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7/27/2019 Brinkkemper 1991 - Wetland Farming in the area to the south of the Meuse estuary during the Iron age and Rom
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MAMOGE^MYPMGFDU^BPDEM
OGDNGAUDM
=44=
w k k ^" Qk k w =
ruaCX d r l ) l }~t _
ud F-D aQQQQ QF Qv QM QF Q@ QO QQQ
Kd yFr % l ' C / D C l
OC * = W D D= k O d Qk = h o = Q= D r ltQr D \1> d
|
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Udngstbag YrgssM agw jgagrmtdb a bl Yu`od sfdaj
Tbu mrg rgmndaj m luoo vgrsdba bl tfds `bbh, lbr lrgg!
^fds `bbh ds pmrt bl tfg Udngstbag g-od`rmry wfgrg kbst bl bur
pu`odemtdbas mrg luooy meegssd`og lbr lrgg. Lbr meegss tb kbrg
lrgg `bbhs vdsdt3 www.sdngstbag.ebk/od`rmry
Nbwaobmn Luoo YNL
\dsdt tfg Udngstbag g-od`rmry tb nbwaobmn kbst bl bur g-`bbhs lbr
baoy >,79. Lbr tfds kdadkmo lgg ybu wdoo rgegdvg m luooy luaetdbamo
YNL man `y nbdaj sb, ybu fgop tb hggp bur od`rmry ruaadaj.
www.sdngstbag.ebk/od`rmry
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MAMOGE^M YPMGFDU BPDEM OGDNGAUDM 0>
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MAMOGE^MYPMGFDU^BPDEM
OGDNGAUDM
YW@ODEM^DBAU BL ^FG DAU^D^W^G BL YPGFDU^BPT
B. @rdahhgkpgr
ZG^OMAN LMPKDAJDA ^FG MPGM ^B ^FG UBW^F BL ^FG KGWUG GU^WMPT
NWPDAJ ^FG DPBA MJG MAN PBKMA YGPDBN.MA GA\DPBAKGA^MO MAN YMOMGB-GEBABKDE PGEBAU^PWE^DB
WAD\GPUD^T BL OGDNGA =44=
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rgnmetdba ebkkdttgg3 O.Y. Obuwg Hbbdckmas/ E.E. @mhgos
rgnmetdba bl tfds vboukg3 B. @rdahhgkpgr/ K. Zmangrs
ngsdja man ebvgr3 F.M. ng Obrk
ebpyrdjft =440 `y tfg Dastdtutg bl Yrgfdstbry Ogdnga
DUUA 9=>:
DU@A 49-:55-4
Mosb mppgmrgn ms nbetbrmtg tfgsds, Ogdnga, Cmaumry 0:, =445.
Uu`serdptdbas tb tfg sgrdgs Mamogetm Yrmgfdstbrdem Ogdngasdm man sdajog vboukgs ema `g brngrgn
gxeousdvgoy mt3
Dastdtutg bl Yrgfdstbry
Y.B.@bx 47=7
0599 PM Ogdnga
tfg Agtfgromans.
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ebatgats
= Datrbnuetdba =
=.= ^fg prb`ogk =
=.0 Jgbobjy /
=.0.= ^fg jgbobjdemo ngvgobpkgat bl \bbrag-Yuttga nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg man tfg
Pbkma Ygrdbn >
=.5 Mrefmgbobjy 6
=.5.= ^fg mrefmgbobjdemo sdtgs =0
=.5.=.= ^fg Gmroy Drba Mjg =5
=.5.=.0 ^fg Kdnnog Drba Mjg =5
=.5.=.5 ^fg Omtg Drba Mjg =5
=.5.=.> ^fg Pbkma Ygrdbn =>
0 Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdbas ba \bbrag-Yuttga /:
0.= Datrbnuetdba =:
0.0 Yrgvdbus davgstdjmtdbas =:
0.5 Kgtfbns usgn da tfg prgsgat rgsgmref =:
0.> Ybooga ndmjrmks =4
0.>.= ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg =:-59 0=
0.>.0 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg =:-5> 0.5 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Fggavodgt 0.> ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Udkbasfmvga 0:
0.>.7 M pbooga spgetruk lrbk Sudnoman 06
0.>.< ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Pbehmacg DD 060.>.:. Gdjft pbooga spgetrm lrbk Adguwgafbbra 04
0.>.6 ^fg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Pbehmacg 96-70 04
0.7 Pgebastruetdba bl tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg gavdrbakgat 50
0.7.= ^fg obemo gavdrbakgat mrbuan tfg Drba Mjg sdtgs 50
0.7.0 ^fg obemtdba bl upoman lbrgsts 55
0.7.5 Pgsuots man ebaeousdbas 5>
0.< Gavdrbakgatmo rgebastruetdbas lbr tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn 5:
0.: Ebaeousdbas 54
5 Zbbn-rgkmdas da ebastruetdbas nmtdaj tb tfg DrbaMjg man Pbkma Ygrdbn >=
5.= ^fg sdtgs ba \bbrag-Yuttga >=
5.=.= Pbttgrnmk-Fmrtgohmammo =9-=
5.=.0 Updchgadssg =:-59 >=
5.=.5 Updchgadssg =:-57 >=
5.=.> Updchgadssg =:-5> >0
5.=.7 Udkbasfmvga =:-0> >0
5.=.< Adguwgafbbra 94-64 >0
5.=.: Pbehmacg DD >5
5.=.6 Yrglgrgaeg bl pmrtdeuomr spgedgs lbr egrtmda ebastruetdba gogkgats >5
5.0 ^fg brdjda bl tfg wbbn >5
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5.5
5.>
5.7
Ebkpmrdsba wdtf davgstdjmtdbas ebaegradaj wbbn ba btfgr sdtgs >7
Ebkpmrdsba bl tfg wbbn man pbooga nmtm > @btmademo kmerbrgkmdas >:
>.= Datrbnuetdba >:
>.=.= Kgtfbns >:
>.0 Yrgvdbus stundgs bl `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas lrbk \bbrag-Yuttga >6>.5 ^fg prgsgat stuny bl `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas >6
>.> Euotdvmtgn pomats >4
>.>.= Fbrnguk vuojmrg vuojmrg(fuoogn `mrogy) 79
>.>.0 ^rdtdeuk ndv. spge (wfgmt) 79
>.>.5 Ymadeuk kdodmeguk (`rbbkebra kdoogt) 7>
>.>.> Odauk usdtmtdssdkuk (odasggn br lomx) 7>
>.>.7 Emkgodam smtdvm (jbon bl pogmsurg, lmosg lomx) 7.>..7 Jmtfgrgn wdon pomats 7:
>.7.= Pu`us emgsdusmanP. lrutdebsus (`omeh`grrdgs) 76
>.7.0 Yruaus spdabsm (sobg) 76
>.7.5 Pbsm spge. (rbs) 74
>.7.> Umk`ueus eladjrm(gongr`grry) 74
>.7.7 Joyegrdm loudtmas (lobmtdaj swggtjrmss, kmaam-jrmss) 74
>.7.< Ebaspdeubusoy m`sgat jmtfgrgn pomats .< Kmerbrgkmdas bl btfgr wdon pomats ..:.7 Eoustgr mamoysds bl tfg smkpogs ba tfg `msds bl emr`badzgn `btmademo kmerbrg
kmdas 44
>.6 ^fg amturg bl ndllgrgaegs man sdkdomrdtdgs `gtwgga tfg sdtgs 44
>.6.= Pmtdbs bl syatmxbabkdemo eomssgs =99
>.6.0 Ebaspdeubusoy m`sgat eomssgs =90
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>.6.5 Umot kmrsf pomats vgrsus lrgsfwmtgr pomats =90
>.6.> Erbp wggns vgrsus kgmnbw pomats =9.4 ^fg usg bl dandemtbr vmougs =9.4.= Kbdsturg vmougs ===
>.4.0 pF vmougs WD
>.4.5 Adtrbjga vmougs ==5
>.4.> Odjft vmougs ==5
>.4.7 Umodadty ==7>.=9 Uukkmry ==:
7 ^fg lmuamo rgkmdas ==4
7.= Pgsuots ==4
7.0 ^fg Drba Mjg ==4
7.0.= Nbkgstdemtgs ==4
7.0.0 Zdon madkmos =00
7.5 ^fg Pbkma Ygrdbn =00
< ^bwmrns m rgebastruetdba bl tfg gebabkdgs bl tfg sdtgs =07
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= Datrbnuetdba
=.= ^fg prb`ogk
^fg mrgm stundgn ebkprdsgs tfg dsomans \bbrag man Yuttga,
sdtumtgn da tfg sbutfgra pmrt bl tfg Nutef prbvdaeg bl Sudn-
Fbooman. ^fgsg dsomans mrg sgpmrmtgn `y m skmoo strgmk, tfg
@gradssg (ldj. =). ^fg twb dsomans wdoo fgaeglbrtf `g rglgrrgn
tb ms "\bbrag-Yuttga". Mt prgsgat, \bbrag-Yuttga ds mokbst
ebkpogtgoy ebvgrgn `y eomygy sgndkgats ngpbsdtgn nurdaj
kgndgvmo tdkgs. Nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma
Ygrdbn, tfg omansempg wms ebkpogtgoy ndllgrgat lrbk wfmt wg
sgg tbnmy.
Mrefmgbobjdemo gxemvmtdbas bl sgttogkgat sdtgs ba \bbrag-
Yuttga nmtdaj lrbk tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg fmvg
`gga emrrdgn but `y tfg @.B.B.P. (@urgmu vbbr Bunfgdn
huandj Bangrzbgh vma Jgkggatgwgrhga Pbttgrnmk8 tfg Blldeg
lbr Mrefmgbobjdemo Pgsgmref bl tfg kuadedpmodty bl Pbttgr
nmk) man tfg P.B.@. (Pdchsndgast vbbr Bunfgdnhuandj
@bngkbangrzbgh8 tfg Utmtg Ugrvdeg lbr Mrefmgbobjy) . ^fg
gxemvmtdbas bl Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg= sdtgs (em. :79-
099 @E0) fmvg ngkbastrmtgn tfmt tfgsg sgttogkgats wgrg
lbuangn ba m pgmty su`sbdo (el. \ma ^rdgruk =46999 @E man 0999 @E,
tfg rgomtdvg rdsg bl tfg sgm ogvgo `gemkg kuef sobwgr. Lrbk
tfga ba, ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg lbrkgn tfmt ebuon kbrg br
ogss wdtfstman tfg rdsdaj sgm ogvgo. ^fg bongst stdoo prgsgrvgn
ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg lbrkgn da tfg gmroy Uu``brgmo pgrdbn
(em. 5799 @E). Uu`sgqugatoy, agw ebmstmo `mrrdgrs wgrg
ngpbsdtgn tb tfg wgst bl tfg bongr bags man tfg ebmst sfdltgn
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DA^PBNWE^DBA
Ldj. = Obemtdba bl \bbrag-Yuttga da tfg Agtfgromans.
da m wgstwmrn ndrgetdba. Nurdaj Uu``brgmo man gmroy Uu`-
mtomatde tdkgs, ebmstmo nuags tfmt rgkmdagn uagrbngn ebuon
ngvgobp. ^fgsg nuags wgrg kmdaoy lbrkgn `glbrg tfg stmrt bl
tfg Efrdstdma grm man mrg emoogn tfg Bongr Nuags.
^fg wgstwmrn kbvgkgats bl tfg ebmst odag ebatdaugn uatdo
em. =999 @E. Mt tfmt tdkg, m kbrg br ogss eobsgn ebmst odag
fmn ngvgobpgn, baoy datgrsgetgn `y sbkg gstumrdag daogts,wfgrg rdvgrs ndsefmrjgn datb tfg sgm. Lrbk sbutf tb abrtf,
tfg Uefgont, tfg Kgusg, tfg Pfdag man tfg Bgr-W lbrkgn tfg
omrjgst gstumrdm da tfg Nutef wgst ebmst. \bbrag man Yuttga
wgr abt sgpmrmtg dsomans, `ut dastgmn pmrt bl m omrjgr mrgm
`gtwgga tfg gstumrdgs bl tfg Kgusg man tfg Uefgont (sgg
ldj- 0).@gfdan tfg ebmstmo nuags, tfg kdagrmo pmrtdeogs tfmt wgrg
trmaspbrtgn `y rdvgrs wgrg ngpbsdtgn mt tdkgs bl fdjf wmtgr
ogvgos, wfga tfg rdvgr bvgrlobwen dts `mahs . ^fg fgmvdgr,
smany pmrtdeogs mrg ngpbsdtgn dkkgndmtgoy ba tfg `mahs,
eomygy sgndkgats mrg ngpbsdtgn da tfg fdatgroman lurtfgr
mwmy lrbk tfg rdvgr `gn. Nug tb stmjamtdbas da tfg nrmdamjg,
pgmt lbrkmtdba tbbh pomeg obemooy ba tfgsg eomygy sgndkgats.
^fds pgmt ds tfg sb-emoogn Fbooman pgmt. Da tfg ebursg bl tfg
Uu``brgmo, tfg lrgqugaey bl dauanmtdba bl tfg fdatgroman
nug tb kmrdag man rdvgrdag dalougaegs ngergmsgn man tfg mrgm
ebvgrgn wdtf pgmt gxpmangn. Ygmt jrbwtf ndn abt beeur
eobsg tb tfg rdvgrs, `ut dastgmn ogvggs, ebasdstdaj bl eomstde
sgndkgats wgrg tb `g lbuan.
Motfbujf tfg rdsg bl tfg sgm ogvgo sobwgn nbwa mltgr >999
@E, tfgrg wgrg pgrdbns da wfdef tfg sgm tgkpbrmrdoy sfbwgn
ma gafmaegn metdvdty. ^fgsg pfmsgs bl daergmsgn kmrdag
dalougaeg mrg emoogn trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^rmasjrgssdba
pfmsgs mrg lbodbwgn `y pgrdbns bl ngergmsgn kmrdag
dalougaeg, tfg sb-emoogn rgjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^fg eyeode
motgramtdba bl trmasjrgssdbas man rgjrgssdbas fms `gga
ngserd`gn `y Ybas ms lboobws (sgg Obuwg Hbbdckmas =4:>)."^fg trmasjrgssdba pfmsg `gjdas wdtf grbsdba bl tfg bongr sgnd-
kgatmtdba man/br pgmt mrgms man tfg lbrkdaj bl m agtwbrh bl erggh
systgks. ^fg agxt pfmsg ds tfmt bl kmrdag sgndkgatmtdba, lbodbwgn
`y tfg jrmnumooy sdotdaj-up bl tfg ergghs. Bag bl tfg rgsuots bl tfg
vmadsfdaj bl tfg ergghs ds tfg `obehdaj bl tfg nrmdamjg bl tfg
sgndkgatmtdba mrgm. Ldamooy, da tfg rgjrgssdba pfmsg pgmt jrbwdaj
sprgmns mjmda bvgr tfg wfbog mrgm".
