan adalah untuk mem-pamerkan hasil mikrograf pelajar ijazahtinggi yang mempunyai ciri-ciri menarikyang dan boleh dikongsi bersama.Pertandingan ini telah menerima 8 gam-bar mikrograf SEM, 5 terbaik telah dipilihberdasarkan keunikan gambar tersebut,tajuk dan penerangan yang diberikan.Pemenang pertama hingga kelima adalahEverest, Ferns, Snow balls, Human Skull,dan Lost Hyppo. Hadiah kepada parapemenang akan diberikan semasa majlisperasmian ulang tahun ke- 25 PusatPengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan danSumber Mineral.
PERTANDINGAN LOGO DANTEMA
Bersempena Sambutan Ulang Tahun Ke-25 Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahandan Sumber Mineral, pertandingan logodan tema telah diadakan. Logo dan temayg terpilih akan digunakan sebagai kepalasurat (letter head) untuk surat-suratrasmi pusat pengajian. Pertandingan initelah berjaya menarik penglibatan dari
staff, pelajar ijazah pertama dan pelajarIjazah tinggi. Untuk pertandingan logo,terdapat 25 penyertaan dan sepuluh ter-baik telah dipilih untuk diadili pada pusin-gan terakhir pada 15 April 2011 yanglepas. Hadiah yang ditawarkan bagi logoterbaik adalah RM300 manakala untuktema terpilih adalah RM200.
KEJOHANAN BOWLING TERTUTUP PELAJAR IJAZAHTINGGI PIALA PROF. MADYADR. HAZIZAN MD AKIL 2011 (P-GRAD SUPER BOWL 2011)
Kejohanan Bowling ini turut merupakanaktiviti tahunan kelab ijazah tinggi (PGsC)yang telah berlangsung pada 13 April2011 pada pukul 8.00 malam hingga11.00 malam bertempat di Megalane,Penang. Kejohanan ini mensasarkanpenglibatan berkumpulan dari staf danpelajar ijazah tinggi di dalam PPKBSMsahaja. Matlamat kejohanan ini diadakanadalah untuk a. Memupuk semangat kesukanan dikalangan pelajar pelajar ijazah tinggiPPKBSM sebagai suatu aktiviti riadahyang bermanfaat.b. Mengeratkan hubungan kekeluargaandan menjalin persefahaman dikalanganpelajar ijazah tinggi dan staf PPKBSM.c. Menjadikan kejohanan bowling inisebagai aktiviti tahunan Kelab IjazahTinggi (PGsC).
Kategori dibahagikan acara berpasukanuntuk lelaki dan perempuan. Sebanyak 16kumpulan telah menyertai pertandinganini. Setiap kumpulan mempunyai 3 orangpemain. Juara keseluruhan jatuh kepadakumpulan Nate Ghonah. Tempat keduapula Otai Emas, manakala tempat ketigaialah Hantam Saja. Kategori pemain lelakiterbaik dimenangi oleh En. Helmi Khirmanakala kategori pemain wanita terbaikialah Cik Shazlin.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 5
Para peserta kejohanan badminton(P-Grad super series 2011)
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 6
List of SMMRE Postgraduate Students Viva from January-June 2011
No. Student Nama / Date Degree Title of Thesis Name of Supervisor
1 Saidatulakmal binti Shamsudin
6 January 2011
Ph.D Study on the Effect of Alumina Reinforcements on Fe-Cr Matrix Composite Profesor Zainal Arifin AhmadDr. Zuhailawati Hussain
2 Nur Hawadah binti Mohd Subhi
6 January 2011
M.Sc Fabrication and Characterization of Copper Composite Reinforced by
Transition Metal Carbides Via Mechanical AlloyingDr. Zuhailawati Hussai Profesor Radzali Othman
3 Karen Ang Huei Ling
7 January 2011
M.Sc Investigation of Process Time Delay on Polyimide with Different
Thicknesses for Photolithography ProcessProf. Madya Ir. Dr. Cheong Kuan YewProfesor Michael Khoo Boon Chong
4 Siti Suhaida binti Idrus
10 January 2011
M.Sc Characterization and Properties of Ultrafine Silica as a Filler in Natural
Rubber CompoundsProfesor Hanafi IsmailDr. Samayamutthirian Palaniandy
5 Tham Wei Ling
24 January 2011
M.Sc Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of Poly (Methyl
Methocrylate)/Hidroxyapatite Composites for Denture Base ApplicationProf. Madya Dr. Chow Wen ShyangProfesor Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
6 Alaa Muhsin
25 January 2011
Ph.D The Effect of Welding Parameters on the Weldability of Ni/Ti with Filler
Alloy Addition Using Micro Spot BrazingDr. Zuhailawati HussainProf. Madya Zahurin SamadEncik Ahmad Badri Ismail
7 Khairul Anuar bin Shariff
26 January 2011
M.Sc Properties of Silver Filled Epoxy Composited for Electrical Conductive
Adhesive ApplicationsProf. Madya Dr. Mariatti JaafarProf. Madya Dr. Azizan Aziz
8 Vilay Vannaladsaysy
26 January 2011
Ph.D Preparation and Characterization of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) (PLLA) Blends
and PLLA ScaffoldProf. Madya Dr. Mariatti JaafarProf. Madya Dr. Zulkifli Ahmad
9 Adlan Akram Mohamad Mazuki
9 February 2011
M.Sc Fabrication, Characterization and Properties of Pultruded Kenaf
Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester CompositesProf. Madya Dr. Hazizan Md AkilProf. Madya Dr. Azhar Abu BakarProfesor Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
10 Aliyah Jamaludin
17 February 2011
M.Sc The Study on the Performance and Compatibility of Sago as Gel Polymer
Electrolyle in Direct Borohydride Fuel CellProf. Madya Dr. Ahmad Azmin MohamadProfesor Zainal Arifin Ahmad
11 Seyed Mahmood Rezaei Darvishi
23 February 2011
M.Sc Characterization of Collogen Grafted Poly Dimethyl Siloxane for Skin
Subtitite ApplicationsProf. Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
12 Siti Rohana binti Yahya
28 February 2011
M.Sc Effect of Additives on the Mechanical, Solvent Transport and Heat Ageing
Rubber VulcanizatesProf. Madya Dr. Azura A. RashidProf. Madya Dr. Zulkifli Ahmad
13 Ahmad Faizal Mohd Ramly
21 March 2011
M.Sc Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Multiwall Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Black and
Multiwall Carbon Nanotube/Silica Hybrid Fillets Filled Natural Rubber
Nanocomposite
Prof. Hanafi IsmailDr. Nadras Othman
14 Yanny Marliana binti Baba Ismail
30 March 2011
M.Sc Characterization and Properties of Synthesized and Sintered Carbonated
HydroxyapatiteProf. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor
15 Norarney binti Ahmad
5 April 2011
M.Sc Effect of Chromium and Niobium on the High Temperature Oxidation of
Fe-Al IntermetallicDr. Zuhailawati HussainDr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
16 Banjuraizah bt Johar
7 April 2011
Ph.D Synthesis of Non-Stoichiometric Cordierites Via a Glass-Ceramic Route
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17 Lew Kam Chung
11 April 2011
M.Sc Effect of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH) Etchant on the
Formation of Silicon Nanowires Transistor Patterned by Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) Lithography
Prof. Madya Sabar Derita Hutagalung
18 Hoaida K Salem Shawi
13 April 2011
M.Sc A Study on the Effect of -Cordierite Ceramic Powder as a Filler inDenture Base Poly (Metyl Methacrylate)
Prof. Zainal Arifin AhmadProf. Madya Hazizan Md Akil
19 Hamizah binti Abdul Samad
14 April 2011
M.Sc The Effect of Glass-Ceramic (GC) Filled Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Bone
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20 Chea Chandara
19 April 2011
Ph.D Study on Poxxolanic Reaction and Fluidity of Blended Cement Containing
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21 Tan Wee Ching
20 April 2011
M.Sc Synthesis of ZnO and Styrene-Acrylonitrile-Based Electrolyte for the
Application of Quasi-Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar CellProf. Madya Ahmad Azmin MohamadEncik Ahmad Badri Ismail
