Building Technology

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement

Construction, Cisterns

Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS

3.4.1 SUSPENDED SLABS

In general, there are six types of reinforced-concrete floors systems:

1. One way solid slab and beam

2. One way joist slab or Ribbed slab

3. Two way solid slab and beam

4. Two way waffle slab

5. Two way flat plate

6. Two way flat slab

Each particular system has its distinct advantages, depending upon the

spacing, of columns, the magnitude of the loads to be supported, lengths

of spans, and the cost of construction. Although the arrangement of the

plan of a building frequently determines the column spacing,

approximately square bays are desirable. Column spacing of 20 ft., more

or less, has proved to be most economical, but this, of course, depends

on the type of floor construction to be used.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

1. ONE-WAY SLABS

Probably the most commonly used type or reinforced concrete

construction consists of a solid slab supported by two parallel beams,

the beams framing into girders, and the girders in turn framing into

columns. The reinforcement slabs runs in one direction only, from

beam to beam, hence the slab is known as one-way slab. The number

of beams in a panel depends upon the column spacing and the live

load to be supported. The beams are spaced uniformly and generally

frame into the girders at the center, third or quarter points.

This type of framing is called the beam-and-girder floor. It is readily

constructed and the formwork is simple. The one-way slab is

economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively short

spans, 6 to 12 ft. For light live loads, 40 to 60 psf, the spans may be

increased, but long spans for one-way slabs results in comparatively

large dead loads.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

The main tensile reinforcement (running along the short direction) in fully

continuous slabs are alternately bent up, usually at an angle of 30 to

45 degrees, at the fifth points of the span and extend over the supports

to the quarter points of the adjoining span. The remaining bars are

straight, placed in the bottom of the slab. For single span slabs the

bars are bent up at the quarter points.

Another method of placing the reinforcement is to place straight bars at the

bottom of the slab and the other straight bars at the top of the slab

over the supports. If the bent bars are used, bent bars from the

adjoining bars are extended over the supports, thus providing the

same amount of reinforcement over the supports as at mid-span.

In addition to the tensile reinforcement, temperature bars are also provided

running along the long direction. These serve to provide against the

effect of shrinkage and changes in temperature and also to distribute

possible load concentrations over larger areas. The size and spacing

of temperature bars depends upon the slab thickness.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

Minimum protective covering for slab reinforcement is 20mm ().

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

2. ONE WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS

For medium span lengths with light or

medium live loads, ribbed slabs have

proved to have an economical type of

floor construction. They are not so

well suited to heavy concentrated

loads as the solid one or two-way

slabs. A one-way joist slab consists of

relatively small adjacent T-beams.

When the open spaces between the

webs or rings are filled with clay tile,

gypsum tile, concrete filler block or

steel forms, the floor system is called

a ribbed slab.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

Clay tile fillers are generally 12 x 12 in plan with depths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,

and 15 in. The usual practice is to place the tiles 16 o.c., thus

making the web 4 wide. The layer of concrete placed on top of the

tile is generally 2 or 2-1/2 in. thick. Reinforcement for this type of

construction may consist of two bars placed in the lower part of the

web, one bent and one straight, or of straight bars placed in the top

and bottom parts of the web.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

Metal tile fillers are frequently used for ribbed floors. This is commonly

known as tin-pan construction. The metal forms are usually 36 long,

with 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 in. depths. They are placed on centers in

such a manner as to make the web 4 to 7 in. wide at the lowest point.

Form widths are generally 20 or 30 in.; a common condition is a form

20 in. wide, placed 25 in. on centers, to make a web 5 wide at the

bottom.

The metal forms may be removed or left in place after supporting

formwork has been taken down. To provide a greater web area near

the supports, where the shearing stresses may exceed the allowable,

special metal cores with the sides tapered in plan are used. The

degree of tapering generally is such that the web is increased 4 in

width. As in the case of clay-tile fillers, a 2, 2-1/2, or 3 in. slab is

placed over the metal tile forms, the slab and web forming a T-

section.

