Building Energy Auditing

7/21/2019 Building Energy Auditing

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DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY

DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Module : Basic !rinciples of

Energy

"nderstanding ho# energy

#or$s in %uildings


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DME Building Energy 4

DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#

&earning o%'ectives

Defne energy in its various orms and energyrelated properties;

Use the correct units or energy and power, and

convert rom one unit to another as needed;

Determine the properties o steam and moist air;

Describe the mechanisms by which heat istranserred;

Explain the eect o insulation on heat transer,and the means by which radiative heat transer iscontrolled.


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Electrical po#er

hen voltage and current wor-together to do something useul % such

as turn a motor or light a lamp Units are atts

/// atts 0 -ilowatt (-)

horsepower (12) 0 345 atts


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AC()C

220 volts DC vs. time

220

0 1/50 se

!10

220

0

"!10

220 volts #M$


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DME Building Energy %


Calculating po#er

atts 0 $olts x +mps x 2ower6actor

$+ 0 $olts x +mps

2ower actor (26) indicates how wellthe current and voltage are wor-ingtogetherIncandescent Lamps 100%Large Motors 0!"0%

Sma## Motors $0!&%


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!o#er *actor + lagging

current

!10

220

0

"!10

!10

220

0

"!10


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,hy should I care a%out

po#er factor-

Utilities may bill or $olts x +mps (-$+) or applya surcharge or 26 below a set value

7ote that -$+ is always greater than ore8ual to -

9ncreased line currents

:ow 26 may suggest lightly loaded motors

6acilitates interpretation o electrical profles


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!o#er factor correction

+dd capacitance

+t service entrance

9n distribution system +t point o use ! e.g. on motors


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DME Building Energy 1!


!o#er and energy

2ower 0 1ow 6ast

(Demand)

Energy 0 1ow #uch(onsumption)

Energy 0 2ower x "ime

Units are -ilowatt%hours (-h)


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,hat is efficiency-

Electric 1eat

9ncandescent :amp

#otors

2umps6an

+ir ompressor

//< Elec % 1eat

/%=/< Elec % :ight

>/%?>< Elec % 2ower

=/%5/< Elec % 6low

>%>< Elec % +ir

OutputInput

Efciency = x100%

Device E@ciency 9nput %Autput


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.hermal energy units

Unit o thermal energy is a Boule (B)

"ypically use #B or CB.

Boule per second 0 att -h 0 .5 #B (/.//5 CB)

boiler 12 0 ?,/ atts


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Other useful units

-h 0 4 F"U

"on o rerigeration

0 =,/// F"U1r

0 .5 -


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Sensi%le and latent

heat

0 ' (or )ater

100 ' (or )ater at Sea Le*e#Steam On#+

)ater , Steam

Ice , )aterIce

-eat Remo*ed -eat Added

0% Steam ./a#t+

100% Steam ./a#t+

Latent -eatLatent -eatSens#e

-eatSens#e

-eatSens#e

-eat


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/umid air +

psychrometry


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DME Building Energy 1%


0uality2 of heat + a

3uestion of usefulness

Re$uired Te%perature '( CRe$uired Energy )'*+(( ,-

2&0 #tres 3 100'45000 67

1000 #tres 3 40'45000 67

100 #tres3 20'

)8c8 9## do t8e:o;

T8e 100 #tres 9##e 8eated +mmersng ts

contaner n one o(

t8e #argercontaners*=(( F' 8F)>+*>)=: F


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&oad factor

100)24

*+, xperiodindaysxdayperhrxkWPeak

periodinusedkWhFactorLoad =

Mont7ly oad 0actor 8G:

+G+=G


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raphical analysis of

historical energy use

Building HAH"a5 !pace 9eat & "a5 Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater* Electric A4C

0

25000

45000

$5000

5000

105000

125000

145000

1$5000

7an Fe Mar Apr Ma+ 7/ne 7/#+ A/g Sept Oct No* Dec

E

$ui1alent,67

Mont8#+ E#ectrct+ 'ons/mpton Mont8#+ Gas 'ons/mpton

Building HBHElectric !pace 9eat* Electric A4C* "a5 Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater

0

2500045000

$5000

5000

105000

125000

145000

1$5000

15000


E

$ui1alent,67


Building HCH"a5 !pace 9eat & Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater* no A4C

0

25000

45000

$5000

5000

105000

125000


E$ui1alent,67


Building HDH"a5 !pace 9ea t & Proce55 9eat* / 6ee, Augu5t !7utdown

0

25000

45000

$5000

5000

105000

125000


E$ui1alent,67



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Calculating degree+days

Correlation of energy


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Correlation of energy

consumption to degree+days


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DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGYDME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Module >: Energy

Assessment + )emandAnalysis

"nderstanding the time

patterns of energy use


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&earning o%'ectives

Abtain an electrical demand profle,interpret it, and identiy possible

E#As; 9dentiy opportunities or power

actor correction.


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/ourly )emand !rofile

-o/r o( t8e Da+

1

2

4

&

$

"

10

11

12

1

14

1&

1$

1

1

1"

20

21

22

2

24

0

20

40

$0

0

100

120

140

An Electrical


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An Electrical

*ingerprint

00

1000

1200

1400

1$00

100

2000

G

0#o

9

a

tts

Tme o( Da+ B00I00 ! 24I00C

Pea, Day De%and Profil1& mn/te demand nter*a#


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!atterns 4evealed

2ea- Demand

7ight :oad

Jtart%Up Jhut%Down

eather Eects

:oads that ycle

9nteractions

AccupancyEects

2roduction

Eects 2roblem +reas


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AnalyDing the !rofile

He8uires acility operational -nowledge

#ar- scheduled events on the profle

orrelate events withG Demand increase, decrease, cycling, pea-s

Heconcile with demand on utility bills

9nvestigate un-nown patterns

Theres always a savingsopportunity in a new deand pro!le"

O%taining a )emand


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DME Building Energy %0


O%taining a )emand

!rofile

2eriodic utility meter readings

Hecording clip%on ammetermeasurements

Fasic recording power meter

#ulti%channel recording power meters

+ 6acility energy management orJ+D+ system

+ dedicated monitoring system

O%taining a demand


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O%taining a demand

profile

D'

A'

START STOP OFF

ON

'-ART PO)ER

L1

L2

L

'LIP!ON AMMETER

RE'ORDER

3 hase ower from

single hase

measurement:kVA = Amps x

Volts x 1.73 1000

3 hase ower from

single hase

measurement:kVA = Amps x

Volts x 1.73 1000


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5 phase measurement


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DME Building Energy %!


)aily or monthly

400

$00

00

1000

1200

14001$00

100

2000

60#o9atts

Da+ o( t8e Mont8

Mont7ly De%and Profile1& mn/tedemandnter*a#


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Meter response

oad

di5connected

oadconnected

,hat the demand meter


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,hat the demand meter

sees#0

1$

10

$

0


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Savings opportunities

Jcheduling ! reduce startup pea-s

9nre8uent demand pea-s !

avoidable Jhit on%pea- to o%pea- usage

pattern

E8uipment loading ! considerse8uencing


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!ea$ demand control

Eliminate accidental pea-s

Jhit activity &o%pea-'

2ea- demand warning or sta 9nterloc- e8uipment

:oad shedding system

Use generator to &clip' the pea-


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!o#er factor correction

orrect power actor ! on pea-

at service entrance

in the distribution system at the point o use power actor


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DME Building Energy %%


Analyse this ' + )(

@oltage I%balance 8G:

Increa5ein

o55e58G:

DEPARTMENT of! "

Match the motor to the

load


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MINERA! and ENER"#load

Motor Loadng

E((cenc+B%C

0% 2&% &0% &% 100%0%

2&%

&0%

&%

100%

DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! d ENER"#

Operating conditions


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MINERA! and ENER"#p g

:eading cause o motor ailure isheat

/< temperature increase 0 V lie lean air vents

Falance voltages

+void too many starts

DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! d ENER"#

Energy efficient motors


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MINERA! and ENER"#gy

oading 8G: )((G oad =G oad =(G oad9P Type EffKy P;0; EffKy P;0; EffKy P;0;11

EEStd

4


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MINERA! and ENER"#y p

Energy e@cient motors tend to havehigher ratedoperating speeds.