Obuwg Hbbdckmas (=4:>3 74) stmtgn tfmt tfgbrgtdemooy baoy
tfg grbsdba pfmsg ebastdtutgs tfg metumo omanwmrn sfdlt bl
tfg ebmst odag (; trmasjrgssdba), `ut dt ds ebkkba prmetdeg tb
daeoung tfg pgrdbn bl ngpbsdtdba bl kdagrmo sgndkgats da tfg
trmasjrgssdba pfmsg.^fg ldrst trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs, da tfg Mtomatde pgrdbn,
beeurrgn nurdaj m pgrdbn bl m rgomtdvgoy rmpdnoy rdsdaj sgm
ogvgo. Ms m rgsuot, tfg ebrrgspbandaj Emomds D-DDD ngpbsdts
ebvgr omrjg pmrts bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans. Da tfg Uu``b
rgmo man Uu`mtomatde pgrdbns, tfg sgm ogvgo rbs kbrg sobwoy
man ebmstmo `mrrdgrs lbrkgn m strbaj nglgaeg bl tfg fdatgr
oman. Lrbk tfga ba, tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl eomy nurdaj trmas-
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5 JGBOBJT
Ldj. 0 Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans mrbuan 0>99 @Y,semog=3=,999,999 (mltgr Smjwdca =46
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> DA^PBNWE^DBA
dloe e r
9) 9) e b ?*1
Mrefm
gbobjdemopgrdbns
atdbamo
KE
mj
ygmrs@Y
frbabobjdemomj
rmndbemr`ba
mj
bltrmasjrgssdb
mds,
N;Nuahdrh
dbns
blrgjrgss
maUtmmonudaga
Mrefm
gbobjdemopgrdbns
Ebav
gda
Nganrb
e
od`rmtgn
omrygmrs
Ygrdbn
s
E;Emo
77 1
6 6Smj
=479Pgegat
NDDDNDDD
Kdnnog - =999 - =999Mjgs
t
?
Mjgs
t
?
wkk
Mjgs
t
?Noo
Pbkma
t
?Noo
Pbkma
t
?
- 0999- 9
Dtba Mjgb
=F =999
Dtba Mjgb
=F =999
NoDtba Mjgb
=F =999
b
=F =999
@rbazg- 5999
@rbazg- 5999
Mjg NB
- >999
- 0 9 9 9
- >999
- 0 9 9 9
Omtg - >999
- 0 9 9 9
Omtg - >999
- 0 9 9 9
-5999 ED\
B'Y Kdnnog
-5999 ED\
B'Y Kdnnog
- 5 9 9 9
-Q - 7999ekB - > 9 9 9EN
S
- > 9 9 9EN
S
- > 9 9 9
Gmroy Eoo
- ).
jrgssdba pfmsgs (Emomds D\ man Nuahdrh ngpbsdts) wms kbrg
br ogss rgstrdetgn tb tfg rgjdbas `gfdan tfg daogts bl tfg rdvgrs
kgatdbagn gmrodgr. ^fg trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs mltgr 0999 @E
mrg emoogn Nuahdrh trmasjrgssdbas. => E nmtgs bl tfg pgmty
omygrs `gobw man m`bvg tfg kdagrmo sgndkgats rgomtgn tb
trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs ngkbastrmtgn tfmt tfgsg Emomds D\ man
Nuahdrh ngpbsdts beeurrgn kbrg br ogss sdkuotmagbusoy da
omrjg pmrts bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans (sggldj. 5). \mrd-mtdbas, kmdaoy nug tb obemo ebandtdbas, beeur ms wgoo.
^fg emusgs bl tfg omtgr trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs fmvg `gga tfg
su`cget bl kmay ndseussdbas. Fbwgvgr, tb ngmo wdtf tfds
su`cget gxtgasdvgoy ds `gyban tfg sebpg bl tfds pu`odemtdba.
^fg rgmngr ds rglgrrgn tb tfg lboobwdaj pu`odemtdbas3 Cgo-
jgrskm gt mo. =4:98 @gfrg gt mo. =4:48 Pbgogvgon =4698 \ma
ngr Yomssefg =460m, =460`8 Smjwdca =463 7=-
758 \bs =4653 6-4). Moo tfg smkg, tfg ngldagn tdkg spma
ebvgrgn `y tfgsg ndllgrgat prgfdstbrdg trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs da
m rgstrdetgn mrgm ds bl jrgmt vmoug tb efrbabobjy man tfg
mppodemtdba ds sb usgluo man wdngsprgmn tfmt dt ds lbodbwgn
fgrg. ^fg ngldagn tdkg datgrvmos da wfdef tfg ndllgrgat trmas
jrgssdba pfmsgs tbbh pomeg, bltga moobws mpprbxdkmtg nmtdaj
bl sgttogkgat trmegs ba tfg `msds bl tfgdr strmtdjrmpfde
pbsdtdba. Walbrtuamtgoy, fbwgvgr, tfg Utmanmrn strmtdjrmpfy,
ms sfbwa da ldjurg 5, ds rmrgoy ebkpogtgoy rgprgsgatgn da bag
sdajog strmtdjrmpfde ebouka. ^fds ds nug tb tfg vmrdm`og
gxtgasdba bl tfg eomy ngpbsdtdba rgprgsgatdaj tfg ndllgrgat
trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs.
=.0.= ^FG JGBOBJDEMO NG\GOBYKGA^ BL \BBPAG-YW^^GA NWPDAJ ^FG DPBA MJG MAN ^FG PBKMA
YGPDBN
^fg jgbobjdemo ngvgobpkgat bl \bbrag-Yuttga nurdaj tfg
Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn, ms pmrt bl m rgjdba sdtu-
mtgn ndrgetoy tb tfg sbutf bl tfg Kgusg gstumry, wms jrgmtoy
dalougaegn `y tfg Nuahdrh trmasjrgssdba pfmsgs. ^fg ndstrd-
`utdba bl tfgsg Nuahdrh ngpbsdts man tfg pgmt lbrkgn
nurdaj omtg Uu``brgmo man Uu`mtomatde rgjrgssdba pfmsgs (tfg
sb-emoogn Fbooman pgmt) ba \bbrag-Yuttga fmvg `gga
kmppgn da tfg lrmkgwbrh bl tfg jgbobjdemo kmp bl tfg
Agtfgromans, sfggt 5: Zgst (\ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).^fg
gmstgra pmrt bl Yuttga wms abt daeoungn ba tfds kmp. ^fg
ebrrgspbandaj sfggt bl tfg sgrdgs bl jgbobjdemo kmps, 5:Gmst, fms abt ygt `gga pu`odsfgn, `ut dt ds `gdaj prgpmrgn `y
Ng Jrbbt. ^fg jgbobjy bl tfds mrgm, wdtf kmrdag ms wgoo ms
rdvgrdag ngpbsdts, ds tfus ebkpogx tfmt m ndstrd`utdba kmp bl
Fbooman pgmt wdoo abt `g daeoungn da tfg jgbobjdemo kmp 5:
Gmst (Nrs. ^f. ng Jrbbt pgrs. ebkk.). ^fg sbutfgrakbst
pmrt bl \bbrag ds m`sgat ba `btf 5: Z man >5 Z kmps man
m pu`odemtdba da tfg agmr luturg ds abt gavdsmjgn (Nrs. O.
vma ngr \moh pgrs. ebkk.).
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JGBOBJT
9 7 hk
Ldj.> Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfy bl \bbrag-Yuttga, em. 0>99 @Y, semog =30999(mltgr \ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).
Ldj.7 Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfy bl \bbrag-Yuttga, em. 0999 @Y, semog =30999 (mltgr @obgkgrs =4:6).
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< DA^PBNWE^DBA
Nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg, `gtwgga :79 man 799 @E,
\bbrag-Yuttga wms kmdaoy ebvgrgn wdtf Fbooman pgmt (\ma
Utmmonudaga =4:48sggldj. >). ^fg prgnbkdamaeg bl pgmt stdoo
gxdstgn nurdaj tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg. Fbwgvgr, tfg erggh
systgks lbrkgn mt tfg basgt bl tfg Nuahdrh D trmasjrgssdba
pfmsg, mrbuan >99 @E, nrmdagn tfg pgmt bvgr m omrjg mrgm.
Meebrndaj tb Smjwdca (=46, wgrg sdtumtgn kbrg
tb tfg wgst, `gyban tfg prgsgat ebmst odag. ^fgy wgrg grbngn
nurdaj kgndgvmo tdkgs, wfga tfg ebmst odag bl \bbrag-Yuttga
sfdltgn gmstwmrns nurdaj tfg Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdba
pfmsgs. Lurtfgr tb tfg abrtf, tfg Bongr Nuags fmvg abt
ndsmppgmren, wfdog da tfg gxtrgkg sbutf bl tfg Nutef ebmst
tfgrg mrg mosb sbkg rgkamats oglt. ^fg brdgatmtdba bl tfgsg
Bongr Nuags ogn Smjwdca tb m rgebastruetdba bl tfgdr
obemtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga ms rgprgsgatgn da ldjurg 0. ^fds
kmp sfbws tfg sdtumtdba nurdaj tfg Nuahdrh D sgndkgatmtdba
pfmsg. Ms Smjwdca's pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo kmps ebvgr tfg
gatdrg Nutef tgrrdtbry, tfgy nb abt prbvdng tfg ngtmdo
prglgrm`oy wmatgn lbr tfds stuny.
^fg sdtumtdba nurdaj tfg Omtg Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma
Ygrdbn ds kmrhgnoy ndllgrgat lrbk tfg ebandtdbas nurdaj tfg
Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg ms ngserd`gn m`bvg. ^fg Nua
hdrh D trmasjrgssdba pfmsg fmn rgsuotgn da tfg ngpbsdtdba bl
eomygy sgndkgats, wfdef ebvgrgn pmrt bl tfg pgmt prgsgat ba
\bbrag-Yuttga. M pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo kmp lbr tfds pgrdbn
fms `gga pu`odsfgn `y @obgkgrs (=4:6). Dt daeoungs tfg mrgms
bl tfg jgbobjdemo kmps 5: Zgst man Gmst, `ut tfg sbutfgra-kbst pmrt bl \bbrag-Yuttga ds mjmda m`sgat (sggldj. 7).
Smjwdca's pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba lbr tfds pgrdbn
ds sfbwa da ldjurg
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JGBOBJT
Ldj.< Ymomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdba bl tfg wgstgra Agtfgromans mrbuan 0999 @Y,semog =3=,999,999(mltgr Smjwdca =46
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A DA^PBNWE^DBA
Drba Mjg kmy, meebrndaj tb fdk, mosb fmvg lmedodtmtgn
dafm`dtmtdba bl mrgms ogss lmvburm`og lbr mrm`og lmrkdaj.
Ba tbp bl tfg Nuahdrh D sgndkgats, m rgagwmo bl pgmt
jrbwtf beeurrgn obemooy, man tfds pgmt ds rglgrrgn tb ms
"Pbkma pgmt" `y \ma Utmmonudaga (=4:4). ^fg ndstrd`utdba
bl tfds "Pbkma pgmt", sgasu \ma Utmmonudaga, fms `gga
dandemtgn da ldjurg :.
=.5 Mrefmgbobjy.
^fg mrefmgbobjdemo rgebrn bl \bbrag-Yuttga ds omrjgoy `msgn
upba survgys man gxemvmtdbas pgrlbrkgn `y tfg @.B.B.P.
^fg P.B.@, mosb ebanuetgn sgvgrmo gxemvmtdbas ba \bbrag-
Yuttga. \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. (=466) man \ma ^rdgruk (da
prgss) ndseuss tfg stmtg bl rgsgmref.
@glbrg tfg ngpbsdtdba bl Nuahdrh sgndkgats, tfg mrgm wms
dafm`dtgn nurdaj Agbodtfde tdkgs ba m rgomtdvgoy skmoo semog.
Agmr Fghgodajga, dafm`dtmats gstm`odsfgn tfgksgovgs ba m
ogvgg (Obuwg Hbbdckmas =46
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4 MPEFMGBOBJT
Ldj.: Obemtdba bl "Pbkma pgmt", semog =30999(mltgr \ma Utmmonudaga =4:4).
Ma dkpbrtmat pbdat ds tfg rgprgsgatmtdvdty bl tfg ndstrd`u-
tdba bl tfg sdtgs ba \bbrag-Yuttga. ^fg ngtgetdba bl sdtgs
ngpgans upba sgvgrmo lmetbrs. Yrdkmrdoy, tfg meegssd`dodty bl
ma mrgm da prg- man prbtbfdstbrde tdkgs ndrgetgn wfgrg lbr-
kgr fm`dtmtdba wbuon `g pbssd`og. Dngmooy, tfds lmetbr ndrgets
tfg pmttgras ba ndstrd`utdba kmps bl lbrkgr fm`dtmtdba
mrgms. Fbwgvgr, btfgr lmetbrs mosb dalougaeg tfg pbssd`dodty
bl ndsebvgrdaj ma mrefmgbobjdemo sdtg da tfg mrgm. Bag bltfgsg lmetbrs ds tfg tfdehagss bl tfg kgndgvmo Nuahdrh DDD
ngpbsdts ebvgrdaj moo trmegs bl fm`dtmtdba bl tfg Drba Mjg
man Pbkma Ygrdbn. ^fg lmet tfmt tfgsg ngpbsdts mrg
ebasdngrm`oy tfdehgr da tfg wgstgra tfma da tfg gmstgra pmrt
bl tfg mrgm, ngergmsgs tfg efmaeg bl rgtrdgvdaj prg-kgndgvmo
sdtgs ba (wgstgra) \bbrag. ^fg Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats abt
baoy ebvgrgn trmegs bl lbrkgr fm`dtmtdba, tfg ergghs `g-
obajdaj tb tfds systgk mosb grbngn prgvdbus ngpbsdts. Gspg-
edmooy tfg `mahs bl tfg Kgusg wgrg ebkpogtgoy eogmrgn mwmy.
Fmoogwms man \ma Pgjtgrga Motgam (=4693 =45) kgatdbagn
tfmt nug tb tfg Fgodaduk sfdltdaj sbutfgmstwmrns da man
mltgr tfg =0,f
egatury, tfg abrtfgra pmrts bl \bbrag man
Yuttga wgrg grbngn. Drba Mjg man Pbkma fm`dtmtdba ba tfgogvggs bl tfg Kgusg ema tfgrglbrg abt `g ngkbastrmtgn.
Udkdomroy, pbssd`og eomstde sgndkgats mobaj tfg @gradssg
nmtdaj lrbk tfg Omtg Drba Mjg br tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn mosb
ema ab obajgr `g b`sgrvgn. ^fg wdngadaj bl tfg gxdstdaj
wmtgr ebursgs nurdaj Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdba(s) fmvg grb
ngn tfg gmrodgr `mahs bl tfg @gradssg tbb. Udaeg tfg Bongr
Nuags fmvg mosb `gga ngstrbygn nurdaj pbst-Pbkma trmas-
jrgssdbas, baoy tfg wgtoman ebkpbagat bl tfg lbrkgr oman
sempg ds stdoo prgsgrvgn, man tfg smkg fbons trug lbr tfg
obemtdba bl mrefmgbobjdemo sdtgs.
M tfdrn lmetbr mllgetdaj tfg ndstrd`utdba bl sdtgs ds tfg
datgasdty bl mrefmgbobjdemo rgsgmref. Gxemvmtdbas fmvg baoy
`gga ebanuetgn ba sdtgs tfmt wgrg tfrgmtgagn `y `udondaj
metdvdtdgs, sb-emoogn rgseug gxemvmtdbas. Lurtfgrkbrg, ms m
rgsuot bl tfg ebvgr bl Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats da tfg gatdrgmrgm, sdtgs mrg kmdaoy ndsebvgrgn wfga datgrsgetgn `y ndtefgs.
^fg prgsgaeg bl tfgsg ndtefgs tfus ds bl dalougaeg da tfg
ndstrd`utdba bl sdtgs ndsebvgrgn tfrbujf survgys.
Bag kmy emutdbusoy ebaeoung tfmt tfg semregagss bl Gmroy
man Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtgs ba wgstgra \bbrag kmy `g
mrtdldedmo, gspgedmooy da vdgw bl tfgdr jrgmtgr strmtdjrmpfde
ngptf.