Gypsum-tile fillers have the advantage of providing a relatively lightweight

ribbed with a flush ceiling. Although they are made in various sizes, a

common width is 19, placed 24 o.c., with webs 5 wide. When block

12 wide are used, they are placed 16 o.c., thus forming 4 wide

webs.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3. TWO-WAY SLABS

When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on four

sides, it is generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars

placed at right angles to each other. These bars in two directions

transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or walls. Slabs thus

reinforced are known as two way slabs or slabs supported on four

sides.

For square panels, with supports of equal rigidity, the live and dead

loads are distributed equally in both directions and the

reinforcements are the same each way. When the panel is oblong or

rectangular, the greater part of the load is transmitted by the

transverse or short reinforcement. If the length of the slab exceeds

1.5 times its width, the entire load is usually assumed to be carried

by the short reinforcement, and the long reinforcement used for

shrinkage and temperature reinforcement only; hence the slab would

become a one-way slab.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

In determining the reinforcement of two-way slabs two strips of floor are

considered. One is middle strip, one half of the panel in width,

symmetrical about the panel center line, and extending through the

length of the panel. The other is the column strip, one half of the

panel in width and occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside the

middle strip. In placing the reinforcement it is advantageous to place

the bars in the short direction, carrying the greater load, under the

longer bars. Bars are bent up at fifth points and extend over the

supports of the quarter points of the adjoining slabs as is done for

one-way slabs.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

4. TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB

A waffle slab is a two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two

directions. Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer

distances than flat slabs.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

5. TWO WAY FLAT PLATE.

A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or

more directions and supported directly by columns without beams or

girders. Simplicity of forming, lower floor-to-floor heights, and some

flexibility in column placement make flat plates practical for apartment and

hotel construction.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

6. TWO WAY FLAT SLABS.

A flat-slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its

shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. The slab is commonly

reinforced with bars running in two directions. This area of increased

thickness is called a drop panel or drop. The columns are generally square

in cross section, but rectangular or circular cross sections are also used.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

A beam may be defined as a structural member, resting on supports

usually at its ends, which supports transverse loads. The loads that act on

the beam, as well as the weight of the beam itself, tend to bend rather

than lengthen or shorten it. A girder is a term applied to a beam that

supports one or more smaller beams, as concentrated loads.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

Beams may be classified as:

a. Simple beams. These are beams having a single span with a support

at each end, there being no restraint at the supports.

b. Cantilever beams. These are beams that are supported at one end

only, or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond one of its

supports.

c. Continuous beams. These are beams resting on more than two

supports. The term semi-continuous is also frequently used in

reinforced-concrete. It refers to a beam having two spans with little or

no restraint at the two extreme ends of the beam. The end span of a

continuous beam, where little or restraint is provided at the end support,

is referred to as a semi-continuous beam.

When a beam is subjected to a given load, the beam is bent downwards at

the middle, the lower part of the beam being elongated while the upper

part is compressed. The lower part of the beam is said to be in tension,

while the upper part is in compression. In reinforced-concrete design, it is

assumed that the compressive stresses is resisted by the concrete and

all tension resisted by the steel. Thus the reinforcement of a beam is

placed near the bottom of the section.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

At the supports, however, the upper surface of the beam becomes concave

downward; that is there is a reversal of stresses. The upper portion of the

beam is now in tension ( or the bending moment is said to change from

positive to negative). The section of a beam at which the bending moment

changes from positive to negative is called the point of inflection. The

exact position of inflection points depends upon the position and

magnitudes of the loads as well as the end conditions of the beams. For

continuous beams having equal spans and uniformly distributed loads, the

inflection point is considered to be one-fifth the clear span between faces

of support.

At this point some of the reinforcing bars are bent up at an angle of from 30 to

45 degrees and extend over the supports into the adjacent spans. The bent

up bars serve to resist the tensile stresses over the supports. Thus for

continuous beams with uniformly distributed loads the bars would be bent

up at one-fifth the clear span from the face of the supports and extend to

the quarter points of the adjacent span. Not more than half of the bears

should be bent up; the rest of the reinforcement extends straight through

the center of the supports.