%< higher rated speeds.

hen driving a centriugal loadG

+ < speed increase 0 .>< powerincrease.


*ans pumps


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MINERA! and ENER"#p p

omprisesignifcant load inbuildings

"ypically oversiKed #isapplication is

common

2roper *ow controlcan yield largesavings


Assessing fans

pumps


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MINERA! and ENER"#pumps

/atch the need% ma-e sure theanpump siKe matches the need or *ow

Ensure that the pump or an is operating

at close to optimal conditions % i notreconsider the pumpan selection

Heduce resistance to *ow in the

distribution systems % *ow resistance,fttings, pipeduct siKing


!o#erful la#s


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MINERA! and ENER"#

Q2

Q1

N2

N1

P2

P1

N2

N1

2 kW2

kW1

N2

N1

!

+@nity laws or centriugal ans and pumps.

N0 speed, Q0 *ow, P0 pressure, kW0 power


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*an(!ump savings

strategy


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MINERA! and ENER"#strategy

Maximize

Efficiency

Tec8no#ogca#Operatona#

Match theRequiement

/

)

>

App#+ a*ara#espeed dr*e

Mantan ,operate at

est pont(G '(G +(G )((G 026

@ariable!peed

Met7od

T7rottlingMet7od

Power!a1ingL

9P


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&earning o%'ectives


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+ssess the heating and cooling load oa building;

9dentiy and assess energy e@ciency

opportunities or building envelope;1$+ systems including boilers, steamand hot water distribution systems, air

distribution systems; and theapplication o building control systems.


/eating(cooling loads and

the 0comfort Done2


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/eat loss and gain 9 %asic

relationship


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p

3 e&t loss r&te *, 1 / #"v&lue e&t tr&nser

oeiient */m2.oC,

A $ur&e &re& *m2,

2 ndoor emer&ture *o

C,1 -utdoor emer&ture *oC,


Insulation EMOs 9 reduce

heat loss(gain


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g

#aintenanceG

Hepair damagedinsulation

Hepair damagedcoverings andfnishes

#aintain saety

re8uirements

:ow%costG

9nsulate non%insulated pipes N

fttings 9nsulate non%

insulated vessels

+dd insulation to

reach therecommended level


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Infiltration(Exfiltration

EMOs


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EMOs

aul- all crac-s

aul- around all pipes,louvers, or other openings that

penetrate the building s-in

Hepair windows

eatherstrip exterior doorsand windows

over window air conditioners

during o seasons

9nstall revolving doors,

vestibule and automatic doorclosers


Solar gain 9 radiation

heat load


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4educe solar gain 6 6 6


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9n new constructionG

Class area and type

Fuilding orientation in new construction

Averhangs and shading

9n existing buildingsG

Exterior shading (awnings)

9nterior shading and blinds

He%glaKing (maybe)


Summary of heat load

EMOs


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Heduce heat lossgainbyG onduction % add

insulation

onvection % minimiKeair infltration

and radiation % replaceor improve windows,use shading

JtrategyG eliminate waste % ensure

building need is exactlymet by the energysystem;

maximiKe e@ciency !select best technology,improve operational andmaintenance practices;

optimiKe energy supply %

select most economicalenergy source, utilisewaste heat


4educe heating energy


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#aintain the indoor temperature as low aspossible

Use most economical level o insulation

Ensure vapour barrier is installed and in goodrepair

Use double or triple glaKing or windows

Heorganise activities inside the building %

separate the building into Kones based onspecifc heating and cooling re8uirements

DonPt heat unoccupied areas


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Energy efficient /AC


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nt&9e *m&9e"u,Air:lo;

?&ust Air :lo;

