Bülent Öztürk, New Inscriptions from Karadeniz Ereğli Museum I, 132 (2009) 129-138 [with İ. F. Sönmez]

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NEW INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE KARADENİZ EREĞLİ MUSEUM

I

BÜLENT ÖZTÜRK* - İHSAN FAHRİ SÖNMEZ**

* Classical Philologist; PhD Student, Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of History / Ancient History, İstanbul; [email protected]

** Classical Philologist; [email protected]

We thank the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s General Directorate of Culture Heritage and Museums for the permis-sion to work on the inscriptions of the museum; we are grateful to Ahmet Mercan the director, to Handan Özalpay, toÜnver Göçen and to Onur Arslan the archaeologists and to all staff of the Karadeniz Ereğli Museum for their kind assis-tance and hospitality during our research stay in the museum; to Muhsin Endoğru the director of Samsun ArchaeologyMuseum who was the director of Eregli Museum during a period of our works, to Prof. Dr. Sümer Atasoy for his all sup-ports and contributions to work on the inscriptions; to Prof. Dr. Bülent İplikçioğlu for sharing his valuable opinions andideas with us; to Prof. Dr. Vedat Çelgin and William Anderson for checking the article; to Dr. Hüseyin Sami Öztürk forhis all assistance during our researchs in the museum and preparation of this article.

KARADENİZ EREĞLİ MÜZESİ’NDEN YENİ YAZITLAR I

Özet

T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü’nden aldığımız izinle, Karade-niz Ereğli Müzesi’nin daha önceden yayımlanmış ve yayımlanmamış tüm yazıtlarını bir corpus altında toplamaküzere bir proje başlattık ve müzede korunan söz konusu yazıtları kayıt altına alarak, gerekli ön çalışmaları ger-çekleştirdik. Yazıtlar Zonguldak ve çevresine (Ereğli, Çaycuma/Filyos, Devrek, Gökçebey, Kilimli, Alaplı) aittir.Çalışmaların ilk bölümünü oluşturan bu makalede daha önce yayımlanmamış 10 Hellence mezar yazıtı tanıtıl-maktadır. Bunlardan sekizi Herakleia Pontike (Pontika) kenti ve territorium’undan (Ereğli, Alaplı), ikisi ise Tios(Tieion) antik kentinden olup, hepsi Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenmektedir. Bu yazıtlar sırasıyla:

1) Herakleon Oğlu Dionysios’un Mezarı; 2) Herakleitos Oğlu (Küçük) Çocuk Herakleitos’un Mezarı 3) Heraklei-des Kızı Iulia’nın Mezarı 4) Mikkos Kızı Khryse’nin Mezarı; 5) Tolas Kızı Khrysea’nın Mezarı; 6) OlympikhosOğlu Olympikhos’un Mezarı; 7) Menianus Oğlu Senianus’un Mezarı; 8) Herakleitos Kızı Tryphosa’nın Mezarı;9) Menadros Oğlu Ksenios’un Mezarı; 10) İsmi Bilinmeyen Bir Kişiye Ait Lahit Parçası’na aittir. Geri kalan diğeryazıtlar üzerindeki çalışmalarımız devam etmekte olup, sonuçları ilerleyen çalışmalarda ortaya konulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Karadeniz, Bithynia, Zonguldak, Herakleia Pontike, Ereğli, Tios, Tieion, Filyos,Alaplı, Yazıt, Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi.

Abstract

As part of a project to compile all published and unpublished Greek and Latin inscriptions in the KaradenizEreğli Museum into a corpus, inscriptions were copied and worked on with the permission of the Ministry ofCulture and Tourism’s General Directorate of Culture Heritage and Museums. These inscriptions are all fromZonguldak Region (Ereğli, Çaycuma/Filyos, Devrek, Gökçebey, Kilimli, Alaplı). In this article, ten previouslyunpublished Greek funerary inscriptions are presented: eight of them are from ancient Heraclea Pontica and itsterritorium (Ereğli, Alaplı), and two are from the ancient city of Tios (Tieion, Filyos). All are dated to theRoman Imperial period.Key Words: Black Sea, Bithynia, Zonguldak, Heraclea Pontica, Ereğli, Tios, Tieion, Filyos, Alaplı, Ins-cription, Karadeniz Ereğli Museum.