Another method is to use separate straight bars in both the bottoms and tops

of the beams in place of bent bars. The slight cost in excess weight in this

arrangement over the combination of straight and bent bars is probably

balanced by the ease of preparing design and shop drawings, bill of

materials, and fabrication and placing of reinforcement. Bars not fabricated

according to drawings, or those lost and mislaid, are more easily replaced if

no bending is involved.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

In addition to the tensile and compressive stresses in a beam subjected to

bending, there are also inclined tensile stresses. If a concrete beam is

reinforced with longitudinal steel only, these diagonal stresses tend o

produce cracks which are vertical at the center of the span and become

more inclined as they approach the support where they slope towards the

center at an angle of about 45. The stresses that cause these cracks are

known as diagonal tension. To prevent failure due to diagonal tension

additional reinforcing bars are used.

Sloping bars placed at right angles to the direction of these cracks would be

one method of reinforcing for diagonal tension, but, although this is

sometimes done, it is not the most economical method. The usual

procedure is to add #3 or #4 bars, bent in the shape of the letter U, in

vertical positions at those places in the beam at which the diagonal

tension stresses require their use. When the stresses are sufficiently

large. W-shaped bars are used. These bent reinforcing bars are called

stirrups. They should always have hooks at the ends to provide

anchorage to resist the tensile stresses.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

Although it is occasionally necessary to put in two or more layers of steel,

particularly in large girders carrying heavy loads, it is usually more

economical to slightly widen a beam, thereby permitting all of the main

tensile reinforcement to lie in the same plane. Minimum clear distance

between bars should not be less than the nominal diameters of the bars,

not less than 1 (25 mm), nor less than 1-1/3 times the maximum size of

the coarse aggregate. If more than one layer is used the clear vertical

distance between layers shall not be less than 1 (25 mm), and the bars in

the upper layer shall be placed directly above those in the bottom layer.

The following table is useful in selecting the proper width of beam given

number of reinforcing bars:

Reinforcement used to resist shearing stresses is known as web

reinforcement. Ties are frequently used for web reinforcement in place of

stirrups. A tie is generally made of #3 bars, but it completely encircles the

longitudinal tensile steel instead of being U-shaped with hooks.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

An allowance of 1-1/2 (38 mm) for fireproofing is made outside the

reinforcement on each side of the beam, and there is also allowance

for #3 stirrups. It should be noted that this Table gives the maximum

size of bars. Thus, for instance, the Table indicates that 4 - #9 bars may

be used in a beam 12 in width. Obviously, four smaller bars, e.g., 4-#7,

may also be used for the same beam width.

Fireproofing for beams and walls is 1-1/2 (40 mm).

NUMBER OF BARS IN BEAMS

Maximum number of bars for beams of various widths

Width 6 8 10 12

14

2- #5 2 - #11 2 - #11 3 - #11 4- #11

3 - #6 3 - #9 4 - #9

5 - #9

4 - #6 5 - #6

6 - #7

6 - #4

7 - #4

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.4.3 TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

1. Rectangular beams

2. T beams. When a reinforced

concrete floor slab and its supporting

beam (or girder) are built at the same

time and thoroughly tied together, a

part of the slab may be considered to

act with upper part of the beam in

compression. This form of a beam is

called a T- beam.

3. Beam with Compression

Reinforcement. These are beams with

reinforcement in the compression as

well as the tension side of the beam,

hence they are also called double

reinforced beams. In this type of beam

no bent up bars are required. Beams

with compression reinforcement are

used when the cross-sectional

dimensions of the beam are limited by

architectural or structural conditions so

that there is an insufficient concrete

area for the compressive stresses.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

4. Cantilever Beams. The tensile

reinforcement is located at top of the

beam and inverted U-stirrups are

provided.

5. Hollow box girders. These are

double reinforced beams used for long

spans. In order to reduce the dead

load (the weight of the beam) it is

hollowed in the center of the section.

Diaphragms are provided at intervals

throughout the length of the beam.

3.4

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

6. Beam Brackets or Corbels. Short beam extensions from columns

used to support rafters or trusses.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.5

3.5 ROOF DECKS

Reinforced concrete roof slabs (roof decks) are formed and sitecast in the

same manner as concrete floor systems. Roof decks are normally

covered with a type of membrane roofing for insulation and

waterproofing.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.5

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6 WALLS AND STRUCTURAL WALLS

3.6.1 TYPES OF WALLS

1. Bearing wall. A wall on which either floor or roof construction

rests.

2. Curtain wall. The enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework

or the non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.

