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7/21/2019 1 Infestations: Mighty Mites & Bothersome Bugs Raegan Hunt, MD, PhD, FAAD, FAAP Assistant Professor of Dermatology & Pediatrics Chief of Service, Pediatric Dermatology Vice Chairman for Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology Texas Children’s Hospital Baylor College of Medicine Raegan Hunt, MD, PhD U017 ‐ Infestation Situations: Updates on Bothersome Bugs DISCLOSURES Authorship royalties: Up To Date, Inc and Medscape Expert Consult Consulting: Dermavant Off label medication may be discussed DISCLOSURE OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY Objectives Diagnose and treat skin infestations and insect bites Discuss emerging resistance patterns in ectoparasites Describe effective insect repellent strategies Secret” Objectives Disgust you with “creepy crawly” photos Make you itch! 12 year‐old healthy girl Camp nurse check Itchy rash on neck

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Page 1: Bugs summerAAD 2019 handout - server.aad.org U017 - Hunt... · Scabies prep with Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Scabies mite and eggs become clearly visible after treatment with KOH Treatment:

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Infestations: Mighty Mites & Bothersome Bugs

Raegan Hunt, MD, PhD, FAAD, FAAP 

Assistant Professor of Dermatology & Pediatrics

Chief of Service, Pediatric Dermatology

Vice Chairman for Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology

Texas Children’s Hospital

Baylor College of Medicine

Raegan Hunt, MD, PhD

U017 ‐ Infestation Situations: Updates on Bothersome Bugs

DISCLOSURESAuthorship royalties: Up To Date, Inc and Medscape Expert Consult Consulting: Dermavant  Off label medication may be discussed

DISCLOSURE OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY

Objectives

Diagnose and treat skin infestations and insect bites

Discuss emerging resistance patterns in ectoparasites

Describe effective insect repellent strategies 

“Secret” Objectives

Disgust you with  “creepy crawly” photos

Make you itch!

12 year‐old healthy girl 

Camp nurse check  

Itchy rash on neck

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Hair Fairies

2 girls treated x2 + 20 girls professionally screened + “prevent spray” x2+ travel fee=  $1700

Camp Lice Policy

60% of summer camps report head lice as an operational burden

“no nit” policy: 34% of summer camps

< 20% of children with nits or lice are allowed to stay at camp

DeHudy A, et al. 2016 American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference & Exhibition

Camp Discovery Texas!

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Head Lice

Head lice: pediculosis capitis

6 ‐12 million head lice infestations annually in the US

Mostly ages 3‐11 years• More common among girls than boys• Occurs in all ethnic groups

Estimated economic burden of lice • ~ $1 billion/ year (2004)

Impacts of head lice infestation• Scalp itch and irritation• Secondary infection • Missed school or work• Social disruption• Embarrassment

# Selfie Spread? 

You TubeCreative Commons License

Head louse speed: estimated 3.75 inches per minute

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“The Days of Our Lice”

Lice

~ 100 eggs per pair

The “Facts of Lice”

Head lice die in 1–2 days without feeding

Nits die within a week if they are not near scalp

Hygiene recommendations• Machine wash and dry 

• clothing and bed linens worn 2 days before treatment  

• Seal un‐washable items in plastic bag for 2 weeks

• Soak combs and brushes in hot water (≥ 130°F) for 5 minutes

• Vacuum floor and furniture around where infested person sits/sleeps

• Do not share hair accessories

Pediculosis capitis:  “Super lice”

Red states: 100% of tested lice resistantOrange states: 50‐90% of tested lice resistantYellow state: 0 % of tested lice resistantWhite states: data not analyzed yetBlue states: data not collected yet

• Pyrethroid resistant• Knockdown resistance: (kdr) mutations• mutations in voltage‐sensitive sodium 

channel (VSSC)

• “over the counter” treatments ineffective

Yoon, et al. American Chemical Society, August 2015

Over the counter: lice treatments

Pyrethroids

• Pyrethrins • pyrethroid extracts from the chrysanthemum flower

• Not ovicidal; repeat treatment • Avoid use in people allergic to chrysanthemum or ragweed

• Approved ages ≥ 2 years

• Permethrin lotion 1% • synthetic pyrethroid

• similar to naturally occurring pyrethrins• Not ovicidal; repeat treatment • Approved ages ≥ 2 months

Malathion lotion 0.5%   

• Organophosphate pesticide• Inhibits cholinesterase activity

• Partially ovicidal• Single application + nit combing 

• Apply to dry hair• Leave on 8‐12 hours then rinse

• May be irritating 

• Flammable

• Approved for ≥ 6 years of age• Malathion resistance reported among head lice in UK 

Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension  

• Natural insecticide produced by soil bacteria

• bacterial species Saccharopolyspora spinose• Found in crushed sugar cane

• Neurotoxic to lice• Targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the insect nervous system ‐> hyperactivation

• Ovicidal

• Apply to dry hair, leave on scalp 10 min

• Single application  

• No nit combing

• Re‐treatment typically not needed • (re‐treat if live lice seen in 1 week)

• Approved for children ≥ 6 months

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Ivermectin lotion 0.5%  

• Neurotoxic to lice• Activates glutamate‐gated chloride channels in nerves

• Cell hyperpolarization ‐> paralysis ‐> death

• Not ovicidal, but kills nymphs!