22 Jeremy Koh Chee Hao
21 April 2011
M.Sc Synthesis of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays and Preparation of Agar Based Gel
Polymer Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Prof. Madya Ahmad Azmin MohamadProf. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
23 Hazman bin Seli
25 April 2011
Ph.D Modelling of the Friction Welding Process Between Mild Steel and Alumina Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
Encik Endri Rachman
Prof. Madya Ahmad Izani Md Ismail
24 Noor Zalikha binti Mohamed
Islam
25 April 2011
M.Sc Effect of Pro-Degradant Additive on Behaviour and Kinetic Degradation of
Polypropylene Film
Prof. Madya Zulkifli Ahmad
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Dr. Nadras Othman
25 Abdul Hamid bin Abdullah
28 April 2011
M.Sc Preparation and Properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Soya
Powder/Kenaf Core Biocomposites
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Prof. Madya Azhar Abu Bakar
26 Nabil Hayeemasae
28 April 2011
M.Sc The Curing Characteristics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of
Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Hybrid Recycled
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Filled Natural-Rubber-Compounds
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Prof. Madya Azura A. Rashid
27 Nik Roselina binti Nik Roseley
4 May 2011
M.Sc Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Nanoparticles Via Polyol Method
for Biomedical Application
Prof. Madya Azizan Aziz
Prof. Madya Zainovia Lockman
28 Sahnizam bin Safiee
5 May 2011
M.Sc Characterization and Modelling of Pultruded Jute Reinforced Unsaturated
Polyester Composite
Prof. Madya Hazizan Md Akil
Prof. Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak
Prof. Madya Azhar Abu Bakar
29 Ahmed Omran Salem Alhareb
5 May 2011
M.Sc Characterization of Denture Base Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Reinforced
with Alumina/Zirconia Particles
Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad
30 Siti Salwa binti Alias
10 May 2011
M.Sc Synthesis and Characterization of Gel Polymer Electrolyte and Zinc Oxide
for Photoelectrochemical Cell
Prof. Madya Ahmad Azmin Mohamad
Encik Ahmad Badri Ismail
31 Lee See Yau
12 May 2011
M.Sc Synthesis of Zinc Selenide Coated by Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Via
Modified Polyol Method
Prof. Madya Sabar Derita Hutagalung
Prof. Madya Ishak Mat
Prof. Madya Azizan Aziz
Continue to page 7
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 7
KEJURUTERAAN BAHAN
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WONG LOONG YEN
YEE YANN NI
SENARAI SIJIL DEKAN SEMESTER II, SIDANG AKADEMIK 2010/2011SIJIL DEKAN
No. Student Nama / Date Degree Title of Thesis Name of Supervisor
32 Hidayani binti Jaafar
19 May 2011
M.Sc Effect of CaO, CuO and V2O5 on Barium Zinc Tantalate (BZT) Dielectric
Properties
Prof. Zainal Arifin AhmadProf. Madya Mohd Fadzil Ain
33 Chuah Soo Kiet
23 May 2011
M.Sc Studies of the Effect of PDA to the Ceo2 Thin Film on P-Type silicon and
N-Type Silicon Carbide
Prof. Madya Ir. Cheong Kuan YewProf. Madya Zainovia Lockman
34 Nur Syuhada binti Ahmad Zauzi
30 May 2011
M.Sc The Effects of Natural and Accelerated Weathering on the Properties of
Meranti Wood Flour Filled Recycled High Density Polyethylene (rHDPE)
Composite
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35 Norhazariah binti Samsir
7 June 2011
M.Sc Effect of Zinc Borate and Filler Loading on Mechanical and Physical
Properties of Post Biodegradation Meranti Filled rHDPE Wood Flour
Composite
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36 Jamal Moammar Mohamed
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37 Norjulia binti Ahmad Mahir
17 June 2011
M.Sc Curing Characteristics Tensile Properties and morphology of Kenaf Fiber
Filled Natural Rubber Composites
Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Prof. Madya Zulkifli Ahmad
38 Napisah binti Sapiai
21 June 2011
M.Sc Effect of Nb, Cr and W on the High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Ti-
AI Alloys
Dr. Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
39 Nur Surianni binti Ahamad Suffin
22 June 2011
M.Sc Microstructure and Compressive Properties of Aluminum Foam Fabricated
Using Sintering Dissolution Process
Dr. Zuhailawati Hussain
Encik Ahmad Badri Ismail
continue from page 6
8Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011
PELANTIKAN BARU
1 2 3 4 5
KENAIKAN PANGKAT
BIL NAMA JAWATAN TARIKH KUATKUASA
1 Prof. Zainal Arifin Ahmad Pensyarah Universiti Gred Khas B (VK6) 03.02.2011
2 Prof. Madya Samayamutthirian @ Palaniandy Pensyarah Universiti DS54 01.03.2011
3 En. Mohd Nazri bin Idris Guru Bahasa DG44 KUP 01.03.2011
4 Pn. Habsah Haliman Guru Bahasa DG44 KUP 01.03.2011
5 Pn. Nazik Yusoff Pembantu Tadbir (P/O) N22 19.11 2010
6 En. Saarani bin Ijak Juruteknik J22 19.11.2010
No. Date Name Organization Purpose1. 4.1.11 Bustami Sham
Hamidah HarahapA-Perwira Mulia
University of Sumatera Utara, Indonesia Research Collaboration
2. 5.1.11 Dato’ Dr. Chang Kok LeongJeff Ho Chin Woi
Nanopac(m) Sdn. Bhd. Research Collaboration
3. 7.1.11 Klaush Friedrich Kaiserslantern, IVW Research Collaboration4. 13.1.11 Vachara Peansupap JICA Research Collaboration
5. 18.1.11 Iwadate Takahashi JICA Research Collaboration6. 19.1.11 Raja Ismail bin Raja Daud M-Pol Precision Products Sdn. Bhd. Research Collaboration
7. 19.1.11 Zainuddin bin Md. Zain Asian Composites MFG Sdn. Bhd. Research Collaboration 8. 19.1.11 Chua Seok Cheng Southern Steel Bhd. Research Collaboration9. 19.1.11 Dato’ Hj. Zulkifly bin Abu Bakar Mineral Research Centre Research Collaboration10. 31.1.11 Minoru Umemoto Toyohashi, Japan Research Collaboration11. 25.2.11 Norhayati binti Yusoff Enterpris (M) Sdn. Bhd. Research Collaboration
12. 28.2.11 Norazizah binti Abdul Rahman SMK Pokok Sena, Kedah Research Collaboration
13. 3.3.11 Tsutomu Takeichi Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan Research Collaboration
14. 3.3.11 Toshikutsu YamaguchiIsmail bin Ibrahim
HOYA Electronics Malaysia Research Collaboration
15. 10.3.11 Kazundri Sato University Technology Nagaoka, Japan Research Collaboration
16. 24.3.11 Veevasak ThonglimpSureong KhongtongKaori Akama
Wailalak University Research Collaboration
17. 6.4.11 Jang-Kyo Kim Hong Kong Univ. Science & Technology Research Collaboration
18. 7.4.11 Dato’ Musa bin Nordin Majlis Perlombongan Malaysia Research Collaboration
19. 19.4.11 Nor Faranaz binti Shamin UiTM, Penang Research Collaboration
20. 24.6.11 Mohd ThajudinGrace Khor
Texchem Cooperation Sdn. Bhd. Research Collaboration
Visitors to the SMMRE (January to June 2011)
DR. NORAZHARUDDINSHAH BIN ABDULLAH
PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI DS51
17.01.2011
DR. ZURATUL AINBINTI ABDUL HAMID
PENSYARAH UNIVERSITI DS51
16.11.2010
EN. MOHD SUHARUDINBIN SULONG
JURUTEKNIK J17
15.06.2011
CIK NOR ASMAH BINTIREDZUAN
PEGAWAI TADBIR N41
03.05.2011
DR. BUI DUC LONG
FELO PASCA DOKTORAL
07.02.2011
Electrophoretic Deposition of TOPO(trioctylphosphine oxide) Capped
CdSe Nanoparticles
Khatijah A. Yaacob1
Jason D. Riley2
1School of Materials & Mineral ResourcesEngineering, University Science Malaysia.