3. Foundation wall. That portion of an enclosing wall below the

first tier of joists.

4. Retaining wall. A subsurface wall built to resist the lateral

pressure of internal loads.

5. Spandrel wall. The space between any arch and the beam

over the same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton

construction built between columns or piers and wholly

supported at each story.

3.6

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

3.6.2 CURTAIN WALLS

1. Panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface

may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose

interior surface may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on

the building structure or may be hung from the structure.

Masonry panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer

surface may form exterior building face or it may be used back of

panel curtain wall as back-up.

The two types of masonry panel walls are: the stone masonry panel

and the pre-cast masonry panel wall units.

a. Stone masonry panels are natural or artificial stone slabs which are

anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

b. Pre-cast masonry panel wall units are ordinary reinforced or pre-

stressed concrete wall units which may span one floor or several floors.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

2. Panel curtain walls are exterior non-load bearing walls made up of

panels attached directly to the building structure with an adjustable

attachment or mounted on supports (sub-frame), which in turn, are

attached to the building structure by adjustable attachments. Exterior

face of panels form the face of the building; interior face may or may

not form the interior finish. The panels which protect the building from

the weather, may be one of the following types:

a. Window type panel. Transparent glass and frame incorporated in

panel curtain wall.

b. Skin type panel. Panel made up of one material.

c. Sandwich type panel. Panel made up of assembly of several

materials.

1. Open Sandwich type. Sandwich panel with top and bottom edges

closed.

2. Closed Sandwich type. Sandwich panel in which all edges of

panel are closed except for weep holes and vents.

d. Wall Units. Preassembly of several panels of any type. Units may be

one or several stories high.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

Panel curtain walls may be classified into the following types:

Stick type. Refers to the method of installation where the mullions and

horizontal rails (gutter section and window sill section) are installed first

before installation of the window and wall panels.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

b. Unit and Mullion type. Supports (mullions) are clearly expressed.

Vertical lines dominant. Mullions are generally 4 4 max.; height, 8

0 maximum.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

c. Grid type (or Unit type). Supports (vertical and horizontal

members) clearly expressed. Vertical and horizontal lines

equally dominant. Area between support members, 32 sq. ft.

maximum. Width of panels, 4 4 max.; height, 8 0 max.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

d. Panel type (or sheathed type). Supports not expressed. Non-

lineal pattern. Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim.

Individual panel size: max. width, 3 10; max. height, 8 0.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

e. Spandrel type (column cover and spandrel system). Supports are

not a primary element of expression in this type of wall. Horizontal

lines are dominant and the length of spandrel unlimited. Width of

interlocking panels is 4 4 maximum; height is 8 0 maximum.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

f. Sheathed type (Industrial). Supports not expressed. Non-lineal

pattern. Joints vertical. Panel size: width, approx. 4; height, 60 max.

Assembly methods of panel curtain walls may be by:

1. Individual panels.

2. Wall units. Width, 6 max.; height, one several stories.

3.6.3 PRESSURE EQUALIZED DESIGN FOR CURTAIN WALLS.

Pressure differential between the outside atmosphere and an interior

environment can cause rainwater to migrate through even the smallest

openings in wall joints. Pressure-equalized design can significantly

reduce this cause of water leakage in wall construction by employing the

rain-screen principle.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

3.6.4 RETAINING WALLS, BREAST WALLS, AND VAULT

WALLS.

A retaining wall is a wall whose purpose is to resist the thrust of a

bank of earth or other material. It is differentiated from breast walls

which is similar to the retaining wall, in that in the retaining the earth

or other filling is deposited behind it after it is built, while the breast

wall (or face wall) is built to prevent the fall of earth which is in its

undisturbed, natural position, but from which part has been

excavated, leaving a vertical or inclined face.

Retaining walls are of three types:

a. Gravity wall. This is a type of wall which is constructed of such

proportions that its weight alone resists the thrust of the earth. Low walls

are invariably gravity walls constructed of brick, stone masonry or

concrete.

b. Cantilever wall. The cantilever wall is constructed of reinforced concrete

and makes use of the weight of the earth in resisting the tendency to

overturn at the outer edge. The vertical wall, supported on a horizontal

base, serves as a cantilever beam in resisting the earth pressure. Walls of

intermediate height are generally of the cantilever type.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.6

C. Counterfort wall. It is similar to the cantilever wall with the exception

that the vertical wall is tied to the base at regular intervals with triangular-

shaped walls called counterforts ( a counterfort is similar to a buttress, but

where a buttress is placed on the side of the wall opposite the pressure

acting on it, a counterfort is placed on the same side of the wall ). It is

usually more economical to use the counterfort wall for heights of 20 ft. or

over.