Most ancient cities along the southern BlackSea coastline are today submerged undermodern buildings. This makes archaeologi-cal excavations and researches in this regiondifficult and has caused the cities to be neg-lected. Consequently, epigraphical researchand publications have also been neglectedfor this region compared with other parts ofAsia Minor. Epigraphical research intoHeraclea Pontica (Herakleia Pontike) andTios (Tieion), significant ancient cities of theTurkish Black Sea coast, started with therecords of researchers who travelled here atthe end of 19th century and at the begin-ning of 20th century1 and continued withthe publication of inscriptions of HeracleaPontica in various publications2 up to 1994,when the first epigraphical corpus of thisancient city was formed.3 But since thattime, new inscriptions from Ereğli andother regions have been brought to themuseum through archaeological survey4

and other discoveries.5 Further epigraphicalwork has not been undertaken on theancient city of Tios (Tieion) in recent times,but excavations at Tios, started with the co-operation of the Museum of KaradenizEreğli and the Department of Archaeology,University of Trakya in the summer of 2006and continuing in the summers of 2007-2009 under the direction of Prof. Dr. SümerAtasoy,6 have revealed new inscriptions.7

With the permission of Ministry of Cultureand Tourism’s General Directorate ofCulture Heritage and Museums and thesupport of the director of the KaradenizEreğli Museum, Ahmet Mercan, a projectwas started to compile all published andunpublished Greek and Latin inscriptionsin the museum into a corpus. The inscrip-tions which were copied and worked onwith are all from the Zonguldak Region(Ereğli, Çaycuma/Filyos, Devrek, Gökçebey,Kilimli, Alaplı). In this article, ten previouslyunpublished funerary inscriptions are pre-

130

sented: eight of them are from ancientHeraclea Pontica and its territorium (Ereğli,Alaplı) and two are from the ancient city ofTios (Tieion, Filyos). All are dated to theRoman Imperial period. Our work on theinscriptions continues and the furtherresults will be published in the future.

1. GRAVE OF DIONYSIOS, SON OF HERAKLEON

(Photo 1)

Inv. No. : A.00.4.1.Provenance : Ereğli. Measurements : H: 0.41 m; W: 0.23 m; D:

0.10 m; LH: 0.012-0.014 m.Date : 2nd century A.D.- first

half of 3rd century A.D.

Rectangular, white marble stele. In the middle ofthe stele there is a recess in the form of niche withthe relief of a standing male figure dressed inhimation. His right arm is held on his left chest ina conventional greeting pose.

Dion. Êsiow ÑHra-kl°vnow §t«. n

jÄ. Xa›re.

Dionysios, son of Herakleon, (died) at the age of 60.Farewell !

2. GRAVE OF INFANT HERAKLEITOS, SON OF HERAKLEITOS

(Photo 2)

Inv. No. : A.1992–80.Provenance : Ereğli.Measurements : H: 0.96 m; W: 0.46 m; D:

0.125 m; LH: 0,028-0,04 m.Date : 2nd century A.D. (on the

basis of reliefs and letters).

Rectangular, white marble stele with a triangularpediment and corner acroters. There is a relief ofcircular rosette carved in the middle of the pedi-ment. In the middle of the stele there is a recesswith the relief of a child figure dressed in khlamyswho is holding a pigeon in his left hand on hisleft chest and holding grapes in his right hand

and of a dog which is eating grapes, on the rightof the child figure.

ÑHrãkleitow ÑHrakle¤to.u, nÆpiow.

Infant Herakleitos, son of Herakleitos.

It is understood from the inscription that thisgrave stele belongs to a male infant. Three possi-bilities are there to define the child relief on gravestele: Nepios (= Infant) Herakleitos the owner ofthe grave stele, an infant Dionysus and Eros.

