TOPICS COVERED TILL NOW1. Architecture in Ancient Period2. Sculpture in Ancient India3. Harappan Civilization4. Vedic civilization5. Jainism6. TN Class 6 – Art and Culture

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INDIAN ART ANDCULTURE

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OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE

OFFICIAL STATUS IN YOUTUBE

Early life of Gautama Buddha:

Original Name – Siddhartha

Birth place – Lumbinivana

Period – 563 BC

Father – Suddhodana > chief of sakya clan > capital – kapilavasthu

Mother – Maya died 7 days after his birth

Mother’s sister > Mahaprajapati Gotami – Step Mother

Wife – Yasodhara

Son – Rahul

Suddhodhana – Clean Money

Siddharth Malya

Became budda at gaya – “Bodh Gaya” >> Sambodhi, tree – bodhi tree

Reached Gaya – enlightment under pipal tree

6 continuous years – homeless ascetic

Idea of renunciation – Seeing 4 persons in 4 different stages – old man, very sick man, corpse , ascetic

Great Renunciation or Mahabhinishkraman

Age of 29 – wandering ascetic in search of truth, left family and kingdom

Channa - Charioteer Kanthaka - horse

Alara kalama –meditation,

upanishads@ vaishali

Rudrakaramaputta@ rajgriha

Uruvela –Niranjan river,

49 th day Tathagata –one who attained

ruth

Mara – king of spirits and demons disturbed in meditation

Sujata – farmer’s daughter > rice milk at Bodh Gaya

Deer park at Sarnath – 1st sermon “Dharmachakra Paravartana”

Preached his gospel to princes and peasants

Period of 45 yrs toured eastern India

Before death @ pavapuri – Chanda – bad mushrooms & pork

Age of 80 – “Mahaparinirvana” @ Kushinagara – sal tree 483 BC

Last teaching heard by Subhadra and Ananda

Asvajit, Upali, Mogallana, Sariputra,

Ananda - disciples

Earliest source – Sutra pitaka in Pali

Acc. To buddhism – existence of a being is like a wheel of causes and effects

Ignorance gives rise to desire; desire to karma; and karma leads to the impulse to be born again and again to satisfy desire which is the source of suffering

If suffering is to be destroyed , Primary cause –ignorance must be destroyed

Can be achieved by the realization that world is impermanent

Buddha (the enlightened)

Dhamma(doctrine)

Sangha(order)

The worldyexistence is full

of misery (Dukha)

Desire is the cause of worldly

existence (Samudaya)

The worldly existence can be ended by

the destruction of desire (Nirodh)

There is a path for the

destruction of the desire

(Marga) – This is the Ashtanga

Marga

Right speech

Right action

Right means of livelihood

Right exertion

Right mindedness

Right meditation

Right resolution

Right point of view

Physical contol(Sila)

Mental control (Chitta)

Intellectual development

(Prajna)

There is no place for personal God (Atman) in the doctrine of Buddha

Practical code of morality is recommended for self –

improvement

It contains 4 practices –love (Maitr) compassion

(karuna) joy at the success of other (Mudite) and equanimity towards all

beings (Upeksha)

Buddhism is known as Middle path

rejected Vedas and Vedic sacrifices and challenged

the superiority of Brahmanism in caste-against Brahmanism

Laid stress on ahimsa

Condemned violence to any living beings

Ananda – constant companion of Buddha and most devoted disciple

Anurddha – master of right mindfulness

Mahakassapa – president of Buddhist council held at Rajagriha

Moggallana – he had greatest super natural powers

Sariputta – possessed the profound insight into the dhamma

Upali – master of Vinaya

Ananda and buddha are friends

Ashvagosha – contemporary of kanishka, poet, dramatist, musician

Nagarjuna – friend and contemporary of Satavahana kings

Assanga and Vasubandhu > “Abhidaramakosa” encyclopedia of buddhism - brothers

Imp teacher of yogachara or vijnanavada school founded by Maitreyanath

•Buddhagosha – pali scholar “Visuddhimaga” > post-tripitaka literature•Dinnaga – founder of Buddhist logic •Dharmakirti – philosophical thinker and dialectician