In large cities it is customary to utilize the space under the sidewalks for

storage or other purposes. This necessitates a wall at the curb line to hold

back the earth and the street pressures and also the weight of the

sidewalk. These are called vault walls.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.7

3.7 PRESTRESS CONCRETE

The concrete in the conventional reinforced-concrete beam is not

used economically. With respect to bending stresses, only the

concrete above the neutral surface resists compressive stresses. All

the concrete in the tension area, below the neutral axis, is disregarded

in designing because concrete is inherently weak in tension.

Therefore, only about one-third of the concrete resists compressive

stresses, the maximum stress being at the top of the beam, with the

stresses decreasing in magnitude to a zero stress at the neutral

surface.

Since in the usual reinforced-concrete beam the concrete cannot be

used efficiently, certain forces may be applied to beams that result in a

member in which all the concrete resists bending stresses. This is

known as pre-stressed concrete. A pre-stressed concrete beam is a

member so designed and constructed that all of the stresses in the

concrete resulting from bending are compressive, none is tensile. The

name is derived from the fact that the stresses are applied before the

beam is loaded.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.7

There are two methods of prestressed concrete, namely:

a. Pre-tensioning or bonded prestressing. In this method the

reinforcing steel is first prestressed and then the concrete is poured.

When the concrete has developed strength, the stress in the steel is

released. The steel when stretched out becomes smaller in cross-

section than when unstressed, and the concrete hardens around them

while they are still small. When their artificial tension is released after

the concrete hardens, they expand, reverting to their original shape,

grip the surrounding concrete. The bond between the concrete and

steel is sufficient to create compression in the concrete.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.7

b. Post-tensioning or unbonded pre-stressing. In this method, tubes,

conduits, or channels are inserted in the concrete where reinforcing

steel is required. After the concrete is adequately cured, steel

reinforcement is inserted in the tubes or channels, stretched to the

proper tension, and anchored at the ends to put a squeeze on the

beam. Tensioning is done with hydraulic jacks.

The reinforcing for pre-stressed concrete is usually wire, strand, bar or rope

made of heat-treated steel. Concrete must meet strengths usually greater

than AA-type concrete which has a strength of 3750 psi in 28 days.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.7

The advantages of pre-stressed concrete are:

1. It is economical of materials due to the use of higher steel and concrete

stresses.

2. It eliminates cracks because the concrete is always in compression.

3. It has remarkable elastic properties. For example, tests were made on a floor

slab only 1-5/s8 thick reinforced with not more than 1% steel. Although the

span was only 10 ft. the slab deflected 3 under a load of 1070lb. at its

center. When the load was removed it returned to its original level,

undamaged.

4. Beams do not have to be cast at the side in one form, but may be cast in

small sections or blocks at the factory with reinforcing wires threaded

through them. When the wires are stressed, the small units are brought

together like one large beam.

5. It develops remarkable resistance to shear stresses.

Pre-stressed concrete is used where spans and loads cannot be

adequately designed in reinforced-concrete, and for deckings, beams,

girders and other prefabricated units where greater spans and loads with

thinner, stronger, and in some cases, lighter members are required.

The designing of pre-stressed concrete for structures is highly technical and

the architect should always work with a structural engineer, even when

using prefabricated pre-stressed concrete units.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.8

3.8 PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS

Precast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees are one-way spanning

units that may be supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or

masonry bearing walls, or by steel, sitecast concrete, or precast concrete

frames. The precast units are manufactured with normal-density or

structural lightweight concrete and prestressed for greater structural

efficiency, which results in less depth, reduced weight, and longer spans.

