Building System Life-cycle Commissioning and Optimization

Building System Life-cycle Commissioning and Optimization for

Enhanced Energy Efficiency – Best Practices in Building Energy

Efficiency and Conservation Projects

Shengwei Wang (王盛衛) Chair Professor of Building Services Engineering (講座教授)

Building Energy and Automation Research Laboratory/Department of Building

Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

香港理工大學-屋宇設備工程學系/建築節能及自動化研究室

[email protected]

1

Opportunities and Challenges in China's Energy Development - Energy Efficiency and Conservation

28/Nov/2013, Singapore

Outline of Presentation/内容简要

• Basic approaches for building energy saving/建筑节能的基本路径

• Life-cycle diagnosis/commissioning and optimization/全生命周期诊断/校验及优化

• Technologies and deliverables/技术及可达目标

• Research areas and expertise/研究领域及经验

• Application Case 1 – ICC /应用案例1-环球貿易广场

• Application Case 2 – A Hotel Building/应用案例2-酒店建筑

• Energy Performance Enhancement of Existing Buildings/既有建筑节能

2

Basic Approaches for Energy Efficient Buildings

建筑节能的基本途径

• Reduced heating/cooling loads /低热负荷/冷负荷

– Building envelope design, passive design, etc. /建筑围护结构设计,

被动式设计,等

• Use of energy efficient components and technologies /使用高能效的设备与技术

• Optimization of system and technology integration, operation and control

/优化系统和技术集成, 运行及控制

– Life-cycle commissioning, design optimization, control optimization, etc. /

全生命周期的校验,设计优化,控制优化,等。

3

Team’s Research Objectives and Applicable

Deliverables - 团队的研究目标和产品

• Life-cycle Diagnosis/Commissioning

and Optimization

• 全生命周期诊断/校验及优化

4

Concept (理念) of Commissioning

• Commissioning: including verifying, diagnosis,

correction and improvement.

• 校验: 验证,诊断,修正及改进.

5

Objectives of Diagnosis/Commissioning and Optimization 诊断/校验及优化的目标

Objective of Diagnosis/Commissioning/诊断校验的目标 • To ensure the operation performance of the systems

delivered meet the design intent.

• 确保所交付系统的运行性能达到设计期望

Objective of optimization/优化的目标 • To push the operation performance of the systems

delivered to approach the best, often exceed the design intent.

• 让所交付系统运行的运行性能趋近最佳，通常优于设计期望

6

Steps towards Energy Efficient Buildings

建筑能源效益实现步骤

Make designs proper and correct

正确合理的设计

Optimize designs and selections

对设计和系统选用进行优化

Construct/install systems correctly

正确的系统施工/安装

Ensure systems operate as good as intent

确保系统运行效果达到设计期望

Push systems approach the best

使系统趋于最佳

Design Stage

设计阶段

Construction Stage

施工阶段

Operation Stage

and T&C Stage

运行与调试测试阶段

7

• Building HVAC System Optimization Tool;

建筑空调系统优化工具

• Package of Online Optimal and Energy Efficient Control and Fault Diagnosis Strategies

实时节能优化控制和故障诊断策略系列

• Building System Online Performance Simulation Test Platform;

建筑系统实时性能模拟实验平台

• BA Control and Diagnosis Strategy Online Test Platform;

BA控制和诊断策略实时测试平台

Examples of Technologies/Tools Developed/技术示例

• Building Level Energy Performance Quick Evaluation and Diagnostic Tool;

建筑整体性能快速评估和诊断工具

• Detailed Evaluation and Diagnostic Tool for A/C and BA systems;

空调和BA系统评估和诊断工具

8

Building Energy Diagnosis Tools

建筑能耗诊断工具

Virtual Test Platforms

仿真实验平台

Optimization Tools

优化工具

Research Areas and Expertise 研究领域及经验

• Building HVAC&R system dynamic Simulation

建筑空调制冷系统动态模拟

• HVAC&R system Optimal and Energy-Efficient Control

空调制冷系统优化及节能控制

• Building Energy and HVAC&R System Fault Diagnosis

建筑能效及空调制冷系统故障诊断

• IB/BA Integration and Management Technology

IB/BA集成及管理技术

9

Research Areas and Expertise (B) • Building HVAC&R system dynamic Simulation and

Optimization/建筑空调制冷系统动态模拟及优化

- for dynamic and realistic performance evaluation

关注动态及真实性能评估

- Modeling for online optimal control and diagnosis

实时优化控制及诊断所需模型

- Effective parameter identification methods (based on limited and low quality information)

高效参数识别方法（基于有限和低质数据）

- System optimization/系统优化

Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方向创新贡献举例:

• Simplified physical models with parameters identified by fitting using limited operation data/

