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8/12/2019 Build and Maintain Computers ELI
1/28
Building
andMaintaining
Computers
EverymanIT
January15,2011
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ContentsIntroduction.................................................................................................................................................. 3
Safety............................................................................................................................................................ 3
WhatisaComputer...................................................................................................................................... 3
ComputerHardware................................................................................................................................. 4
Motherboard......................................................................................................................................... 4
CPU........................................................................................................................................................ 5
RAM....................................................................................................................................................... 6
HardDrives............................................................................................................................................ 6
OpticalDrives........................................................................................................................................ 7
MediaCardReaders.............................................................................................................................. 7
USBand
Firewire
...................................................................................................................................
7
NetworkCards...................................................................................................................................... 8
VideoCards........................................................................................................................................... 8
Cases......................................................................................................................................................... 8
PowerSupplies...................................................................................................................................... 8
ComputerOperatingSystems................................................................................................................... 9
64bitvs.32bit...................................................................................................................................... 9
TypesofLicenses:............................................................................................................................... 10
WindowsVersions:............................................................................................................................. 10
Software.................................................................................................................................................. 10
Drivers..................................................................................................................................................... 10
BuildingaComputer................................................................................................................................... 10
SpecingOutaNewComputer.................................................................................................................... 10
CommonDesktopTroubleshooting............................................................................................................ 11
OverheatedCPU...................................................................................................................................... 11
VideoCards
.............................................................................................................................................
12
Power...................................................................................................................................................... 12
HardDrives.............................................................................................................................................. 13
USB.......................................................................................................................................................... 13
LaptopHardwareRepair............................................................................................................................. 13
HardDrives.............................................................................................................................................. 13
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OpticalDrive............................................................................................................................................ 13
RAM......................................................................................................................................................... 13
CPUFAN.................................................................................................................................................. 13
LCDScreen.............................................................................................................................................. 14
LCDInverter............................................................................................................................................ 14
Keyboard................................................................................................................................................. 14
Motherboard........................................................................................................................................... 14
PowerPlugResolder............................................................................................................................... 14
CommonLaptopTroubleShooting.............................................................................................................. 14
Video....................................................................................................................................................... 14
ShutdownorFreezeUp.......................................................................................................................... 14
BrokenHinges
.........................................................................................................................................
14
Misc......................................................................................................................................................... 14
BIOS............................................................................................................................................................. 15
InstallanOperatingSystem........................................................................................................................ 15
CreatingRecoveryDisks.......................................................................................................................... 15
StepstoInstallanOperatingSystem...................................................................................................... 15
WindowsMaintenance............................................................................................................................... 15
Modes..................................................................................................................................................... 15
ComputerManagement......................................................................................................................... 16
EventViewer....................................................................................................................................... 16
SharedFolders.................................................................................................................................... 17
LocalUsersandGroups....................................................................................................................... 17
DeviceManager.................................................................................................................................. 18
DiskManagement............................................................................................................................... 18
Services............................................................................................................................................... 18
WindowsUpdate
....................................................................................................................................
19
RegEdit.................................................................................................................................................... 19
MsConfig................................................................................................................................................. 20
SystemRestore....................................................................................................................................... 20
WindowsBackup..................................................................................................................................... 21
TaskManager.......................................................................................................................................... 21
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ComputerProperties.............................................................................................................................. 24
HardDriveSpace..................................................................................................................................... 25
UninstallPrograms.................................................................................................................................. 25
CCleaner.................................................................................................................................................. 26
Introduction
SafetyAlwaysunplugcomputersbeforeworkingonthem
Alwaysremovelaptopbatteriesbeforeworkingonthem
Afteryouhaveunpluggedthecomputer,andremovedthebatterypressinthepowerbuttonto
dischargeanyelectricityheldinthecapacitors. Capacitorsstoreelectricityandevenasmallonecan
causeenoughdamagetoyoutosendyoutothehospital
NEVERSHORTTHETWOCONNECTORSOFACAPACITOR!!!
NeverOPENapowersupply. Thecapacitorsinapowersupplycarryenoughpowertokillyou!
ESDElectroStaticDischargeisStaticElectricity
YoufeelashockfromStaticElectricityat3000volts100voltsisenoughtodestroysensitive
electronics
Youshouldwearanantistaticarmbandandworkonanantistaticworkmat.(IdontandnooneI
knowdoesbutyoushould)
CommonPracticetodischargeStaticElectricityistotouchtheunpaintedmetalofadesktopcomputer
case.