The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the

construction site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. The

size and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of

transportation. Fabrication in a factory environment enables the unit to

have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates

the need for on-site formwork. The modular nature3 of the standard-sized

units may not be suitable for irregular building shapes.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems

3.8

3.8.1 Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units

1. Solid Flat Slabs

2. Hollow Core Slabs

3. Single Tees

4. Double Tees

5. Rectangular, L-

Shaped and Inverted

Tee Beams

6. AASHTO Girders

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

3.9 BUILDING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

3.9.1 CATEGORIES OF BUILDING PROTECTION SYSTEMS

1. Waterproofing a method of making building surfaces impervious to

water.

2. Damp-proofing applying a water-impervious material or a vapor

barrier to a surface, usually slab-on-fill, to prevent the penetration of

moisture, from the ground or the exterior or to prevent the penetration

of condensate to the surface material. Example is BARRAFILM vapor

barrier, one layer at six mils (0.006) thick, with 300 mm overlapping.

Vapor Barrier or Vapor Retarder 1. A membrane covering the outer surface of an insulated cold water pipe that is used to prevent moisture

from penetrating the insulation and reaching the pipe. 2. A layer of material or laminate used to reduce appreciably the flow of water

vapor into a roofing system.

Weathering 1. Changes in color, texture, strength, chemical composition, or other properties of a natural or artificial material due to the

action of the weather. 2. The cover applied to a part of a structure to enable it to shed rainwater.

3. Water repelling or water sealing applying, by brush or low-

pressure spray, a clear silicon water repellent or sealant to porous

surface material such as cement plaster and bricks to prevent

weathering or the growth of algae and moss. Example is

THOMPSONS Water Seal.

4. Thermal insulation method of installing thermal barriers in

surfaces of structures to keep the heat or cold away from the interior

spaces.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

5. Termite (anay) proofing

Soil poisoning treating the soil surrounding the structure in touch

with the ground (footing bed and slab on fill) with a chemical. Example

is LENTREK TC Termicide Concentrate; dilution rating: 1 part

LENTREK TC to 50 parts water.

Factory-applied wood preservative factory pressure-applied

wood preservatives; such as boliden salts, WOLMAN preservative or

SOLIGNUM preservative of MATIMCO Wood (Manila Timber

Company).

Site-applied wood preservative application of a chemical liquid on

the wood surface (Solignum) to protect it against pest intrusion, such

as termites and powder post beetles (bukbok), and decay-causing

fungi, such as sap stain and rot.

Powder Post A condition of wood which has decayed to powder, or has been eaten by worms which leave holes full of powder.

Rot Decomposition in wood by fungi and other microorganisms; reduces its strength, density and hardness.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

Termite shields installing a

shield of non-corroding metal

or inorganic material, used as

protection against the

infiltration of termites in a

building; so placed as to

prevent their passage, usually

as a projecting shield on a

masonry foundation or pier (or

under a wood sill or beam

which it supports), or around

pipes which enter the building.

6. Rat proofing a method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats

and other small destructive animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the

house and habitating the under-ceilings and under-floors of houses and

buildings.

7. Fire proofing application of cover materials to structural steel components

or systems to provide increased fire resistance. Also called sprayed

fireproofing. Example is FLAMESHIELD FIREPROOFING, Filipino

invented, non-asbestos fiber mix on non-organic binder; 1 thk for 2-hour fire

rating, 2 thk for 3 hour fire rating and 3thk for 4-hour fire rating. Another

example is, MONOKOTE MK-6, a gypsum-based, cementitious spray

applied fireproofing product, from Grace Construction Products.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

8. Floor protection a method of protecting finish floor surfaces from

wear and tear or from chemical abrasions due to heavy use.

9. Rust proofing a method of protecting the steel and other ferrous

materials from corrosion.

10. Descalers, paint and chemical strippers a method of removing

old paint by the use of a paint remover; and stains, rust, algae or

even cement build-up on forms or equipment, by the use of a chemical

stripper or descaler.

Paint remover A liquid which is applied to a dry paint or varnish to cause it to soften or lose adhesion so that it may be removed

easily.

Stripper A liquid designed to remove coatings by chemical and/or solvent action.

Descaler A liquid designed to remove scale that forms on the inside of hot water heaters, boilers, etc.

