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Analysis SPM Paper 2 ( Section A)
29
=SMK TANJONG RAMBUTANPROGRAM SKOR FIZIKPANITIA FIZIK
TIPS & RAMALAN (FIZIK)2012
(EDISI KE DUA)Disusun dan di sediakan olehMahazir Kasim
Bach .Engineering (Hons) , Dip. Education (Physics)
www.mahazir73.webs.comIsi Kandungan
Pendahuluan
3
Tip Paper 3
4
Tip Paper2
13
Ramalan 2012
21
Kaedah Mengingat (Pneumonik)
24
Common question
JIKA ANDA KEHILANGAN HARTA ,
ANDA BOLEH BERUSAHA
MENDAPATKANNYA KEMBALI.
JIKA ANDA KEHILANGAN MASA ,
ANDA HILANG SEGALA-GALANYA.Pendahuluan
Memiliki Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan dan Diploma Pendidikan (Pengajian Fizik) Penah berkhidmat sebagai jurutera di syarikat multinasional hampir lima tahun sebelum menjadi pendidik. Pernah menjadi panel pengubal Modul WAJA Negeri Perak. dan menjadi penceramah bengkel teknik menjawab Fizik di sekolah-sekolah Daerah Kinta .
Buku ini dapat membantu pelajar membuat ulangkaji secara sistematik.Ini dapat meningkatkan tahap keyakinan pelajar dalam mata pelajaran fizik. Ia menjadi buah tangan pelajar-pelajar yang selama ini tercari-cari rahsia dan tip pembelajaran dan kecemerlangan dalam fizik . Saya sentiasa mendoakan kejayaan yang cemerlang kepada pelajar-pelajar. Sekian
Terima Kasih.
Alfatihah
Untuk jujungan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w , para anbia, ahli keluarga , para sahabat , para ulama dan khusus untuk kedua ibu bapa iaitu Almarhum Kasim Bin Mat dan Almarhumah Siti Zaharah Mohamed Yatim. . Semoga Allah mencucuri rahmat keatas roh mereka. Amin..
TIPS PAPER 3
A) Graph Plotting (no 1)i) Student able to read vernier caliper, micrometer , metre rule, protactor, thermometer, analog stopwatch, digital stopwatch, ammeter , voltmeter. Determine the accuracy of instrument (smallest division)
Example :
Metre rule ( 0.1 cm) , Vernier Caliper (0,01cm), Micrometer (0.01 mm) etc
D) Measuring Apparatus
BIL.PHYSICAL QUANTITYMEASURING APPARATUS
1Length/Distance/Depth/Height/ExtensionMeter rule
2 MassLever balance/Triple beam balance
3 Time of oscillations/PeriodStopwatch
4 TemperatureThermometer
5 CurrentAmmeter / Galvanometer
6 ForceSpring balance
7 Diameter of wireMicrometer screw gauge
8 Velocity / AccelerationTicker timer and Ticker tape
9Gas volume
Syringe
10Gas pressureBourdon gauge
11 Potential differenceVoltmeter
12 Magnetic field strengthNumber of nails attracted
13 Wavelength Meter rule
14Control current
Rheostat
15Water volume
Measuring cylinder/Beaker
ii) Key word in tabulating data
VVariables: manipulated variables or responding variable
Experiment data has to sistematically presented in a table
UUnit
Every column must be named: Physics quantity, symbol and unit.
DConsistent decimal place
AAccuracy of Instrument
All readings given must correspond to sensitivity of instrument used.
iii) Key word in plotting graph (checklist )VANVariablesManipulatted variable : x axis
Responding variable : y axis
SEKOLAHScale
SAYASmoothStaright line or curve line using flexible ruler
PANCITPlotCorrect unit
BAWABalanced
PELAJAR Physical Quantity
UNIVERSITIUnit
iv)Types Of Graph And Relationship
RelationshipType of graph
.is direct proportional to .
If the straight line graph passes through the origin
Increase proportionally
A straight line intercept at Y axis (positive gradient)
.. Is decreasing linearly with ..
A straight line intercept at Y axis (negative gradient)
..is inverse proportional to
A curved graph with negative gradient
When ..increases, ..increase
A curved graph with positive gradient (decrease)
is exponentially proportional to .