带有有限运行数据拟合的参数识别的简化物理模型

• Online adaptive models with online parameter identification /具有在线参数识别功能的在线自适应模型

• Parameter identification methods: GA-based fitting methods, frequency/time domain fitting

methods, etc. /参数识别方法：基于GA的拟合方法，频域/时域拟合方

法,等

Deliverables/成果:

• 35 (SCI) journal papers published /35篇SCI期刊文章

• 3 PhD students trained /培养了博士生3名

• 1 PhD student on-going /在读博士1名 10

Research Areas and Expertise (C)

• HVAC&R System Optimal and Energy-Efficient

Control/空调制冷系统优化及节能控制

- Concerning poor quality (accuracy and uncertainty) of online measurements/包容在线测量的低质量(准确性和不确定性）

- Robustness and sensitivity of control strategies (to measurement error/uncertainty, change of working conditions) /控制方案的鲁棒性和敏感性(在测量误差和不确定性,变工况条件下)

- Effective and robustness online optimization techniques/高效和鲁棒的在线优化算法

- Control of new HVAC systems/processes /新型空调系统和过程的控制

Examples of novel contributions in the subject area/本方法创新贡献举例:

• Chiller plant Robust control using data fusion/基于数据融合的制冷机组鲁棒控制

• Adaptive optimal control using online adaptive models /采用在线自适应模型的的自适应优化控制

• Supply-based demand-limiting control of chilled water systems /冷冻水系统的基

于供方的需求限定控制




• 3 PhD students on-going /在读博士2名

• 3 Patents /专利3项 11

Research Areas and Expertise (D)

- HVAC&R component and sub-system FDD methods (concerning limited information or low quality data)/空调制冷系统部件和子系统故障诊断方法(考虑到有限信息和低质量数据);

- Sensor and control faults/传感器和控制故障;

- Building-level evaluation and diagnosis Methods/tools for existing buildings (based on limited data)/既有建筑建筑层次评价和诊断方法/工具(基于有限数据).

• Building Energy and HVAC&R System Fault Diagnosis

/建筑能效及空调制冷系统故障诊断


• Senor fault detection and diagnosis/传感器故障检测及诊断 ;

• HVAC component diagnosis concerning sensor faults and uncertainty /包容传感器错误

和不确定性的空调部件诊断;

• Introducing adaptive thresholds in fault detection /引入自适应阈值于故障检测;

• Building-level performance assessment method based on very limited energy data /适用于极少能耗数据条件下的建筑层次性能考核方法;


• About 55 (SCI) journal papers published /约55篇SCI期刊文章


• 2 PhD student on-going /在读博士2名 12

Research Areas and Expertise (E)

- Integration and management software development/集成和管理软件开发;

- Interactive Building Energy Demand Management Strategy for Smart Grid (commercial buildings/via BMS)/与智能电网互动的建筑能耗需求管理方案(商用建筑/基于BMS)

• IB/BA Integration and Management Technology

IB /BA集成及管理技术


• Use of middleware technology in BA management software platform /应用中间件技术

在BA管理软件平台的应用;

• Building energy demand management (and interaction strategy with smart grid) /建筑能耗需求管理[与智能电网互动的方案.




• 3 PhD student on-going /在读博士2名

13

建筑全生命周期校验及优化

– 环球貿易广场

Building Life-cycle Diagnosis, Commissioning and Optimization

- International Commerce Centre (ICC)

14

Our Roles in ICC Project /我们在项目中的角色

Independent Energy Consultant (Independent Commissioning Agent)

独立的节能顾问(独立的校验代理)

To Develop the HVAC Energy Optimal Control System

开发HVAC节能优化控制系统

490 m

118 F

15

Virtual Building System – Dynamic simulation platform of the complex HVACR system