ESDisnotasbigaproblemnowbecausepartsarebuiltbetter,andtheyarecheaperiftheybreak
What is a ComputerAcomputersystemismadeupofhardware,operatingsystems,softwareanddevicedrivers.
Motherboard CPU CPUHeatSink RAM
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PowerSupply Drives Case
Computer Hardware
Motherboard
AllpartsmustbecompatiblewiththeMotherboard
Dontassumethemotherboardwillhaveonboardparts
FSB(FrontSideBus)ishowfasttheMotherboardcanmoredatabetweencomponents
FormFactor SizeofMotherboard
ATX MiniATX MicroATX ITX BTX(Dontbuy)
SmallerMotherboardscanfitinLargerCases
Slots
PCILowendaddoncards PCIExpressUsedforHigherEndaddoncards(RAID,Video)
PCI
Express
16
Used
for
very
fast
add
on
cards
(High
Performance
RAID,
Gaming
Video
Cards)
PCIXUsedonveryhighendservers. Ridiculouslyexpensive!($450foranetworkcard)
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ARM VIA
DontuseXeon/OpteronforDesktopmachines!
Intelvs.AMDSame,SamebutDifferent. AMDisusuallycheaper,butIntelisEasiertoSelltoClients
SpeedHowfasttheprocessorcanprocessdataFSB(FrontSideBus)HowfasttheCPUcanmovedataCoresMultipleCPUsbuildontoonechipL1andL2CachearememorythatislocatedontheCPU. ThehighertheL1andL2thebetter.RAM
AllprogramsandfilesareloadedintoRAM. IfWindowsuses512MBofRAM,andPhotoshopuses512B
ofRAM,
AND
you
open
a1GB
Picture
file
you
would
need
2GB
of
RAM
in
the
Computer.
PageFilesaredesignatedstorageontheHardDrivewhereRAMstoresdataitisusingifitisfull.
Type
SDRAM DDR,DDR2,DDR3 Rambus PairedRAM
ECC=ErrorCheckingRAM. Doesselftesttoitself. ThisisthebesttypeofRAM,butisveryexpensive.
SizeSticksofRAM
Speed
RAMWorksatdifferentspeeds
SPEEDismanytimemoreimportantthanSIZEforRAM
DontMixRAMSpeeds!
BeforeupgradingtomoreRAMverifythatemptyRAMslotswork. Manytimestheyarebad!
Hard DrivesHardDriveMediaTypes
Platter SolidState
HardDriveTypes
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IDE2DrivesperCable.Master/SlaveJumperConfiguration.133Mbps PATA/SATA1DrivePerCable. 1.5Gbps SATA21DrivePerCable.3Gbps SATA3 1DrivePerCable. 6Gbps SCSI8DrivesPerCable.VariousSpeeds SAS65,355Drives,36Gbps
RPMisthespeedtheharddrivespinsat
5400istheslowestusuallyusedinlaptops,andenergyefficientdrives 7200isnormal 10,000ishighspeedusedinWesternDigitalRaptorDrives 15,000isfoundonlyonSCSI,SAS,drives
RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
UsedforFaultToleranceandSpeed
SoftwareRAIDandHardwareRAIDHardwareallowstheOStobeontheRAID. SoftwareRAIDmeans
theOSwillnotbeprotectedbytheRAID.
RAIDTypes:
0DiskStriping 1DiskMirroring 5DiskStripingwithParity 6DiskStrippingwithParityandRedundancy 10MirroredDiskStrippingwithParity
RAIDisusuallynotworththetroublenow
Optical Drives
BlueRayisntworthit
Media Card Readers
GenerallyplugintothemotherboardusingthemotherboardsUSBconnector
USB and Firewire
USB1.012Mbps,andupto17connecteddevices USB2.0480Mbps USB3.04.8Gbps Firewire 400800Mbps
WirelessUSBiscoming
USBisAsynchronous transferOnewaytransferisfaster
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FirewireisIsochronousSametimegivetoupanddown
Firewirewasveryimportantforvideocameraconnectionstocomputers. Nowitisrarelyseen.
Network Cards
Video CardsGPUGraphicsProcessingUnitUsedforCreatingGraphics,ImportantforGamingSystemsandany
systeminvolvedwithGraphics.