@msgn ba tfg strmtdjrmpfde rgebrn, pbttgry man bltga ba=>E-nmtdajs, =09 sdtgs nmtdaj tb tfg pgrdbns ndseussgn fgrg
mrg nbeukgatgn5. Ubkg bl tfg Pbkma sdtgs mrg prb`m`oy
abt da sdtu, ms tfgy ebatmda rgngpbsdtgn pbttgry da Nuahdrh
DDD ergghs.
Lrbk tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg (pfmsg =), \ma ^rdgruk gt mo.
(=466) man \ma ^rdgruk (da prgss) prgsgatgn sgvga sdtgs, bl
wfdef ldvg mrg egrtmda sgttogkgats (sggldj. 6mman
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=9 DA^PBNWE^DBA
7 hk
Ldj.6m Obemtdba bl Gmroy Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).
Ldj.6` Obemtdba bl Kdnndg Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).
vdedadty bl skmoo strgmks. ^fg lmet tfmt tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg
sgttogkgats mrg ebvgrgn `y pgmt ngkbastrmtgs tfmt tfg
nrmdamjg stmjamtgn, prb`m`oy prgeoundaj lurtfgr fm`dtmtdba.
Ldjurg 6` prgsgats tfg ndstrd`utdba bl tfg 57 sgttogkgats
`gobajdaj tb tfg Kdnndg Drba Mjg (pfmsg 0). Meebrndaj tb
\ma ^rdgruk, tfg Kdnndg Drba Mjg sdtgs wgrg dafm`dtgn lbr m
obajgr pgrdbn da vdgw bl tfg tfdeh fm`dtmtdba omygr tfmt
ngvgobpgn fgrg. Lurtfgrkbrg, tfg gxemvmtgn sdtg bl Updchg-
adssg =:-5> sfbwgn ma gxtgasdba bl pmrt bl tfg lmrk (sgg
`gobw). ^fg Kdnndg Drba Mjg sdtgs mrg mjmda obemtgn da tfg
agmr vdedadty bl ergghs.
^wgaty-sdx sgttogkgats mrg habwa lrbk tfg Omtg Drba Mjg
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D D MPEFMGBOBJT
Ldj. 6e Obemtdba bl Omtg Drba Mjg sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss8
Ldj. 6n Obemtdba bl Pbkma Ygrdbn sgttogkgats ba \bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma ^rdgruk da prgss).
(pfmse 5). Meebrndaj tb \ma ^rdgruk, tfg Omtg Drba Mjg
fm`dtmtdba fms m jrgmtgr ndstrd`utdba mrgm tfma tfmt bl tfg
Kdnnoe Drba Mjg, kmdaoy da sbutfwgstgra ndrgetdba mobaj tfg
@gradssg. ^fg smandgr Nuahdrh D sgndkgats abrtfgmst bl tfg
@gradssg sfbw tfg omrjgst ebaegatrmtdba bl Omtg Drba Mjg
fm`dtmtdba. M sgeban eoustgr bl Omtg Drba Mjg sdtgs ds obemtgn
da tfg wgstgra pmrt bl \bbrag (sgg ldj. 6e). ^fds mrgm wms
vgry spmregoy dafm`dtgn prdbr tb tfg Omtg Drba Mjg (ebkpmrg
ldj. 6m8 6`). ^fg sgttogkgats da tfds wgstgra pmrt bl \bbrag
mrg obemtgn ba pgmty sbdos.
Zdtf tfg basgt bl tfg daldugaeg bl tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg,
nrmstde efmajgs beeurrgn da tfg Agtfgromans. Mltgr Emgsmr's
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=0 DA^PBNWE^DBA
Ldj. 4 ^fg rgomtdba `gtwgga strmtdjrmpfy man
fm`dtmtdba ba\bbrag-Yuttga (mltgr \ma
^rdgruk =46 ; Kdnnogbr Omtg DrbaMjg brPbkma Ygrdbn
m ; Nuahdrh fo
` ; Pbkma Ygmt
e ; Nuahdrh D
n ; Fbooman Ygmt
g ; Nuahdrh9l ; Emomds D\
uasueegssluo mttgkpts tb ebaqugr tfg abrtfgra Jmoode trd`gs
(7:-70 @E), Mujustus' stgpsba Nrusus ndn sueeggn. Da =0 @E
tfg wfbog mrgm bl tfg Agtfgromans wms beeupdgn. Lbr tfg
Agtfgromans, tfds nmtg ema sgrvg ms tfg emgsurm `gtwgga tfg
(prg-Pbkma) Drba Mjg man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn (Zdoogks
=46: MN tfg Pbkmas, mltgr mttgkptdaj tb beeupy
Jgrkmay up tb tfg Go`g, wdtfnrgw wfga Eomundus brngrgn
Ebr`uob tb stbp fds gxpgndtdbas man tb egmsg fds beeupmtdba
bl tfg abrtfgra pmrt bl tfg Agtfgromans. ^fg Bongr Pfdag,
wdtf dts gstumry agmr Hmtwdch (59 hk abrtf bl tfg Keusggstumry) wms efbsga ms tfg lrbatdgr (Odkgs) bl tfg Gkpdrg. Dt
wbuon omst lbr tfg lboobwdaj lbur egaturdgs. Mobaj tfg Odkgs,
m sgrdgs bl kdodtmry lbrts (emstgoom) wgrg grgetgn. ^fg mutb-
eftfbabus sgttogkgats bl tfds tdkg mrg rglgrrgn tb ms "amtdvg
Pbkma".
\bbrag-Yuttga wms daeoungn da tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg lrbk
=0 @E bawmrns. Dt `gemkg pmrt bl tfg mnkdadstrmtdvg prbv-
daeg bl Jgrkmadm Dacgrdbr. ^fg wmrs mppgmr tb fmvg fmn m
strbajoy ndsdatgjrmtdaj gllget upba tfg amtdvg sbedgtdgs da tfg
beeupdgn mrgm. Aukgrbus agw jrbups sgttogn tfgrg, mt tfg
gxpgasg bl tfg lbrkgr dafm`dtmats. ^fg agw dafm`dtmats bl
\bbrag-Yuttga prb`m`oy wgrg tfg Uturdd (\ma Gs =46=8 Zdo
ogks =46
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=5 MPEFMGBOBJT
emrrdgn `y `btf tfg egatrmo pbsts man tfg wmoo. Da sbkg
emsgs, pbsts mrg sdtumtgn butsdng tfg wmoo man prb`m`oy
sgrvgn ms rbbl suppbrts ms wgoo. Dl bag rbw bl egatrmo pbsts
ds prgsgat, tfg lmrk ds twb-mdsogn. ^wb pmrmoogo rbws bl
egatrmo pbsts rgsuot da m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk. Wsumooy, tfg lmrks
ema `g su`ndvdngn da m odvdaj mrgm man m pmrt lbr fbusdaj
nbkgstde madkmos. Da tfds pmrt (`yrg br `mra), pmrtdtdbas
(stmoos br `mys), da gmef bl wfdef twb fgmn bl emttog br btfgrnbkgstdemtgs ebuon fmvg `gga fbusgn, mrg bltga prgsgrvgn.
@btf tfg odvdaj pmrt man tfg `yrg mrg uangr tfg smkg rbbl.
^fg odvdaj mrgm bltga fms wdngr-spmegn rbbl suppbrtdaj pbsts
tfma tfg `mra pmrt. ^fg datgramo su`ndvdsdba bl tfg gxemv-
mtgn lmrks nbgs abt ndllgr sdjadldematoy lrbk ebatgkpbrmry
upoman sdtgs.
Moo gxemvmtgn lmrks mrg sdajog lmrkstgmns, ngasg eoustgrs
bl sdtgs nb abt beeur. \ma ^rdgruk (da prgss) prbvdngn kbst
bl tfg lboobwdaj ngtmdos ba tfg gxemvmtgn sgttogkgats.
=.5.=.= ^fg Gmroy Drba Mjg.
^fg tfrgg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs gxemvmtgn mrg Pbttgrnmk-Fmrtgohmammo =9-.7-7 k. Da tfg sbutfgra pmrt m `yrg
wdtf sdx stmoos ema `g rgebastruetgn (\ma ^rdgruk da prgss).
^fg gxemvmtdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59 rgsuotgn da tfg ndsebvgry
bl m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk bl =7 x 7 k. Da tfg sbutfgmstgra pmrt
sdx stmoos lbr fbusdaj odvgstbeh mrg prgsgat (sgg mosb \ma
^rdgruk gt mo. =466). ^fg obemtdba Updchgadssg =:-57 mosb
prbnuegn m tfrgg-mdsogn ebastruet dba, kgmsurdaj mt ogmst =: x
7 k. ^fg luoo ogajtf emaabt `g rgebastruetgn nug tb m rgegat
ndtef ndstur`daj tfg sdtg. ^ga tb twgovg stmoos mrg prgsgat da
tfg abrtfgmstgra pmrt bl tfg lmrk. Meebrndaj tb \ma ^rdg
ruk (da prgss), moo gxemvmtgn Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs ydgongn
rgomtdvgoy odttog sgttogkgat wmstg. M fm`dtmtdba omygr ebuon
fmrnoy br abt `g b`sgrvgn. Ba tfg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59,
lbr dastmaeg, baoy ,
=:-57, =6-79 man =6-40/45 man Udkbasfmvga =:-=>. Baoy
Updchgadssg =9-06, =:-5> man =6-79 prbnuegn pmrts bl lmrks,
tfg btfgrs ydgongn pbtsfgrns, pbsts man sbkgtdkgs lbrkgr
ndtefgs. ^fg gxemvmtgn Kdnnog Drba Mjg lmrks mrg obajgr
tfma tfgdr Gmroy Drba Mjg ebuatgrpmrts. Updchgadssg =9-06
ydgongn m tfrgg-mdsogn lmrk, wfdef kgmsurgn mt ogmst =4 x
em. 7.7 k. ^ga stmoos wgrg prgsgat da tfg gmstgra pmrt bl tfg
`udondaj. ^fds sdtg wms abt smkpogn lbr `btmademo kmerb-
rgkmdas, ms tfds wms abt ygt ebkkba prmetdeg mt tfg tdkg bl
gxemvmtdba. Updchgadssg =:-5> rgvgmogn tfg rgkmdas bl m 09 k
obaj fbusg8 tfg wdntf emaabt `g kgmsurgn nug tb m rgegat
ndtef, `ut wdoo abt fmvg gxeggngn 7.7 k. Da m sgeban `udon
daj pfmsg tfg ogajtf wms gaomrjgn wdtf > k da m abrtf-
gmstgroy ndrgetdba. ^fg odvdaj mrgm bl tfds lmrk ds :.7 k obaj.
^fg auk`gr bl stmoos da tfg `mra ds abt habwa wdtf egr-
tmdaty. Mt ogmst tfrgg stmoos ema `g rgebastruetgn da tfg
egatrmo pmrt bl tfg ogajtf mxds, tfds pmrt fms m ogajtf bl 7 k.Agxt tb tfds pmrt, ma mrgm bl 0 k ogajtf, ldoogn wdtf pomat
kmtgrdmo man nuaj ba m rgomtdvgoy eogma su`sbdo beeurrgn.
^fds mrgm kmy fmvg `gga m fmoo. ^fg lboobwdaj mrgm bl 7 k
ogajtf fmn m ebrnurby lobbr bl uaspodt truahs, man mosb
ebatmdagn m fgmrtf. ^fg luaetdba bl tfg omst mrgm ds uaegr-
tmda, dt kmy fmvg `gga m wbrh mrgm. ^fg sdtg bl Updchgadssg
=:-5> ydgongn :5 hj bl pbttgry rgkmdas, kbrg tfma tga tdkgs
tfg mkbuat bl tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59.
^fg sdtg bl Updchgadssg =6-79, gxemvmtgn da =4:6, baoy
prbnuegn pmrt bl tfg `yrg bl m lmrkstgmn. ^fg wdntf bl tfg
lmrk kgmsurgs em. 7.: k, tfg `udondaj wms prb`m`oy tfrgg-
mdsogn. Umkpogs lbr `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas rgsgmref wgrg
abt eboogetgn.
B`sgrvmtdbas tfrbujf ngtmdogn ebrdajs ba sgttogkgat sdtgs,
ms wgoo ms tfrbujf buterbppdaj fm`dtmtdba omygrs da datgr-
sgetdaj ndtefgs man tfrbujf gxemvmtdbas ngkbastrmtgn tfmt
tfg dafm`dtgn mrgms nb abt gxeggn >9-79 k da ndmkgtgr (\ma
^rdgruk da prgss).
=.5.=.5 ^fg Omtg Drba Mjg.
^fg baoy gxemvmtgn ebkpogtg Omtg Drba Mjg lmrk, uagmrtfgn
mt tfg ldamo stmjg bl tfg prgsgat rgsgmref, ds Pbehmacg 96-70
ba gmstgra \bbrag. @gsdngs, Zdan (=4:9) ngserd`gn tfg ldan
bl sgttogkgat wmstg da m sgetdba agmr Pbehmacg (sdtg 96-9
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=> DA^PBNWE^DBA
dandemtgs tfmt tfg ndstur`maeg kust fmvg tmhga pomeg da tfg
(Omtg) Drba Mjg.
^fg ldrst gxpomamtdba tfmt ebkgs tb kdan ds tfmt wg mrg
ngmodaj wdtf euotdvmtgn pobts br jmrngas (sgg mosb tfg ndseus
sdba da \ma ^rdgruk da prgss). Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdbas
ebuon prb`m`oy bllgr suppbrt lbr tfds fypbtfgsds, gspgedmooy dl
pbooga bl euotdvmtgn pomats mrg prgsgat. Fbwgvgr, tfg lgw
rgsuots b`tmdagn tb nmtg mrg agjmtdvg, pbooga bl grbp pomatsabr tfbsg bl uamk`djubus grbp wggns ebuon `g ngkba-
strmtgn>. Ms ma motgramtdvg luaetdba lbr tfgsg strdps fms abt
ygt `gga sujjgstgn, skmoo-semog euotdvmtdba bl sbkg erbps ba
m pgmty sbdo kust `g ebasdngrgn m pbssd`dodty.
Ms fms `gga b`sgrvgn, tfg "mrm`og ldgons" ms wgoo ms tfg
Omtg Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr Pbehmacg mrg `btf ebvgrgn wdtf
Nuahdrh D sgndkgats. ^wb =>
E nmtgs lrbk Pbehmacg mrg bl
datgrgst da tfds rgspget. ^fg pgmty `msg bl tfg Nuahdrh D
sgndkgat ba tbp bl tfg sdtg bl Pbehmacg 96-70 fms `gga
nmtgn mt 0979 59 @Y (JrA-=6.:). Fmoog
wms man \ma Pgjdgrga Motgam (=4:4) kgatdbagn m => E nmtg
bl 09 ^fg PbkmaYgrdbn.
Gxemvmtdbas ba amtdvg Pbkma sdtgs da tfg mrgm prbnuegn
sgvgrmo fbusgpomas (el. \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. =4668 \ma ^rdg
ruk da prgss). Da Adguwgafbbra, nganrbefrbabobjdemooy
nmtgn tb tfg ldrst man gmroy sgeban egaturdgs MN (el. \gr-
kggrga/ @rdahhgkpgr da prgp.8 5.=..7 k) man wms prb`m`oy twb-mdsogn. ^fgybuajgr man omrjgr bag (00 x
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=7 MPEFMGBOBJT
abtgs
= Zfga tfg "Drba Mjg" ds kgatdbagn da tfds pu`odemtdba, dt mowmys
rglgrs tb tfg "prg-Pbkma Drba Mjg". Ms \bbrag-Yuttga wms pmrt bl
tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg lrbk =0 @E bawmrns, tfds pgrdbn ds rglgrrgn tb
ms tfg "Pbkma Ygrdbn", wfdef ebrrgspbans tb tfg Pbkma Drba Mjg
butsdng tfg `brngrs bl tfg Pbkma Gkpdrg.