A curved graph with positive gradient ( increase)
B) Graph Interpretation (no2)i) Coordinate
x/cm
2
4 1/a / m-1
Find a when x= 2cm( 3 marks)
i) Horizontal & vertical dotted line
ii) 1/a = 4
iii) a = 1/4
= 0,25 m
ii) Straight line equation
V/V
E
I / A
Given the equations
E = V + IrFind E and r
i) y = mx + c V = -mI + E E = V + Im
m is graph gradient
E is y intercept
iii) Gradient - Gradient : Draw larger triangle 4 X 3 larger square ( 2cm X 2cm)
- The triangle should be on tangent line for curve graph ( SPM 2006 )
- Show substitutions
- Show and state the value with unit
Notes: TCA ( 3 marks) T Triangle
C Calculation
A Answer and unit
iv) Gradient unit
Gradient unit = y axis unit / x axis unit
v) Safety PrecautionsMake sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error .NO.
TYPE OF EXPERIMENT INVOLVINGPRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN
1Lighta. Experiment must be carried out in darkened
room.
b. Lens, screen and object must be in line
c. Make sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error .
2Springa. make sure the spring is not loaded beyond the
elastic limit. (spring return to original length
when load is taken off).
b. Make sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error .
3Electrica. All connections must be secure/tight avoid current leakage.
b. Off the switch after readings are taken to
prevent wires from heating up (resistance
increase)
c. Make sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error .
4Heata. Liquid must be stirred constantly so that
temperature rises evenly.
b. Alluminium block must be wrapped with
insulating material to prevent heat lost.
c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oil
to give better thermal contact with the block.
d. Make sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error ..
5Measuring instruments
such as ammeter,
voltmeter, metre rule ...a. Make sure the line of vision is perpendicular with scale of reading to avoid parallax error .
b. Take into account zero error of instrument.
* [Student can give more than one answer for this question.
No penalty for the answer which is unsuitable]
Calon boleh memberikan jawapan lebih dari 1. Tiada markah dipotong jika satu jawapan yang
diberi salah dan yang lainnya betul.
* unacceptable answer : Avoid parallax error. [without explanation]
Jawapan tidak diterima : Elak ralat paralaks [tiada penjelasan]vi) Type of gradient
Types of GradientHypothesis
Positive gradientWhen x increase, y will increase
Negative gradientWhen x increase, y will decrease
Zero gradientWhen x increase, y will constant
Notes: staright line graph means gradient constant
Curve graph means gradient not constant
vii) Interpolation and Extrapolation ( smooth line )C) Section B Paper3( 12 Marks)a) InferenceManipulated Variables Influenced Responding Variables
Or
Responding Variables is depends on Manipulated Variables
Or
Responding Variables is influenced by Manipulated Variables
b) HypothesisWhen the manipulated variables increases / decreases , the responding variables increases / decreases
c) i) AimTo study relationship between manipulated variables and responding variables
ii) VariablesManipulated Variable :
Responding Variable :
Fix Variable :
* State the variables that can be measured
* Encourage students to write operational definition for responding variable
(iii) List of apparatus and material
(iv) Arrangement of ApparatusDraw a fully labeled diagram
(v) Method1. Start the experiment with manipulated variable ( a practical value)
2. Responding Variables is mesured and record
3. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different values of manipulated variable , ., . ,.. and .
(vi) Tabulation of dataManipulated variables / unit
Responding variables / unit
-state all the values
-blank
(vii) Analysis of dataState : A Graph of responding variable against manipulated variable is plotted and sketch
SESIAPA YANG BERUSAHA MENCARI JALAN
BAGI MENDAPATKAN ILMU ,
MAKA ALLAH AKAN MEMUDAHKAN BAGINYA JALAN KE SYURGA.
( HADIS )
TIPS PAPER 2A) DefinitionTopicDEFINITION
Introduction Physics Parralax error : error in reading / observer eye is not perpendicular to the scale Base Quantities : The physical quantities which are used as the basis for the measurement and cant be derived from other physical quantities. Physical quantities are quantities that can be measured Derived Quantities :The physical quantities which were derived from base quantities by multiplication operation or division operation or both A scalar is any quantity with size (magnitude) but without specified direction. A vector is any quantity with size (magnitude) and specified direction. Accuracy is the degree of closeness of the measurements to the actual or accepted value. Sensitivity is the degree of a measuring instrument to record small change in its reading. Systematic errors are errors in the measurement of a physical quantity due to instruments, the effects of surrounding conditions and physical constraints of the observer. Zero errors occurs when the instrument gives a non- zero reading when in fact the actual reading is zero.
Force & Motion Velocity : Rate of displacement
Accelaration : Rate of change of velocity
Inertia ( 1st Laws of Newton) is tendency of object to remain rest or motion state.
Momentum : Product mass and velocity Principle of Conservation of Momentum state that total momentum before and after collision are same if no external applied on the system.