OnboardRAMRAMthatisonboardthegraphicscardallowsthegraphicscardtorunfaster.
Chipsets
ATI NVIDIA
Types
PCI AGP PCIExpress
Trytobuyvideocardswithoutfans! Manygraphicscardshaveextralargeheatsinksvs.fans. Fans
haveanastytendencytogetgunkedupanddie.
Cases
GoodCasesareimportant!Cheapcasesarehardtoworkwith,andmanytimesdontfittogether
properly.(You
can
get
anasty
cut
from
sheet
metal
that
has
not
been
rounded)
FormFactorsarethesizeofthecase. TheMotherboardandPowerSupplymustbetherightsizetofitin
thecase.
ATX MiniATX MicroATX ITX BTXObsolete. NotcompatiblewithANYATXmotherboard
I Recommend
ANTEC CoolerMaster
Power Supplies
Whenindoubtbuya600WattonefromBestBuyfor$70
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9|P a g
PowerSu
1 P S Fl P
VideoCarequirem
BuyANTE
ACheapDrivewhDoNotSCompu
64 bit vs
StatesHo
32BitOp
64bitOp
64bitis
and Maint
pplyPlugs
ainconnect
2V(P4)
eripheral(M
TA
oppy
CIE
dsandMotentforyourCPowerSup
owersupplnitdies.imponYour
ter Opera
. 32 bit
wManyBits
eratingSyste
ratingSyste
otalwaysfa
ining Com
r(20+4Pin)
lex)
erboardsreideoCaran
plies
willnotonl
PowerSupp
ting Syste
areProcesse
mswillgener
msREQUIRE
sterthan32
uters
uirethemoVideoCard
fail,butitc
y!!!
ms
dinParallel
allyrunona
a64bitproc
bit!
tpower. Bu.
andestroyy
64bitproce
ssor.
yaPowerS
ourMotherb
sor
J
pplyabove
oard,Video
anuary 15,
hepower
ardsandH
2011
rd
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Types of Licenses:
OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)YoucannotinstalltheOperatingSystemontoanothercomputer.RequiresActivationOnceInstalled
RetailYouOwntheOperatingSystem. YouCanInstallitOntoDifferentComputers,butOnlyOneataTime. RequiresActivationOnceInstalled
VolumeLicenseYouCanInstallOntoasManyComputersasYouHaveLicensesforWindows Versions:
HomePremiumBasicWindowsFunctionality BusinessAllowsYoutoJoinDomains,HasBitLockerEncryption,AllowsSysPrep. UltimateHasEverything
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows7/compare/default.aspx
Software
Generallyyoucanrun32bitsoftwareona64bitOperatingSystem.
Previously(aswithXP64bit)youcouldnotrun32bitsoftwareona64bitmachine.
Youcannotrun64bitsoftwareona32bitOperatingSystem.
Drivers
Devicedriversmustbeinstalledintheoperatingsystemsforhardwaretowork.
EvenwithWindows7alldevicesmaynothavedevicedriversinstalledautomatically.
SometimesmanufacturersdonotmakedevicedriversforallWindowsOperatingSystems! Manytimes
manufacturerswill
not
create
new
drivers
for
new
operating
systems.
This
was
abig
problem
when
we
wentfrom98toXP,andfromXPtoVista.
Findingdevicedriverscanbeabitofdetectivework. GOODhardwarewillbeclearlymarkedsothatyou
knowwhomadeitandwhatitis. CHEAPhardwaremanytimeswontevenhavethenameofthe
manufacturerprintedonit.
Building a Computer
Specing Out a New ComputerEverythinghastoworkwiththemotherboard
Decidewhatpartsyouneed,thenfindagoodmotherboard,thenfindtherestoftheparts.
NewEgg.comisthebestforparts
DontuseEBay!!!
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DontuseusedpartsforClients!!!
ByCannibalizingOldComputersYouCanSavealotofMoney
Save$50byreusingthecase Save$40byreusingtheOpticalDrive Save$100ifyoucanreuseyourHardDrive Etc
FudgeFactorItseasytobuythewrongparts,andshippingcostsmeanthatitsusuallynotworthitto
returnthem.Whileyourenewexpecttomakemistakesandfactorinextracostformispurchasedparts.
