Broughton High School of Wake County 1 Name: Section: · PDF file6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell Nucleus 7. Site of photosynthesis

Broughton High School of Wake County

Honors Forensic Science Chapter 3- eukaryotic Cells Mr. E. Davis

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Name: ___________________________________________________________ Section: ____



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Human Eukaryotic Cells

Objectives By the end of this chapter you will be able to

✔ Identify the cell organelles.

✔ Describe Genetics and how is probability determined.

✔ Describe the ABO Blood System.

✔ Explain how paternity testing is conducted.

✔ Explain how DNA is used to identify a suspect.

✔ Explain how to use DNA probabilities.

Goals

Students will:

Describe the major functions of the cell organelles.

Identify the main role of the cytoskeleton.

Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms.

Explain how geneticists use the principles of probability.

Contrast gene mutations and chromosomal mutations.

Identify the types of human blood (ABO Blood Groups)

Vocabulary

1. Vacuole

2. Nuclear Membrane

3. Ribosomes

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

5. Cytoplasm

6. Nucleus

7. Chloroplast

8. Lysosomes

9. Ribosomes

10. Vacuole

11. Cell Wall

12. Mitochondria

13. Vesicle

14. Smooth ER

15. Nucleolus

16. Cell Membrane

17. Cytoskeleton

18. Vesicles

19. Cytoskeleton

20. Cilia

21. Cell Membrane

22. Flagella

23. Plastid

Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. —Malcolm X



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Chapter 3 – Vocabulary Words - Cell Structure & Function

Term Definition 1. Cell

2. Cilla

3. Nucleus

4. Eukaryote

5. Prokaryote

6. Organelle

7. Cytoplasm

8. Nuclear

Membrane

9. Chromatin

10. Chromosome

11. Nucleolus

12. Ribosome

13. Endoplasmic

Reticulum

14. Golgi

Apparatus

15. Lysosome



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Chapter 3 – Vocabulary Words - Cell Structure & Function

Term Definition 16. Vacuole

17. Mitochondrion

18. Plastid

19. Cytoskeleton

20. Centriole

21. Cell Membrane

Directions: Label the Cell Organelles: 1. __________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________

6. __________________________________________________

7. __________________________________________________

8. __________________________________________________

9. __________________________________________________

10. __________________________________________________

11. __________________________________________________



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Cell Organelles Worksheet

Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that

matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be used more than once.

Structure/Function Cell Part

1. Stores material within the cell Vacuole

2. Controls what moves in and out of the nucleus Nuclear Membrane

3. The sites of protein synthesis Ribosomes

4. Considered the roadways of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum

5. The region inside the cell except for the nucleus Cytoplasm

6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell Nucleus

7. Site of photosynthesis in plants Chloroplast

8. Contains enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and

invading viruses or bacteria Lysosomes

9. Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

10. Provides temporary storage of water and food particles Vacuole

11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell that provides support in plants, fungi,

most bacteria and some protists Cell Wall

12. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell Mitochondria

13. Packages proteins from rough ER for transport out of the cell Vesicle

14. Organelle that helps breakdown toxins, poisons, and waste Smooth ER

15. Site where ribosomal RNA is made Nucleolus

16. The membrane surrounding the cell, controls what goes in and out of cell. Cell Membrane

17. Provides support for the cell, includes cilia & flagella Cytoskeleton

18. Small membrane-bound sacs used in transport of materials in cells Vesicles

19. Helps cell maintain shape, helps move cell (if cell moves), helps move things within

cell. Cytoskeleton

20. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things Cilia

21. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Cell Membrane

22. Longer whip-like structures used for movement Flagella



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Cell Organelle Fill-In

The Nucleus is called the ______________ of the cell. It _______________ all cell activity. The nuclear

membrane has many ____. The large solid spot inside the nucleus is the __________________ which is a spot of

______________ chromatin. It manufactures _____________. It stores the information needed for the manufacture of

_________________. The Cell Membrane performs a number of critical functions for the cell. It regulates all that

________ and leaves the cell. Phospholipids or PROTEINS scattered across the surface of the membrane act as the

doorways into and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a series of double membranes that _______________

back and forth between the cell membrane and the _____________, providing a _____________ between the nucleus and

the cytoplasm. The rough E.R. has ________________ attached to it which manufacture _____________ for the cell. The

ribosomes are the ______________ which manufacture proteins. Smooth E.R. ______________ ribosomes. It acts as a

______________ throughout the cytoplasm. It runs from the cell membrane to the nuclear _______________ and

throughout the rest of the cell. The Golgi Body is responsible for packaging proteins and carbohydrates for the cell.