虚拟建筑系统-复杂空调系统动态模拟平台

Chiller One

TYPE 23

Chiller Four

TYPE 23

Chiller Six

TYPE 23

Chiller Two

TYPE 23

Chiller Three

TYPE 23

Chiller Five

TYPE 23

CTA Three

TYPE 1

CTB One

TYPE 2

CTA Five

TYPE 1

CTA Two

TYPE 1

CTA Four

TYPE 1

CTB Two

TYPE 2

CTA One

TYPE 1

CTB Five

TYPE 2

CTB Four

TYPE 2

CTB Three

TYPE 2

CTA Six

TYPE 1

Cooling tower controller

TYPE 3&54&55

Mixing after chiller condensers

TYPE 4

Mixing after cooling towers

TYPE 5

Data Reader

TYPE 9

Chiller sequence controller

TYPE 50

Mixing & Bypass

TYPE 67

Return pipe

TYPE 31 Supply pipe

TYPE 31

Pump & network

TYPE 12

AHUs

TYPE 63

PID control

TYPE 42

Pump sequence

TYPE 39

HX modeling&mixingTYPE 41

HX sequence

TYPE 39

PID control

TYPE 43

Tao,i

Load & status of AHUs

TYPE 49

Pump & network

TYPE 13

AHUs

TYPE 21

PD optimizerTYPE 7

PID control

TYPE 20

Pump sequence

TYPE 39

PID control

TYPE 43

Tao,i

VPi

PDset

Pump & network

TYPE 14

PID control

TYPE 43

PID control

TYPE 43

Mixing

TYPE 48

Tw,out

HX modeling&mixing TYPE 36

HX sequence

TYPE 39

Pump & network

TYPE 17

AHUs

TYPE 63

PID control

TYPE 42

Pump sequence

TYPE 39

PID control

TYPE 43

Tao,i

Pump & network

TYPE 15

PID control

TYPE 43

PID control

TYPE 43

Mixing & bypass

TYPE 19

Tw,o

ut

Load & status of AHUs

TYPE 35

Pump & network

TYPE 18

AHUs

TYPE 63

PID control

TYPE 42

PID control

TYPE 43

Tao,i

HX modeling&mixing TYPE 37

HX sequence

TYPE 39

Pump & network

TYPE 16

PID control

TYPE 43

PID control

TYPE 43Mixing & bypass

TYPE 45

PD optimizerTYPE 6

VPi

PDset

PD optimizerTYPE 8

Pump sequence

TYPE 39

PDset

PD optimizerTYPE 62

PDset

Mixing

TYPE 47

Mixing

TYPE 47

Tw,su

p

Mw,i

On/

Off

of

AH

Us

Mw

& P

Dm

eas

Npu

Freq

On/

Off

of

AH

Us

Mw,i

Mw

& P

Dm

eas

Freq

Npu

Nhx

Tw,su

p

Tw,in &Mw

Tw,su

p

Mw,set

Mw,measFreq

Mw,i

VPi

Npu

Freq

VPi

Mw,i

Freq

Npu

Mw

& P

Dm

eas

Nhx

Mw

Tw,sup&MwMw,set

Mw,measFreqNhx

Load

Nhx

Nhx

Tw,su

p

Tw,out

Ma,

i&Ta

,inMa,i&Ta,in

Ma,i&Ta,in

On/Off of AHUs

On/Off of AHUsOn/Off of AHUs

Mw & Tw,rtn Mw & Tw,rtn

On/Off of AHUs Ma,i&Ta,in

On/

Off

of

AH

Us

On/Off of AHUs

Load

Tw,su

pTw

,rtn

& M

w

Tw,rtn & Mw

Tw,in

Mw

& T

w,in

Tw,sup & MwMw & Tw,rtn

Nhx

Mw

Mw

,&w

,in

Tw,rt

n&

Mw

Mw,measFreq

Mw,set

Mw

Nch On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off On/Off

Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out Tw,ch,out

Tsup

Tsup

Mw

,tot&

Trt

n

Nch Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out Tw,cd,out

Tw,cd,in

Mw,tot&Tw,ct,inTw,cd,outOn/Off,i&Freq,i

Zone 2

Zone 1Zone 3&4

NumberN:

Valve positionVP:

Pressure differentialPD:

FrequencyFreq:

Cooling loadLoad:

Water or air flow rateM:

TemperatureT:

Component type numberTYPE XX:

NumberN:

Valve positionVP:

Pressure differentialPD:

FrequencyFreq:

Cooling loadLoad:

Water or air flow rateM:

TemperatureT:

Component type numberTYPE XX:

Supplysup:Heat exchangerhx:

wb:

ct:

cd:

rtn:

in:

ao:

meas:

w:

Subscript

Wet-bulb

Cooling tower

Condenser

Return

Inlet

Air outlet

Measurement

Water

Set-pointset:

Chillerch:

Dry-bulbdb:

Outletout:

Pumppu:

Totaltot:

Individuali:

Aira:

Supplysup:Heat exchangerhx:

wb:

ct:

cd:

rtn:

in:

ao:

meas:

w:

Subscript

Wet-bulb

Cooling tower

Condenser

Return

Inlet

Air outlet

Measurement

Water

Set-pointset:

Chillerch:

Dry-bulbdb:

Outletout:

Pumppu:

Totaltot:

Individuali:

Aira:

Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw Tw,out & MwTw,out & MwTw,out & MwTw,out & Mw Tw,out & MwTw,out & Mw Tw,out & Mw

Mw,tot&Tw,ct,out

Pump sequence

TYPE 39NpuMw

Pump sequence

TYPE 39

Npu

Mw

Mixing

TYPE 60

Tw,rtn & Mw,tot

Twb&

Tdb

Tw,out,i

Mixing

TYPE 61

Mw,tot & Tw,rtn

Zone airflow rates

Zone 1

Zone 2 Zones 3&4

Virtual Building

System Simulated

BA & Strategies

(updated throughout the entire

process)

虚拟建筑系统仿真（全过程不断更新）

• Verifying/improving the system configuration and component selection including the chiller system, water system (primary/secondary system), heat rejection system (cooling towers), fresh air system etc.