Common Desktop Troubleshooting
Overheated CPU
Symptoms: TheComputerSeemsPossessed ComputerFreezes ComputerShutsDownRandomly
LikelySuspects: CPUHeatSinkisClogged,orhasFilmofCrudonit CaseAirIntakesareClogged CPUFanhasFailed CaseFansHaveFailed ForgottoUseThermalPaste CPUFanisTooSmall EnvironmentisTooHot(ComputerisClosedInsideaDeskCabinet. ServerisinaClosetwithNo
Ventilation)
IntheRealWorldIhadonecomputerwheretheclientssmokedinthehouse. TheComputerwouldnotget
throughbootingbeforeitwouldshutoff.Theysmokedsomuchthatthetarhadentirelyincased
theCPU
Heat
Sink
Fan.
It
looked
clean
(Free
of
Obvious
Dirt
and
Hair),
but
when
Iused
Dawn
andwasheditoffinthesinkthetarmeltedoff.
Oneclienthadacomputerthatwouldfreezeup,andthemousewouldjumparound. Itookitto
theshop,openedthecaseandcleaneditout. Ithendidafulltuneup. Thesystemworked
flawlesslyandsoIcalledtheclientandscheduledadropofftime. AfterthecallIputthecover
backonthecaseandwithin2minutesithadfrozenupagain. Itookthecoveroffandlooked
aroundtoseeifacablehadgottencaughtintheCPUfan,anditworkedfine. Iputthecover
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backonanditfroze. Theanswerwasthattheyhadacatandthefrontairintake,underneath
thefrontplatehadbecomecloggedwithhair. Icleanedoutthemassivehairballanditworked
fine
Video Cards
SymptomsandSuspects: TurnonComputerandYouGetaBIOSScreenandThenaBlinkingCursor=HardDriveFailedor
OperatingSystemisCorrupt
TurnonComputerandDoNotGetBIOSScreen=MonitorisBad,orVideoCardisBad,orMotherboardisBad
TurnonComputerandIconsareReallyBIG,ResolutionisPoor,andtheColorsLookWeird=VideoCardDriverisNotInstalled,orIncorrect
TroubleshootingNoVideo PluginaKnownGoodMonitor LookatVideoCard. ManyTimestheHeatSinkFanWillNotSpin,orWillHaveFallenOff VerifythattheVideoCardAuxiliaryPowerisPluggedin. SwapVideoCardwithKnownGood UseaPCIVideoCard. SometimesthePCIExpress/AGPslotwillbebad. PCIVideoCardswill
AllowtheComputertoRemainUsable.
IFPCIVideoCardDoesnotWorkthentheMotherboardisBadPowerSymptoms
ComputerWillNotPowerOnLikelySuspects
MainPowerSupplySwitchisOff VoltageSwitchisonWrongSetting(Shouldbeon110) PowerSwitchisNotProperlyPluggedintoMotherboard PowerButtonBroke Motherboardisbad PowerSupplyisBad PowerSupplyistooSmall CPUFannoPluggedin BadPowerCable
Troubleshooting
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ChecksConnectionsandSwitchSettings TryDifferentPowerCable VerifyVideoCardandMotherboardPowerRequirements UseKnownGoodPowerSupply
Hard DrivesIftheharddrivesmakesalotofnoisejustreplaceit.
DefragmentingcanreduceHardDrivenoise.
ForIDEHardDrivesVerifyMaster/SlaveJumperissetproperly
Iftheharddriveisdeadthenreplacewithnewoneandinstalloperatingsystem.
DataRecoverycoveredinourDataRecoveryClass
USBIftheinsulatorinaUSBpluggetsrippedout,andthemetalcontactstouchyourmachinecouldstart
havingproblems.
IfitisafrontUSBPortunplugtheportfromthemotherboard.
IfitisaMotherboardUSBportdowhatyoucan
Laptop Hardware RepairKeepTrackofAlltheScrews!TapeScrewstoaPieceofPaperPlacingthemApproximatelyWherethey
arefrom
on
the
Laptop.
Becarefulwiththestickersthatcoverthescrews!Noonewantsanuglycomputer!(100%Right,100%
Fired)
StayAwayfromMacBooks!!(RepairingaMacBookisnotthesameasrepairingaLaptop.)
Hard Drives
Generallyyoucanremoveascrewtoallowtheharddrivesenclosuretoslideout.
Optical Drive
Generally
you
can
remove
one
holding
screw,
and
the
drive
will
slide
out.