2Department of Materials, ImperialCollege London, Exhibition Road, SW7
2AZ, London, UK
Introduction
CdSe nanoparticle thin films have beenformed using a number of methods,including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),chemical vapour deposition (CVD), evapo-ration and sputtering. These methods arethermal and generally occur in vacuum.Electrochemical methods for the forma-tion of CdSe thin films include electrode-position (1), co-deposition (2) (3), precip-itation (4) and electrochemical atomiclayer epitaxy (EC-ALE) (5). Recently, electrophoretic deposition hasbeen used to assemble nanoparticles onelectrodes to create useful nanostructuresout of nanoparticles. Electrophoreticallydeposited CdSe powders on SnO2 coatedglass substrate have been studied byUeno and co-workers in 1983. The resultshows a smooth film with a well adhereddeposit on the glass substrate (6). The electrophorectic deposition of CdSenanoparticles was first described by Islamand co-workers in 2002 (7). This paperdescribes an electrodeposition of pat-terned CdSe nanoparticles films on Siwafers coated with 10 nm Ti and then ~150 nm Au. The work concludes that theelectrophoretic deposition can be used todeposit nanoparticles and it is feasible todeposit nanoparticles in patterns.Islam et al. reported that, in order to forma high quality electrophoretic CdSe films,there are two critical procedures to follow.The first procedure is the number ofreprecipitations of the nanoparticles fromthe fresh solution. The second procedureis the treatment of the films after elec-trodeposition to make the films chemical-ly stable (8). The conductivity of the sus-pension is another key factor and needsto be taken account in depositingnanoparticles in electrophoretic deposi-tion experiments. If the solvent is tooconductive, particle motion is very slow,and if the solvent is too resistive, the par-ticles are not charged. The effect of sol-vent on the current is illustrated by Islamet al. for the deposition of CdSe, the ini-tial current between the electrodes inoctane was 55 nA and in hexane was 70nA for the same particle concentrationsand particle size (9).
The study by Jia et al. (10) on the TOPOcapped CdSe electrophoretically deposit-ed on gold-coated silicon, show that sur-face ligands play an important role in theelectrophoretic deposition. The removalof ligands by washing of CdSe nanocrys-tals makes the nanocrystal highly chargedand hence more strongly adherent to thesubstrate. From this research the charg-ing on the CdSe nanocrystal can be mod-ified by the washing procedure, which willenable optimisation of the electrophoreticdeposition process. Jia et al. also report-ed that the CdSe films start to crackabove a threshold thickness due to theevaporation of residual solvent. Thethreshold thickness for cracking of thenanocrystal films increase with the size ofnanocrystal (11).In this research we studied the EPDprocess parameters that significantlyaffect the quality of electrophoretic depo-sition, such as applied voltage, depositiontimes and electrode gap size.
Experimental
Synthesis of CdSe
8.0 g of TOPO, 5.0 g of hexadecylamine(HDA), and 0.15 g of tetradecylphosphineacid (TDPA) were mixed in a the threenecked flask. The mixture was dried anddegassed under vacuum at 110oC for 1 hr30 minutes with periodical flushing ofargon. After 90 minutes the flask wasplaced under an Ar atmosphere and at110oC a TOPSe stock solution, prepared ina dry box by dissolving 0.158 g of Sepowder in 2.0 ml TOP, was injected intothe flask. The temperature was thenraised up to 300oC. A TOPCd stock solu-tion prepared in a dry box by adding0.120g of cadmium acetate to 3 ml ofTOP, was rapidly injected into the mixtureunder vigorous stirring, resulting in a yel-low/orange solution. Injection wasaccompanied by an immediate decreasein temperature to ~ 260oC. Particlegrowth from the initially formed nucleiwas continued at 260oC. When therequired size was achieved, the flask wasremoved from the heater and the reactionwas quenched in toluene. This cooling intoluene causes much of the excess TOPOto crystallize. The excess capping agentswere removed by precipitating the CdSeparticles in methanol, centrifugation at5500 rpm for 10 minutes and resuspen-sion in toluene. This procedure is referredto as 1x wash (leading to 1 x treatednanoparticles). Repetition of this redisso-lution and reprecipitation process gives 2xwash, and so on.
Electrophoretic deposition
The electrophoretic deposition experi-ment for TOPO capped CdSe was carriedout using the experimental set-up shownin Figure 1. In this experimental set-up,
high voltage (0 – 3000 V) power supplytype PM 28D from EMI (Electron TubeDivision) was connected in series to 1Mresistor and the EPD cell. The digital volt-meter from Caltek (model CM 3900A) wasused to measure the voltage across theresistor and hence the current. The 10 mlvial was used as the EPD cell consisting of3 ml of TOPO capped CdSe colloidal solu-tions and two electrodes (both from FTO).Before the deposition, electrodes werecleaned in order to eliminate contamina-tion on the substrate. Then the contactusing copper wires were made to theelectrodes. During the process, EPD cellwas kept in a safety box under a flow ofargon.
Results & Discussions
Purification of TOPO Capped CdSeSuspension
It has been reported by Islam et al. thatpurification of TOPO capped CdSenanoparticles in hexane/octane for elec-trophoretic deposition is an importantstep to form a smooth and robust layer ofCdSe nanoparticles on a conductive sub-strate (7). But nanoparticles washed formore than three times produced rough,clumpy films due to some ligand loss dur-ing the washing cycle. In this experiment,washing of as prepared TOPO cappedCdSe is important to remove any excessTOPO, TOP, HDA & TPDA from the syn-thesis process. The results show that nodeposition on the substrate for 1x and 2xwash but at 3x wash the nanoparticlesdeposited on the substrate. This suggeststhat for a successful deposition need aTOPO capped CdSe solution with fewerimpurities.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 9
Article 1
Figure 3: Relation between deposited thick-ness and different applied voltages on both
anode and cathode at deposition time 1hour.
Figure 1: EPD schematic diagram of EPD cellfor TOPO capped CdSe.