Similar scenes as this (a dog eating grapes whicha figure hold in his hand), are known from otherrelief sculptures.8 On a grave stele in the IstanbulArchaeological Museum (inv. no. 5026), a malefigure is holding a bird in his left hand and grapesin his right hand and a dog is raising its head toreach these grapes.9 A child sarcophagus from

Sinope dated to the 2nd century A.D. in the samemuseum (inv. no. 1165 T), depicts a similarscene: a child figure defined as Eros holds outgrapes in his right hand to a dog.10 A scene on aRoman (probably from 2nd century A.D.) bomosfrom Dorylaion (today in Bursa Museum, inv. no.1065) which is dedicated to Epiphanes TheosDionysos by neoi mystai (= new initiated cultmembers) shows a male figure, defined asDionysus, holding grapes that are being eaten bya dog.11 Another example is in the Boston,Museum of Fine Arts (possibly from Asia Minor),a Roman period sculpture dated to 140-170 A.D.This sculpture comprises the figure of childDionysus dressed in khlamys and the grapes at hisfeet seized on by an animal (a dog?).12 On thebasis of these examples, this child figure could bedefined as Dionysus or Eros and it could be datedto the 2nd century A.D.

131

1 2

132

4

3

5 6

133

The pigeon figure on grave steles generally sym-bolizes the soul of the dead;13 in this stele pos-sibly the soul of Herakleitos. On the other handwe should not forget that children could appearwith their pets on grave reliefs, and pigeon, doveand dog could be the child’s favorites.

3. GRAVE OF IULIA, DAUGHTER OF HERAKLEIDES

(Photo 3)

Inv. No. : A.99.7.3.Provenance : Ereğli.Measurements : H: 0.45 m; W: 0.35 m; D:

0.08 m; LH: 0.01-0.023 m.Date : Roman Imperial Period.

Rectangular, white marble stele. In the middle ofthe stele there is a rectangular recess with therelief of a seated female figure dressed in khitonand himation over her head.

[ÉI]o. ul¤a, ÑH[rak]l. e¤dou. yu.-gã.thr, §t«. n igÄ. Xa›re.

Iulia, daughter of Herakleides, (died) at the age of 13.Farewell !

4. GRAVE OF KHRYSE, DAUGHTER OF MIKKOS

(Photo 4)

Inv. No. : A.95.6.1.Provenance : Alaplı, Village of Bektaşlı.Measurements : H: 0.70 m; W: 0.28 m; D:


Rectangular white marble stele with a triangularpediment and corner acroters. The lower rightcorner of the stele is broken. There is a relief of acircular rosette carved in the tympanum. Thisfunerary stele represents a farewell scene: In themiddle of the stele there is a rectangular recesswith the reliefs of a seated woman figure facing tothe right, dressed in khiton and himation over herhead; a basket on the left of the woman; a stan-ding female servant figure on the right dressed inkhiton and himation, a frontally-facing male ser-vant on the left of the stele dressed in himation.

XrÊse, M¤kkou yugãthr,gunå d¢ Fil¤pp[ou],

§t«n jÄ. Xa›r[e].

Khryse, daughter of Mikkos, wife of Philippos, (died)at the age of 60. Farewell !

1 The name of XrÊse with the suffix –e: shouldbe XrÊsh or XrÊsa: For the name of XrÊsa seePAPE – BENSELER 1959: 1691-1692; for thechanging from the letter of –a into –e, seeGIGNAC 1977: 278-282. For the name of XrÊshsee PAPE – BENSELER 1959: 1692; for thechanging from the letter of –h into –e, seeGIGNAC 1977: 244-246.

For the name of M¤kkow see PAPE – BENSELER1959: 923.

2 gunã = gunÆ. In Doric dialect the letter of –hmight be changed into –a. For this usage, seeFISK 1830: 225.

5. GRAVE OF KHRYSEA, DAUGHTER OF TOLAS

(Photo 5)

Inv. No. : A.98.1.1.Provenance : Ereğli, Town of Ormanlı,

Village of Sarıkaya.Measurements : H: 0.45 m; W: 0.325 m; D:


Rectangular, white marble stele with a triangularpediment and corner acroters. In the middle ofthe stele there is a rectangular recess with therelief of a female figure dressed in khiton andhimation over her head, who is lying on a klineand holding phiale in her left hand. There is arelief of a banquet table in right front of the kline.