验证/改进系统配置及设备选配，包括冷机、水系统（一/二次系统）、散热系统（冷却塔）及新风系统等;

• Verifying and improving the metering system for proper local control, and the original proposed control logics at the design stage.

验证/改进测量系统使之满足过程控制及原有设计控制方案

• Proposal of additional metering system for implementing supervisory control and diagnosis strategies and related facilities for implementing these strategies

建议额外的测量设备及系统以备整体优化控制策略及诊断略的实施

Commissioning at Design Stage/设计阶段校验

Design commissioning mainly concerns the future operation and control

performance of HVAC systems, including:

设计校验关注HVAC未来的运行和控制性能,主要包括:

The typical energy-saving efforts from the design and the installation phases

设计和安装阶段最典型的节能措施

An Example of Diagnosis and Optimization at Design Stage

设计阶段诊断及优化的例子

HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42

(S-B

)

FROM OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)

TO OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)

(S-B

)

HX-78HX-78HX-78

TO OFFICE FLOORSS (79-98)


(S-B

)(S

-B)

SCHWP-42-01 to 03SCHWP-42-04 to 06

SCHWP-78-01 to 03

SCHWP-06-06 to 09

To Z

on

e 3&

4

Fro

m Z

on

e 3&

4

Flow meter

Bypass valve

EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOR EVAPORATOREVAPORATOREVAPORAROR

WCC-06a-01

(2040 Ton)

PCHWP-06-01

FROM OFFICCE FLOORS(7-41)

TO OFFICE FLOORS(7-41)

HX-42

PCHWP-06-02 PCHWP-06-03 PCHWP-06-04 PCHWP-06-05 PCHWP-06-06

WCC-06a-02

(2040 Ton)

WCC-06a-04

(2040 Ton)WCC-06a-03

(2040 Ton)

WCC-06a-05

(2040 Ton)WCC-06a-06

(2040 Ton)

CDWP-06-01 CDWP-06-02 CDWP-06-04CDWP-06-03 CDWP-06-05 CDWP-06-06

A

F

D

CA

B

E

B

D

C

E

F

Secondary water circuit for Zone 1

Secondary water circuit for Zone 2

Secondary water circuit for Zone

3 and Zone 4

Primary water circuit

Chiller circuit

Cooling water circuit

(S-B

)

FROM PODIUM & BASEMENT

TO PODIUM & BASEMENT

HX-06

(S-B

)(S

-B)

(S-B

)


TO OFFICE FLOORS (43-77)

(S-B

)

CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER

HX-78HX-78HX-78

TO OFFICE FLOORSS (79-98)


(S-B

)(S

-B)

SCHWP-42-01 to 03SCHWP-42-04 to 06

SCHWP-78-01 to 03

PCHWP-78-03PCHWP-78-01 PCHWP-78-02

PCHWP-42-01 PCHWP-42-02 PCHWP-42-03 PCHWP-42-04 PCHWP-42-05 PCHWP-42-06 PCHWP-42-07

SCHWP-06-06 to 09

SCHWP-06-03 to 05

SCHWP-06-01 to 02

SCHWP-06-10 to 12

To cooling towersFrom cooling towers

HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42 HX-42

HX-06

Original System

原系统

Revised System

修改后的系统

System Design Verification and Optimization 系统设计验证及优化

Secondary water loop systems of 3rd/4th zones /第3/4区二次水系统

去掉水泵/Primary pumps are omitted

System Design Verification and Optimization 系统设计验证及优化

Secondary water loop systems of 3rd/4th zones /第3/4区二次水系统

Primary pumps in Zone 3- removed on 25th August 2012

Primary pumps in Zone 4-removed on 13th October 2012

Comparison of the power consumption between two design configurations in Zone 3

Items Original design Alternative

design Savings

Constant speed pumps 89.4 kW (2 pumps

in operation) 0.0 kW 89.4 kW 100%

Variable speed pumps

before heat exchangers 45.6 kW 45.1 kW 0.5 kW 1.1%

Variable speed pumps

in Zone 3 18.5 kW 22.8 kW -4.3 kW -23.2%

Total 153.5 kW 67.9 kW 85.6 kW 55.8%

Comparison between Two systems/修改前后能耗比较

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time (h )

Pu

mp

pow

er (

kW)

Original design

Alternative design

Typical sunny-summer day

夏季晴天

Annual Pump Energy Saving is 1M kWh/水泵年节能量为1百万kWh

Cooling tower site operation issue/冷却塔实际运行 • We suggest all the cooling tower fans are equipped with VFD for

significant energy savings, and the variable frequency range is from 50 Hz to 20Hz (25 Hz at least)/我们建议所有冷却塔采用VFD控制（变频范围为50Hz~20Hz,至少25Hz)可显著节能.