Applied Voltage during EPD of TOPOCapped CdSe Suspension
The applied potential across the electrodeis one of the most important parametersin electrophoretic deposition. The appliedvoltage for EPD was studied in the rangeof 500 V to 1000 V for one hour deposi-tion time with electrodes separated by 2mm and nanoparticles diameter of 2.44nm and concentrations between 5x1015 to8x1015 dots cm-3. CdSe nanoparticleswere deposited on both electrodes, anodeand cathode, with similar thicknesses oneach electrode. The results show that the
CdSe solution contained both positivelyand negatively charge nanoparticles,which produced CdSe film on both anodeand cathode. This is because the CdSenanoparticles appear to have a perma-nent dipole moment and a fraction ofthem are thermally charge (9). From thegraph in Figure 3, a maximum thickness isobtained at 600 V – 700 V. This is notexpected from the electrophoretic deposi-tion theory, where an increase in deposi-tion rate accompanies an increase in volt-age. The minimum thickness is shown athigh voltages ≥ 800 V. This may bebecause the inter electrode solution was
depleted of particles during deposition athigh voltages. This depleted solution isreplenished by diffusion of nanoparticles
from the bulk solution. At high voltages,material diffusing from bulk solution isdeposited at the edges of the electrodes.Thus in the centre, where UV-visiblemeasurement was performed, there isless deposition than at higher voltage. Inaddition as reported by Besra et al., tur-bulence between electrodes may alsooccur at higher voltages, which disturbthe deposition of particles in the centre ofthe electrodes (12).
Figure 4, shows the optical micrograph of1 hour deposited films at different volt-ages. It is apparent that cracks occur inall samples, especially in the thicker filmsdeposited at ≤ 700 V, both anode andcathode shows cracks on the samples.Deposition at 500 V shows the absence ofcracks on the electrodes surfaces. Opticalmicrograph for films deposited at 800 Vand 1000 V shows fewer cracks, but theyshow an increase in the crack length, upto 111 μm for films prepare at 1000 V.The crack formation on the inorganic filmmay be due to fast evaporation of the sol-vent from the film surface during the dry-ing process (11).
Deposition Time of TOPO CappedCdSe for 30 minutes
Deposition was performed for 30 minutes,using nanoparticles of diameter 2.44 nm,concentration of 4.5x1015 dots cm-3 andelectrodes separated by 2 mm. Figure 5indicated the amount of deposit increaseswith voltage. This result for the anode fol-lowed the theory of electrophoretic depo-sition for voltages 600 V – 900 V, but for1000 V the thickness decreases. At thehigher voltage, nanoparticles may depositat the edges of the electrodes becausedepletion or turbulence may occur in thesuspension between the electrodes (12).This may disturb the deposition of parti-cles in the centre of the electrodes by theflow in the surrounding medium. Thus inthe centre, where UV-visible measure-ment was performed, there is less deposi-tion than at lower voltage.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 10
Figure 4: Optical micrographs images of the CdSe nanoparticles film at 1 hour deposition timeand voltage from 500 V to 1000 V. (a) 500 V (b) 600 V (c ) 700 V (d) 800 V (e) 900 V (e)
1000 V (anode (left) and cathode (right)). [Magnification X10]
Figure 5: Relation between deposited thickness and different applied voltages onboth anode and cathode at deposition time
30 minutes.
a
c
b
e
d
f
Electrode Gap during EPD of TOPOCapped CdSe
In an electrophoretic deposition process,it is important to determine the appliedelectric field, which influences the elec-trophoretic mobility of the particles in thesolvent. The formula for the applied elec-tric field is given by:
Eq. 1
Gap size between the electrodes is one ofthe parameters that affect the deposition.In this research we study the electrodegap size ranging from 1 mm – 5 mm for1000 V at 30 minute deposition time, adifferent initial sol from the voltage stud-ies at 30 minutes and 1 hour. The elec-trodes were separated using stacks ofmicroscope slides (each 1 mm thick).Samples deposited with electrodes gapsize of 2 mm and 3 mm show a uniformCdSe nanoparticle film deposited on thesubstrate. These conditions correspond toelectric fields of 500 V mm-1 and 333 Vmm-1 respectively. As for electrode gapwith sizes of 4 mm and 5 mm the opticalmicrograph shows a non-uniform CdSenanoparticle film deposited on the sub-strate, with a patchy film deposited for 4mm electrode gap size where the electricfield applied was 250 V mm-1. For 5 mmelectrodes gap size the electric fieldapplied was 200 V mm-1 a low electricfield, which causes the particles to moveslowly and give a low deposition rate,leading to non-uniform deposited film onthe substrate.
Conclusions
In conclusion, TOPO capped CdSenanoparticles were successfully depositedon FTO using EPD method. Reproducibleresults were only obtained with solutionsof CdSe nanoparticles dispersed in hexa-ne that were washed 3x and immediatelyused for EPD on the electrode. Thenanoparticle deposited on both electrodesimplied that there were positive and neg-ative charge CdSe nanoparticle in thehexane solution. Thicker samples showmore crack on the surface
Acknowledgements
This work had been carried atDepartment of Materials, Imperial CollegeLondon under supervision of Dr. JasonRiley
References
1. Hodes, G.; Manassen, J.; Cahen, D.,Photoelectrochemical energy conversionand storage using polycrystalline chalco-genic electrodes, Nature, 1976, Vol. 261,p. 403.
2. Tomkiewwicz, M.; Ling, I.; Parsons,W.S., Morphology, properties and per-formance of electrodepositionn-CdSe inliquid junction solar cells, J. Electrochem.Soc., 1982, Vol. 129, pp. 2016-2022.3. Skyllas, M.; Miller, B., Electrodepositionof CdSe films from selenosulfide solution,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1980, Vol. 127, pp.2378-2381.4. Ham, D.; Mishra, K.K.; Rajeshwar, K.,Anodic electrosynthesis of cadmiumselenide thin films, J.Electrochem. Soc., 1991, Vol. 138, pp.100-108.5. Mathe, M.K.; Cox, S.M.; Flowers, B.H.;Vaidyanathan, R.; Pham, L.; Srisook, N.;Happek, U.; Stickney, J.L., Deposition ofCdSe by EC-ALE, J. Cryst. Growth, 2004,Vol. 271, pp. 55-64.6. Ueno, Y.; Minoura, H.; Nishikawa, T.;Tsuiki, M., Electrophoretically depositedCdS and CdSe anode for photoelectro-chemical cells, PhotoelectrochemicalCells, 1983, Vol. 130, pp. 43-47.7. Islam, M.A.; Xia, Y.; Jr, D.A. Telesca;Steigerwald, M.L.; Herman, I.P.,Controlled electrophoretic deposition ofsmooth and robust films of CdSe nancrys-tals, Chem. Mater., 2004, Vol. 16, pp. 49-54.8. Islam, M. A.; Xia, Y.; Krainer, B.J.;Herman, I.P., Electrophoretic depositionof CdSe nanocrystal films on conductingelectrodes, Mat. Res. Symp. Proc., 2003,Vol. 73, pp. 595-605.9. Islam, M.A.; Herman, I.P.,Electrodeposition of patterned CdSenanocrystal Films using thermally chargednanocrystals., Appl. phys. Lett., 2002, Vol.80, pp. 3823-3825.10. Jia, S.; Banerjee, S.; Herman, I.P.,Mechanism of the electrophoretic deposi-tion of CdSe nanocrystal films: Influenceof the nanocrystal surface and charge, J.Phys. Chem., 2008, Vol. 112, pp. 162-171.11. Jia, S.; Baerjee, S.; Lee, D.; Bevk, J.;Kysar, J.W.; Herman, I.P.,Fracture in elec-trophoretically deposited CdSe nanocrys-tal films., J. Appl. Phys., 2009, Vol. 105, p.103513 (9pg).12. Besra, L.; Liu, M., A Review onFundamentals and Application ofElectrophoretic Deposition (EPD), Mater.Sci., 2007, Vol. 52, pp. 1-61.