XrÊsea, Tvla yugãthr, §t«n pÄ.Xa›re.

Khrysea, daughter of Tolas, (died) at the age of 80.Farewell !

1 For the name of XrÊsea, see PAPE – BENSE- LER 1959: 1692.

134

8

9

10

7

135

The name of Tvlaw, is documented firstly hereby this inscription. For the masculines with thesuffix -aw and for the usage of genetivus with thesuffix -a, see PETERSEN 1937.

6. GRAVE OF OLYMPIKHOS, SON OF OLYMPIKHOS

(Photo 6)

Inv. No. : A.2001.895.Provenance : Ereğli, Ba(l)lıköy.Measurements : H: 0.55 m; W: 0.4 m; D:

0.055m; LH: 0.015-0.019 m.Date : Roman Imperial Period.

Rectangular, white marble stele. The lower rightand left corners of the stele are broken; there arealso two deep cracks, one is from the top and theother is from left corner to the bottom. In themiddle of the stele there is a rectangular recesswith the reliefs of a male figure dressed in khitonand himation, who is lying on a kline; a banquettable on the left in the right front of kline; an oxfacing to the right in the lower left and outsidethe recess behind the ox is a relief of a male ser-vant figure dressed in himation facing to the right.

ÉOlÊm. pixo[w] ÉOlu[m]-p¤xo<u> vac. §t«. n keÄ.

Xa. ›r. e.

Olympikhos, son of Olympikhos, (died) at the age of25. Farewell !

1-2 OLU[.]PIXOS lapis.

7. GRAVE OF SENIANUS, SON OF MENIANUS

(Photo 7)

Inv. No. : A.00.8.1. Provenance : Tios (Tieion).Measurements : H: 1.25 m; W: 0.26 m; D:


Rectangular, high, white marble pedestal ofwhich the lower and the upper parts are profiled.On the top there is a recess for a bust.

SenianÚwMhnianoËzÆsaw kos-

4 me¤vw¶th kaÄ.Xa›re.

Senianus, son of Menianus, lived exemplarily 21years. Farewell !

1 The Latin name of “Senianus” is seen in Greekform (SenianÒw) for the first time. The name isthought to be a Celtic Roman name, about thisitem see KEUNE 1923; EVANS 1967; DELA-MARRE 2001: 270-271; SIMS-WILLIAMS 2003:93-94; CPNRB, “Senianus”, there: http://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/personalnames. This name isseen in one of Seneca’s work (see Seneca, ConExc.5.2.1.17-19) and in Latin inscriptions, (see CIL11,1, no. 1147; SCHMIDT 1957: 266-267; BUR-RELL 1993: 292-293; TOMLIN 1998, no. 17.1;SALOMIES 2008: 86-87). It is noteworthy that aCeltic Roman name appears at the ancient city ofTios (Tieion).

2 For the name of MhnianÒw (= Menianus), seeSAYAR 1998, no. 164 = SEG 48 (1998): no. 946(Thracia/Perinthos Heraclea, after 212 A.D.);STERRETT 1888: 67, no. 53-55 (Pisidia/Orme-leis, ca. 200 A.D.).

3-4 kosme¤vw = kosm¤vw

8. GRAVE OF TRYPHOSA, DAUGHTER OF HERAKLEITOS

(Photo 8)

Inv. No. : A.2005/1.A.Provenance : Alaplı, Village of Demirciler.Measurements : H: 0.50 m; W: 0.35 m; D:


Rectangular, white marble stele with a triangularpediment and corner acroters. There is a crack inthe left acroter and lower part is broken. There isa relief of a female figure dressed in khiton andhimation over her head. Her right arm is held onher left chest in a conventional greeting pose.There is also a standing female(?) servant, port-rayed frontally on the right corner, who is dressedin khiton and himation.

136

[Tr]uf«sa ÑHrakle¤tou§t«n peÄ. Xa›re.