• At the test stage, the manufacture stated the minimum frequency is 37 Hz for cooling requirement of the inside motor. /在测试阶段，制造商声称冷却内部电机所需的最低频率为37Hz.

• The manufacturer finally confirmed the minimum frequency is 20 Hz ensuring the normal operation of the fan. /最终，制造商确认保证风机正常运行的最低频率为20Hz

Such low frequency increases the energy

saving potential greatly at partial load

conditions !

低频运行大幅提高了部分负荷下的节能潜力！

The savings is about 607,000 kWh , 2.86% of annual energy

consumption of chillers and cooling towers due to the lower

frequency limit.

较低的频率范围带来的年节电量约为607,000度，为冷机和冷却塔年运行电耗的2.86%.

Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems/ 中央空调系统优化控制策略

Chiller sequence, optimal start /冷机时序、优化开机

Optimal chiller sequence - based on a more accurate cooling load prediction using

data fusion method, and considering demand limiting /优化冷机时序—基于数据融合方法得到的更为准确的预测冷负荷，并同时考虑限制负荷.

Adaptive online strategy for optimal start - based on simplified sub-system dynamic

models /基于简化子系统的动态模型的冷机自适应的在线优化启动

Ventilation strategy for multi-zone air-conditioning system /多区空调系统新风控制策略

Optimal ventilation control strategy - based on ventilation needs of individual zones

and the energy benefits of fresh air intake / 优化新风控制策略—基于各区域新风需求及新风引入的节能效益

Peak demand limiting and overall electricity cost management /峰值限电及宏观电费管理

23

Chilled water system optimization/冷冻水系统优化

Optimal pressure differential set point reset strategy/优化压差重设定策略

Optimal pump sequence logic / 优化水泵时序逻辑

Optimal heat exchanger sequence logic /优化换热器时序逻辑

Optimal control strategy for pumps in the cold water side of heat exchangers/换热器供冷侧水泵优化控制

Optimal chilled water supply temperature set-point reset strategy/优化冷冻水出水温度重设策略

Cooling water system optimization /冷却水系统优化

Optimal condenser inlet water temperature set point reset strategy/优化冷却水进水温度重设策略

Optimal cooling tower sequence/优化冷却塔时序控制

Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems /中央空调系统优化控制策略（续）

24

From cooling source

HX

HX

Temperature controller

Differential pressure controller

Temperature

set-pointPressure

differential set-point

To coolingsource

Secondary side of HX Primary side of HX


Temperature

set-point

MM

ΔP

TT

TT

To terminal

units

From terminal units

Modulating

valves

MM

HX

HX

TT TM


Water flowcontroller

Temperature

set-point

Water flow

set-point

To terminal

units

From terminal units

Secondary side of HX Primary side of HX

TM

From cooling source

To coolingsource

Original implemented strategy – differential pressure control and by resorting to the modulating valve

原用策略 —维持压差并调节水阀开度

Revised strategy – cascade controller without using any modulating valve

改进策略 —无调节阀的串级控制

Optimal Control of Variable Speed Pumps/变频泵优化控制

Speed control of pumps distributing water to heat exchangers

供水给热交换器的水泵变频控制

25

Site practically tests show that the proposed strategy can provide stable and reliable control. Compared to original implemented strategy, about 22.0% savings for pumps before heat exchangers in Zone 1 was achieved.

现场实测表明该控制策略稳定可靠，与原策略比，第1区换热器前的水泵可节能22.0%.

Energy consumption (kWh)

Pumps Number

(standby) Original

strategy

(kWh)

Alternative

Strategy

(kWh)

Saving

(kWh)

Primary pumps in Zone 1 1(1) 528,008 456,132 71,876

Primary pumps for Zones 3&4 3(1) 921,235 795,830 125,405

Primary pumps in Zone 4 2(1) 401,008 346,420 54,588

Total saving of the primary pumps 251,869

Energy saving of primary pumps before

heat exchanges due to the use of

PolyU strategy is about 250,000 kWh.

