building services safety methods

7/30/2019 building services safety methods

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SAFETY MEASURES


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WHAT IS A STANDARD ?

A standard is an agreed, repeatable way of doing something.

It is a published document that contains a technical

specification or other precise criteria designed to be used

consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition. Standards help

to make life simpler and to increase the reliability and the

effectiveness of many goods and services we use. Standards

are created by bringing together the experience and expertise

of all interested parties such as the producers, sellers, buyers,

users and of a particular material, product, process or service.


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GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

The various sources of electricity are :

Solar power

Wind power

Tidal power

Thermal energy

Nuclear energy

Hydroelectric energy

Gas turbine


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Solar energy

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity,

either directly using photovoltaic cells (PV), or indirectly

using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use

lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of

sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cell converts light

into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Solar power plant

In North America


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SAFETY FEATURES

All solar electric panels should have durable connectors on

the module. The connectors should be sturdy, and the

method of attaching the wire should be simple, yet provide

a secure connection. Most modules have sealed junction boxes to protect the

connections. So before buying a solar electric panel, look at

the junction box and see if it is easy to make the connections. A switch or circuit breaker as part of a combiner box should

be installed to isolate the PV array during maintenance.


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circuit breakers are normally installed to isolate each load.

Fuses are used to protect any current carrying conductor.

Fuses and cables in the array circuit should be sized to carry

the maximum current that could be produced by short-term

"cloud focusing" of the sunlight--up to 1.5 times the short

circuit current at 1,000 w/m2 irradiance.

Slow-blow fuses or PV breakers are recommended. Only

fuses rated for dc current should be used. (Auto-motive

fuses should not be used.)

All metal in a solar panel array should be grounded to help

protect the array against lightning surges, and The

negative conductor is also grounded .


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wind power

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind intomechanical power . A generator converts this mechanical

power into electricity to power homes, businesses, and

schools.Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity (2010)

Country Wind power capacity (MW)

China 44,733

United States 40,180

Germany 27,215

Spain 20,676

India 13,066

Italy 5,797

France 5,660

United Kingdom 5,204

Canada 4,008


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Safety features

Dual disc brakes When the turbine control system detects

any fault condition such as excess wind or a grid power loss,

the disc braking system activates, shutting the turbine down

completely until the control system instructs the brakes torelease and the turbine to re-start.

Aerodynamic stalling Advanced blade designs that shed

wind in excessive wind conditions in order to protect theturbine from damage.

Advanced computer control system Each turbine is


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controlled by an on board computer system and the proprietary

software application which manages all operational aspects of theturbine such as power output (select units), cut-in, cut-out, fault

detection and pneumatic braking.


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Tidal power

It can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by

locating a water turbine in a tidal current, or by building

impoundment pond dams that admit-or-release water through

a turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gascompressor, that can then store energy until needed.

In order for this to work well, you need large increases in tides.

An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide isneeded.


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Thermal power

. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbinewhich drives an electrical generator which then generates

electricity.


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on.


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Safety features

Mechanical safety valve/system

Process alarm operator action.

Safety instrumented control system.

Burner management system.

Mitigation devices.

Turbine protection.

Interlock and protection devices.


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NUCLEAR POWERThis energy is made by fusion or fission .

It is produced in the reactor of a nuclear power station.The energy turns water into steam, which drives a turbine that powers a generator

. Nuclear power produces lots of energy and can be made to power major cities.

This energy, unlike other sources, produces lots of radioactive waste. If that waste

gets released, it could cause devastation to a large area. In addition, it warms itswaste water, so some fish, such as trout, cannot live in warm water.


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Safety Objectives

Nuclear power plants are designed with two principal safety objectives in mind:

1. To contain fission products to prevent offsite health effects.

2. To ensure that heat generated by the reactor, including heat generated by the

decay of fission products after reactor shutdown, is removed.

The defence-in-depth approach ensures that any release of hazardous amounts of

radioactive materials will be extremely unlikely.

This approach uses three barriers to prevent the release of fission products from thereactor core to the environment. These consist of:

1. Fuel rods (fuel pellet and fuel cladding)

2. Reactor vessel and primary coolant system

3. Containment

The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive material

from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself.

During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain trapped

within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they were generated by

fission.


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The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive

material from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself.

During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain

trapped within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they weregenerated by fission.


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Hydroelectric power

Hydroelectric energy is produced when water falls from a high place to a low

place.

A hydroelectric power station contains a turbine driven by falling water from a

dam.

The turbine drives the generator.

This form of energy produces little pollution; in addition, it does not ruin the

water. The water still can be used for other purposes.

Hydroelectric power does not cost any more than fossil fuels.

Another advantage is that there are a lot of lakes or rivers where a dam can be

built to produce energy.

Another disadvantage is that when a dam is built, a huge area is flooded to make

a lake, so the water displaces the people and animals living there.