First great split in Buddhist church – 4th buddhistcouncil

MahayanaHinayana

Mahayana Buddhism – Acharya Nagarjuna >> further spread of Buddhism

Original teachings of buddha

Individual salvation – self discipline and meditation

No idol worship

Religion without god – only karma

Nirvana – extinction of all

Hinayana or Lesser Vehicle

Oldest school – Sthaviravada (Theravada in Pali)

Sanskrit – sarvastivada or doctrine which maintains the existence of all things , physical as well as mental

From sarvastivada or vaibhasika branched off another school – Sautantrika >> more critical in outlook

Pali – language of masses used by Hinayana Buddhists

Ashoka patronised Hinayanism

Heavenliness of Buddha

Salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha and Bodhisatvas

Idol worship

Nirvana is not a negative cessation of misery but a positive state of bliss

Chief philosophical schools – Madhyamika, Yogachara

Madhyamika – Nagarjuna >> midway between uncompromising realism of Hinayanism and idealism of Yogacharya

Yogacharya – Maitreyanatha >> rejected the realism of Hinaynism and maintained absolute idealism

Sanskrit was used by Mahayana Buddhists

Kanishka patronised Mahayanism later Harsha supported it

Salvation could be best attained by acquiring the magical power – “Vajra”

Chief divinities – Taras

Popular in eastern India – Bengal and Bihar

Birth – Lotus and Bull

• Great Renunciation - Horse

Enlightment – Bodhi tree

• First Sermon ( Dharmachakra Paravartana ) - Wheel

Death ( Mahaparinirvana ) - Stupa

Disciples

MonksLay

worshippers

Monks –organized into

Sangha

Membership > 15 yrs of age

Systematic and organized >

powerful role for spread of Buddhism

First Council – Rajagriha >> teachings collected, classified, adjusted as authoritative canonical texts : 2 pitakas – Vinaya and Sutta by Upali

Ruler – Ajathasatru Presided by Mahakassapa

Purpose - Maintain purity of buddha teachings

Second Council – Vaishali R –Kalaoka P-sabakami difference of opinion among monks @ vaisali, 100 yrs after Mahaparinirvana >> schism in sangha – sthavaravadins or theravadinsand mahasanghikas

Purpose – End the controversy between monks and their opponents

Third council – Ashoka > 256 yrs after parinirvana – Pataliputra – Chaimanship of Moggaliputta Tissa >> classifies buddhist texts and added Abhidhamma pitaka –establishment of sthaviravadins – final compilation of Tripitakas – sending missionaries to diff parts of world :Purpose – settle the dispute arising out of the rival claim of authority

Fourth council – Kanishka at Kundalavan in Kashmir > presided by vasumithra, assisted by Ashvagosha – composition of 3 large commentaries > vibhashas – division of Mahayana and Hinayana – codification of sarvastivadin doctrines as Mahavibhasa – conduct of deliberation of sanskrit instead of pali – spread of buddhism to other parts of world

Use of popular language

Principle of equality

Personality of Buddha

Royal Patronage

Missionary activities of the Sangha

University and Buddhist scholars

Absence of serious rival

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytism

Defects in Buddhism

Lack of Royal Patronage

Rise of Rajputs

Foreign invasion

Assimilative power of

Hinduism

Revival of Hinduism

Principles of Ahimsa

Lack of powerful

personalities

Abhaya Mudra

• Mudra of “No - Fear”•Protection, peace, beneolence and dispelling of fear

Theravade

Walking Buddha

LaosThailand

Symbol of intentions proposing friendship when appraoching strangers

Bhumiparsha Mudra

Gesture calls upon the Earth

to witness his enlightenment at

Bodh Gaya

Dharmachakra Mudra

Central moment in life of Buddha

When he preached his first sermon at

deer park in sarnath

Save Maitreya as dispenser of Law

Turning of wheel of Buddha

Meditation Mudra

Gesture of meditation - concentration ofGood law and Sangha

Used in representations of SakyamuniBuddha and Amitabha Buddha

Varada Mudra

Offering, welcome, charity,giving,

Compassion and sincerity

FavourableMudra

Vajra Mudra

Gesture of knowledge

Thunder Mudra

Vitarka Mudra

Gesture of discussion and

Transmission of Buddha

Teaching

Mudra of Discussion

Gnana Mudra

Mudra of Knowledge

Karana mudra

Expels demons and

Removes obstacles such as

Sickness or negative thoughts