Mitochondria are the ___________ of the cell. It is the site of _________________. It has a ________________

membrane. The inner membrane is where most _______________ respiration occurs. Mitochondria have their own

_____________ and manufacture some of their own _______________. Lysosomes are called ______________ sacks.

They are produced by the _____________ body. The lumpy brown structures are digestive _______________. They help

protect you by ________________ the bacteria that your white blood cells engulf. Chloroplasts are the site of

_____________. Chloroplasts are one of three types of ___________, which are plant cell organelles that are involved in

energy storage. Plant cells are remarkable in that they have two ways of generating energy; ________________________

and ______________________ in mitochondria. The Cell Wall is found only in ___________. The cell wall protects the

cellular contents; it gives _support_ to the plant structure. The primary chemical component of cell walls is

_________________, which is made up of several thousand glucose molecules linked end to end. The Cytoskeleton gives

_________ and __________ to a cell. It has filaments composed of linear polymers of tubulin, which are globular

proteins, and can increase or decrease in length by adding or removing tubulin proteins. These filaments are called

__________________. Vacuoles are membranous sacs consisting mostly of water with various dissolved sugars, salts,

proteins, and other nutrients. The plant vacuole also plays an important structural role, containing water to the point that it

exerts a _________against the cell wall, which helps maintain the structural integrity of the plant, along with the support

from the cell wall. When plant cells can't obtain the water they need, pressure in the vacuole is ___________ and the plant

wilts.

brain, pores, power house, dense, microtubules, enzymes, enters, Golgi Body, photosynthesis, pathway, ribosomes, digesting,

proteins, organelles, highway, membrane, cellular respiration, double, lacking, cellular, DNA, ribosomes, proteins, garbage,

nucleolus, Golgi, proteins organelles, photosynthesis in chloroplasts, cellular respiration, plant cells, directs, cellulose, support,

structure, lose or decreased, transport substances, turgor pressure



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CASE STUDIES

Henrietta Lacks

Mrs. Lacks was a wife, mother of five, native of rural southern Virginia, resident of Turner Station in Dundalk,

Maryland—Henrietta went to Johns Hopkins complaining of vaginal spotting. She was diagnosed with cervical cancer

which quickly consumed her body despite of radiation treatment. Henrietta life was cut short on October 4, 1951. Not all

of Henrietta Lacks died that day. She unknowingly left behind a piece of her that still lives today—it’s called the HeLa

cell. Her cells were taken and used for medical research without her consent. And for more than 20 years after her death

Henrietta’s family would learn how science retrieved her cells and of her enormous contribution to medicine and to

human life. The birth of the HeLa cells were making its mark worldwide. After all the “HeLa” cells continue to multiply

daily as no other cell outside the human body, a breakthrough in cell research. With that being said the world will never

be the same due to the “HeLa” phenomena which began in 1951. Since then there has been a mass production of the cells

which have traveled around the globe, even into space! Even though Henrietta’s cells launched a multimillion-dollar

industry that sells human biological materials, the family never saw any of the profits or that Henrietta received the

recognition she deserves. The “HeLa” cells are continually used for research; in the early 50’s the cells were used to help

develop a polio vaccine and now today, the cells are used for cancer and aids research and theories about the cause and

treatment of diseases. Henrietta, unknowingly, changed the medical & science world forever! She has been called many

things: Immortal, Heroine of Modern Medicine, Medical Miracle, and Wonder Woman. To her family she was and is:

daughter, wife, mother, and grandmother. Henrietta was a phenomenal woman during her life time, in Henrietta’s passing

her medical contributions exhibits what a phenomenal woman she really was. She continues to enhance many lives who

are unaware of her past existence. After all, she has a rich and important history and a great legacy that she left for her

family to carry.