采用我们的策略后，换热器一次泵

年节电约250,000度

Performance test and evaluation/性能测试及评价

Due to the low load of Zone 1 in ICC at current stage, a simulation test of annual energy savings by using PolyU strategy is performed

因现阶段ICC第1区负荷较低，通过模拟对我们的策略进行了全年能耗测试

26

Visible Plume Abatement

白烟控制

27

Visible Plume/白烟

28

At first-level warning, increase airflow rate by 20% when

plume potential is marginal/一级预警，当预计到

白烟临界点时，风量增加20%

At second-level warning, increase airflow by 40% when

plume potential is high/二级预警，当白烟发生概

率更高时，风量增加40%

Start heating using heat pumps when visual plume is

observed/当白烟发生时，启动热泵加热

Decision

maker

Platform for predicting

plume occurring possibility

Normal operation when there is no predicted plume

occurs / 预测无白烟则正常操作

Operating Condition Power Consumption

Cooling

Water

Temp Set-

point

Cooling

Tower

Number

Cooling

Tower

Freq

Chiller

Power

Cooling

Tower

Power

Total

Power Difference

Operation modes

°C - Hz kW kW kW kW %

Reference 22.7 3 26.51 856.2 59.1 915.35 -- --

First-level warning 21.3 3 30.74 836.2 93.0 929.2 14.0 1.5

Second-level warming 20.1 3 35.52 819.9 145.9 965.8 50.6 5.5

Using heat pumps 22.7 3CT+1HP 26.51 856.2 59.1 1215.2 300 32.8

Visible Plume Abatement/白烟控制

Additional energy consumption for plume control could

be reduced from 32.8% to 5.5% or 1.5% at low Load

白烟控制的附加能耗从32.8%降低为5.5%或低负荷下的1.5%

29

Chiller Plant Sequencing Control

of Enhanced Robustness using

Data Fusion Technique 采用数据融合技术的强化鲁棒

冷机时序控制

30

采用数据融合的冷负荷测量

Cooling load measurement/冷负荷测量

Direct measurement of building cooling load/直接测量

Qdm = cpwρwMw(Tw,rtn-Tw,sup)

cpw is the water specific thermal capacity/ 比热容; ρw is the water

density/水密度; Mw is water flow rate/水流量; Tw,rtn,Tw,sup are

chilled water return/supply temp/冷冻水供回水温度.

Indirect measurement of building cooling load/间接测量

Qim = f(Pcom,Tcd,Tev)

Pcom is chiller power consumption/ 冷机功耗; Tcd,Tev are chiller

condensing/evaporating temperatures/ 冷机冷凝/蒸发温度

31

Robust building cooling load measurement technique Based on Data Fusion

基于数据融合的强化鲁棒冷负荷测量技术

Data fusion to merge “Direct measurement” and “Indirect

measurement” improving the accuracy and reliability of building

cooling load measurement

Chiller 1 Chiller n

Central Chilling Plant

Chiller

Model 1

Direct Load

measurement

Data Fusion

Engine

+

Wch,n,Tev,n,Tcd,n

Tsup Mw

Trtn

Qdm

Qin,1 Qin,n

Qload (Fused cooling load)

rload (Degree of confidence)

…

Advanced soft

measurement system

Chiller

Model n

Wch,1,Tev,1,Tcd,1

数据融合综合“直接测量”和“间接测量”以改进建筑冷负荷测量精度和可靠性

32

High degree of confidence => Accurate and relatively 高可信度 aggressive control

精确和进取的控制

Low degree of confidence => Safe control and warning

低可信度 for maintenance check

保守控制并发出检修警告信息

Medium degree of confidence => Less aggressive and

中可信度 safer control/較保守

和較安全的控制

Robust Chiller Sequencing Control Based on Enhanced

Cooling Load Measurement Technique

基于强化冷负荷测量技术的制冷机组鲁棒性时序控制

33

34

07/20/2011 07/21/2011 07/22/2011 07/23/2011 07/24/2011 07/25/2011 07/26/2011 07/27/20110

1

2

3

4

5

Chi

ller

oper

atin

g nu

mbe

r

Original one

Robust one

On-site Application Result – Robust Chiller sequencing control

Strategy Weekly energy consumption Capability in error

detection kWh Saving (%)

Original control 426,730 - No

Robust one 398,380 6.6 Yes

Annual energy saving is about 680,000 kWh.