RAM
Generallyunderapanelthatcanberemovedfromthebottomofthecase.
CPU FAN
Canbecleanedofreplaced. Generallyfoundbyremovingtheentirebottomcover.
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LCD Screen
GenerallyremovethefaceplatefromthemonitorareaandthenunscrewtheScreen. Screwsarehidden
understickers,orrubberbumpers.
LCD Inverter
LCDInverter
is
under
the
monitor
faceplate.
Keyboard
Generallyremovepanelabovekeyboardtoaccessscrews. Sometimestheentire motherboardhasto
beremoved.
Motherboard
DontNewLaptopMotherboardscost$300+andthelaborinvolvedmakesitnoneconomicaltofix.
Power Plug Resolder
Disassembletheentirebottomofthelaptop. Manytimesthepowerjackcanbepurchasedand
replaced.
Common Laptop Troubleshooting
Video
Ifthescreenisverydim,butyoucanseeanimageonitthenusuallytheLCDInverterisBad
Ifyoucannotseeanyimageonthescreenplugamonitorintothemonitorport. Ifthemonitordoesnot
showanimagethenyourMotherboardisbad(MakesuretousetheFunctionKeystoturnonthe
externalmonitor).
If
the
external
Monitor
shows
an
image
then
it
could
be
your
Screen,
Inverter,
or
the
cablefromtheScreentotheMotherboard.
Shutdown or Freeze Up
TheCPUHeatsinkintakefansareusuallyonthebottomofthelaptop. Ifyouputthelaptopona
blanket,orpillowthefanswillbeblockedandtheCPUwilloverheat. Tryputtingthelaptoponahard
surface(tableorcounter).
Broken Hinges
ScreenHingescanbereplaced. Makesurewhetheryoucanbuythehingesalone,orifyouhavetobuy
awholenewLCDframe!
Misc.
ReseatingpartssometimesfixesLaptopComputers.ThismeansremovingtheRAM,HardDrive,wirelesscardandOpticalDrive,andputtingthembackin.ForlaptopPartsIrecommendSmartMicroUSA.com
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BIOSTellsthecomputerhowtodealwithhardware
UsuallyyouwillbetoldwhatkeytohittoenterBIOSsetup,ifnotplaythepianoonthekeys
BIOS
tells
you
quickly
what
hardware
is
DETECTED
on
the
computer
(CPU,
RAM,
Hard
Drives).
If
BIOS
doesnotdetectthehardwareyouhaveaproblem!
MainusesforBIOS
ChangeBootOrder Changewhathappensafterpoweroutage(Computerstaysoff,orcomesbackon) SetBIOSpassword
BIOSPasswordscangenerallyberesetonDesktopComputersbyremovingtheCMOSbattery,or
connectingajumper.
BIOSPasswordsonLaptopComputersgenerallycannotbereset! IfyoulosetheBIOSPasswordona
Laptopandyoushouldexpecttobuyanewmotherboard!
Install an Operating System
Creating Recovery Disks
MostmanufacturersnolongergiveyourecoverydiskswhenyoubuyaPC. Youmustcreateyourown
usingwhateverutilitytheygiveyou.
SystemRecovery
using
Recovery
disks
is
not
the
same
as
aClean
Installation
of
an
Operating
System
Steps to Install an Operating System
ChangeBIOStoBootoffofCD/ROM HitNEXTUntilDone.
Windows Maintenance
Modes
PressF8whilecomputerisbooting
Safe Mode
SafeModeusesaminimumamountofdriversandserviceswhenstarting. Thisisgoodforchanging
configurations. Generallyyoucannotinstall,uninstallsoftwareorrunvirus/malwarescans.
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Buildin
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Last Kno
Thisisth
mistake
withthel
VGAUsesthe
Compu
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and Maint
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ONTLogin!
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anuary 15,
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eoadapter.
2011
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sed
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Buildin
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and Maint
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January 15, 2011
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Buildin
18|P a
Device
Disk Ma
DiskMan
Services
Servicess
startsto
Services
and Maint
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ces
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Buildin
19|P a
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Buildin
20|P a
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2. C
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lickStartTa
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anuary 15, 2011
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Buildin
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Processe
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Performa
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Tab:
oucanseew
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ory
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Buildin
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Networki
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and Maint
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January 15, 2011
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Buildin
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Hard D
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UseDefr
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Drives.(Its
anuary 15,
Free.
2011
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