Genomics, proteomics, vaccinology, transgenics, stem cell—advances in all these areas critically stack on the

shoulders of tissue culture, our ability to cultivate an organism's living cells in plastic dishes. Nutritional trial and error for

decades of painstaking cell gardening laid the groundwork for the several thousand human primary cell explants and

immortal tumor lines available to modern biotechnology. Now, the 50-year-old problem of cell line misidentification from

cell contamination, mislabeling, or, in some cases, conscious deceit, has a brand-new tool for cell and individual

validation, a composite short tandem repeat (STR, also called genomic microsatellite) genotype signature. The new

advances, the latest in cell identification technologies, represent the most advanced and powerful forensic approach to

dispense with the embarrassing, expensive, and maddening cell contamination that occurs in biomedical laboratories.



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CASE STUDIES

Henrietta Lacks

The extent of inadvertent cell line contamination is enormous. During the 1970s and 1980s, as many as one in

three cell lines deposited in cell culture repositories were imposters, one cell line overtaking or masquerading as another.

The most notorious culprit was a cervical carcinoma line, HeLa, established by George Gey at the Johns Hopkins Medical

School in 1951 from a 31-year-old mother of four, Henrietta Lacks. HeLa cells were unlike other primary cervical cancer

explants in that they grew horrifically in culture, perhaps too aggressively. In the years that followed, nearly every basic

cancer research laboratory grew HeLa cells and attempted to repeat primary tumor cell explanation from other people's

cancer cells. But too frequently, as vividly documented in Michael Gold's popular book, A Conspiracy of Cells, the new

tumor cells mysteriously became replaced with ubiquitous HeLa cells. Stanley Gartler, subject editor of the report in this

issue of PNAS, first unveiled the hoary deception at a cell culture conference in Bedford, PA, in 1966. Gartler was struck

that the first 18 established human cell lines he tested expressed a GGPD-A allozyme genotype, an allele restricted to

African Americans, even though the origin labeled on most cell lines was tumors from Caucasians. HeLa were African

American, GGPD-A, ubiquitous in cancer cytology labs, and fully capable of infiltrating slower plodding primary cell

cultures. Gartler opined that HeLa was overtaking these cells surreptitiously, a conclusion that would undermine the

significance of research reports using the cell contaminants.

Think Critically

1. What rights do we have over the posthumous use of our bodies for medical research? Should we always have to give

consent, or should our bodies be available to science if they have the chance to contribute to the betterment of

society?

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2. Why do you think scientists felt they had the right to take cells from Lack’s body and used them for research? Was it

the time and place? Was it Lack’s poverty? Her race? Her gender?

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Activity No. 6 Directions: Color the Cell Organelles.



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Quick Genetics Review

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_____ 1. Characteristics that are encoded in DNA are called genetic diseases.

_____ 2. Widow's peak and hitchhiker's thumb are multiple allele traits.

_____ 3. Single-gene X-linked traits have a different pattern of inheritance than single-gene autosomal traits.

_____ 4. Most human traits have more complex modes of inheritance than simple Mendelian inheritance.

_____ 5. Because it is a polygenic trait, human height can be represented by a bell-shaped graph.

_____ 6. Pleiotropy is when a more than one gene affects a single trait.

_____ 7. Most genetic disorders are controlled by dominant alleles.

_____ 8. Triple X syndrome results in XYXX males.

_____ 9. A karyotype is a picture of a cell's chromosomes.

_____ 10. A recessive X-linked allele is always expressed in males.

_____ 11. The alleles for ABO blood type are the A, B, AB and O alleles.

_____ 12. Amniocentesis can be used to see if the mother has any genetic abnormalities.

_____ 13. Down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21.

_____ 14. A mutant recessive allele is not expressed in people who inherit just one copy of it.

_____ 15. Epistasis is when one gene affects the expression of another gene.

Genetics Crossword Puzzle - Word Bank

Trait Genotype Mated Genetics Gene Probability

Alleles Inheritance Phenotype Generation Anther Karyotype

Mendel Chromosomes Heterozygous Discrete Homozygous Dominant

Recessive Ovary



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Genetics Crossword Puzzle

Documents

Broughton High School of Wake County 1 Name: Section: · PDF file6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell Nucleus 7. Site of photosynthesis