Tryphosa, daughter of Herakleitos, (died) at the ageof 85. Farewell !

9. GRAVE OF KSENIOS, SON OF MENADROS

(Photo 9)

Inv. No. : A.00.10.3.Provenance : Ereğli.Measurements : H: 0.55 m; W: 0.34 m; D:

0.108 m; LH: 0.016-0.02 m.Date : 123 A.D. (According to

Actium Era)

Rectangular white marble stele with a pedimentwith a triangular frame and acroters. There is acircular rosette carved in the tympanum. In themiddle of the stele there is a rectangular recesswith the relief of a funeral banquet: There is amale figure dressed in khiton, lying on the klineand holding aryballos in his left hand. Acrosshim on the left is a figure of a woman dressed ina khiton and himation over her head, sitting onthe left side of the kline. There is a banquet tablein the middle, in front of the kline and there arealso two figures standing, both portrayedfrontally at the left and right corners; the one onthe left is a female servant dressed in a khiton andhimation and the one on the right is a male ser-vant dressed in himation.

J°niow, MenãdrouuflÒw, §t«n kgÄ. Xa›re.

ÖEtouw dnrÄ, Gvrpia¤ou. biÄ.

Ksenios, son of Menadros, (died) at the age of 23.Farewell ! 12th (day) of (the month) Gorpiaios of theyear 154.

1 For the name of Menãdrow, see SEG 19 (1963):no. 780 (Pisidia/Boğaziçi); SEG 37 (1987): 451(Thessalia/ Demetrias, 2nd-3rd century A.D.).

3 ÖEtouw dnrÄ = The year of 154. The era ofHeraclea Pontica is accepted as Actium Era (31B.C.), see LESCHHORN 1993: 198. This gravestele is dated to 123 A.D.

Gvrpia¤ou = Gorpia¤ou; It is seen also on aninscription from North Galatia as Gvrpia›ow, seeRECAM 2, no. 195. For the changing from the

letter of –o into –v, see GIGNAC 1977: 277. Forthe month of Gorpia›ow, see BISCHOFF 1912:1664, “Gorpiaios (Gorpia›ow)”; LIDDELL –SCOTT 1996: 358; McLEAN 2002: 166-170.

10. SARCOPHAGUS OF AN UNKNOWNPERSON

(Photo 10)

Inv. No. : A.2002/49.Provenance : The ancient city of Tios

(Tieion).Measurements : H: 0.28 m; W: 0.26 m; D:


The lower part of a rectangular sarchophagus, theupper part of which is missing. The inscription isin tabula ansata.

- - - - - - - [zÆsaw / zÆsasa]

kosm¤vw¶th mÄ.

…[lived] exemplarily 40 years.

NOTES1. The first epigraphical works about these sites

and their territory are respectively done by G.PERROT et alii, J. PARGOIRE, G. MENDEL,H. P. MAKPH, E. KALINKA and L. ROBERT.The researchers copied all of the inscriptionswhich they were able to find in the area (seePERROT et alii 1872: 15-19; PARGOIRE 1898:492-496; MENDEL 1901: 36-49; MAKPH 1908:128-134; KALINKA 1933: 44-111; ROBERT1937: 272-296), but most of these are lost today.

2. For these inscriptions see LSAM, no. 83;DÖRNER 1962: 30-35; DÖRNER 1963: 132-139; ŞAHİN 1975: 293-297 = SEG 31 (1981):no. 1071; TAM 4,1, no. 264; PFUHL –MÖBIUS 1977-1979, no. 1744-1746, 2019,2024 = SEG 29 (1979): no. 1361-1365;JONNES 1986: 97-100 = SEG 36 (1986): no.1164-1166; CREMER 1992, no. 172-174 =SEG 42 (1992): no. 1137-1139.

3. L. JONNES and W. AMELING published thefirst and only epigraphic catalogue and proso-pographia of Heraclea Pontica that presents 85inscriptions of the city (see IK 47). In the sameyear T. AKKAYA, listing the the cultural inven-tory of Heraclea Pontica, also registered inscrip-tions that were found around the city (seeAKKAYA 1994). In the following period a list of

names was formed by A. Avram (see AVRAM1996). The amphora inscriptions, dated to 5.-4.century B.C., were also published (see KAC2003 = SEG 53 [2003]: no. 1428; TELEAGA2003).