Introducing computationalmodelling
N.S. Abdullah1
S.K.B. Enche Ab Rahim2,3
1School of Materials & Mineral ResourcesEngineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
2Department of Engineering Science,University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX2 6UD, United Kingdom.
3School of Bioprocess Engineering,University Malaysia Perlis.
AbstractIn this manuscript, we aim to briefly intro-duce computational modelling and explainwhy computational modelling is now anintegral part of many research strategies.We also present typical steps to start amathematical model with hope that thismay serve as a basic guide to those ofinterest.
Introducing computationalmodelling
So, when one says computational model-ling, what does it mean? Looking at thephrase ‘computational modelling’, oneshould think that it must have somethingto do with computers. It is basically solv-ing mathematical models with the aid ofcomputers [1-3].
Now, what are mathematical models?Mathematical models are mathematicaltranslations of anything of particularinterest [1-4]. Usually, the term ‘particularinterest’ refers to a system with many fea-tures (parameters), with one or more ofthese features needing investigation. Thetranslations are mathematical equationsof varying forms. To describe a systemmathematically, one needs to understandbasically how the system works. Once thisis addressed, mathematical equations(which may or may not complement eachother) are identified to mathematicallyrepresent the system as a whole [1,3-4].Each mathematical equation employed, inthis case, may take into account one, or ifnot, a number of features in the system.To formulate a ‘perfect’ mathematicalmodel, these equations will need to takeall features of the system into considera-tion.
Why do we need computational aid? Insome cases, the mathematical transla-tions will involve an assembly of complexmathematical equations [1,2]. To makematters more complicated, a few featuresof the system are of interest. Additionally,these features of interest are related, ormay be affected by an array of other fea-tures. As an example, in 1922, Lewis FryRichardson defined a set of mathematicalequations to be used as a mathematicaltranslation in order to represent changesin weather conditions. His feat was thepioneering effort using a mathematicalmodel for weather forecasting. Themodel contained seven equations, and ittook both him and his wife, approximate-ly one and a half months to give out a sin-gle day's weather prediction [5].Nowadays, when it is extremely difficult(or even tedious) for one to compute orsolve these equations (either sequentiallyor simultaneously) by hand, computersare used. Instead of it being called math-
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 11
Article 2
ematical modelling, it is now known ascomputational modelling. It makes lifemuch easier. All these mathematicalequations are then solved yielding a solu-tion which usually is a value of the fea-ture(s) under investigation.
However, it is impossible for one to comeup with a ‘perfect’ mathematical model[3,6]. Most of the time, the system fea-tures and the interactions between themare far too complicated to be translated inwhole. The initial point of compromise isto identify the more important features orparts of the system. With sound justifica-tion and educated judgement, the lesserimportant features or parts of the systemcan be ignored or neglected [1-3]. Thus,it must be noted that there is a large ele-ment of compromise in computationalmodelling work. It is also important tonote that the mathematical translationsand manipulations (e.g., validity of equa-tions, methods to solve the equations,size and performance of the computer,etc.) will also influence the output (solu-tion). In many cases, computationalefforts will yield approximate results, rais-ing questions to its elegance and applica-bility; but on the other hand, they aremore robust to changes and alterations inmathematical translations (of a particularsystem). Nonetheless, at the end of theday, the applicability of the proposedmathematical model will (and should be)refined through a long chain of iteration,which involves building, studying andtesting stages before being put to use [1-5].
Mathematical modelling as a power-ful toolMathematics is a very precise language. Ithelps one to define, quantify and identifyunderlying conditions. Furthermore,mathematics is a concise language aswell. It was built based on well definedrules for manipulation. Other than beingprecise and concise, it is also flexibleenough to allow one to adapt other avail-able mathematical results, theorems andproven algorithms into their work [6].
It is also a cheap tool. Mathematical mod-els can minimize field and laboratory eval-uations (if used correctly), and saves timeas well. For example, instead of buildingseveral setups or running multiple experi-ments continuously, computational mod-els can be used to simulate behaviour offeatures under investigation at differentconditions [3,6]. This is typical to thedesign of defence systems, i.e., missiles,nuclear weapons and combat vehicles.
Other than those above, for systemswhere experimental evaluations arealmost impossible and tedious, computa-tional modelling provides an alternativeroute to develop scientific understanding.In this case, modelling approaches can
provide supporting evidence beyond com-mon sense and simple hand calculations.Moreover, through computational model-ling, one may obtain a thorough quantita-tive evaluation of the system of interest,beyond whatever that can be obtained bylaboratory efforts. For example, in tissueengineering (TE) applications, throughlaboratory experiments, nutrient availabil-ity to support cellular activities in bioreac-tors can only be estimated by measure-ments of inlet and outlet concentrations.Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors(HFMBs) for TE applications, for example,are relatively small (in size) and operateunder stringent conditions, making in-situmeasurements of nutrient concentrationsimpossible. Insertions of probes are notonly costly but also may alter the overalltransport behaviour of nutrients in thebioreactors (due to the small size of thesebioreactors). By using computationalefforts, nutrient concentration profilesthroughout the bioreactor can be simulat-ed and this provides valuable insight onthe suitability, limitation and performanceof the bioreactor under different opera-tional and design conditions [7].
How do we start? Typical steps tostart modelling.Start: Analyzing the systemOne needs to start by defining the objec-tives [1,3]. What would the modelachieve? Obviously, this is done after asystem is identified, along with acknowl-edging the features in it. Defining theobjectives would serve in two ways.Firstly, this will determine how deep ordetailed the model should be. This willheavily influence the selection of ‘impor-tant features’, which will be included and‘less important features’, which will beshaved off the model. Secondly, it createsa domain of interest where a chosen fea-ture needs to be modelled. This separatesthe modelled system from its surround-ings, giving definite boundaries that willlater be defined in accordance to how thesurrounding affects the system (if the sur-rounding environment does affect thesystem in any way) [3]. By doing this, onewill escape the notion of modelling theuniverse, which cannot be done. A well-defined domain of interest does not only‘simplify’ the task, but also ensure thatthe model is precisely focused to theproblem at hand, so that efforts solving itwill be numerically inexpensive.
Defining assumptionsBased on the objectives, assumptions aredefined. Assumptions must be definedbased on how one believes the systembehaves [1-4,6]. Being assumptions, eachof it must be justified, either based onavailable literature, experience (of similarsystems), or even by logic or common-sense. It is quite important that theseassumptions are stated in a clear andconcise manner. This way, changes on the
assumptions can be easily made, if themodel needs refining.
Create flow diagrams Flow diagrams are very important, espe-cially when complex systems are mod-elled. Being a schematic representation ofa process or even a system, these dia-grams serve as a visual aid for one toclearly define the mathematical model[3]. Good flow diagrams will elucidate thelink between modelling aims and systemfeatures. It is also a good way to provideeasy (or even sometimes, instant) under-standing of the modelled system to indi-viduals from other backgrounds. Onewould usually start with a simple flow dia-gram to represent the process/system.Consequently, additions will be made to itwhen understanding, or awareness ofhow the system/process behaves,increases.
Next: Mathematical equationsChoosing mathematical equations to rep-resent a system is never easy. To addmore emphasis, equations employed willdefinitely influence how one modelbehaves. Serious thought should be givento ensure that no fundamental under-standing of the system and the sciencebehind it is lost in translation when onemathematicizes a system. So how doesone decide to choose mathematical equa-tions to represent a system/process?