Site Implementation of The

Control Strategies

控制策略的现场实施

Implementation Strategy of Optimal Control and Diagnosis

Tools in ICC /ICC优化控制和诊断策略的实施

LAN

VAV BoxAHU PAU

Supply air control

optimizer

Fresh air control

optimizer

Fresh air

terminal

ATC

Decision Supervisor

Building

Management

System

DiagnosisOptimizer

Overall KVA, etc. Control

Parameters

Chiller Plant Control Optimizer

and Diagnosis

Control Setting

from PolyU

Control Setting

from ATC

Manual

Control

Control Setting

from PolyU

Control Setting

from ATC

Manual

Control

BA

Cn

et

SD

K

IBmanager

Continuous Technical Support in and after 2012

No Strategy Implementation Date Annual Energy

Saving (kWh)

1 Robust chiller sequencing control 1-Jan-2012 680,000

2 Chilled water supply temperature

optimization

1-Feb-2012 110,000

3 Cooling tower optimal control 25-Jun-2012 330,000

4 System design optimization with

primary pumps being omitted

Zone 3: 25-Aug-2012

Zone 4:13-Oct-2012

1,000,000

5 Speed control of pumps distributing

water to heat exchangers

Zone 3: 14-Nov-2012

Zone 4: 8-Nov-2012

250,000

6 DCV with free cooling 28- Mar-2013 1,000,000

7 Deficit flow control 28- Oct-2013 250,000

2012: Optimal control strategies are tested and implemented stage by stage

in 2012. Only part of the annual energy saving was realized.

HVAC system COP comparison between 2011 and 2012

1.96

1.94

-

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

EE

R_

HV

AC

Efficiency-2012

Efficiency-2011

System average COP is increased from 1.94 to 1.96 (i.e. 1%).


Energy consumption of HVAC system comparison between 2011 and 2012

2013: Compared with 2012, energy consumption of HVAC system in the first

six months has been reduced by about 2.0 M kWh.


-

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Average

Ener

gy

consu

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

HVAC consumption-2013

HVAC consumption-2012

Summary of Energy Benefits/节能效益总计 • 1,000,000 kWh energy consumption is saved due to the modification

on the secondary water loops of Zone 3 & 4 / 改进3、4区二次水环路—节能1百万度

• 2,360,000 kWh , (about 5.1% of annual energy consumption of chillers and cooling towers) of the cooling system can be saving due

to the change from single speed to variable speed using VFD /冷却塔单速运行改为VFD无级变频—节能2.36百万度

• 607,000 kWh , (about 2.8% of annual energy consumption of chillers and cooling towers) of the cooling system will be wasted

when the lowest frequency is limited at 37 Hz / 若冷却塔最低频率定为37Hz，将费能约61万度

• 3, 500,000 kWh (about 7%) of the total energy consumption of HVAC system) can be saved using PolyU control strategies based on

the original design/ 在原设计方案的基础上，采用我们的控制策略节能3.5百万度

Saving by Control Optimization – compared with the

case when the HVAC system operates correctly as the

original design intent. 3.5M per year

优化控制节能 -与HVAC系统按照原设计正常运行比，每年节省约3.5百万度

Saving by Commissioning (Improving the system configuration and selection) – compared with the

original design. About 3.5 M per year

与原设计方案比，校验（改进系统形式及配置）年节能为3.5百万度

The annual total energy

saving is about 7.0M kWh !

年节能总计约7百万度

40

Contributions in supporting ICC building in getting

HK-BEAM Platinum Certificate 对ICC铂金认证的贡献

Annual Energy Use Reduction By 14.6% to get extra 2 credits

年能耗降低14.6% 得2分

Peak Demand Reduction By 26.9% to get extra 2 credits

峰值负荷减少26.9% 得2分

Optimal Control Strategies “Innovation” for extra 1 credits

“创新项”—优化控制策略得1分

Grade

评级

Overall

得分率

Performance

性能评价

Platinum 铂金 75% Excellent 优异

Gold 金 65% Very Good 很好

Silver 银 55% Good 较好

Bronze 铜 40% Above average

中等偏上

The overall assessment grade is based

on the percentage of applicable credits

(about 145) gained in 5 categories: site

aspects，material aspects， energy

use，water use , and IAQ (vision 4/04 ).

认证等级根据建筑在：场地，材料，能源，用水以及室内环境质量这五个方面的整体得分率而定.

Gold

金级（72.7%）

5 credits 分 (3.5%)

Platinum

铂金级（76.2%)

H V

A C

ICC Project Won ASHRAE Technology Award 2014

(Category 1: Commercial Building - New)

A New Hotel Development in Sheung Wan

(Holiday Inn Express)

Independent Energy Consultant (Independent Commissioning Agent)

独立的节能顾问(独立的校验顾问)

To Develop the HVAC Energy Optimal Control System

开发HVAC节能优化控制系统

44

System Design diagnosis and Optimization

系统设计诊断及优化

Bypass of heat recovery in fresh air supply system/新风处理机热回收系统的旁通控制

Reset of the cooling water system design pressure drop/冷却水系统设计压头的重估

Optimal chiller selection /优化冷机选型

Optimal condensing water pump selection/优化冷却水泵选型

Optimal cooling tower installation/优化冷却塔安装

Chilled water system optimization/冷冻水系统优化 Optimal pressure differential set point reset strategy/优化压差重设定策略