0 @E (; @glbrg Efrdst) man MN rglgr tb emoganmr ygmrs `glbrg manmltgr tfg stmrt bl tfg Efrdstdma grm, @Y rglgrs tb uaemod`rmtgn,
ebavgatdbamo =>E nmtdajs.
5 ^fg Kmmsvomhtg, wfdef ebasdsts bl sman lrbk tfg Kgusg, mrtd-
ldedmooy ngpbsdtgn lbr danustrdmo purpbsgs, ydgongn rgkmdas lrbk m
omrjg rmajg bl mrefmgobjdemo pgrdbns. ^fgsg rgkmdas mrg abt da sdtu
man wdoo `g oglt but bl ebasdngrmtdba fgrg.
> ^frgg smkpogs fmvg `gga su`cgetgn tb pbooga mamoysds. ^fgy wgrg
b`tmdagn lrbk tfg ndstur`gn omygrs (tfg "mrm`og ldgons"). Ngspdtg tfg
lmet tfmt pbooga wgrg wgoo prgsgrvgn da tfg uppgrkbst twb smkpogs,
grbp pomats, lbr dastmaeg Egrgmodm-typg pbooga (omrjgr tfma >9 ura,
wdtf maauous ndmkgtrg omrjgr tfma 0 x pbrg ndmkgtrg man m eogmroy
`brngrgn maauous) ebuon abt `g ngkbastrmtgn.
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0 Ymoyabobjdemo davgstdjmtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga
0.= Datrbnuetdba
Bag bl tfg kmda mpprbmefgs da tfg prgsgat stuny ds pmoyab
objdemo rgsgmref. Da tfds rgsgmref, pbooga jrmdas man spbrgs
mrg tfg b`cgets bl stuny. ^fgsg pmrtdeogs mrg prbnuegn `y
lobwgrdaj pomats, lgras man btfgr eryptbjmks. Ybooga jrmdas
man spbrgs mrg dngatdldm`og tb kbrg br ogss obw tmxbabkdemo
ogvgos (bltga tb lmkdodgs br jgagrm, sbkgtdkgs tb spgedgs).
^fgsg ndllgrgat tmxbabkdemo ogvgos wdoo da tfg lboobwdaj `g
rglgrrgn tb ms tmxm.
M kmcbr pmrt bl tfg pbooga man spbrgs prbnuegn `y pomats
nb abt luoldo tfgdr amturmo luaetdba bl lgrtdodzmtdba. Da ma
gavdrbakgat ngprdvgn bl bxyjga, tfgy ema `g prgsgrvgn lbr m
obaj tdkg. Gxmkpogs bl pbooga-ebatmdadaj sgndkgats mrg
pgmts man omhg-ngpbsdts. Mltgr efgkdemo trgmtkgats, tfg
pbooga ebatmdagn da suef ngpbsdts ema `g stundgn.
^fg pbooga man spbrgs prgsgrvgn da m sgndkgat mrg m
rglogetdba bl tfg vgjgtmtdba tfmt prgvmdogn nurdaj ngpbsdtdba
bl tfg sgndkgat. ^fg ebkpbsdtdba bl m pbooga spgetruk ds
omrjgoy ngtgrkdagn `y tfg ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg vgjgtmtdba tfmt
prbnuegn dt, motfbujf pbooga prbnuetdba man pbooga ndspgrsmo
ndllgr ebasdngrm`oy `gtwgga ndllgrgat tmxm (sgg lurtfgr 0.5).
^fg pbooga tfmt ds trmaspbrtgn `y mdr ds jgagrmooy rglgrrgn
tb ms tfg mdr`brag ebkpbagat (pbooga rmda). Ymrt bl tfdsmdr`brag pbooga ngrdvgs lrbk tfg eobsg vdedadty bl dts pomeg bl
ngpbsdtdba. ^fds ebkpbagat ds rglgrrgn tb ms obemo pbooga
(sgasuCmassga =4:5). Dt ds usumooy trmaspbrtgn ogss tfma
07 k. Ybooga trmaspbrtgn bvgr jrgmtgr ndstmaegs, up tb
sgvgrmo hdobkgtrgs, ds rglgrrgn tb ms rgjdbamo pbooga. Da bur
rgjdba, suef mdr`brag trmaspbrt bvgr rgomtdvgoy jrgmt nds
tmaegs kmdaoy beeurs da trgg pbooga. ^fg sfmrg bl obemo man
rgjdbamo pbooga da tfg pbooga ngpbsdtdba da may jdvga obemtdba
ngpgans abt baoy upba tfg pbooga prbnuetdba bl tfg obemo
vgjgtmtdba `ut mosb upba tfg sdzg bl tfg `msda da wfdef tfg
pbooga ds ngpbsdtgn. Da ma gxtgasdvg `bny bl Upfmjauk pgmtbr m omhg, tfg ebatrd`utdba bl tfg rgjdbamo pbooga ngpbsdtdba
ds kuef jrgmtgr tfma da skmoogr `msdas.
Ubkg pbooga typgs mrg gxtrgkgoy wgoo mnmptgn tb obaj-
ndstmaeg ndspgrsmo (g.j. Ydaus), rgomtdvgoy obw mkbuats blsuef pbooga typgs da m ngpbsdt kmy fmvg ngrdvgn lrbk sburegs
tgas tb fuanrgns bl hdobkgtrgs mwmy. ^fds ebkpbagat ds
rglgrrgn tb ms gxtrm-rgjdbamo.
Mpmrt lrbk mdr`brag pbooga, sbkg sgndkgats mosb ebatmda
pbooga trmaspbrtgn `y wmtgr (wmtgr`brag pbooga). ^fg brdjda
bl wmtgr`brag pbooga kmy `g lmr mwmy lrbk tfg sdtg bl
ngpbsdtdba, gspgedmooy wfgrg omrjg rdvgr `msdas mrg ebaegragn.
Zmtgr`brag pbooga kmy gspgedmooy `g prgsgat da eomygy sgnd
kgats. Bwdaj tb dts brdjda lmr ndstmat lrbk tfg sdtg bl
ngpbsdtdba, wmtgr`brag pbooga ndstbrts tfg dalbrkmtdba ba
tfg gavdrbakgat bl tfg smkpodaj sdtg ms prbvdngn `y tfg
obemo man tfg rgjdbamo mdr`brag ebkpbagats. Ms m rgsuot, m
pbooga spgetruk lrbk eomygy sgndkgats ds kuef kbrg
ndlldeuot tb datgrprgt tfma bag lrbk m rmdsgn `bj, wfgrg
wmtgr`brag pbooga ema `g gxeoungn. ^bjgtfgr wdtf wmtgr
`brag pbooga wfdef ds prbnuegn cust prdbr tb dts trmaspbrtm-
tdba `y wmtgr, tfg wmtgr kmy mosb ebatmda pbooga grbngn
lrbk bongr sgndkgats. ^fg prgsgaeg bl prg-]umtgramry
pbooga ds dandemtdvg bl suef rgngpbsdtgn pbooga.
Lbr pmoyabobjdemooy `msgn gavdrbakgatmo rgebastruetdbas
bl tfg Drba Mjg man Pbkma Ygrdbn, pbooga ebatmdadaj ng
pbsdts lrbk tfgsg tdkgs mrg rgqudrgn. Ba \bbrag-Yuttga, tfg
pgmty omygrs prgsgat `gtwgga tfg ndllgrgat Nuahdrh ngpbsdts
bllgr jbbn pbssd`dodtdgs. ^fg Nuahdrh eomy ngpbsdts tfgk-
sgovgs mosb ebatmda pbooga, `ut sbkg bl tfds ds wmtgr`brag br
gvga rgngpbsdtgn. ^fgsg lmetbrs rgangr tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl
pbooga spgetrm lrbk Nuahdrh eomy kuef kbrg ebkpodemtgn
tfma tfbsg lrbk pgmt. Da pomegs wfgrg Nuahdrh D sgndkgatsmrg prgsgat, ab pgmt ds lbrkgn nurdaj eomy sgndkgatmtdba.
Udaeg fm`dtmtdba ds bltga ebrrgomtgn wdtf tfgsg Nuahdrh D
sgndkgats (sgg =.5), tfds ds ma dkpbrtmat rgstrdetdba. @gsdngs,tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt tfmt prgnmtgs tfg eomy sgndkgatmtdba kmy
fmvg `gga grbngn nurdaj trmasjrgssdba bl tfg sgm man eba-
sgqugatdmo lobbndaj bl tfg pgmt.
0.0 Yrgvdbus davgstdjmtdbas
Da tfg lrmkgwbrh bl tfg davgstdjmtdbas rgomtdaj tb tfg jgbob-
jdemo kmp 5: Zgst (\ma Utmmonudaga =4:4), sgvgrmo sgetdbas
ebatmdadaj Fbooman pgmt ba \bbrag-Yuttga wgrg mamoysgn `y
tfg Pdchs Jgbobjdsefg Ndgast (P.J.N.8 Jgbobjdemo Uurvgy bl
tfg Agtfgromans).
^fg qugstdbas wfdef tfg P.J.N. davgstdjmtdbas trdgn tb
maswgr wgrg bl m jgbobjdemo amturg. Nmtdaj bl tfg omygrs bl
pgmt man eomy wgrg bl prdkmry datgrgst. Uuef nmtdaj bl
Fbobegag sgndkgats ds pbssd`og `y kgmas bl pbooga mamoysds,
usdaj tfg ndllgrgat tdkgs bl mrrdvmo bl tfg trgg spgedgs mltgr
tfg daergmsg da tgkpgrmturg lboobwdaj tfg omst deg mjg
(Zgdefsgodma). Ldjurg =9 sfbws tfg pmoyabobjdemo erdtgrdm
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YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
Ldj. =9Ymoyabobjdemo er dtgrdm lbr
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=4 YPG\DBWU DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
usgn tb ndstdajudsf tfg Fbobegag pgrdbns da tfg Agtfgromans
(mltgr Smjwdca =4:78 @grgansga/ Smjwdca =46>). ^fg nds-
pgrsmo bl trggs mltgr tfg wdtfnrmwmo bl tfg omst jomedmo deg
ebvgr ds tfg kmda ngtgrkdadaj mjgat tb tfg sueegssdba b`sgrvgn.
^fg mrrdvmo man sprgmn bl Lmjus ds tfg hgy efmrmetgrdstde blybuajgr (Uu``brgmo man Uu`mtomatde) ngpbsdts. Meebrndaj tb
tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm, tfg stmrt bl tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn ds
efmrmetgrdzgn `y m rdsg bl Lmjus m`bvg 7%, rgomtdvg tb mpbooga suk ebkprdsdaj moo trgg pbooga (mr`brgmo pbooga suk).
Zdtfda tfg Uu`mtomatde ngpbsdts, tfg sprgmn bl Emrpdaus mltgrtfg stmrt bl tfg Efrdstdma grm ds sdjadldemat da tfg Agtfgr
omans. Meebrndaj tb tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm, tfg prgsgaeg bl
Egatmurgm eymaus, Lmjbpyruk man Ugemog efmrmetgrdzg ngpbsdts nmtdaj lrbk tfg Kdnnog Mjgs br omtgr. Abtwdtfstmandaj
tfg lmet tfmt beemsdbamo gmrodgr ldans bl Ugemog (el. Cmassga=4:0) man Lmjbpyruk (el. Cmassga =4:08 Goman =46>) nb
gxdst, mrg tfg P.J.N. erdtgrdm vgry usgluo tb gstdkmtg nmtgs bl
pbooga ndmjrmks.
Ugvgrmo bl tfg P.J.N. pbooga ndmjrmks lrbk \bbrag-
Yuttga ebvgr pmrt bl tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn. ^fgy mrg fdjfoy
rgogvmat tb tfg rgsgmrefgs mt fman. Gspgedmooy tfg ndmjrmks
lrbk Jggrvodgt (Ng Cbaj =499 @Y. Da Fggavodgt, pgmt jrbwtf eba-
tdaugn datb tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn, wfdef ds gxegptdbamo da tfg
sbutfwgst bl tfg Agtfgromans (sgg 0.:). Moo nmtm da tfgsg
ndmjrmks, pu`odsfgn da datgramo P.J.N. rgpbrts, fmvg `gga
pomegn mt ky ndspbsmo `y Daj. C. ng Cbaj man Yrbl. Nr. Z.F.
Smjwdca.
^fgsg P.J.N. ndmjrmks mosb prbvdngn pmrt bl tfg `msdslbr tfg pmomgbjgbjrmpfdemo rgebastruetdbas `y Smjwdca
(=46.7 ek wgrg usgn, uaogss btfgrwdsg dandemtgn.
Da tfg om`brmtbry, gmef sgetdba wms eut datb sodegs bl bag
ek da tfdehagss. Ybooga smkpogs wgrg b`tmdagn lrbk tfgegatrmo pmrt bl tfgsg sodegs. ^fg smkpogs wgrg trgmtgn lbo-
obwdaj Lsjrd gt mo. (=464), m `rbkblbrk-moebfbo kdxturg
(s.j. 0.9) wms usgn tb sgpmrmtg brjmade man kdagrmo kmtgrdmo,
tfus bkdttdaj tfg ebrrbsdvg FL. Gxegpt lbr m lgw smkpogs
vgry pbbr da pbooga, mamoysds wms emrrdgn but uatdo mt ogmst
599 pbooga jrmdas lrbk upoman trggs wgrg ebuatgn. ^fds
upoman trgg pbooga ebastdtutgn tfg pbooga suk. Ms m ruog,
gvgry sgeban egatdkgtrg bl tfg smkpogn ebouka bl sgndkgat
wms ebuatgn. ^fds mppgmrgn tb prbvdng gabujf ngtmdo,
rgangrdaj tfg ebuatdaj bl gvgry egatdkgtrg uaagegssmry.
Lbr tfg dngatdldemtdba bl pbooga man spbrgs, tfg lboobwdaj
pu`odemtdbas wgrg usgn3 Lsjrd man Dvgrsga (=4:7), Yuat
(=4:), Grntkma gt mo.
(=4
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09 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
wgtoman ebkpbagats ema `g ngtgetgn rgomtdvg tb tfg upoman
pbooga suk.
^fg eurvgs lbr gmef tmxba stdoo wdoo `g dalougaegn `y btfgr
tmxm da rgomtdvg pbooga ndmjrmks. ^fg lboobwdaj tfgbrgtdemo
gxmkpog kmy dooustrmtg tfds pbdat. ^wb spgedgs, M man @, mrg
tfg baoy bags prgsgat da tfg pbooga suk. @btf fmvg m
ebkpmrm`og pbooga prbnuetdba. Da tfg ldrst spgetruk, `btf
typgs beeur da gqumo qumatdty, sb m sebrg bl 79% lbr gmef dsrgebrngn. ^fga, tfg lbrgst ebkpbsdtdba efmajgs8 spgedgs M
rgkmdas stgmny, tfgrg ds ab efmajg da tfg auk`gr bl trggs,
fgaeg abt da pbooga prbnuetdba man -ngpbsdtdba gdtfgr. Upg
edgs @, fbwgvgr, ds twdeg ms ebkkba mt tfg tdkg bl tfg
sgeban spgetruk. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg pbooga spgetruk sfbws
55.5% lbr M man
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0= KG^FBNU WUGNDA ^FGYPGUGA PGUGMPEF
^m`og =. Fypbtfgtdemo ebrrgetdba lmetbrs lbr pbooga prbnuetdba (P-vmougs) lbr tfrgg obemtdbas wdtf trdrgg tmxm gmef (mltgr @drhs &
Jbrnba =467).