LiteratureWhen in doubt, look in the literature.Someone may have already done thework, and all the necessary equations arealready properly defined and tested. Onecan then decide whether to fine-tune thatwork by improving certain aspects of themodel by changing or adding new equa-tions. However, sometimes, the systemsfound in literature may slightly differ fromthe system at hand. This slight differencein operation may translate into somethingtotally different in mathematical terms[1]. Thus, it is important for one to digest,among other things; validity and limita-tions of the equations used, plus takinginto account other possible equations thatmay represent the system.
Data explorationThere can also be tonnes of data fromlaboratory work that can be utilized. Thiscan be valuable when no clear relation-ships were previously reported in litera-ture [6]. Experimental data can beexploited in certain ways to give outdesired values of features in a system.Using regression and curve fitting tech-niques, an approximate relationship canbe coughed out of this set of laboratoryreadings.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 12
The physics behind itSome processes could be governed by thesame equation. For example, diffusivemechanisms and movement of cells dueto chemotaxis can both be represented byFick’s Law. Due to the fact that diffusivelaws are well-defined and represent col-lective behaviour of particles, it could eas-ily be applied to represent collectivemovement of cells in response to nutrientconcentration gradient [3,6].
Finally: Solving equationsSolving equations means finding values(either in the form of numbers, functions,etc.) that satisfies all the defined equa-tions. Generally, they are analytical ornumerical solutions.
Analytical solutionsAn analytical solution is a form of ananswer which can explicitly be writtendown, obtained by evaluating a set offunctions or equations. It is also known as‘closed-form solution’ and arguablyknown as analytical solution because itinvolves analysis to obtain one. Typicalmathematical techniques can be used toobtain an analytical solution, e.g., arith-metic, trigonometry, calculus, etc. Oncean analytical solution is obtained for asystem, it can be said that the solutionwill represent exactly how the systembehaves. Analytical solutions can only befound for simple, non-complex equations,such as the wave equation [6].
Numerical solutionsOpposite to the analytical solution, anumerical solution is a form of an answerwhich cannot be explicitly written down.This is due to the complexity of equationsinvolved. Many partial or ordinary differ-ential equations will need solving numeri-cally. A popular choice is the Navier-Stokes equation. Without an explicit formof solution, numerical methods help toapproximate the solution(s) [6]. It gener-ally involves a tedious chain of iterations(or repetitive calculations) which will needcomputational help. Examples of numeri-cal methods are the Runge-Kutta andfinite difference. It is also important toknow in numerical efforts, three attributesneeds taking care of. The attributes areconsistency (making sure solving the rightproblem), stability (concerning errors insolution approximation) and accuracy(referring to number of iterations neededto come up with an approximate solution)[6].
Conclusion
We have briefly introduced computationalmodelling and reasoned why it can be animportant tool. We have also presented a(general) step by step guide to start amathematical model. Due to the limitednature of this manuscript, the authors
would like to add that there are other lessimportant steps omitted. Nonetheless, theauthors believe that this manuscript mayserve as a good introduction and guide tothose interested to pursue computationalmodelling.
References
1. CBS Teh, 2006. Introduction to compu-tational modelling of crop growth. BrownWalker Press, Boca Raton.2. AE Egger, A Carpi, 2008. Researchmethods: Modelling. Visionlearning 8, 1.3. R Aris, 1999. Mathematical modelling:A chemical engineer’s perspective.Academic Press, London.4. T Miwa 1986. Mathematical modellingand development of teaching materials.Report for Scientific Grant by JapanSociety for the Promotion of Science: no.59580177.5. JCR Hunt 1998. Lewis Fry Richardsonand his contributions to mathematics,meteorology, and models of conflict.Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 30, xiii.6. EA Bender, 2000. An Introduction toMathematical Modelling. Dover, New York.7. NS Abdullah, DB Das, H Ye, ZF Cui,2006. 3D bone tissue growth in hollowfibre membrane bioreactor: implicationsof various process parameters on tissuenutrition. Int. J. Artif. Organs, 29(9): 841.
Effect of Calcium Carbonateaddition on mechanical properties
of Biodegradable SagoStarch/Natural Rubber Latex
(B-SSNRL) films
M.M Afiq* A.R Azura,
*School of Materials & Mineral ResourcesEngineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
AbstractCalcium carbonate dispersions wereadded to biodegradable SagoStarch/Natural Rubber Latex (B-SSNRL)to produce NR latex films which could bedegraded biologically without reducing itsphysical properties. B-SSNRL physicalproperties such as tensile and tearstrength were recorded during biodegra-dation experiments. Films surface wereanalyze using Dinolite™ Digital Opticalmicroscope to study the starch coales-cences with increased of sago starchloading. Mass losses of B-SSNRL filmswere recorded weekly to assess biodegra-dation progress. Physical properties of B-SSNRL films decreased as sago starchloading increased, but after the incorpo-ration of CaCO3 with optimum sago starchloading, the physical properties increased.
As the biodegradation period elapses, thefilms mass loss were detected and itsretention were calculated.
Keywords: -Biodegradation, Sago Starch,Calcium Carbonate, Reinforcement,Natural Rubber Latex.
IntroductionNatural filler such as sago starch hadbeen widely study as one of the naturallyabundant and cheap biomaterials asreplacement of conventionally un-degrad-ed plastics or rubber products [1].Incorporation of sago starch in NaturalRubber Latex (NRL) system improves thebiodegradability of the materials upondisposal. Sago starch which is mainly con-sist of amylose and amylopectin group [2,3] increase the interaction between rub-ber particles by forming polysaccharidebonding which also been utilized bymicroorganism as sole energy sources[4]. However, the incorporation of ther-moplastic sago starch decreases thephysical properties of NRL films. Toencounter these problems, calcium car-bonate [5-7], is used to maintain thephysical properties of biodegradable SagoStarch-Natural Rubber Latex (B-SSNRL)films.
Experimental
MaterialsNatural Rubber Latex (NRL) is supplied byZarm scientific (M) Pte. Ltd, with TSC of60%, DRC of 30%, and MST more than20 min and VFA number less than 0.02.
Calcium carbonate and sago starch aresupplied by Sigma Aldrich (M) Pte. Ltdwith average size of 0.7 micron and 30micron respectively was dispersed togeth-er with dispersing agent and stabilizer inwater as medium by using ball millmachine for 24 hours.
Apparatus and ProcedureAll compounding ingredients were pre-mix by mechanical stirrer with NRL andbeing prevulcanized at 70°C for 45 min-utes before maturates at room tempera-ture for 24 hours. Prevulcanized NRL filmsare prepared by dipping method usingaluminum plates with dimension of140mm x 150mm. 5 batches of com-pounds were prepared and buried in aseparate compost soil with respect toweek of taken out while one batch wasused as control (Week 0). One batch ofNRL films was taken out every week test-ed using Instron Universal testingmachine for tensile and tear strengthaccording to ASTM 412 and ASTM D624with die C for tear test. Protein test weredone according to ASTM D 5712 withoutcorrection by Malaysian Rubber Board toassess the correlation of protein contentwith the process of biodegradation over
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 13
Article 3
week. To assess the biodegradability ofNRL films, films mass loss retention werecalculated based on the formula;-
Results and Discussion
Physical propertiesTable 1 indicates that the physical proper-ties of B-SSNRL films were decreased assago starch loading increased. The resultsshowed the optimum sago starch loadingat 10 phr. The incorporation of calciumcarbonate (CaCO3) in optimum sagostarch loading compounding increasedthe B-SSNRL films physical propertiesnearly equivalent to control. Tear strengthof the films showed slight increased withincreased in sago starch loading.