4. KARAUĞUZ 2006: 71; KARAUĞUZ 2008: 44.5. KARAUĞUZ 2008: 58.6. For the excavations and researches in Tios

(Tieion) and the history of this ancient city seeSÖNMEZ – ÖZTÜRK 2008; ÖZTÜRK 2008;ATASOY 2008; ATASOY – ERTUĞRUL 2009;ANDERSON 2009.

7. The inscriptions of Tios (Tieion) are beingstudied by Bülent Öztürk as a doctoral disser-tation thesis, in Marmara University under thesupervisor of Prof. Dr. Bülent İplikçioğlu, thehead of Ancient History Departmant and thefirst results will be presented in the future. Aspart of a project all published and unpublishedGreek and Latin inscriptions are planned tocompile into a corpus.

8. CUMONT 1942: 495, 498; FIRATLI 1965:308-309.

9. FIRATLI 1965: 309, Plate XL, Photo 26.10. MENDEL 1912, no. 41.11. HASPELS 1962, no. 2.12. http://www.mfa.org/collections “ChildDionysus”13. CUMONT 1942: 319; 409; 413; FIRATLI

1965: 308.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA = Anatolia AntiquaAJA = American Journal of ArchaeologyAKKAYA 1994 = T. AKKAYA, Herakleia Pontike

(Karadeniz Ereğlisi)’nin Tarihî Gelişimi ve EskiEserleri, İstanbul 1994.

ANDERSON 2009 = W. ANDERSON, “LateByzantine Occupation of the Castle at Tios”, AA17 (2009), 265-277.

AnzPHK = Anzeiger der Österreichische Akademie derWissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse

ArkSan = Arkeoloji ve SanatAST = Araştırma Sonuçları ToplantısıATASOY 2008 = S. ATASOY, “Zonguldak-Filyos

(Tios/Tieion/Tion/Tianos/Tieium) KurtarmaKazısı“, şurada: Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu’na 65.Yaş Armağanı, EUERGETES, Yay. Haz.: İ. DELE-MEN – S. ÇOKAY-KEPÇE – A. ÖZDİZBAY –Ö. TURAK, İstanbul 2008: 91-97.

ATASOY - ERTUĞRUL 2009 = S. ATASOY -Ö. ERTUĞRUL, “Filyos - Tios Kazısı 2007”,KST 30,4 (2009), 1-14.

AUBSI = Analele Universitatii Bucureşti, Seria istorie

AVRAM 1996 = A. AVRAM, “Zu den Personenna-men von Herakleia am Pontos“, AUBSI 45(1996) [1998], 17-26.

BCH = Bulletin de Correspondance HelléniqueBelleten = BelletenBISCHOFF 1912 = BISCHOFF, “Gorpiaios (Gor-

pia›ow)”, RE 14 (1912), 1614.BURRELL 1993 = B. BURRELL, “Two inscribed

columns from Caesarea Maritima”, ZPE 99(1993), 287–295.

CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum LatinorumCPh = Classical PhilologyCPNRB = Celtic Personal Names of Roman BritainCREMER 1992 = M. CREMER, Hellenistisch-rö-

mische Grabstelen im nordwestlichen Kleinasien,2: Bithynien, Bonn 1992.

CUMONT 1942 = F. CUMONT, Recherches sur leSymbolisme Funéraire des Romains, Paris 1942.

DELAMARRE 2001 = X. DELAMARRE, Diction-naire de la Langue Gauloise, Paris 2001.

DÖRNER 1962 = F. K. DÖRNER, “Vorberichtüber eine im Herbst 1961 ausgeführte Reise inBithynien”, AnzPHK 99 (1962), 30-35.

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Documents

Bülent Öztürk, New Inscriptions from Karadeniz Ereğli Museum I, 132 (2009) 129-138 [with İ. F. Sönmez]