-utside *lo;er,emer&ture

nside *?ig?er,emer&ture

*B, ntern&l e&t

@&in E>?&ust

*A, Cooledentil&tion

E>?&ust

nt&9e

Boiler

:uelC?iller

Eletriity


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*inding /AC EMOs +

some 3uestions


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3

"emperature and ventilation re8uirements othe conditioned space % match o systemcapacity to these needs

ontainment o contaminants rom other

building areas hat is the accuracy o temperature and

humidity control % more accurate controlsL

Does the 1$+ load vary daily and seasonally %

does the system have capacity control toaccommodate these swingsL


6 6 6 more 3uestions


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9s there a preventative maintenanceprogram or the 1$+ systemsL

+re controls calibrated regularlyL

as the existing system designed or

the present purpose or conditionsL

+re there more e@cient systems orour applicationL


EMOs chec$list +

ventilation


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Jhut down ventilationexhaust systems when notre8uired

#aintain dampers to reduce outside air lea-agewhen not re8uired

Use correct ventilationexhaust rates orapplication N occupancy

Utilise systems to destratiy ceiling air

#inimise the Use o local exhaust


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Boiler plant systems


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se(/#-eat

Ar

F#/e Gas

F/e#

100xEnergyFuel

EnergyUsefulEfficiencyBoiler =


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*uel com%ustion


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F/e#! caron! 8+drogen! s/#p8er

'om/ston Ar! o@+gen! ntrogen

-eat

B&! &%C

'om/ston

F#/e Gas! 'O25 'O! ntrogen5 NO@

! 9ater! e@cess ar! SO@! O'


&osses from %oiler

systems


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Combustion by-products! depends on theair%uel mixture

Heat in the fue gas! depends on the

amount o excess combustion air andeectiveness o heat exchange

Blow-down ! hot water removed rom theboiler to control accumulation o solids

Skin Loss! heat escaping rom the boilerenclosure


Com%ustion efficiency

measurement


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6lue gas N combustionair temperature

6lue gas constituents A#(indicates A#and

excess air) A

7Ax, JAx, etc

Drat and dierential

pressure E@ciency is calculated

rom *ue heat loss


Measuring com%ustion

efficiency


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E8uipment re8uiredG

ombustion analyKer

Ar, minimally A#,

temperature sensor

and e@ciency tables

+ccess re8uiredG

W' to ' hole in*ue close to last

heat exchange


Boiler plant EMOs


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+dMust uelair ratio

Ensure boiler temperature set point is AS

lean heat transer suraces

Jtagingcontrol o multiple units

A cycle heat loss reduction

Furner alignmentadMustment

Foilerpipe insulation


More %oiler plant EMOs


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Helocate combustion air inta-eto use waste heat

Heplace ine@cient units

Hight%siKe boilers Jmaller boiler or summer loads

1eat recovery on larger boilers

Heduction o loss is frstconsideration


6 6 6 And more EMOs


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Heduce blowdown rate, by managingwater treatment.

Heduction rom /< to >< saves about

< o uel

Heduce steam pressure

:ower *ue, radiation, and lea- losses

Heduce ventinglea-s i possible


/eat recovery

opportunities


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Use economiKer to heat ma-e%upwater

ombustion air pre%heater

6lue gas condenser

Flow down heat recovery

Hecover de%aerator steam


Savings example


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2reheat combustionair with heat rompower house ceiling

ombustion air =/

o

to 4/o

Foiler e@ciencyimprovement o

.


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Assessment of steam

distri%utionA n a # + e S t e a m

D s t r / t o n

S t e a m

P r e s s / r eT o o - g 8


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P p e S e

A o * e / s e r

r e ? / r e m e n t !

r e d / c e p r e s s / r e

I n c r e a s e

' a p a c t +

o ( P p n g

S t e a m

T r a p p n g

F / t / r e

E @ p a n s o n

E @ c e s s * e L o s s !c o n s d e r s m a # #e r

p p e s

S / r * e + ( o r

d a m a g e n c o r re c t 5

t + p e p o s t o n 5 s e

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Building Energy Auditing