Figure 1 represents the physical proper-ties of B-SSNRL (together with B-SSNRLreinforced with CaCO3 films) over weeksof biodegradation. Both tensile and tearproperties of the films decreased over theperiod of biodegradation process. Theresults also indicate that, incorporation ofCaCO3 in B-SSNRL films help to maintainthe films tensile properties as biodegrada-tion process progress.
For tear strength, addition of sago starchin B-SSNRL system increase films abilityto resist tearing force upon tearing. Thisis due to the addition of sago starchwhich crystallized due to retrogradationprocess [8]. During tear test, despite itsreinforcing ability, excessive formation ofcrystalline region in B-SSNRL films also
acting as a crack stopper for crack propa-gation, and thus, it increase the tearstrength of films.
Mass lossFigure 2 indicates the mass loss for B-SSNRL films for 4 weeks of biodegrada-tion periods. All B-SSNRL films includingthe hybrid films with CaCO3 showed themass loss with week of biodegradation.The hybrid films showed less mass losses.This is due to the insertion of CaCO3
increase the scattering of sago starchinside the films and thus, the microorgan-isms’ metabolic process did not occur oncertain part of the films only but equallydistributed throughout the films. Thisphenomenon actually will increase thenumber of hollow region on the latexfilms surface upon biodegradationprocess [9, 10].
Morphological analysisFigure 3 indicates the process of starchgelatinization and retrogradation processupon heating. To understand the process,simple experiment were set up by usingconventional heating plate and Dinolite™Digital Microscope. A dispersion of sagopowder in water was observed duringheating at 70°C for 30 minutes. As theheating process goes on, gelatinizationprocess occurs where the starch granulesabsorb water and swell until its granularstructure breaks and coalesces. After 30minutes of cooling in room temperature,the starches start to contract and expelwater; a process which known as ret-rogradation process. During the retrogra-dation process, the molecular arrange-ment of amylose and amylopectin whichis the main structure for starch happen,resulting in the formation of crystal region[8, 11, 12].
This process also occurred in latex systemwith starch fillers. The incorporation ofCaCO3 is assumed to reduce the forma-tion of bigger coalesce on latex surfacehence the sago starch fillers were able todisperse evenly throughout the filmswhich then give better biodegradationand films reinforcement for B-SSNRLfilms.
Conclusion
Addition of CaCO3 in BiodegradableNatural Rubber Latex Composites givesbetter distributions of fillers in films pro-duced hence gives better biodegradationand physical properties. This is achievedby evenly disperse sago starch inside thefilms due to CaCO3 that act as an interme-diate to optimize the cementing mecha-nism for rubber particles.
References
1. Kiing Sie Cheong J-RB, Yiu Pang Hung,Wong Sie Chuong and Rajan Amartalingam. J.Sci. & Technol 2010;2(18):10.2. F. Leslie Bates DF, R. E. Rundle. Journal ofthe American Chemical Society 1943;65(2):7.3. Sasaki T, Kohyama K, and Yasui T.Carbohydrate Polymers 2004;57(4):451-458.4. Mohee R, Unmar GD, Mudhoo A, andKhadoo P. Waste Management2008;28(9):1624-1629.5. Deng C-M, Chen M, Ao N-J, Yan D, andZheng Z-Q. Journal of Applied Polymer Science2006;101(5):3442-3447.6. Manroshan S and Baharin A. Journal ofApplied Polyme Science 2005;96(5):1550-1556.7. Cai H-H, Li S-D, Tian G-R, Wang H-B, andWang J-H. Journal of Applied Polymer Science2003;87(6):982-985.8. A. Mohamed BJ, K.A. Abbas, R. AbdulRahman and K. Roselina. Journal ofAgricultural and Biological Sciences2008;3(4):639-646.9. Rose K and Steinbuchel A. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 2005;71(6):2803-2812.10. Tsuchii A, Suzuki T, and Takeda K. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 1985;50(4):965-970.11. Ratnayake WS, Jackson DS, and Steve LT.Chapter 5 Starch Gelatinization. Advances inFood and Nutrition Research, vol. Volume 55:Academic Press, 2008. pp. 221-268.12. Biliaderis CG, James B, and Roy W.Structural Transitions and Related PhysicalProperties of Starch. Starch (Third Edition).San Diego: Academic Press, 2009. pp. 293-372.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 14
Table 1: Physical properties of B-SSNRL films
Figure 2: mass loss of all B-SSNRL films overweeks of biodegradation
Figure 1: Tensile and Tear Strength for all B-SSNRL films over week of biodegradation
Figure 3: gelatinization and retrogradation ofsago starch. (a) Initial state of sago granules
(b) Sago granule after 10 min heating at
70°C (c) Granular rupture after 30 min heat-ing at 70°C (d) Retrogradation of starch
after 60 min cooling at 25°C
D-Gloves: Biodegradable NaturalRubber Latex Gloves
(Won Gold medal at ITEX 2011)
Researchers,Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azura A. Rashid
Assoc. Prof. Baharin AzahariMr. Muhammad Afiq Misman
IntroductionThe increased in natural rubber (NR)latex gloves consumption worldwideresults in enormous quantity of used andwaste latex gloves generated daily whichcontribute to solid waste disposal prob-lems. In 2010, the usage of latex glovesworldwide is 150 billions which 20% byvolume that contribute to solid waste dis-posal are natural rubber latex (NRL)gloves. The nature of current commercialNRL gloves are hard to be degraded dueto the presence of hydrocarbon chainwhich resistance to any chemical or bio-logical alteration.
Our ProductD-Gloves are Natural Rubber Latex (NRL)Gloves that can be subjected to biodegra-dation process upon disposal. The secretslay on the ingredients added inside the D-Gloves which is microbial consumable,cheap, abundant, and renewableresources. D-Gloves with addition of nat-ural additive can accelerate the process ofbiodegradation through utilization micro-bial degradation mechanisms. The prop-erties of D-Gloves comply with the stan-dard requirement for latex gloves. Duringbiodegradation process, the microorgan-ism will attack and consume an organicpart of D-Gloves producing enzymes thatfurther breaks the hydrocarbon chain ofrubber. This synergistic effect ensuresthat the final product is not harmful toenvironment. Thus, D-Gloves offer analternatives solution for solid waste dis-posal management especially for NRLproducts which contribute to the environ-mental responsibility and sustainability onsolid waste disposal problems.
Novel SURREAL Alloy AssembledComponents
(Won Gold medal at MTE 2011)
Researchers,Dr. Zuhailawati HussainDr. Anasyida Abu Seman
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Indra Putra Almanar
Aluminium is one of the important metalsin our daily life as it may be found initems as varied as cars, computers, build-ings, packaging etc due to its light weightand high strength which is beneficial forfuel and energy saving especially in trans-portation industry. Aluminium can bereused because the quality of the materi-al does not deteriorate during exposureto heat. However, it is seldom to foundcast aluminium as assembled compo-nents using welding technique. This isbecause the TIG welding, the availablejoining technique for aluminium, isexpensive. A newly invented FSW weldingtechnique is suitable to weld aluminium.For SMI that need low investment cost onmaterials, Sustainable Recyled Aluminium(SURREAL) Alloy assembled componentsare the best choice because it can be pro-duced in-situ using a simple castingmethod using a simple mould. Thus, sim-ple SURREAL slab can be produced andused for any application. Where it is nec-essary it can be joined by friction stirwelding (FSW) that is a low cost weldingtechnique. Various kind of configurationcan be made such as, lap, butt, square orT joints or it can be attached to othercomponent using FSW that makes it use-ful for various applications.