• Apply to dry hair, leave on 10 min, rinse

• Single application• nit combing optional

• Approved for children ≥ 6 months

Benzyl alcohol lotion 5%  

• Aromatic alcohol• Non‐neurotoxic pesticide

• Kills lice via asphyxiation

• Not ovicidal• Apply to dry hair, leave on 10 min

• REPEAT treatment on day 9

• nit combing optional

• Approved: ages 6 months‐60 years

Meinking TL, et al. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 Jan‐Feb;27(1):19‐24

Inhibits the breathing apparatus

Benzyl alcohol lotion 5%  Active ingredient Name 

brandClass/mechanism Ovicidal? Retreatment

Need?Potential side effects/FDA approval

Cost (approximate)

Malathion 0.5% lotion

Ovide Organophosphate pesticide

neurotoxic to lice“Partially, Yes” Not

“usually” *‐Flammable! (8‐12 hours on scalp)‐Irritating!Approved age ≥ 6 years

$221.70 (60 ml)

Spinosad 0.9% suspension

Natroba Antimicrobial biochemical produced by soil bacteria; 

neurotoxic to lice

YES! NO! * Approved ≥ 6 months $246.10 (120 ml)

Ivermectin 0.5% lotion

Sklice Anti‐parasitic; 

neurotoxic to liceNo, but kills nymphs

NO! * Approved ≥ 6 months $297.60 (120 ml)

Benzyl alcohol 5% lotion

Ulefsia Alcohol

Not a neurotoxic pesticide

No YES Approved ≥ 6 months $ 181.30 (8 fl oz bottle)‐ may need 1‐6 bottles depending on hair length

Pyrethrins Rid (OTC) Pyrethroid extract from chrysanthemum

No YES Avoid if allergic to chrysanthemums or ragweedApproved  ≥ 2 years

$6‐16 (60‐120 ml)

Permethrin 1% lotion

Nix (OTC) synthetic pyrethroid similar to naturally occurring pyrethrins

No YES Approved  ≥ 2 months $8‐14 (60‐120 ml)

Lindane 1% shampoo/lotion

LindaneKwell

Organochloride No YES Black Box warningSecond line due torisk of neurotoxicity

$125 (60 ml)

More Natural Approaches?

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Nit comb, India, cerca 1800 Nit comb, US Civil War, c 1860

Nit comb, Cumbria (Hadrian’s Wall), cerca 72‐73 AD

Ortus Sanititas 1517

Nit comb,  Chile, cerca 1000 AD

Nit picking

Professional nit picking

• Cost range ~$75‐100/hour

• Estimated 3 total treatments needed

• Treatments ~1‐1.5 hours each

• Estimated minimum: $225

• “Louse calls”• Discrete in‐home concierge nit‐picking• Some Health Flex savings accounts cover nit picking!

Home nit picking

• Instructions for families on Headlice.org hosted by the 

National Pediculosis Association (non‐for profit)

Heated air• Cooler temperature & faster flow than hair drier

Treatment time: ~1 hour• 30 minutes with device 

• 30 minutes of nit picking

One treatment needed

Cost ~ $170

FDA approved for ages ≥ 4 years  

FDA approved device for lice treatment Essential Oil Alternatives?

• Eucalyptus oil (EO)‐lemon tee tree oil (LP)

• Eucalyptus oil: Leptospermum petersonii (EO/LP) blend vs. pyrethrin:piperonyl butoxide

• EO/LP‐ twice as effective (83% vs 36%, P < 0.0001)

• EO/LP‐ 100% pediculocidal with 1 application

• EO/LP‐ 100% of lice and eggs in vitro

• Adverse events: transient burning, itching, stinging

Greive KA and TM Barnes, Australas J Dermatol. 2017 Mar 7

Pediculosis Pearls

•Lice crawl •Lice CANNOT hop or fly!

•Pets do not transmit human lice

•Nits in hair alone do not indicate contagiousness

re‐“cap”: Pediculosis capitis 

“Super head lice!” In most of the U.S., head lice show 100% resistance to pyrethroids

Several FDA approved head lice medications available for pyrethroid resistant lice Malathion 0.5% lotion Ivermectin 0.5% lotion Spinosad 0.9% suspension Benzyl alcohol 5% lotion

Nit picking FDA approved head lice air treatment device AirAllé® 

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+ 9 Drowned Head Lice

Stoffle NN, Cohen PR. Images in clinical medicine. Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:e20

“Mite I crawl under your 

skin?”