Optimal chilled water supply temperature set-point reset strategy/优化冷冻水出水温度重设策略

Cooling water system optimization /冷却水系统优化 Variable fan speed control/冷却塔风扇变速控制

Optimal condenser inlet water temperature set point reset strategy/优化冷却水进水温度重设策略

Optimal cooling tower sequence control/优化冷却塔时序控制

Optimal cooling water pump sequence control/优化冷却水泵时序控制

Air system optimization /送风系统优化 Optimal PAU fan speed control /优化新风处理机风扇速度控制

Chiller sequence, optimal start /冷机优化 Optimal chiller sequence control /优化冷机时序控制

45

Optimal control strategies for central air-conditioning systems/ 中央空调系统优化控制策略

46

Summary of Energy Benefits/节能效益总计

Platinum

铂金级

BEAM PLUS Platinum Certificate 铂金认证

Saving by Commissioning (Improving the system configuration and

selection) and Control Optimization – compared with the case

when the HVAC system operates correctly as the

original design intent. 20% saved annually

优化设计与控制节能 -与HVAC系统按照原设计正常运行比，每年节省20%电能。

Existing Buildings

Energy Performance Assessment and

Diagnosis of Information-poor Buildings

基于有限信息的建筑能效评估及诊断

Information-poor buildings信息匮乏建筑

• Insufficient energy use data 能耗数据不足 – Few or no sub-meters are installed

一般不具备分项电表，仅能从电费单获取建筑总能耗

• Poor-quality measurements 测量质量不高 – Very limited sensors 传感器数量有限

– Seldom calibrated/maintained 缺乏定期标定与维护，误差很大

• Unknown, abnormal operation modes 运行模式不定 – Occupants’ behaviors : 人员行为的随机性很大

– Failures of automatic control: 故障导致运行偏离预期

Energy balances: 电量、冷量平衡

Conditioned

zone

Unconditioned

zone

Heat of “other-consumers”

is dissipated to

unconditioned zone or outside

Electricity

“others” e.g., lift,

exterior lighting

Cooling

Supply

Internal

heat gain

Conductive heat gain

through envelope

Heat gain due

to solar

radiation

Heat gain due

to ventilation

HVAC e.g., chiller,

pump, fan

“internal” e.g., lighting,

plugged load

OthersInternalHVACBuilding EEEE DemandSupply CLCL

Electricity consumption balance Cooling energy balance

Monthly energy performance assessment

based on limited information

基于有限信息的逐月能效评估方法

Inputs

Monthly electricity

bills

Building design data

Weather data

Short-term field

measurements

Electricity balance

Cooling

demand

Cooling

supply

Cooling energy balance

Optimization algorithm

Outputs

Energy consumptions

of individual systems

Building cooling load

Energy efficiencies of

HVAC system and

main components

EHVAC EInternal

Energy Performance

Calculation

各系统能耗、建筑冷负荷、空调系统性能参数由基于少量信息的能量平衡关系确定 50

Optimization algorithm for energy balancing

电量冷量平衡示意图

kWhEEE HVACOthersInternal 401,620

HVACInternalDemand EECL 843,290

SCOPECL HVACSupply

Determine EInternal, EOthers and EHVAC to

minimize relative cooling balance residual: )(5.0 SupplyDemand

SupplyDemand

CLCL

CLCL

Rμ

Outputs: Building energy performance data

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Internal-consumers HVAC system Others-consumers

Energy consumption of individual systems

各子系统逐月能耗 Cooling

loadSCOP α

Jan 3.09E+06 1.44 38.8%

Feb 2.76E+06 1.40 40.0%

Mar 3.59E+06 1.49 36.8%

Apr 4.97E+06 1.92 33.7%

May 7.15E+06 2.04 33.5%

Jun 7.88E+06 2.09 30.9%

Jul 8.73E+06 2.15 31.5%

Aug 9.18E+06 2.22 32.0%

Sep 8.11E+06 2.14 32.5%

Oct 6.21E+06 2.00 35.2%

Nov 5.75E+06 1.93 34.8%

Dec 3.48E+06 1.57 39.0%

Total 7.09E+07 1.87 34.9%

Performance of HVAC system

空调系统性能参数

52

Main Interface 软件主界面

Hong Kong Airport

Telford Plaza (MTR) Maritime Square (MTR)

53

Annual Saving:

3.4M (22%)–4.9 (32%) Annual Saving:

3.7M(21%)–5.8(33%)

Annual Saving:

Targeted: 5M

Achievable: 6.1

Annual Saving:

Targeted: 20%

Promised: 15%

Projected: 25%

Recent existing Building Energy Projects

/近期既有建筑节能项目

54

Documents

Building System Life-cycle Commissioning and Optimization