Plus 1 – From Rubber Wastes into 2Novel Products
(Won Gold medal & Best InventionAward at ITEX 2011)
Researchers,Prof. Hanafi Ismail
Mr. Nabil Hayeemasae
INTRODUCTIONAbout 18 million tonnes per year of rub-ber product were consumed in the world.Waste rubber was difficult to disintegrateas it chemically cross-linked. Discarded ofwaste rubber in a landfill causing severeenvironmental problem such as idealbreeding grounds for rats and other vec-tor particularly mosquitoes. Further more,the health hazards in occasions fire.Burying of scrap tyres in landfill also cre-ates problems. The tyres do not compactreadily and will destabilize the landfill,making it costly and difficult to rehabili-tate.
IMPORTANCE OF INVENTION1.To overcome the environmental prob-lem by recycling rubber waste into OilAbsorbent and Rubber derivedFuel(RubFuel) using simple and cheapbreakthrough technology.2.Why turning waste materials into OilAbsorbent? Big potential application.Every year there were about 100 millionUS gallons of oil spill(AbsorbentsOnline.com). Since 1970 –2010 there were 1,700 of oil spills withamounted to of 5.7 million tonnes of oilspilt.3.Later, Oil Absorbent Plus Oil can beused as Rubber Derived Fuel (RubFuel)4.Why Rubber Derived Fuel? It has high-er calorific value (40 MJ/kg) higher thancoal (29 MJ/kg)
RubFuel Rubber Oil Absorbent plus Oil contain sig-nificant reserve of energy that can berecovered through combustion processes!
Application of RubFuel RubFuel can be burned on its own or canform part of a mixed combustible fractionfor use in solid fuel fired boilers andpower plants.Incineration of RubFuel allows steam forheating or for electricity generation aswell as heat recovery from fuel gas.Energy recovery from RubFuel can take anumber of forms:a. Part of the incineration of MSWb. Mono-combustionc. Co-combustion with traditional
fossil fuelsd. As a partial substitute for coal or
coke
15Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011
Product 2
Friction stir welding to produce assembledcomponents of recycled aluminium slab
(SURREAL)
Product 3
Product 1
RubFuel
Photoluminescent Rice Husk Glass
(Won Silver medal at ITEX 2011)
Researchers,Dr. Yeoh Fei Yee
Lee TingCheah Wea Kiat
Prof. Radzali Othman
The present product is produced fromagricultural waste rice husk ash. Ricehusk is conventionally left for decomposi-tion or opened burning which releasegreen house gases (CO2 and CH4) andresult in global warming, create air pollu-tion, health and environmental issues.Recently, rice husk is also used as a solidfuel where rice husk ash is produced. Infact, rice husk ash which causes disposalissue can be used for various purposesespecially for glass making. Our photolu-minescent glass is a green product madefrom rice husk ash. This glass product canglow in the dark after absorbing visiblelights without any energy supply. It canwidely be used for many applications e.g.house and building decoration, guidanceproducts at highway or for emergencypurpose. The photoluminescent glass canbe used for unlimited cycle and it is main-tenance free. It is a passive lightingsource thus requires no external circuit orelectrical power supply, making it anenergy efficient and environmental friend-ly product apart from solving all theinstallation issue. However without addi-tion of heavy metal oxide e.g. PbO, ricehusk glass has a high melting tempera-ture that makes it difficult to be incorpo-rated with photoluminescent properties.To overcome this technical difficulty, wehave also developed a layering techniquesolving this issue.
A novel flexible epoxy thin filmcomposites
(Won Silver medal at ITEX 2011)
Researchers,Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mariatti Jaafar,
Foo Yin Lin Evon, Saw lian Na, Voo Tin Vui,
Dr. Sim Lim Chong
The rapid increasing demand for high per-formance, compact and portable devicesat low cost has spurred the growth offlexible electronic or ‘flex circuit’.Polyimide is the most common materialused in flexible electronics due to theirlow coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE). However, its expensive cost andfast moisture uptake of polyimide has lim-ited its development for the electronicindustry. Therefore, cheaper resins suchas polyester and liquid crystalline polymer(LCP) are commonly used as the solutionfor these issues but their poor thermaland mechanical properties have limitedthe manufacturability of the materials. Inorder to overcome these limitations, anovel epoxy thin film composite wasinvented as an alternative material. Epoxyresins cost relatively lower than poly-imide, while their properties can be easilyaltered using various types of fillers orthrough epoxy blend which is a very sim-ple process. Apart from that, these epoxythin film composites are specifically for-mulated for electronic application withhigh modulus and CTE closely matched tocopper (17 ppm/°C). Being thin and hav-ing good flexibility allows them to be fold-ed for high density applications. Otherimportant benefits of epoxy thin film arelower moisture absorption and easier pro-cessing methods compared to polyimideresin. The market for flexible, printed,and organic large-area electronics is rap-idly growing. Currently estimated at over$1B, the global market is expected toincrease to a $45B market by 2016.
Nano-Charm: NanostructuredCarbonated Hydroxyapatite For
Biomedical Applications
(Won Bronze medal at ITEX 2011)
Researchers,Prof. Ahmad Fauzi Mohd NoorYanny Marliana Baba Ismail
Kee Chia Ching
Bone is a dynamic, highly vascularized tis-sue which continuously remodels itselfthroughout the lifetime of an individualwithout leaving a scar. Typically the bones
assist in locomotion activity, serves as amineral reservoir, provide structural sup-port, and protect delicate internal organsof the body. However, bones are alsoprone to injury, defects and aging, whichcould dramatically alter one’s body equi-librium and quality of life. Thus, the useof bone substitutes has become clinicallyimportant as the demands arose dramati-cally over the last few decades.Ceramics used for repair and replacementof diseased and damaged parts of humanmusculoskeletal systems are known asbioceramics. Generally, bioceramics arebased on Calcium Phosphate. One currentsystem is the carbonated hydroxyapatiteCHA, Ca10(PO4)6-x(CO3)x(OH)2. It has goodbioactivity, biocompatibility and osteocon-ductivity, increasing its dissolution rate insolution and directly enhancing itsosteointegration rate. More importantly,CHA mimics the composition of humanbone tissue, although quite often brittle innature.
Nanosized B-type CHA using a simple,cheap and innovative route by directpouring nanoemulsion method at RT wasdeveloped in the laboratory. The nano-sized CHA was then employed to developartificial biomedical products (dental,spinal bone, longitudinal tibia etc.) by ourintelligent sintering approach, involvingadditives which enabled used of low sin-tering temperature of 800°C as comparedto commercial HA requiring more than1100°C. Wet CO2 was pumped at end ofcooling stage to compensate carbonateloss and eliminate potential damaged tofurnace (Patent Application Number: PI2011003611). The sintered CHA has highdensification, retention of large carbonatecontent, remained B-type and goodmechanical properties with hardness, K1c,and DTS obtained were 2.37 GPa, 3.27MPa•m1/2, and 22.95 MPa, respectively.The relative density obtained after sinter-ing at 800°C was 94%. The in-vitro stud-ies showed better bioactivity. The sinteredcomponent can be shaped to replicate thebiomedical product.
Buletin Enjinier, Jun 2011 16
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Application of flexible circuit in electronic application
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