Scabies: Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis

Scabies Common parasitic infestation Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis

Human to human transmission

Fertilized female mite burrows into epidermis depositing eggs and feces (scybala)

Eggs hatch in several weeks

Delayed Type IV hypersensitivity occurs about one month after exposure

Initial localized itching changes to widespread pruritus

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Scabies: Clinical Presentation

• Itchy papules on abdomen, hands, wrists, elbows, axilla, genitalia and interdigital web spaces

• Nodules = exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction

• Children: • Face and scalp involvement more frequent

• Infants:• Scaly papules and vesicles on palms, soles

• Eczematous eruptions of face, scalp and trunk

• Nodules

I Kaur and D Jakhar, Transillumination Dermoscopy of Finger Web Spaces for Scabies, Accepted Date: 22 May 2019

Prins C , et al. Dermoscopy for the in vivo detection of sarcoptes scabiei.Dermatology. 2004;208(3):241‐3. 

• Dermoscopy and transillumination to help diagnose scabies infestation

Nodular scabies “Scabies in babies”

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Scabies in babies:“Foot Fetish”

Bullous scabies

Maan M, et al. BMC Res Notes. 2015; 8: 254.

Brar B, et al. J Dermatol. 2003 Sep;30(9):694‐6.

Crusted scabies

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Scabies: Diagnosis

• Diagnosis may be made from clinical findings alone

• Contact with persons with similar pruritic eruption supports diagnosis

• Definitive diagnosis from microscopy• Scraping of non-excoriated burrow

• Mineral oil prep

• Presence of mites, eggs or scybala confirm the diagnosis

Scabies prep with Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Scabies mite and eggs become clearly visible after treatment with KOH

Treatment: scabies• Asymptomatic “carriers” in household are common

• Treat entire household at same time

• Permethrin 5% cream overnight; repeat overnight in 1 week• Infants and elderly:  head to toes (include scalp and face)• Others:  neck to toes • Pregnancy: category B

• Sulfur (5‐10%) compounded in petrolatum x 3 consecutive nights

• Wash clothing, linens and towels used within the previous week in hot water and dry with high heat or seal in airtight bag for 10 days

• “post‐scabietic” pruritus may linger ~4 weeks after successful treatment www.pedsderm.net

Scabies Pearls: Think scabies if….

Severe itch, worse at night

Multiple family members with itchy bumps

Interdigital web space involvement

Inflammatory nodules on genitals or in infants

Vesiclopustules in infants, especially on palms/soles

Treat everyone in the house

Permethrin 5% cream overnight x 2 --- (1 week apart)

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• 2‐year‐old healthy child

• Itchy red bumps on arms and legs only

•No one else at home with bumps or itching

•No pets

Papular urticaria

• Insect bite hypersensitivity reaction

• Recurrent nature

• New bites induce delayed hypersensitivity reaction at old sites

• Crops of highly pruritic papules• 3‐10 mm in diameter• Exposed areas of arms and legs• Frequently with linear or triangular clusters

• Central punctum• May vesiculate in center then crust

• Resolve with post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation frequently

Insect bite–induced hypersensitivity (papular urticaria) 

Hernandez RG and BA Cohen. Pediatrics. 2006 Jul;118(1)

Bullous arthropod bite reaction

Biting midges:  “no see‐ums” 

Krakoski, A. J Pediatr. 2013 Jul;163(1):298

“All You Can Eat Buffett” Sign

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Papular Urticaria/Bullous arthropod

Treatment

• Antihistamines• Non‐sedating antihistamine daily• Hydroxyzine at bedtime PRN itch

• Cool compresses

• Ultrapotent topical corticosteroid applied twice daily to pruritic areas on extremities

Prevention

• Protective clothing 

• Insect repellant

Insect Repellents

Select coverage needed to protect from the appropriate biting insect for duration of activity planned

AAP, CDC: DEET between 20‐30% for children >2 months of age to exposed skin

Apply directly to the child, avoiding open skin and orifices

No insect repellent use for children < 2 months of age

DEET alternatives

Picaridin 20% Equivalent to 20% DEET

IR3535 7.5% Not as effective as DEET against the Anopheles spp mosquitoes which transmit malaria

‘Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus’ (64% PMD) age > 3 years

Sunscreen and Insect repellent

Combination products are NOT recommended

Sunscreen needs to be  applied in larger amounts

re‐applied more frequently  

Up to 1/3 decrease in sun protection factor (SPF) when DEET‐containing insect repellents are used after a sunscreen is applied

Montemarano, AD, et al. Lancet, 349 (1997), pp. 1670‐1671

Ineffective Insect repellents

Wristbands soaked in chemical repellents

Garlic or vitamin B1 oral supplements

Tea tree oil Lemon Eucalyptus Essential Oil

Ultrasonic insect repellent devices

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“Way‐Far Off‐label” Mosquito Repellent

• Methyl dihydrojasmonate  • Plant derived fragrant compound

• Lilial• synthetic aromatic aldehyde• commonly used in cosmetics 

• Activate CquiOR136 • mosquito odorant receptor

• Not recommended as an alternative to DEET

Zeng F, et al. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 19;13(6)

THANK YOU