^mxba \gjgtmtdba Ybooga P-vmoug PQ-vmoug
M 9.> 9.6 0 =(=
@ 9 D u d = 7
E 9.7 9.= 9.0 =
M 9.0 9.7 0.7 =9
@ do Q 9.5:7 =.07 7
E 9.7 9.=07 9.07 =
M 9.:, edtgn da Mangrsga=4:5) sujjgstgn m ebrrgetdba lmetbr bl =3>, wfdog uangr m trgg
emabpy tfg lmetbr kmy `g =3= (Mangrsga =4:53===).
Mangrsga's rgsgmref rgomtgn tb obemo pbooga ngpbsdtdba
wdtfda lbrgsts. ^fg pbooga omrjgoy emkg lrbk vgjgtmtdba
wdtfda m 09-59 k= rmndus bl tfg pomeg bl smkpodaj. ^fus, tfg
pbooga prbnuetdba bl ndllgrgat trggs ds bl kuef jrgmtgr
dkpbrtmaeg tfma tfgdr pbooga ndspgrsmo. Da omhgs man `bjs, da
ebatrmst, tfg pbooga spgetrm ngrdvgn lrbk vgjgtmtdba lrbk m
kuef omrjgr mrgm man ebasgqugatoy, ndllgrgatdmo pbooga nds
pgrsmo pomys m ebasdngrm`oy omrjgr rbog tfma da Mangrsga's
stundgs.
Da kgnduk br omrjg `msdas, tfg sfmrg bl rgjdbamo pbooga dskuef jrgmtgr tfma tfg obemo pbooga ebkpbagat (sgasuCmas
sga =4:5). Bag kmy wbangr fbw lmr pbooga ds jgagrmooy
ndspgrsgn lrbk dts sbureg. Meebrndaj tb @drhs man Jbrnba
(=4673 055), wfb edtg sgvgrmo sburegs, kgnduk- br omrjg-sdzgn
omhgs br `bjs (mt ogmst 079 k da ndmkgtgr) fmvg pbooga sbureg
mrgms bl mt ogmst =999-0999 hk0, wfdef ebrrgspbans tb m
rmndus bl =6-07 hk. Fbwgvgr, tfg ndstmaeg pbooga ema `rdnjg
ndllgrs lrbk tmxba tb tmxba. Ubkg prbnueg omrjg mkbuats bl
odjft pbooga, wfdef ds wdngoy ndspgrsgn (g.j. Ydaus, @gtudm),
wfdog btfgrs fmvg m obw prbnuetdba bl fgmvy pbooga, wfdef ds
pbbroy ndspgrsgn (g.j. Megr, ^dodm).
Cmassga (=46=) ngserd`gn rgegat pbooga ngpbsdtdba da tfg
\bsjgs (Lrmaeg). Fg ebaeoungn tfmt tfg obemo gllget bl trggs
ds lgdt bvgr rgomtdvgoy sfbrt ndstmaegs lrbk tfg lbrgst gnjg.
^fds obemo gllget ds usumooy agjodjd`og mt ndstmaegs `gyban =79
k lrbk tfg pbooga sbureg. Lbr fgr`s, Jrmkdagmg prb`m`oy
gxeoungn, tfds ndstmaeg ds kuef sfbrtgr, usumooy abt kbrg
tfma m lgw kgtrgs.
^fg pbooga ngpbsdtdba da omrjg `msdas ds lurtfgr ebkpode-
mtgn `y tfg lmet tfmt pbooga ngpbsdtdba ngergmsgs jrmnumooy,
rmtfgr tfma m`ruptoy, wdtf ndstmaeg, man mt ndllgrgat rmtgs lbr
ndllgrgat spgedgs. ^fgsg ebkpodemtdbas agegssdtmtg tfg daebrp-
brmtdba bl m "`mehjrbuan ebkpbagat" da tfg emoeuomtdba bl
P-vmougs. ^fds `mehjrbuan ebkpbagat rgprgsgats pbooga
prbnuegn butsdng tfg mrgm lbr wfdef tfg trgg erbwa ebvgrmjg
wms gstdkmtgn. ^fg lmet tfmt ndllgrgat tmxm ndllgr da tfgdr
pbooga ndspgrsmo empm`dodtdgs man ngpbsdtdbamo efmrmetgrdstdes,
wfdef mrg rgomtgn mkbajst btfgr tfdajs tb sdzg, sfmpg manwgdjft, ebkpodemtgs tfg rgomtdba `gtwgga vgjgtmtdba man
pbooga ngpbsdtdba gvga kbrg (@drhs/ Jbrnba =4673 =6 Ybooga ndmjrmks
0.>.= ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL UYDCHGADUUG =:-59
^fg obemtdba bl tfds sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg ==. ^fg
sgetdba fms `gga smkpogn agmr tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtg bl
Updchgadssg =:-59, dt odgs < k abrtfgmst bl tfg gxemvmtgn
lmrkstgmn. ^fg strmtdjrmpfdemo pbsdtdba bl tfg smkpogn pmrt
bl tfg sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg =0. ^fg sgetdba fmn `gga
eut gspgedmooy tb b`tmda kmtgrdmo lbr pmoyabobjdemo rgsgmref
`y tfg gxemvmtbrs bl tfg @.B.B.P. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt ds
strbajoy ngebkpbsgn, tfg trmasdtdba tb tfg bvgroydaj eomy ds
jrmnumo.
Ldjurg =5 rgprgsgats tfg rgomtdvg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchg
adssg =:-590. ^frbujfbut tfg ndmjrmk, Jrmkdagmg man
kbabogtg psdomtg lgra spbrgs (^fgoyptgrds typg) mrg prgnbk
damat. Upfmjauk man Grdemogs mrg rmrg. ^fds sfbws tfmt wg
mrg ngmodaj fgrg wdtf gutrbpfde lga pgmt.
^fg ldrst obemo zbag (M) ds efmrmetgrdzgn `y rgomtdvgoy fdjf
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00 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
7 hk Ldj. == Obemtdba bl tfg pmoyabobjdemosgetdbas ba \bbrag-Yuttga, semog =30999.
prbpbrtdbas bl ]ugreus (bmh) man Lmjus(`ggef). Ebryous(fmzgo) ds prgsgat da obwgr pgregatmjgs da ebkpmrdsba wdtf
tfg lboobwdaj zbags. Morgmny mt tfg `msg bl tfg ndmjrmk,
Lmjus gxeggns 7%. Motfbujf tfg pbooga suk usgn fgrgngvdmtgs lrbk tfmt bl tfg P.J.N., kbst prb`m`oy tfg wfbog
ndmjrmk ema `g nmtgn tb tfg Uu`mtomatde pgrdbn (ebkpmrg
ldj. =9). ^fds ds ebaldrkgn `y m => E nmtdaj bl 09 @Y(JrA-=7000) lrbk tfg `msg bl tfg pgmt. Emrpdaus nbgs abt
mttmda vmougs bl = % da m eobsgn eurvg, sb tfg wfbog sgetdbaprgnmtgs tfg Efrdstdma grm. ^fg mojmg Ygndmstruk man Updrb-jyrm mttmda tfgdr kmxdkuk vmougs da tfg ldrst zbag, tfg smkgmppodgs tb Oytfruk, ^fg mojmg dandemtg tfg prgsgaeg blstmjamat, lrgsf wmtgr.
Da obemo zbag @,]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm sfbw m kmrhgnngeodag, Ebryous daergmsgs strbajoy da tfg rgomtdvg ndmjrmk.^fg ngeodadaj tmxm mrg moo trggs bl prdkmry lbrgsts, wfgrgms
Ebryous ds m pdbaggr spgedgs bl sgebanmry lbrgsts (el. Ukdtf=4:6). ^fg rgkmrhm`og efmajgs da tfg ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg
upoman pbooga rmda kmy fmvg sgvgrmo emusgs.
Da vdgw bl tfg pgmh bl Efgabpbndmegmg pbooga mt tfg gan
bl zbag M, daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg ds tfg ldrst pbssd`og
emusg bl nglbrgstmtdba. M rdsdaj wmtgr tm`og, ebaagetgn wdtf
daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg, prb`m`oy fmn dts gllget upba tfg
upoman trggs, wfdef mrg sgasdtdvg tb fdjf wmtgr tm`ogs da tfg
jrbwdaj sgmsba. Fbwgvgr, Ebryous ds odhgoy tb `g mllgetgn `ytfgsg edreukstmaegs da tfg smkg wmy. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg
mppmrgat daergmsg bl Ebryous rgkmdas uagxpomdagn. ^fgnrbwadaj bl tfg upoman lbrgst wbuon kbst prb`m`oy mosb
rgsuot da tfg gxpmasdba bl Moaus da tfgsg pmrts bl tfg oman
sempg (sgg mosb Zdoogrndaj =4::). Da tfg pbooga ndmjrmks,
fbwgvgr, Moaus sfbws m stgmny ngeodag, kbrg br ogss lboobwdaj tfg eurvg bl ]ugreus. M lurtfgr mrjukgat mjmdast mwgttgr pfmsg nurdaj zbag @ ds tfg ngeodag bl mqumtde tmxm
odhg Ygndmstruk, Updrbjyrm man el. Ybtmkbjgtba, man tfgdaergmsg bl Wk`goodlgrmg man Ebkpbsdtmg tu`uodlobrmg. Udk-
domr efmajgs da tfgsg tmxm beeur da tfg Mssgangovgr Ybongrsgetdba, davgstdjmtgn `y Zdttg man \ma Jggo. ^fgy mosb pbdat
tb nrdgr obemo ebandtdbas tb meebuat lbr tfgsg efmajgs (Zdttg/\ma Jggo =4673 079).
M sgeban bptdba lbr tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl tfg efmajgs da
upoman trgg pbooga ema `g lbuan da tfg stuny `y \ma ngr
Zbung (=465). Fds stuny ebaegras pmrt bl tfg Pfdag-Kgusg
`msda da tfg Mo`omssgrwmmrn agmr tfg Fmzganbah (upstrgmk
lrbk \bbrag-Yuttga). Fgrg eomygy omygrs, da ebkpmrdsba tb
pgmt, sfbw abtm`oy fdjfgr vmougs bl Lmjus, Ydegm, M`dgs man,tb m ogssgr gxtgat, bl Ydaus, ^dodmman ]ugreus. ^fds dsgxpomdagn `y rdvgr-trmaspbrtgn pbooga bl tfgsg sdx tmxm. Da
pgrdbns bl dauanmtdba, tbjgtfgr wdtf tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl
eomy, pbooga lrbk tfg fdatgroman ds ngpbsdtgn. Lobrseftz man
Cbahgr (=454) morgmny pbstuomtgn mqumtde obaj-ndstmaeg
trmaspbrt bl pbooga bl Ydaus, Ydegmman M`dgs tb meebuat lbrfdjf vmougs bl tfgsg tmxm da eomygy sgndkgats mobaj tfg
Pfdag. Da tfg emsg bl Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg smkg kdjft pomy
m rbog da zbag M man tgrkdamtdba bl rdvgrdag dalougaeg da
zbag @ wbuon rgsuot da tfg ngeodag bl tfgsg spgedgs. Fbwgvgr,
sgvgrmo b`sgrvmtdbas davmodnmtg tfds gxpomamtdba. Ldrstoy,
Ydaus sfbws rgjuomr pgregatmjgs tfrbujfbut tfg ndmjrmk,man Ydegm man M`dgs mrg fmrnoy br abt mt moo rgprgsgatgn.
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05 YBOOGA NDMJPMKU
A.M.Y.
0k
Ck
a^^^o pgmt
| Nuahdrh D
Q Q Nuahdrh DDD9 7k
Ldj. =0 Ybsdtdba bl kbabodtf tda da sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59.@omeh ; wbbnga pbsts.
Ugebanoy, m eomygy gardefkgat bl tfg sgndkgat da zbag M
ebuon abt `g lbuan. @gsdngs, prg-]umtgramry pbooga, bltga
efmrmetgrdstde bl rgngpbsdtdba da Fbobegag sgndkgats (el.
Ndk`og`y =467), mrg omehdaj da tfg Updchgadssg ndmjrmk.
^fg tfdrn pbssd`og gxpomamtdba pbdats tbwmrns ma matfrb-
pbjgade brdjda. Nglbrgstmtdba `y kma bl tfg upoman mrgm ema
gxpomda tfg ngeodag bl ]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm. ^fg rdsg bl
Ebryous da tfds emsg kmy fmvg `gga nug tb `gttgr lobwgrdaj
br gxpmasdba bl tfds odjft-ngkmandaj spgedgs, lmedodtmtgn `y
tfg bpgadaj up bl tfg lbrkgroy eobsgn prdkmry lbrgst. ^fgngeodag bl Moaus kmy mosb fmvg `gga nug tb lgoodaj, ms tfdsspgedgs wms vgry rgjuomroy usgn lbr ebastruetdba purpbsgs
nurdaj tfg Drba Mjg (sgg 5). Lurtfgrkbrg, Moaus ds m prg-
nbkdamtdaj spgedgs da tfg efmrebmo lrbk fgmrtfs (sgg @rdah-
hgkpgr/ \grkegrga da prgss). ^fg efmajgs da tfg lbrgst
ebkpbsdtdba wbuon da tfds emsg rgloget m pfgabkgaba wdtf
kmay pmrmoogos tb Dvgrsga's (=4>=) eomssde omanamk.
^fg rmndbemr`ba nmtdaj bl tfg `msg bl zbag @, 0>57 >7
@Y (JrA-=7005) ds da pgrlget mjrggkgat wdtf nmtdajs bl
ebastruetdba wbbn `gobajdaj tb tfg agmr`y Gmroy Drba Mjg
sdtg bl Updchgadssg =:-59 (e. 0>79 @Y8 \ma ^rdgruk =46
E nmtgs lbr tfg pbooga ndmjrmks prgsgatgn fgrg wgrg
b`tmdagn lrbk tfg smkg pgmty kmtgrdmo ms wms usgn lbr
pbooga mamoysds.
Da vdgw bl tfgsg mrjukgats, tfg efmajgs b`sgrvgn da tfg
ebkpbsdtdba bl tfg upoman lbrgst ema, da ky bpdadba, baoy
`g mttrd`utgn tb matfrbpbjgade emusgs.
Da zbag E, mltgr m sodjft rgebvgry bl ]ugreus, m sgebanngeodag ds rgprgsgatgn. ^fg => E nmtg bl 0009 59 @Y (JrA-
=505=) pu`-
odemtdba, wfgrg tfg gxprgssdba omanamk
ds datrbnuegn, m pgmhbl Ebryous beeurs nurdaj rgjgagrmtdba bl tfg lbrgst, da
Dvgrsga's emsg mltgr @gtudm. Fgrg, ]ugreus wms mosb m kmcbrebkpbagat, wfdef wms mnvgrsgoy mllgetgn `y fukma
dalougaeg. ^fg spgedgs tfmt pomy m rbog da tfg rgjgagrmtdba
wdoo mkbajst btfgr tfdajs ngpgan upba sbdo lmetbrs, wfdef
kmy meebuat lbr tfg su`brndamtg rbog bl @gtudm da tfg
prgsgat stuny.