Impuls : Change of momentum
Impulsive Force : Rate of Change of momentum in short interval 2nd Laws of Newton state that Impulsive force is directly proportional with rate of change in momentum.
3rd Laws of Newton : Any action there have a reaction same magnitude but opposite direction.
Free Fall : the object fall under gravitional force only Elasticity : return to its original length when force acting removed Principle of conservation of energy : energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred from one form to another Hooke Law : The extension or compression of a spring is direct proportional to the applied force until the elastic limit is not exceed.
Force & Pressure Density : is the mass per volume Pressure is defined as the force acting normally on a unit of surface area. Pascal Principle : In the closed fluid system, an external applied force is transmitted uniformly in all direction. Archimedes Principle : upward bouyant force an a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Bernoulli Principle : when the speed increase in fluid system, pressure will decrease
Heat Thermal equlibrium : When two object in thermal contact , no net heat energy transfer between each other/ rate of heat transfer is same between each other, same temperature. Specific heat capacity : heat energy required to increase temperature 1 C for 1 kg substance. Specific latent heat of fusion: quantity heat energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from solid to liquid without a change of temperature Specific latent heat of vapourisation: quantity heat energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without a change of temperature
Temperature : Degree of hotness of a body Heat : Form of energy that tranfer from hot body to cold body
Light Laws of reflection : The angle incidence is equal to angle of reflection
Snell Laws state that refractive index is ratio of sin incident angle per sin refracted angle
Real Image : Image can be seen on the screen Virtual Image : Image is not form on the screen
Critical angle : Angle of incidence when angle of
refraction 90.
Waves Coherent waves : The waves that have same frequency and same phase Frequency : the number of oscillation in one second
Damping : The decreasing amplitude with time due to air or water resistance
Resonance : The system oscillate with maximum amplitude due to external forces has same frequency with natural frequency of the system.
Diffraction : The spread out of waves after through the narrow gap // slit // barrier
Electrical 20W , 240V : the eletrical appliances use 240 potential difference/ voltage will release energy 20J in 1 second. Current : The rate of flow of charge Ohm Laws : Current is directly proportional to the potential different across the wire when resistance and temperature constant
Electromagnetism Magnetic field : the region is under magnetic force Lenz Laws : states that the direction of the induced emf is such that its magnetic effects always oppose the changing producing it Faraday Laws state that the magnitude of induced current is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Transfomer : A device to increase or decrease volatage of alternate current. Ideal transformer :transformer operate with 100% efficiency.
Electronic Semiconductor : A conductivity between a conductor and insulator
Thermionic emission : the release of electron from the heated metal.
Capacitor : is electronic component can store charge and smoothen the output current of rectification circuit
Diode is electronic component can allow current flows in one direction
Doping is adding of impurity into pure semiconductor material Rectification : a process to convert alternate current to direct current
Radioactive Radioactivity : the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nucleus to become more tsble
Half life : Time for activity of radioisotope element reduce to half its original value Radioisotope : Isotope that are not stable Nuclear Fisson : the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two light nucles with release of energy Nuclear Fusion : The combination of two light nucleus into a heavy nucleus with radioactive and energy emission.
B) PHYSICS CONCEPT PhenomenonReflection , refraction , Diffraction , Interference , Total Internal reflection , resonance , damping
PrincipleBernoulli Principle , Principle Conservation of Energy, Principle Conservation of Momentum , Pascal Principle , Archimedes Principle
LawsCharles Laws , Boyle Laws , First Laws of Newton , Second Laws of Newton , Third Laws of Newton, Lenz Laws , Faraday Laws , Hooke Laws , Ohm Laws
C) Problem Solving (Essay Questions)NO.TERMVALUEEXPLANATION
IAccelerationLow / smallSlow increase of velocity
High / bigFast increase of velocity
iiDensityLow / smallLighter / less compact / easy to carry
High / largeHeavier / more compact
iiForce constant
smallSpring is soft / easy to stretch
Large / BigSpring is stiff / difficult to stretch
4Specific Heat CapacityLow / small
Easily heated up , short time to heat up
Need less heat to raise temperature
High / large
More difficult to heat up, takes more time to heat up
Need more heat to raise temperature, use
more fuel
5Specific Latent HeatLow / smallNeed less heat to melt / vaporize
High / largeTime to melt / vaporise is shorter
6Melting point /
Freezing point
Low
Melts at low temperature / Freezes at low
temperature.
Starts melting earlier / Starts freezing later
High
Melts at higher temperature / Freezes at
higher temperature.