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SUBSTATION

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform

any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several

substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in

several steps.

Substations may be owned and operated by a transmission or generation electrical

utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer.

A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high

transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two

different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the

distribution system became a grid


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Elements of a substation

A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for

measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current

transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building

11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines


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MATERIALS USED IN A SUB-STATION

Poles are generally constructed with IRON(galvanized), CAST IRON ,CEMENT.

SILICA GEL GRATER is connected to conservated tank or transformed tank

where oil is stored.

The oil stored in tanks releases moisture , this creates short circuit to prevent

this

SILICA GEL GRATER is used.

Lightning arresters (LAS) are provided to avoid short circuit from lightning andthunders.

Oil sacred breakers

Vaccum type breakers

Relays


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SAFETY MEASURES

Sprinkler system is provided

Sand buckets are used

Fire stations should be constructed if the substation capacity is high.

A gap of 20ft is provided between the machines.

Alarm panels are provided.


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SUBSTATION SAFETY FEATURES

The installation should be carried out in accordance with approved drawings.

Phase-to-phase and phase to earth clearances are provided as required.

All equipment's are efficiently earthed and properly connected to the required

number of earth electrodes.The required ground clearance to live terminals should be provided.

Suitable fencing should be provided with gate with lockable arrangements.

The required number of caution boards, fire fighting equipment's, operating rods,

rubber mats, should be kept in sub station.

In case of indoor sub station, sufficient ventilation and draining arrangements

should be made.All cable trenches should be provided with non-inflammable covers.

Free accessibility should be provided for all equipments for normal operation.


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All name plates should be fixed and the equipment's should be fully painted.

All construction materials and temporary connections should be removed.

Oil-level, bus bar tightness, transformer tap position, should be in order.

Earth pipe troughs and cover slabs are provided for earth electrodes/ earth pits and

the neutral and LA earth pits should be marked for easy identification.Earth electrodes should be of GI pipes CI pipes or copper plates. For earth

connections, brass bolts and nuts with lead washers are provided in the pipe/plates

Earth pipe troughs and oil sumps/pits are free from rubbish and dirt and stone jelly

and the earth connections should be visible and easily accessible.

HT and LT panels are switch gears are all vermin and damp proof and all unused

openings or holds should be blocked properly.

h h b b h ld h h d


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The earth busbars should have tight connections and corrosionfree joint surfaces.Operating handle of protective device should be provided at anaccessible height from ground.Adequate headroom should be available in the transformerroom for easy topping up of oil, maintenance etc.Safety devices, horizontal and vertical barriers, busbarcovers/shrouds, automatic safety shutters/doors interlock,

handle interlock should be safe and reliable in operation of allpanels and cubicles.Clearances in the front, rear and the sides of the main HV, MVand sub switch boards should be adequate.

The switches should operate freely.Insulators should be free from cracks, should be clean.In transformers, there should not be any oil leak.


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Connections to bushing in transformers for tightness and good contact.

Bushings should be free from cracks and should be clean.

Accessories of transformers like breathers, vent pipe, Buchholz relay should be in

order.

Connections to gas relay in transformers should be in order.

Oil and winding temperature should be set for specific requirements in transformers.

In case of cable cellars, adequate arrangements to pump out water that has entered

due to seepage or other reasons.

All incoming and outgoing circuits of HV and MV panels should be clearly labeled for

identifications.

No cable should be damaged.

There should be adequate clearance around the equipment installed.

Cable terminations should be proper.


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LIST OF STANDARDS

IS NO: 8270(PART 1: 1976)

1885 (PART 16/SEC3) 1967

(PART 17): 1979

TITLE: Guide for preparation

of diagrams, chartsand tables for electrotechnology: part 1

definitions andclassifications.

Electro technicalvocabulary: lighting,section 3 lamps and

auxiliary apparatus. Switch gear and

control gear.

(PART 32) 1993 El t i l bl


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(PART 32): 1993

(PART 78): 1993

12032

(PART 6 ): 1987

(PART 7 ): 1987

(2) 7752 (PART 1);1975

Electrical cables

Generation,transmission anddistribution of electricity-General

Graphical symbols fordiagrams in the field ofelectro technology.

Protection andconversion of electrical

energy. Switchgear , control

gear and protectivedevices.

Guide for improvementof power factor inconsumer installation:Part 1 low and mediumsupply voltages.


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3) 5216

(PART 1):1982

(PART 2): 1982

(4) 10118 (PART 2): 1982

(5) 1646 :1997

Recommendations onsafety procedures andpractices in electrical work.

General

Life saving techniques

Code of practice forselection, installation andmaintenance of switchgearand control gear: Part 2selection.

Code of practice for firesafety buildings(general):Electrical installations


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(6) 732:1989

1255:1983

(7)13947:1993

(8)2148:1981

(9)5578:1985

Code of practice forelectrical wiringinstallations.