^fg pgrsdstgatoy fdjf vmougs bl Ebryous da tfg prgsgatndmjrmk, fbwgvgr, emaabt `g gxpomdagn `y rgjgagrmtdba. ^fg
pfmsg wdtf fmzgo da tfg sueegssdba bl m rgjgagrmtdaj lbrgst
wbuon abt omst sgvgrmo fuanrgns bl ygmrs. ^fg prbobajgn
m`uanmaeg prb`m`oy pbdats tbwmrns obajomstdaj bpga spmegs
da tfg upoman lbrgst.Fbwgvgr, tfg pbooga daloux ndmjrmk rgvgmos sbkg uagx-
pgetgn pgrspgetdvgs da tfds b`sgrvmtdba. ^fds ndmjrmk ds
`msgn ba m`sboutg vmougs pgr ek 5, wdtf ndllgrgaegs da sgnd
kgatmtdba rmtgs ebrrgetgn wdtf tfg mdn bl =>
E nmtdajs. ^fg
ndmjrmk {ldj. =>) sfbws ebavdaedajoy tfmt tfg rgomtdvgkmxdkm bl Ebryous mrg emusgn `y tfg lmoodaj bll bl btfgr
upoman trggs. ^fg m`sboutg auk`grs bl fmzgo pbooga ngpbsd-
tgn pgr tdkg uadt rgkmda ebastmat. Ebasgqugatoy, tfg agt
pbooga prbnuetdba bl Ebryous ndn abt daergmsg. ^fg pbsdtdvg
dalougaeg bl `gttgr odjft ebandtdbas kmy fmvg `gga bllsgt `y
m rgnuetdba da tfg auk`grs bl tfgsg sfru`s.
^fg b`vdbus datgrprgtmtdba bl tfgsg nmtm ds tfmt m ebasdn-
grm`og eogmrmaeg bl tfg prdkmry lbrgst ba kdagrmo ngpbsdts
(tfg "upoman") tbbh pomeg mt tfg smkg tdkg ms Gmroy Drba
Mjg fm`dtmtdba da tfg mrgm. Mltgr m sfbrt pgrdbn bl rgebvgry,
tfg agxt eogmrmaeg pfmsg ds rgebrngn da tfg pbooga ndmjrmks
mt tfg tdkg bl Kdnnog Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba.
Da tfg omst zbag (N) bl tfg rgomtdvg ndmjrmk, ]ugreus, ^dodmman Lmjus rgebvgr mjmda. Da tfds emsg, tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl
moobeftfbabus pbooga tbjgtfgr wdtf eomy kmy gxpomda tfds
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0> YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
pfgabkgaba. Da tfg eomygy smkpogs, tfgrg aggnabt `g may
rgomtdba wdtf tfgngvgobpkgatbl tfg upoman vgjgtmtdba ba
\bbrag-Yuttga. ^fg pbssd`oy rgagwgn rgebvgrybl tfg lbrgst
emaabt `g b`sgrvgn bwdaj tb tfg sgndkgatmtdba bl eomy
nurdaj tfgNuahdrh D trmasjrgssdba pfmsg. ^fgrglbrg, tfg
ndmjrmk nbgs abt ebatmda dalbrkmtdba ba tfg Omtg DrbaMjg
man tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn. Pgodm`og =>
E nmtgs emaabt`g b`-
tmdagn lrbk tfgeomygy sgndkgat blzbag N. Ebasgqugatoy,ab pbooga daloux ndmjrmk ema `gnrmwa lbr tfds pmrtbl tfg
sgetdba.
^fg efmajgs da tfg trgg pbooga vmougs mrg tfus `gstgx-
pomdagn `y fukma dalougaeg upba tfgvgjgtmtdba. Dt kmy `g
mshgn wfgtfgr tfgrg mrg btfgr dandemtbrs bl fukma metdvdtdgs
da tfg mrgm ndsegrad`og da tfgndmjrmk. ^fgrgpgreussdbasbl
fukma metdvdtdgs da pbooga ndmjrmks fmvg `gga su`cget tb
kmay stundgs, da wfdef rmajgs bl "matfrbpbjgade dandemtbrs"
fmvg `gga sujjgstgn. ^fgsg dandemtbrs kmy`gobaj tb twb
emtgjbrdgs. Ldrstoy, tfgykmy ebaegra spgedgs euotdvmtgn `y
kma, wfdef @gfrg (=449e) rglgrrgn tb ms prdkmry matfrbpb
jgade dandemtbrs. Ugebanoy, m rmajg bl aba-euotdvmtgn matfrb
pbjgade dandemtbrs dskgatdbagn da tfg odtgrmturg ba tfds
su`cget, wfdef @gfrg emoogn sgebanmry matfrbpbjgade dande
mtbrs.
Ms lbr tfg euotdvmtgn spgedgs, tfgeurvgbl egrgmo pbooga
(Egrgmodm-typg) fms bltga `gga ebasdngrgn tb prbvdng usgluo
dalbrkmtdba (el. @guj =46),mrg moo mutbjmkbus. MsDvgrsga (=4>=,
=4>4) morgmny b`sgrvgn, egrgmo pbooga rgkmdas gaeobsgn`g-twgga tfg`rmets, rgsuotdaj dasgol-pboodamtdba. Baoy ryg
(Ugemog egrgmog)ds mwdan-pboodamtgn spgedgs wdtf jbbn pboogandspgrsmo. ^fds spgedgs, fbwgvgr, ndn abt ebkg datb omrjg
semog euotdvmtdba `glbrg kgndgvmo tdkgs (el. @gfrg =4:
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07 YBOOGA NDMJPMKU
pbooga ndmjrmks. ^fds tfgkg ds gom`brmtgn ba `y tfg vmrdbus
mutfbrs da tfg vboukg gndtgn `y @gfrg (=46). ^fus, tfg m`sgaeg bl tfgsg mrm`og dandemtbrs da tfgpbooga ndmjrmk nbgs abt moobw may ebaeousdbas tb `g nrmwa
ba tfg mrm`og ebkpbagat bl tfg gebabky ms rgvgmogn `y tfg
pbooga ngpbsdtdba. ^fg semredty bl tfg "pmstbrmo" dandemtbrs
ds prb`m`oy odahgn tb tfg typg bl sbdo. ^fg spgedgs odstgn mrg
usgluo da kdagrmo gavdrbakgats. Da tfg omansempg mrbuan tfg
Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr tfg @gradssg, rggn swmkps man nrdgr
fgmtfomans mrg tfg kbst odhgoy gavdrbakgats lbr jrmzdaj (sgg
mosb Zdttg/ \ma Jggo =467). Fgrg, tfg "pmstbrmo" dandemtbrs
prb`m`oy ebuon abt pomy ma dkpbrtmat pmrt. @gfrg (=4:
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0< YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
0.>.0 ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BLUYDCHGADUUG =:-5>
^fg sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-5> wms smkpogn `y tfg
@.B.B.P. wdtf kbabodtf tdas. ^fg sgetdba ds obemtgn em. =0 k
gmst bl m Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtg. ^fg ndstmaeg tbwmrns tfg
pbooga sgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-59 ds em. 079 k. Ms da
Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg sgetdba ebasdsts bl lga pgmt, ebvgrgn
wdtf eomy. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt ds strbajoy ngebkpbsgn, tfg
trmasdtdba tb eomy ds jrmnumo. ^fg obemtdba bl tfg kbabodtftdas da tfg sgetdba ds dandemtgn da ldjurg =7.
Da tfg ndmjrmk (ldj. =67 >9 @Y8
JrA-=>=:=7
79 @Y8 JrA-=
E emod`rmtdba eurvg (el. @mdoodg/ Ydo-
efgr =465), wfdef rgsuots da moo tfrgg nmtdajs spmaadaj m
rmajg `gtwgga em. :79 @E man >99 @E. @mdoodg man Ydoefgr
(=4653 76) da tfds rgspget stmtgn tfmt tfg emod`rmtdba eurvg ds
gssgatdmooy lomt `gtwgga 699 man >99 @E. ^fg nmtgs da tfg
pbooga ndmjrmk baoy moobw tfg ebaeousdba tfmt tfg tbp bl tfg
sgetdba ds abt ybuajgr tfma >99 @E.
Ma mrjukgat lbr mssukdaj tfmt pgmt jrbwtf egmsgn `glbrg
tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg ds prgsgatgn `y mrefmgbobjdemo rgsgmref.
A.M.Y.
0k -
5 k
ok
pgmt
Nuahdrh D
Nuahdrh DDDLdj. =7Ybsdtdbabl tfgkbabodtf tdasdasgetdba bl Updchgadssg =:-5>.
^fg trmegs bl fm`dtmtdba da tfg agmr`y Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtg
bl Updchgadssg =:-5> wgrg ba tbp bl m tfda omygr bl eomy. ^fds
dandemtgs tfmt sgndkgatmtdba bl tfg eomy stmrtgn `glbrg fm`
dtmtdba tbbh pomeg, man tfus tfmt tfg pgmt uangr tfg eomy wms
lbrkgn `glbrg tfg Kdnnog Drba Mjg (d.e. `glbrg e. 0099 @Y).
^fg ngeodag bl ]ugreus da tfg pbooga ndmjrmk bl Updchgadssg=:-5> tfus sggks tb fmvg beeurrgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba
Mjg.
Nurdaj tfds bmh ngeodag, m trmasdtdba ema `g b`sgrvgn da
tfg strmtdjrmpfy lrbk pgmt tb eomy. ^fg pbssd`dodty bl rgng-
pbsdtgn pbooga (ngpbsdtgn wdtf tfg eomy) kust tfus `g tmhga
datb ebasdngrmtdba. Ms stmtgn m`bvg, rgngpbsdtdba bl pbooga ds
bltga efmrmetgrdzgn `y daergmsdaj vmougs bl Ydaus, Ydegm,
M`dgs, ]ugreus, Lmjus man/br ^dodm. Da tfg ndmjrmk, Ydegmman M`dgs mrg m`sgat, Ydaus ds ebastmat man ]ugreus, Lmjusman ^dodm sfbw m ngeodag. Pgngpbsdtdba tfus lmdos tb gxpomda
tfg sfdlts b`sgrvgn da tfg trgg pbooga pgregatmjgs. Da vdgw bl
tfg prbxdkdty bl tfg Updchgadssg =:-59 ndmjrmk, tfg smkg
matfrbpbjgade dalougaeg kmy `g gxpgetgn fgrg. ^fg Kdnnog
Drba Mjg omanamk ds abt rgprgsgatgn, ms pgmt lbrkmtdbaegmsgn prdbr tb fm`dtmt dba. Ms da Updchgadssg =:-59, tfg
matfrbpbjgade dandemtbrs mrg fmrnoy ndsegrad`og da Updchg
adssg =:-5>.
0.>.5 ^FGYBOOGA NDMJPMK BL FGGA\ODG^
^fg pbooga ndmjrmks ndseussgn m`bvg mrg `btf lrbk ma mrgm
sdtumtgn eobsg tb fukma sgttogkgats. Da brngr tb mssgss tfg
gxtgat tb wfdef fukma dalougaeg beeurrgn, mabtfgr sdtg lbr
pbooga mamoysds fmn tb `g sgogetgn. ^fds sdtg sfbuon prglgr-
m`oy `g mt sbkg ndstmaeg lrbk sgttogkgats. Dt wms tfgrglbrg
ngedngn tb smkpog m sgetdba agmr Fggavodgt. Ngspdtg sgvgrmo
survgys, ab trmegs bl Drba Mjg br Pbkma fm`dtmtdba fmvg
`gga lbuan fgrg.Fggavodgt ds tfg sdtg wfgrg Smjwdca's pmomgb-jgbjrmpfdemo
kmp bl tfg Agtfgromans sfbws m rmdsgn `bj mrgm nurdaj tfg
Drba Mjg man wfgrg pgmt meeukuomtdba ndn beeur nurdaj tfg
Pbkma Ygrdbn. ^fds mppgmrs tb `g m uadqug sdtumtdba da tfg
sbutfwgst bl tfg Agtfgromans, kbst bl tfg pgmt `gdaj ngsde-
emtgn `glbrg tfg Efrdstdma grm nurdaj Nuahdrh D dalougaegs.
Agmr Fggavodgt, baoy NDDD ngpbsdts beeur ba tbp bl tfg pgmt.
^fg ebkpogtg omeh bl trmegs bl Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba da tfg
Fggavodgt pbongr ds da meebrnmaeg wdtf ebatdaubus jrbwtf bl
Upfmjauk pgmt. Da ebasgqugaeg, `y mamoysdaj tfg pbooga
ebatgats bl tfds pgmt, ma dasdjft datb tfg gavdrbakgatmo
ngvgobpkgat bl ma uadafm`dtgn mrgm kmy `g jmdagn. Dt
sfbuon mosb bllgr nmtm ba tfg omansempg nurdaj tfg PbkmaYgrdbn. ^fg prgsgaeg bl Upfmjauk pgmt lurtfgr dandemtgstfmt moo pbooga rgebrngn wdoo `g mdr`brag, dl abt brdjdamtdaj
lrbk tfg obemo vgjgtmtdba.
Lbr tfg ndmjrmk wfdef rgsuotgn lrbk tfg P.J.N. davgst-
djmtdbas (Smjwdca =477), =>
E nmtgs fmvg `gga b`tmdagn lrbk
tfg `bttbk man tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt. ^fg spgetrm kbstoy fmvg
ndstmaegs bl 7 ek. @btf tfgsg lmets rgangr tfds ndmjrmk ogss
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0: YBOOGA NDMJPMKU
sudtm`og lbr ngtmdogn man nmtgn rgebastruetdbas bl fukma
dalougaeg. ^fg ngedsdba tb smkpog tfds sdtg magw wms
tfwmrtgn ms tfg obemtdba bl tfg Fggavodgt sgetdba stundgn `y
tfg P.J.N. ds abt gxmetoy habwa (Smjwdca/ Ng Cbaj pgrs.
ebkk.).
Lbr smkpodaj dt wms nggkgn `gst tb sgoget m sdtg wfgrg
(su`)rgegat ndstur`maegs ebuon `g ruogn but. M kgndgvmo sdtg
oydaj da sdtu ba tbp bl tfg pgmt wbuon ngkbastrmtg tfmt tfgpgmt ebuon abt fmvg `gga ndstur`gn mltgr tfg kgndgvmo fm`
dtmtdba. Da prmetdeg, dt mppgmrgn tfmt tfg gxmet obemtdba bl tfg
sgogetgn sdtg (Fggavodgt =9-:78 \ma ^rdgruk gt mo. =466)
ebuon ab obajgr prbnueg usgluo smkpogs ms dt fmn `gga
trgaef-pobujfgn baoy m lgw wgghs `glbrg bur mrrdvmo. Ms ma
motgramtdvg, tfg pgmt `gobw tfg agdjf`burdaj kgmnbw wms
smkpogn. ^fg uppgr pmrt bl tfg sgetdba ebuon `g gxmkdagn
da tfg sobpg bl m ndtef. ^fg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw tfg
Nuahdrh DDD sgndkgats ndn abt sfbw may ndstur`maeg man
tfg sdtg wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl m ebrgr lbr tmhdaj pgmt
smkpogs (9 < ek).