Starts melting latter / Starts freezing earlier
7Boiling point
Low
Starts boiling at lower temperature
Starts boiling earlier
Slower to begin condensation
High
Starts boiling at higher temperature
Starts boiling latter Faster to begin condensation
8Refractive index High
Low / smallSubstance that refracts light less
High / largeSubstance that refracts light more
9Critical angleLow / smallEasier for total internal reflection occur
High / largeDifficult for total internal reflection occur
10Power (of a lens)LowLarge / long focal length refract light less
HighShort focal length Refract light more
11Focal length ShortHigh Power
Large / LongLower power
12Frequency (of
Electromagnet wave)HighShort wavelength
High penetration power
13Wavelength (for
Electromagnet wave)Long / largeLow frequency
Low penetration power
14Frequency (sound)HighHigh pitch
Short wavelength
Spreads out less
15ResistivityLow / small
Having lower resistance compared to wires
of the same thickness and length.
High / large
Having higher resistance compared to wires of the same thickness and length.
16e.m.f. of cellLarge / bigSupply a larger current through the same
resistance.
17Power (of electrical
device)
High / large
Uses more energy per second
18Voltage (working
voltage of electrical
device)
High
Needs a smaller current to produce a fixed
amount of power.
19Range
(of an ammeter)Big
Can measure large current
Usually has a lower sensitivity
20Range
(of a voltmeter)Big
Can measure higher voltage
Usually has a lower sensitivity
21Half-lifeShort
Decays faster
Reactivity decreases faster
Long
Decays slowly
Reactivity decreases slowly
Radioactivity lasts longer
22RigidityLowChanges shape easily when acted upon by
external force
HighDoes not change shape easily when acted
upon by external force
23StrengthLowBreaks easily / breaks under small external
Force
HighDifficult to break / Needs a large force to
Break
24Surface tensionLowWet a surface (glass) easily
HighDoes not wet a surface easily
25Rate of rustingLowDoes not rust easily / quickly
HighHigh Rust easily / quickly
RAMALAN 2012
TOPICPAPER 1PAPER 2PAPER 3
Introduction of PhysicsMicrometer
Scalar & vector
Error
Scientific Investigation
Vernier Caliper
Micrometer
Triple Beam BalanceMicrometer
Triple Beam Balance
Design Experiment
Pendulum system
Force & MotionTicker timer
Motion Graph
Inertia
Effect of Force
Garvity & Free FallTicker Timer
Momentum
Motion Graph
Inertia
Momentum
Effect of Force
Garvity & Free Fall
Force & Mass
Force & PressurePressure
Pascal Principle
Pressure
Liquid Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Archimedes Principle
Bernoulli Priciple
Design Experiment
Depth & Pressure
HeatSpecific Heat Capacity
Gas LawsThermal Equilibrium
Latent Haet
Specific Heat Capacity
Essay
Design Experiment
Boyle Laws
Charles Laws
LightRefraction
Total internal reflection Lense
Refraction
Total Internal reflection
microscope
EssayReal Depth & real depth
Object & Image distance
Design Experiment
Incident angle & refraction angle
WavesRefraction of waves
Diffraction of Waves
Sound wavesDiffraction
Reflection
Resonance
Electromagnetic wavesEssayInterference
ElectricSeries & Parallel
Ohm LawsInternal Resistance
EMF
EMF
Electrical energy & power
EssayOhms Laws
Design Experiment
Ohm Laws
ElectromagnetForce in current carrying conductor
Electromagnetic
Induction
Generation & Transmission
Transformer
Natinal grid Network
Electromagnetic
Induction
Generation & TransmissionDesign Experiment
Force depend on number of turnInduced current increase when no of turn increase
Electronic
Semiconductor
Transisitor
Logic GatesCRO
Semiconductor
Transisitor
Logic Gates
EssayBase Currrnt & Collector Current
RadioactiveNucleus of atom
The use of radioisotope
Proper management of radioactive substance
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fission
Half LifeNuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fission
Handling Radioistope substance
Pipe Leaking Test
Determine the thickness of Paper--
WAHAI ANAKKU , CARILAH ILMU , KERANA APABILA ENGKAU MENJADI FAKIR ,
MAKA ILMU ITULAH HARTAMU , AKAN TETAPI JIKA ENGKAU KAYA ,ILMU ITU MENJADI PERHIASAN DIRIMU.( LUQMAN AL-HAKIM )
KAEDAH MENGINGAT Pneumonik
( TECHNIQUES TO REMEMBER)