Code of practice forinstallation andmaintenance of power

cables (up to and including33 kV rating)

Specification for lowvoltage switch gear andcontrol gear.

Specification for flame

proof enclosures ofelectrical apparatus.

Guide for marking ofinsulated conductors.


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(10) 1777:1978

2206

(part 1):1984

(part 2):1976 3287:1965

3528:1966

4012:1967

4013:1967

Industrial luminaire withmetal reflectors (1 R)

Flame proof electriclighting fittings.

Well glass and bulk headtypes(1R)

Fittings using glass tubes.

Industrial lighting fittingswith plastic reflectors.

Water proof electriclighting fittings

Specification for watertightelectric lighting fittings.

Dust-tight electric lightingfittings


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5077:1969 10322 (par 5/sec 5): 1987

(11) 8828:1996

13947

(part 1):1993

(Part 2 ):1993

(Part 3) : 1993

Decorative lighting out fits. Luminaires: part 5 particular

requirements, section 5 floodlights.

Electrical accessories-circuitbreakers for over current

protection for household andsimilar installations

Specification for low voltageswitch gear and control gear.

General rules

Circuit breakers

Switches, disconnectors,

swich disconnectors and fusecombination units


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(part 4/sec 1): 1993

(part 5/ sec 1):1993

(12) 3961

(part 1): 1967

(part 2): 1967

(part 3): 1968

Contactors and motor-starters sec 1 electro-technical contactors andmotor starters

Control circuit devices andswitching elements, sec 1

electro-technical controlcircuit devices.

Recommended currentratings for cables

Paper insulated ledsheathed cables.

PVC insulated and PVCsheathed heavy dutycables.

Rubber insulated cables


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(13) 2086:1993

13703 (part 1): 1993

(14) 2672:1996

4347:1967

6665:1972

8030:1976

Specification for carriersand basis used in re wireable type electrical fusesfor voltages up to 650V

LV fuses for voltages notexceeding 1000V ac or

1500 dc : part 1 generalrequirements

Code of practice for librarylighting

Code for practice forhospital lighting.

Code of practice forindustrial lighting

Specification for luminairesfor hospitals


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(15) 732:1989

(16) 4648 : 1968

(17) 900: 1992

(18) 2412 : 19975

(19) 2667 : 1988

3419 : 1989

9537

Code of practice for electricalwiring installations (3 R)

Guide for electrical layout inresidential buildings.

Code of practice forinstallation and maintenance

of induction motors.(2 R) Link clips for electrical wiring(1 R)

Fittings for rigid steel conduitsfor electrical wiring (1 R)

Fittings for rigid non metallicconduits (2 R)

Conduits for electricalinstallations


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(part 1) : 1980 (part 2) : 1981

(part 3) : 1983

14772 : 2000

(20) 1913 (part 1) : 1978

(21) 1258 : 1987

(22) 148 : 1978

General requirements Rigid steel conduits

Rigid plain conduits ofinsulating materials

Specification for accessoriesfor house hold and similar

fixed electrical installations General and safety

requirements for luminaires :part 1 tubular florescentlamps (2 R)

Bayonet lamp holders (3 R)

Tungsten filament general

service electrical lamps (3 R)


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1534 (part 1) : 1977

1569 : 1976

2215 : 1983

2418

(part 1) : 1977

Ballasts for florescentlamps : part 1 for switchstart circuits (2 R)

Capacitors for usingtubular florescent highpressure mercury and low

pressure sodium vapourdischarge lamp circuit. (1R)

Specification for startersfor florescent lamps (3 R)

Specification for tubular

florescent lamps forgeneral lighting service

Requirements and tests (1R)


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(part 2) : 1977

(part 3) : 1977

(part 4) : 1977

3323 : 1980

3324 : 1982

9900

(part 1) : 1981

Standard lamp data sheets (1R)

Dimensions of G5 and G13ic-pin caps (1 R)

Go and no-go gauges for G5and G13 ic-pins caps (1 R)

Bi-pin lamp holders for tubularflorescent lamps (1 R)

Holders for starters for tubularflorescent lamps (1 R)

Basic environmental testingprocedures for electronic andelectrical Items

General


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(part 2) : 1981 (part 3) : 1981

(part 4) : 1981

(23) 374:1979

(24) 3043 : 1987

(25) 8623 (part 1): 1993

(26) 10028 (part 2) : 1981

Cold test Dry heat test

Damp test (steady state)

Electric ceiling type fans andregulators (3 R)

Code of practice for earthing

Specification for low voltageswitch gear and control gearassembles. Part 1requirements for type testedand partially type testedassemblies (1 R)

Code of practice for selection,

installation, maintenance oftransformers : part 2installation


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11353 : 1985

(27) 309 : 1989

Guide for uniform

system of marking

and identification ofconductors and

apparatus terminals

Code of practice for

protection ofbuildings and allied

structures against

lighting (2 R)

Documents

building services safety methods