^fg ndmjrmk (sgg ldj. =:)sfbws ebasdngrm`og louetumtdbas
da tfg eurvgs bl ]ugrgusman Ebryous. @glbrg Lmjusmttmdasvmougs bvgr 7%, ]ugrgussfbws ma b`vdbus ngeodag,ebkpgasmtgn `y Ebryous. ^fg Uu``brgmo => E nmtgs bl tfds
pmrt bl tfg ndmjrmk mrg da meebrnmaeg wdtf tfg Lmjuseurvg.^fg Fbobegag kgma sgm ogvgo eurvg bl \ma ngr Yomssefg
(=460`3 =:
E nmtgs pbdat tb tfgsyaefrbagdty bl tfds bmh ngeodag wdtf fm`dtmtdba nurdaj tfg
\ommrndajga euoturg. ^fg bmh ngeodag wms tfgrglbrg prb`m`oy
emusgn `y kma. Agbodtfde beeupmtdba bl tfg Pfdag-Kgusg
gstumry ds habwa lrbk ogvggs baoy (el. Obuwg Hbbdckmas
=4:>). Mobaj tfg Kgusg, tfgsg ogvggs mrg ab obajgr prgsgat
bwdaj tb kgndgvmo grbsdba `y Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdbas
(sgg 0.7.0). Agbodtfde fm`dtmtdba ema tfgrglbrg abt `g mt-
tgstgn. ^fg amturmo vgjgtmtdba bl tfgsg ogvggs wdoo fmvg
ebasdstgn bl upoman lbrgsts ebatmdadaj bmh. ^fg lbrgsts wgrg
prb`m`oy lgoogn `y tfg agbodtfde dafm`dtmats. Fbwgvgr, dt ds
`gyban tfg sebpg bl tfg prgsgat stuny tb davgstdjmtg tfds
Uu``brgmo bmh ngeodag may lurtfgr.
Mltgr tfg ldrst bmh ngeodag, tfg upoman lbrgst rgebvgrgnmjmda. ^fga m sgrdgs bl louetumtdbas da tfg ]ugrgus, Ebryous
man Lmjus eurvgs ema `g b`sgrvgn. Walbrtuamtgoy, => Enmtdajs rgvgmo tfmt tfg uppgr >7 ek bl tfg ndmjrmk sfbws m
rgpgtdtdba bl tfg efrbabobjdemo sgqugaeg. Mppmrgatoy, pgmt
jrbwtf stbppgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg man rgngpbsdtdba
bl m vmst mkbuat bl pgmt beeurrgn. ^fg baoy pbssd`og gx
pomamtdba (mpmrt lrbk fdjfoy dkprb`m`og om`brmtbry lmdourgs)
ds tfmt ma dsoman bl pgmt, mltgr `gdaj tbra obbsg nurdaj m
rdsdaj wmtgr tm`og, fms lobmtgn tb tfg pbooga sdtg man sgttogn
tfgrg ms m rgsuot bl obwgrdaj bl tfg wmtgr tm`og.
Lobmtdaj pgmt fms bltga `gga abtdegn da pbooga ndmjrmks
nurdaj pgrdbns bl daergmsgn kmrdag dalougaeg (ldrst `y Ybomh
=404). Abrkmooy, tfg lobmtdaj pgmt kmt rgkmdas mttmefgn tb
tfg kmda `bny bl pgmt man baoy fdajgs. ^fds kgefmadsk
rgsuots da datgremomtgn omygrs bl eomy, ngpbsdtgn uangr tfglobmtdaj pgmt. ^fgsg omygrs bl eomy mrg kuef ybuajgr tfma
tfg pgmt `gobw man m`bvg tfgk (sb emoogn Hompp-Hogd3 @gfrg
=4:98 Jrbfag =47:m3 0
E nmtg bl tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt.
^fds mppgmrgn tb `g 0547 59 @Y (JrA-=697>), sb lurtfgr
prbegssdaj bl tfds ebrg wms m`manbagn.
Da vdgw bl tfgsg twb gxpgrdgaegs, tfg uppgr =>
E nmtg bl
tfg P.J.N. pbooga ndmjrmk agmr Fggavodgt (=659 ==9 @Y)
wms jdvga mnndtdbamo mttgatdba. Dt wms kgmsurgn `glbrg tfg
Uugss-gllget `gemkg habwa (el. \bjgo/ Zmtgr`boh =469-759
MN. Ms m rgsuot, tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt da tfg P.J.N. sgetdba
danggn ds -da ma m`sboutg sgasg- ybuajgr tfma tfg tbp da tfg
prgsgat twb sgetdbas, sdaeg tfgdr 0m rmajgs spma :90 @E
(lbr 0>07 57 @Y) man :7>-546 @E (lbr 0547 59 @Y).
Pgjrgttm`oy, tfds pgmt-jrbwtf nurdaj tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn
ebuon abt `g rg-mamoyzgn da tfg prgsgat stuny.
0.>.> ^F G YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL UDKBAUFM\GA
^fds sgetdba wms mamoysgn `y O.D. Hbbdstrm (=46>). Dt wms
smkpogn `y kgmas bl twb kbabodtf tdas (79 x 7 x 7 ek) da m
sgetdba mt em. :9 k ndstmaeg lrbk tfg gxemvmtgn Pbkma sdtg
bl Udkbasfmvga =:-0> (sgg mosb \ma ^rdgruk =46
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06 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
Uu`mtomatde mjg lbr tfds `msg (sgg ldj. =6).Agxt tb Lmjus,
]ugreusman Ebryous mrg tfg prgnbkdamtdaj upoman trggs.
Ydaus sfbws obw vmougs, dts pbooga wdoo fmvg mrrdvgn tfrbujfobaj-ndstmaeg trmaspbrt. Moaus fms rgomtdvgoy fdjf pgregatmjgs. Kyrdem sfbws m rgkmrhm`og kmxdkuk da tfg tbp bltfg Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fds ds m strbaj dandemtdba bl ngebk-pbsdtdba bl tfg pgmt. Kbst odhgoy, tfds ngebkpbsdtdba ds
emusgn `y ngsdeemtdba bwdaj tb tfg daergmsgn kmrdagdalougaeg tfmt ldamooy rgsuotgn da tfg ngpbsdtdba bl tfg eomygy
omygr ba tbp bl tfg Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fg fdjf vmougs blEfgabpbndmegmg da tfds eomy ngpbsdt mrg da mjrggkgat wdtf
tfds b`sgrvmtdba.
^fg Upfmjauk pgmt fms `gga =>E-nmtgn mt twb ogvgos. Bagnmtg wms b`tmdagn lrbk m ogvgo wdtf m`uanmat luajmo spbrgs
man fypfmg. Hbbdstrm (=46>) mssukgn tfmt tfds ogvgo wbuon
rgprgsgat tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg surlmeg, wfdef ds ebvgrgn `y
rgagwgn pgmt jrbwtf ms wms morgmny habwa lrbk gxemvmtdba
bl Gmroy Drba Mjg sdtgs mrbuan tfg @gradssg (sgg ef. =).^fg=> E nmtg, vdz. 0>49 59 @Y (JrA-=00=:8 el. \ma ^rdgruk
=466-56> (`msg) man .< ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL PBEHMACG DD.
Yrb`m`oy, tfgsg fgr`s mrg mosb lmvburm`oy dalougaegn `y
matfrbpbjgade metdvdtdgs.
Ms tfg =>
E nmtgs ngkbastrmtg, tfg uppgr pgmt ds kmdaoy
"pbst-Pbkma", ms da Udkbasfmvga (sgg lurtfgr 0..: GoJF^ YBOOGA UYGE^PM LPBK ADGWZGAFBBPA
Mabtfgr mttgkpt tb b`tmda pmoyabobjdemo dalbrkmtdba m`but
tfg Pbkma Ygrdbn wms kmng agmr Adguwgafbbra. Da tfg
vdedadty bl ma gxemvmtgn Pbkma sgttogkgat, pgmt beeurrgn ba
tbp bl Nuahdrh D sgndkgats, ebrrgspbandaj tb \ma Utmmonud-
aga's "Pbkma" pgmt. ^fg sgetdba wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl
m ebrgr (9 < ek), tfg strmtdjrmpfy ds jdvga da ldjurg 09. ^fg
gdjft spgetrm mamoysgn (sgg tm`og >) sfbw tfmt tfg spgetrm
lrbk 07< ek upwmrns mrg bl Uu`mtomatde mjg, sggdaj tfg
sfmrg bl Lmjus.^fg ebrrgspbandaj => E nmtg ds rmtfgr bon. Davdgw bl tfg rgomtdvgoy fdjf sfmrg bl Ydaus, pmrt bl tfgLmjus
pbooga da tfds spgetruk kmy fmvg ngrdvgn lrbk mqumtde obaj-
ndstmaeg trmaspbrt. =>
E nmtgs lurtfgr ngkbastrmtg tfg uppgr
pgmty sgndkgat tb `gobaj tb tfg pgmt lbrkgn mltgr tfg
Pbkma dafm`dtmtdba. Mjmda, ma mttgkpt tb b`tmda truoy
"Pbkma" pgmt lmdogn.
0.>.6 ^FG YBOOGA NDMJPMK BL PBEHMACG 96-70
^fds sgetdba wms smkpogn `y kgmas bl m kbabodtf tda (79 x
=7 x =9 ek). ^fg sgetdba ds obemtgn mt m ndstmaeg bl em. 0 k
butsdng tfg gxemvmtgn fbusgpoma ba tfds sdtg. ^fgrg wms em.
=:9
099
079
599
579
569
D D -
Eomy
Lga pgmt
Ldj. 09 Utrmtdjrmpfy bl tfg ebrdaj bl Adguwgafbbra.
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59 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
^m`og >.Ybooga spgetrm lrbk Adguwgafbbra. ^b gmef spgetruk, bag tm`ogt ebatmdadaj =0,=99 Oyebpbndukspbrgs wms mnngn.
Upgetruk (ngptf + A.M.Y.) 549 5 55> 59> 06< 07> 056 0=6=>
E nmtg 5577 04=9 07=7 = 9 > 9 > 9 5 9
JrA-auk`gr =700> =7007 =700< =700:
Wpoman trggs
]ugreus 7>.4 06.> 54.: >5.0 =7.7 00.9 =6.< 5:.6
Ebryous =0.< =5.< 0:.< 0>.9 ==.5 57.9 7.= =>.5
^dodm >.9 .0 5.9 0.7
Lrmxdaus 6.< 5.> 5.> 7.: 0.6 ==.9 =.: :.=
@gtudm >.< 5>.= 09.: 0=.4 >7.= =.6 >0.: =54.> .: :4.0.5 6.9 06.9 .7 6.5 =.> =.9 =.:
Eypgrmegmg =5 74.7 >=.= =>0.0 06.9 =:.6 4=.6
Grdemegmg =.= =9.0 9.7 >.0 .9 >6.5 :.=
Ldodpganuom 9.< 9.6
Jrmkdagmg =:4..= 5=.0 =7.7 =0.9 =.9
Yomatmjb omaegbomtm =.= 9.6 5.=
Yomatmjb kmcbr/kgndm - =.>
el Ybtmkbjgtba 7.= =.9
Pu`dmegmg =6.4 0.< =.9
gu-Pukgx =.= =9.0
Pukgx megtbsm-typg =.= 0..7 =.: 0.7 7.=
Upfmjauk 0.5 5.< 7.< 54.6 0.9
Utmefys-typg 9..7 0.< 9.7 0.7 7.=
Wrtdem 9.6 =.9
Mnndtdbamo o
*E nmtg3 =:6 ek `gobw surlmeg3 =799 59 @Y (JrA-=7006)
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== YBOOGA NDMJPMKU
77 ek bl Yfrmjkdtgs pgmt ba tbp bl m Emomds D\ eomy ngpbsdt`gobw tfg smkpogn pmrt bl tfg sgetdba. ^fga lbodbwgn 07 ek
bl Nuahdrh 9 eomy, wfdef wms ebvgrgn `y 59 ek bl lga pgmt
wdtf Yfrmjkdtgs, Wpba tfds lga pgmt emkg m : ek tfdeh omygrbl sodjftoy ngebkpbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt. ^fds omygr da dts turawms ebvgrgn `y m omygr bl strbajoy ngebkpbsgn Upfmjaukpgmt bl => ek da tfdehagss. ^fg uppgr < ek bl tfds strbajoy
ngebkpbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt wms prgsgat mt tfg `msg bl tfgsmkpogn pmrt bl tfg sgetdba. M`bvg tfds strbajoy ngebk
pbsgn Upfmjauk pgmt beeurrgn m =4 ek tfdeh ngpbsdt blsgttogkgat wmstg.
Ba tbp bl tfds matfrbpbjgade ngpbsdt omy m Nuahdrh D
sgndkgat, wfdef wms pgmty mt dts `msg. ^fg prgsgaeg bl m
Nuahdrh D ngpbsdt m`bvg m Omtg Drba Mjg ogvgo ds bl jrgmt
efrbabstrmtdjrmpfde dkpbrtmaeg. ^fg dkpodemtdbas wgrg nds-
eussgn da =.0.=.5.^fg Nuahdrh D ngpbsdt da tfg pbooga sgetdba `gemkg kbrg eomygy tbwmrns tfg tbp. ^fgsg Nuahdrh D
sgndkgats ebatmdagn Pbkma pbttgry sfgrns da tfg uppgr
pmrt. M`bvg tfds sgndkgat, mabtfgr pgmty omygr beeurrgn,
wfdef wms ebvgrgn `y Nuahdrh DDD ngpbsdts. ^fds pgmty omygr
ds prgsukm`oy gqudvmogat tb tfg "pbst-Pbkma" pgmt tfmt
wms morgmny davgstdjmtgn da tfg ndmjrmks lrbk Udkbasfmvga
man Pbehmacg DD (sgg 0.>.>8 0.>.), egrgmo pbooga
ema rgmndoy `g ngkbastrmtgn, dl fgxmpobdn wfgmt spgedgs
(wdtf ebkpmrmtdvgoy omrjg pbooga jrmdas), suef ms `rgmn- man
eou`wfgmt (^rdtdeuk mgstdvuk s.=.) br dl Ugemog man Mvgamsmtdvm mrg prgsgat. Fbwgvgr, kbrg uaegrtmdatdgs mrdsg, wfgrg`mrogy (Fbrnguk vuojmrg/ndstdefuk) man gkkgr (^rdtdeukndebeeuk) mrg ebaegragn, `gemusg tfgdr pbooga rgsgk`ogs tfmtbl sbkg wdon jrmssgs. Gdahbra (^rdtdeuk kbabebeeuk) dsgvga kbrg sdkdomr tb wdon jrmssgs (sgg mosb Ndbt =440). ^fus,
tfg Drba Mjg egrgmos, kmdaoy `mrogy man gkkgr, nb abt
ndllgr kuef da sdzg lrbk pmrtdeuomr wdon jrmssgs. Omtgr
davgstdjmtdbas datb tfds prb`ogk kmng usg bl pfmsg ebatrmst
kderbsebpy. Fgrg, abt baoy sdzg, `ut mosb kderbseuopturg bl
tfg jrmda fms `gga ebasdngrgn (Jrbfag =47:`8 @guj =4
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50 YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
wdon jrmssgs. @gsdngs, mqumtde obaj-ndstmaeg trmaspbrt bl
Egrgmodm-typg pbooga kmy fmvg beeurrgn ms wgoo.
0.7 Pgebastruetdba bl tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog DrbaMjg
gavdrbakgat.
0.7.= ^FG OBEMO GA\DPBAKGA^ MPBWAN ^FG DPBA MJGUD^GU
Ygmt agmr twb gxemvmtgn Drba Mjg sdtgs agmr Updchgadssg (=:-
59 man =:-5>) fms `gga mamoysgn lbr pbooga. @btf tfgsg sdtgs
mrg sdtumtgn da tfg vdedadty bl tfg @gradssg. ^fg pmoyabobjdemo
nmtm prbvdngn `y tfgsg sgetdbas wdoo `g usgn ms kbngos lbr
moo Gmroy man Kdnnog Drba Mjg sdtgs mrbuan tfg @gradssg.