1. Factor affecting the spring constant k
MatMaterials
ArabArrangement
TIDUR Thickness // Diameter of wire
DALAM Diameter of coil // Area
LORILength of spring
2. Trivalent Impurities // Dopant GABINGaGalium
BBoron
InIndium
3 Pentavalent Impurities // Dopant PANAS
PPhosphorus
AnAntimoni
AsArsenic
4 Factor affecting the resistance R
MatMaterials
ArabArrangement series or parallel
TIDUR Thickness // Diameter of wire
DALAM Diameter of coil // Area
LORILength of spring
TangkiTemperature
5 SUSUNAN WARNA SPEKTRUM . MAK JUAL KACANG HIJAU BANYAK IA UNTUNG.
Ini adalah kaedah mereka cerita dan akronim iaitu MOKHBIU.
M= MERAHO = ORANGEK = KUNINGH = HIJAUB = BANYAKI = INDIGOU= UNGU
6 ISOTOP: Same Proton Kaedah ini untuk mengingati maksud isotop iaitu unsur yang mempunyai
bilangan proton yang sama.
7 ANTINOD AT Amplitud Tinggi Kaedah ini adalah untuk mengingati maksud antinod iaitu dengan mengingati
AT yang bermakna amplitud tinggi. 8 BIASAN GELOMBANG AIR DCD( Dalam cetek Dekat)// DST (Deep shallow towards) Kaedah ini untuk mengingati arah perambatan gelombang apabila gelombang
air merambat dari kawasan dalam ke cetek ia akan mendekati garis normal
BIASAN GELOMBANG AIR: CDJ (Cetek Dalam jauh) // SDA
(Shallow deep away) Kaedah ini untuk mengingati arah perambatan gelombang apabila gelombang air merambat dari kawasan cetek ke dalam ia akan menjauhi garis normal. 9. TUKAR C KE KELVIN: CK 273 Kaedah ini untuk mengingati kaedah menukar unit suhu dari Celcius kepada
Kelvin. Caranya adalah dengan menambah 273 kepada suhu dalam celcius.
Contohnya:
30C = 30 + 273 = 300 K 10 Factor affect the strength of electromagnet
Current , Core , Coil
. 11. PETUA TANGAN KIRI/KANAN FLEMING: FBI
(F = Force, B= Magnetic field , I = Current) . 12 JISIM ATOM : JAPAN Kaedah ini untuk mengingati maksud jsim atom.
J= Jisim A= Atom P = Proton A = Add N = Neutron
13 KAEDAH GRAF: MAXIS (Manipulated Variable at X axis.) Kaedah ini adalah untuk mengingati paksi X adalah untuk Manipulated
Variable.
14 PEMBIASAN GELOMBANG CAHAYA: (LEBIH KURANG JA ) Jika sinar cahaya merambat dari medium lebih tumpat kepada medium kurang tumpat maka sinar itu akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal.
15 KUANTITI ASAS FIZIK: (MASPJ) -Kaedah ini adalah untuk mengingati contoh bagi kuantiti asas fizik iaitu masa, arus, suhu,panjang dan jisim.
M = masa A = arus S = suhu P= panjang J = Jisim16 Use Fleming Left Hand Rule or Fleming Right Hand Rule
Fleming Left Hand RuleFleming Right Hand Rule
F - ForceB Magnetic Field I - CurrentF- Force
B Magnetic Field
I Induced Currnt
Find force directionFind Induced current
Peace Pistol
Use currentProduce induced current
Battery // power supplyGalvanometer
Application
MotorDynamo
17 Unit conversionTimes( X )
prefixes
No prefixes
Divide ( )
18 Prefixes
PakPiko-12
NanoNano-9
MendapatMikro-6
MaklumatMili-3
CanggihCenti-2
Dari Desi-1
Kawan Kilo+3
MegaMega+6
GigaGiga+9
TeraTera+12
19. Types of energy loss in transformer
TypesWay to reduce
Raja Resistance of wireCopper
EddyEddy currentLaminate
HysteriaHyterisisSoft iron core
LagiFlux leakageWrap secondary coil on primary coil in same core
20 Right Hand Grip Rule
Find direction
magnetic fieldPolarity of solenoid
ThumbCurrentNorth pole
Curling fingerDirection magnetic fieldDirection of current
Maxwell screw ruleClockwise=South pole
Anti clockwise = North
SEMOGA BERJAYA.I have not failed, I have just 10 000 ways that wont work
Thomas Alva Edison -
ILMU ITU DIDAPATI DARIPADA LIDAH YANG SUKA BERTANYA DAN
AKAL YANG SUKA BERFIKIR.