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

3.9.2 WATERPROOFING

1. Application Locations:

Top of roof decks

Top of concrete terraces, balconies, ledges and canopies

Under-sheathing for wood shingle and tile roofing

Interior surfaces of water tanks

Exterior surfaces of concrete roof gutters

Inside surfaces of plantboxes

Kitchen floor

Toilets

Basement floor and walls

Elevator pits

Swimming pools and fish ponds

Machine, mechanical and pump rooms

Refrigeration and cold storage rooms

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

2. Four Types of Waterproofing

Integral type powder form waterproofing compound mixed with the

cement-aggregate mixture. For example one bag of integral

waterproofing compound, such as SAHARA or SAKURA is added to

98 kilos off Portland cement.

Membrane type a hot or cold membrane applied to the surface; for

example asphalt paper laid with hot asphalt or self sealing asphalt

paper. Examples from WR Grace Co. are BITUTHENE CP for toilet

slabs and BITUTHENE 3000 for roof decks; and ICE AND WATER

SHIELD self-sealing and self-adhering rubberized membrane for main

entrance canopies made of metal.

Fluid type a fluid applied elastomeric coating formulated to

waterproof and preserve the substrate of concrete, wood, and steel.

The wide temperature range, withstands extreme thermal movement,

settling and cracking; resists puncture and tearing; and can be applied

by roller, brush, spray or squeegee. Examples of exposed type liquid

membrane waterproofing from WR Grace are NEWFLEX and

NEWFLEX R100 for ledges.

Cementitious type powder form waterproofing compound mixed

with water and applied by brush to the surface to be waterproofed.

Examples from WR Grace are MORTASEAL and HYDRATITE for

concrete gutters, ledges

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

FOUNDATION AND SUB-STRUCTURE WATER PROOFING

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

GROUND BEAM

WATER PROOFING

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

BASE SLAB - PIPE PENETRATION WATER

PROOFING

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

THROUGH WALL PENETRATION

WATER PROOFING

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

FLAT DECK WATER PROOFING

UPSTAND DETAIL-SHEAR MEMBER

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

TYPICAL DRAIN DETAIL

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

TYPICAL PIPE DETAIL THROUGH ROOF SLAB

(LIQUID MEMBRANE DETAIL)

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

TYPICAL PIPE DETAIL THROUGH ROOF SLAB (SHEET MEMBRANE

DETAIL)

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

EXPANSION JOINT COVER

DECK OR WALL JUNCTION

3.0

Heavy Reinforced

Concrete, Pre-

Stressed Concrete &

Steel Construction

Foundations Systems

Foundation Walls,

Basement


Reinforced Concrete

Columns

Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems

Roof Decks

Walls & Structural

Walls

Pre-Stress Concrete

Pre-Cast Concrete

Floor Systems

Building Protection

Systems3.9

3.9.3 THERMAL INSULATION

1. Application Locations of heat insulators: Top or bottom of roof decks

Below roofing sheets

Above suspended ceiling

2. Types of Thermal Insulators Loose Fill fibrous type and granular type

Blanket Insulation is made from fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber,

cotton fiber or animal hair and made into batt[1] or boards. Example is PARSEC

Thermo Brite II for underneath metal roofing insulation.

Block or Rigid Slab Insulation stiff and inelastic such as foamed plastic, cellular

glass, foamed concrete, etc. Example is STYROFOAM ROOFMATE SL extruded

polysterene board as manufactured by DOW Chemicals, for inaccessible roof decks.

Foamed-in Place Insulation a polyurethane product made by combining a

polyisocyanate and a polyester resin. This type of insulation can be applied either by

pouring or by spraying. The basic ingredients for both are drawn from their containers,

measured and mixed by machine.

Sprayed-on Insulation materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed

with inorganic binders; vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or

gypsum and perlite aggregate using gypsum as a binder. Machines are used for

blowing these insulations into place and as a result, the shape and irregularity of the

surface being insulated is of little consequence. Example is MBA SPRAYED-ON

POLYURETHANE INSULATION; 25 mm thick x 1.5 pcf density for accessible roof

decks.

Batt Insulation A flexible blanket- type thermal insulation, commonly used as insulation between studs or joints in frame construction;

also used as an acoustical material or a component in sound-insulating construction. Usually made from rock, slag, or glass

fibers. Sometimes has a vapor barrier on one side or is entirely enclosed in paper with a vapor barrier on one side.

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Building Technology