Obemo gavdrbakgat ema `g rgebastruetgn wdtf tfg pbooga
ndmjrmks bl Updchgadssg =:-59 man =:-5>. Uuppogkgatmtdba
bl tfgsg nmtm ds pbssd`og wdtf `btmademo kmerbrgkmdas rg-
ebvgrgn da tfg vmrdbus sdtgs. ^fgsg wdoo `g ndseussgn da m
lboobwdaj efmptgr (ef. >).
Obemo vgjgtmtdba ema `g rgebastruetgn `y kgmas bl tfg
pbooga ngpbsdtdba dt prbnuegn. Da tfg pgmty mrgm ebaegragn,
obemo pbooga kmdaoy brdjdamtgs lrbk fgr`megbus pomats. ^fg
pbooga ndmjrmks bl Updchgadssg rgvgmo tfmt Jrmkdagmg man
Eypgrmegmg mrg tfg kbst dkpbrtmat fgr`s tfrbujfbut tfg
sgetdbas, lgras mrg mosb wgoo rgprgsgatgn. Grdemegmg man
Upfmjauk mrg semreg. ^fgsg nmtm dandemtg tfmt wg mrgngmodaj wdtf gutrbpfde lga pgmt fgrg. Gspgedmooy tfg kmerb
rgkmdas dandemtg tfg prgsgaeg bl rggn vgjgtmtdba typgs
(Yfrmjkdtgtgm).
^fgrg mrg tfrgg pbssd`og ngvgobpkgats da tfg amturmo vg
jgtmtdba sueegssdba bl gutrbpfde lga pgmt (Zgstfbll gt mo.=4:=3 :=-:E
nmtdajs, ema tfds prb`ogk `g (pmrtoy) sbovgn.
^b wfmt gxtgat Moaus beeurrgn obemooy da tfg pgmty omansempg ds mabtfgr dkpbrtmat tbpde. Ms ds sfbwa `y tfg sgetdba
bl Udkbasfmvga (sgg 0.>.>), nurdaj tfg ldrst fmol bl tfg ldrstkdoogaduk MN obemo mongr emrr ngvgobpgn mt tfmt sdtg, rgsuot-
daj da =047% bl Moaus pbooga (bl ebursg gxeoungn lrbk tfgpbooga suk). Uuef fdjf vmougs fmvg abt `gga rgebrngn da tfg
ndmjrmks ndseussgn m`bvg. Baoy bag bl tfg pbooga ndmjrmks
bl \bbrag-Yuttga prbnuegn `y tfg P.J.N. sfbws gxtrgkgoy
fdjf Moaus vmougs. Da tfgdr ndmjrmk "Updchgadssg" (Cgojgrskm=47:m),Moaus rgmefgs vmougs gxeggndaj 69% (wdtfda tfgpbooga suk) da emrr pgmt. Mongr prgnbkdamtgn fgrg lrbk
Uu``brgmo tdkgs bawmrns datb tfg Uu`mtomatde up tb tfg
Pbkma Ygrdbn.
Da vdgw bl tfg semredty bl Uu`mtomatde ndmjrmks wdtf fdjfMoaus vmougs, tfg omansempg nurdaj tfg Gmroy Drba Mjg da mooprb`m`dodty sfbwgn m vgry pmtefy ndstrd`utdba bl Moaus,ngpgandaj upba lmetbrs suef ms fukma dalougaeg man tfg
ndstrd`utdba bl Upfmjauk pgmt, wfgrg Moaus nbgs abt jrbw(el. Jrbssg-@rmuehkmaa =4:
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55 PGEBAU^PWE^DBA BL ^FG GMPOT MAN KDNNOG DPBA MJG GA\DPBAKGA^
0.7.0 ^FG OBEM^DBA BL WYOMAN LBPGU^U
^fg upoman lbrgsts wdoo fmvg `gga rgstrdetgn tb kdagrmo sbdos,
wdtf rgomtdvgoy obw wmtgr tm`ogs nurdaj tfg jrbwdaj sgmsba.
^fgsg nrdgr, kdagrmo sbdos mrg vgry datgrgstdaj lrbk ma mrm`og
pbdat bl vdgw. ^fg omansempg nurdaj tfg Gmroy man Kdnnog
Drba Mjg ba \bbrag-Yuttga wms nbkdamtgn `y pgmt. Dt ds
fdjfoy prb`m`og tfmt tfg kdagrmo sbdos wgrg tfg baoy sbdos
sudtgn tb tfg euotdvmtdba bl sbkg mrm`og prbnuets (sggef.
E nmtgs
rbujfoy `gtwgga 0>99 man 0799 @Y. Da kbst emsgs, wg mrg
ebaegragn wdtf tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw Nuahdrh D sgnd-
kgats. Baoy da twb pomegs, Updchgadssg =:-59 man Pbehmacg
96-70, fms pgmt jrbwtf ebatdaugn ebasdngrm`oy mltgr 0>99
@Y. Lbr tfds rgmsba, tfg tbp bl tfg pgmt `gobw No sgndkgats
da tfg sgetdbas tfmt fmvg abt `gga =>
E-nmtgn mrg ebasdngrgn
ms `gdaj bl ebkpmrm`og mjg. ^fds tdkg-sodeg fms ma mnnd-
tdbamo mnvmatmjg da tfmt dt rgprgsgats tfg sdtumtdba mt tfg
stmrt bl Drba Mjg fm`dtmtdba ba \bbrag-Yuttga.
^fg tdkg lmetbr fms mabtfgr gllget. Da bag ygmr, tfg
wgmtfgr kmy `g (nds)mnvmatmjgbus tb m pmrtdeuomr spgedgs,
rgsuotdaj da m ndllgrgaeg da tfg ygmroy pbooga prbnuetdba.
Lbrtuamtgoy, sdaeg tfg spgetrm usgn ebvgr jgagrmooy m tdkg
spma bl mt ogmst 09 ygmrs, suef gllgets mrg skbbtfgn but.
Mltgr wg fmvg efbsga m tdkg-sodeg, dandemtdvg tmxm stdoo
fmvg tb `g sgogetgn. Lboobwdaj ^uragr's (=4:7) rgmsbadaj, D
fmvg usgn tfg pgregatmjgs blMoaus man ]ugreus ms hgysfgrg. ^fg rgogvmat pbooga ndmjrmks wgrg prbnuegn `y ndllgr
gat dastdtutgs man tfds fms rgsuotgn da ndllgrgat pbooga suks,
rgomtdaj tb tfg uangroydaj qugstdbas. ^b edreukvgat tfg
ndlldeuotdgs da tfg ebkpmrdsba bl tfgsg ndmjrmks, tfg rmtdb bl
]ugreusman Moaus ds emoeuomtgn lbr tfg spgetrm ebaegragn.
^fds ds bl jrgmt prmetdemo vmoug, sdaeg tfds rmtdb ds abt dalou-gaegn `y tfg pbooga suk (abr `y tfg usg bl m`sboutg
auk`grs bl pbooga jrmdas), ms tfg lboobwdaj gxmkpog wdoo
sfbw. Mt m jdvga pbooga suk, tfg pgregatmjgs mrg tfg
auk`grs bl]ugreus(V) man Moaus (T) lbuan, ndvdngn `ytfg pbooga suk (OY) man kuotdpodgn `y =99. ^fus tfg rmtdbds3
V.=99 . (V+T).=99 R x , +
SY .Y
^fg usg bl]ugreus, tfg nbkdamat upoman ebkpbagat, manMoaus, tfg nbkdamat wgtoman ebkpbagat, da m rmtdb fms
mabtfgr mnvmatmjg da tfmt tfgdr pbooga prbnuetdba sggks tb`g ebkpmrm`og. ^fgdr rgprgsgatmtdba lmetbr, meebrndaj tb
Mangrsga (=4:5) ds =3> rgomtdvg tb Lmjus lbr `btf spgedgs.
Mabtfgr lmetbr wfdef ds dkpbrtmat da tfg datgrprgtmtdba bl
tfgsg rmtdbs ds tfg ndspgrsmo empmedty bl tfg tmxm ebaegragn.
Dl lbr dastmaeg pbooga bl Moaus ds ba mvgrmjg ndspgrsgn lur-tfgr tfma tfmt bl]ugreus, man `btf mrg obemtgn da bag sdajogmrgm, tfg auk`gr blMoaus rgomtdvg tb ]ugreuswdoo daergmsgwdtf ndstmaeg lrbk tfds mrgm. Ms Lmgjrd gt mo. (=4643 =00)stmtgn,
"tb ebatrbo tfg gllgets bl ndllgrgat ndspgrsmo bag kust mosb gstm`odsf
jrmndgats lrbk tfg pbooga sbureg butwmrns. Uuef nmtm mrg abt lrggoy
mvmdom`og maywfgrg".
Ybooga ndspgrsmo bvgr jrgmtgr ndstmaegs wbuon mosb rgsuot da m
jrgmtgr "`mehjrbuan ebkpbagat" da P-vmoug kbngos,
daebrpbrmtdaj suef ebkpbagats. Ndrget kgmsurdajs bl `meh
jrbuan ogvgos da P-vmoug kbngos mrg uahabwa tb kg. ^fg
pbooga ndspgrsmo empmedty blMoaus man ]ugreus, fbwgvgr, dsdandrgetoy dandemtgn da sbkg pu`odemtdbas.
Bag pmrmkgtgr tfmt fms m jrgmt dalougaeg ba pbooga nds
pgrsmo ds tfg wgdjft bl tfg pbooga jrmdas. Meebrndaj tb
Cmassga (=4:>), tfg mvgrmjg wgdjft bl]ugreus rbfur pbooga ds=6.=< uj, tfmt blMoaus joutdabsm 4.5: uj. ^fg lmoodaj spggnbl]ugreus ds mosb mokbst =.7x jrgmtgr tfma tfmt bl Moaus.@btf tfgsg nmtm sujjgst m `gttgr pbooga ndspgrsmo ba tfg pmrt
bl Moaus.
Ebatrmstdaj rgsuots fmvg `gga b`tmdagn `y sgvgrmo btfgr
davgstdjmtbrs. Pmanmoo gt mo. (=469 hk mwmy.]ugreuswms rgebrngn adag tdkgs, da twbsmkpogs man tfg agmrgst obemtdba ds kbrg tfma 79 hk mwmy.
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U> YMOTABOBJDEMO DA\GU^DJM^DBAU
^fds ds ma dandemtdba tfmt ]ugreus ds ndspgrsgn mt ogmst abtwbrsg tfma Moaus.
Fgdk (=4:93 =76 ll) ndseussgn tfg ebatrd`utdba tb tfgrgjdbamo pbooga rmda bl trgg spgedgs da @gojduk. Fg rgjmrngn
pbooga tfm t trmvgoogn ndstmaegs bl 799 tb =9,999 k ms rgjdbamo
pbooga. Ba tfg `msds bl 770 obemtdbas lbr Moaus man 050 lbr]ugreus, fg ebaeoungn tfmt Moaus ba mvgrmjg ebatrd`utgs
=.6% (9.=-5.5%) tb tfg rgjdbamo pbooga rmda, wfdog]ugreus'sfmrg ds 7.4% (9.
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57 PGEBAU^PWE^DBA BL ^FG GMPOT MAN KDNNOG DPBA MJG GA\DPBAKGA^
Upfmjauk pgmt
Ldj. 00Bugreus/Moaus rmtdbs bl tfg pbooga ndmjrm ks ba \bbrag-Yutt ga, semog =30999. M - D3 sgg tm`og 7.Fmtefgn ; ]ugreus, Zfdtg ; Moaus.
beeur da rgomtdvgoy skmoo mkbuats, man nb abt bllgr m sbodn
`msg lbr emoeuomtdaj m rmtdb. ^b b`tmda ygt mabtfgr rmtdb,
wdtf m prblbuan `msg, tfg rmtdb Moaus/ Moaus+ ]ugreus +Eb-ryous+Lmjus+ ^dodm-v Wokus fms `gga emoeuomtgn. Bl ebursg,tfds rmtdb sfbuon sfbw m rgvgrsg trgan wfga ebkpmrgn tb tfg
prgvdbus bag. Ma daergmsg bl tfg rmtdb mt daergmsdaj ndstmaegs
bl tfg upoman pmrt bl tfg omansempg ds gxpgetgn. Ms tm`og 7rgvgmos, tfg rgsuots bl tfg ]ugreus/ ]ugreus + Moaus rmtdbs mrgebaldrkgn, baoy Fghgodajga sfbws m ebasdngrm`og ngvdmtdba.
Kbst odhgoy, tfg Ebryous eurvg da tfds ndmjrmk stdoo ebatmdasm fdjf sfmrg bl Kyrdem. ^fg ndserdkdamtdba `gtwgga tfgsgtmxm prgsgatgn jrgmt ndlldeuotdgs nurdaj tfg ebuatdaj bl tfds
ndmjrmk (\grkggrga pgrs. ebkk.).
Abwmnmys, tfg ogvggs rgebastruetgn m`bvg, mrg abt prgsgat
mobaj tfg Kgusg. ^fds ema `g mserd`gn tb grbsdba nurdaj bag
br kbrg Nuahdrh DDD trmasjrgssdbas da kgndgvmo tdkgs. Lur-
tfgr upstrgmk, tfds grbsdba ndn abt beeur, man rgkmdas bl
ogvggs mrg stdoo ndsegrad`og (^f. ng Jrbbt pgrs. ebkk.).
^fg metumo amturmo vgjgtmtdba bl ogvggs, man dts pbooga
prbnuetdba, ebuon prbvdng dkpbrtmat nmtm lbr ebkpmrdsba
wdtf tfg pmst sdtumtdba. Dt ds m jrgmt pdty tfmt tfg amturmo
vgjgtmtdba typgs bl tfg fdjfgr pmrts bl ogvggs da Gurbpg fmvg
`gebkg vgry rmrg. ^fds ds nug tb tfg gxegoogat mrm`og eband-
tdbas ba tfgsg ogvgg sbdos, wfgrg rgjuomr lobbndaj emusgs
amturmo lgrtdodzmtdba. Ms m rgsuot bl nglbrgstmtdba, rgegat
pmrmoogos mrg fmrnoy lbuan, sb wg fmvg tb rgoy ba rgebastrue-
tdbas. Da tfg abrtfwgst Jgrkma ebmstmo mrgm, suef m rgeba-
struetdba fms `gga pbssd`og. ^fmahs tb gxegoogat ebandtdbas
lbr prgsgrvmtdba man tb ngtmdogn rgsgmref, lbrgst vgjgtmtdba
ebuon `g rgebastruetgn da jrgmt ngtmdo (@gfrg =467, =466).
Fgrg, tfg ogvggs fmvg abt sullgrgn omrjg-semog grbsdba. ^fg
ogvgg mobaj tfg Gks wms ngpbsdtgn nurdaj Nuahdrh 9. Dt fms
m wdntf bl =-0 hk man wms ldrst dafm`dtgn nurdaj tfg Gmroy
Drba Mjg (@gfrg =46>m). Ndrgetoy `gobw tfg sgttogkgat
599 @E-WEN
E >99 @ E-b
"U 799 @E-b1
` E nmtgs usgn da tm`og 7 man ldj. 00
(syk`bo s ms da tm`og 7). @omeh ; =b dat grvm o8 odag ; 0b datgrvm o.
D D
d d
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^m`og7. Ybooga rmtdbs da Gmroy Drba Mjg pgmt ba \bbrag-Yuttga. prb`m`oy tbb obw (sgg tgxt).
Udtg Ngptf- AMY
=>E nmtg (@Y) JrA-
auk`gr
]/] + M M/M + SMY Pglgrgaeg
M @rdgoog-^datg =74 ek 07=9 =59 yr 59> 9.54 9