Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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  • 8/2/2019 Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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    : r1un ic ipa l u t

    U N I ~ E DS T ~ T E SCOURT OF APPEALS

    FOR. TEE U n : T H CIRCUr':"'

    PREFER::

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    TAELE OF C O N T E ~ T S

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    3 Ta b l e o f A u t h o r i t i e s i i i

    4 T ST OF A ~ ! C IC G ~ I A E 2

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    6 1 . CABLE F R A ~ C H I S I N GDOES NOT INFRINGEP L ; c . . I ~ ~ T I F F 'S C C r 1 r ~ ~ 1 J ; J I C ; ' , " T I \ l ERIGHTS. 5

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    E . Los A ~ g ~ l e s 'F r a n c h i s : n g ? r o g ~ a mD ~ e s~ o t P r e v e n ~ P l a i ~ t i f fFromE n g ag :n g I ~ ~ ~ o s eA c ~ i v ~ t i e sT h a t Do C o n s ~ i t u t e F i r s ~ A ~ e n d -

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    16 B ecau se T ~ e F r a ~ c h i s eProgramI : = : ) : ~ : : e : : : : - ! : J e ~ t : . r a l/ Th e t 1 : ' ~ a c k

    17 T ~ w o "T e s t De:- i .. ~ t e d F:-c!7l 0 n i ~ e dS t a t e s v . O' Br i e n :3 ' : : ' c a D l e . 20

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    B. The G o v e r n ~ e n t a lI n t e r e s t s19

    Serv ed By Cab l e F r a n c h i s i n gA re I = p o r t a n t An d S u b s ~ a n t i a l . 22

    1 .21

    2 . Community A c c e s s S e r v i c e . 2422

    3 . Leased Access . 2523

    4 . Te c h n o l o g i c a l S o p h i s t i c a t i o n . 26

    5 . Mi ni m i z i ng ~ i s r u p t i o nOfRi s Of Way An d R e l a t e dB':..:rdens. 27

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  • 8/2/2019 Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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    D. A s s u ~ i n g ,Arguendo , T h a t TheF r a n c h i s l n g P r e c e s s I n c i d e n t a l l yR e s ~ ~ i : t sP l a i n ~ i : f ' s~ i g h t

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    c i f i e d G o v e r n ~ e n t a lI n t e r e s t s .

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    TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

    Cases

    Acton CATV, I n c . v . C i t y o f D u a r t e , No. CV-83-1018-RG (MCx) (C.D. Cal . Feb. 28 , 1984) 4

    A f f i l i a t e d C a p i t a l Co . v . C i t y o f Houston , 735 F.2d 1555 ( 5 t h C i r . 1984)

    A l l i e d A r ~ i s t sP i c t u r e s Corp. v . Rhodes ,496 F. Supp. 408 (S .D. oh io 1980) , a f : ' d ,679 : . 2 d 65 6 ( 6 t h C i r . 1982) 15

    Asso c i a t e d P r e s s v. Un i ted S t a t e s , 326 U.S. 1 (1945) 17

    B e r k sh i r e C a b l e v l s i o n o f Rhode I s l a n d , Inc . v. Bu rk e ,57 1 F. Supp. 97 6 ( D . R . I . 1983) , c k e t e d ,No. 83-1800 ( 1 s t C i r . ) 2 1 , 25

    Black H i l l s V ~ d e oCorp. v . FCC, 399 F.2d 65 ( 8 "'::--:. C i r . 19 S 8 ) 10

    3 r e a r d "I . A l e x a n d r i a , U.S. 62 2 (1951) 27i

    ""J'';;-V''H'C;'''-'; : " ~ ; " 1 , : " _ : ; w c ' ~,I Q ;; r:".::::. ~ , _ , e ; .e .eb ' e " l i s io n I n c . v ~ r r lR 7 F?rl.... - _ .. - . 1 . - l( r : : . ~ . C i r . 1967)

    16 C a p i t a l B r o a d c a s t i n g Co . v . M i t c h e l l , 33 3 F. Supp.17 . 58 2 (D.D.C. 1971) , a f f ' d , 40 5 U.S. 1000 (1972) 10

    C a p i t a l C i t i e s Cable , I n c . v . C r i s p , - - U.S. 5 , 10, 1 7 ,18 52 J .S .L .W. 4803 (June 18, 1984) 29

    1 :) Inc . v . FCC, 453 U.S. 367 (1981) 17

    Centu ry Fe d e r a l , Inc . v . C i t y o f Pa lo Al t o ,No. C 83-4231-SFL ( N . D . C a L ) , (579 F. Supp .

    21 1553 (N.D. Cal . 1984) 2

    22C i t y Counc i l o f Los An g eles v. Taxpayers Fo r Vin c e n t , 19, 20, 21- - U . S . - - , 52 U.S.L .W. 4595 p lay 15, 1984) 22, 3L 32

    23

    C la r k v. Community fo r C r e a t i v e Non-Violence ,24 - - U.S. - - I 52 U . S . L . ~ " .4986 (June 29, 1984) 32

    Community Communica t ions , Co . v . 66 0 F.2d 1370 ( 1 0 t h C i r . 1 9 8 1 ) ,

    26 456 U.S. 1001 (1982)

    - 1 1 :

    C i t y

  • 8/2/2019 Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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    --", ,-..\ n vL ...... "'. ,'--" I

    1 ' C a s e s (cont . : . .nued)

    2

    3 Co n l e y E : e c t r o n i c s C6 r p . v . FCC, 3 9 4 F. 2 d 620

    4 ( 1 0 t h C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n : ' e d , 393 U. S . 858 (1 9 6 8 )

    5 FCC "'I. t J a t i o n a l C i t i z e n s C::or."'.rn . F or B r o a d c : a s t i r ~ g ,436 U. S . 775 ( 1 9 7 8 )

    6 F Q ~ t n i g h t l yC o ~ p .v . Un i t e d A r ~ i s t s

    7 T e l e - / l s i o n , I n c . , 3 92 U. S. 3 9 0 (: . 9 68 )

    8 G r e a ~F a l l s Communi ty TV C a b l e Co. v. FCC, 416 F. 2 d 238 ( 9 t h C i r . 1969)

    9

    H e f f r o n v . I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c : ' e t y f o r K r i s h n a10 C o n s c i c ~ s : - , ~ e s sI n c . 452 U. S . 6';0 (2 . 981 )I

    11 ::o::'le Be x O::::":.:e, I ~ . c . \l . F:C, 56 7 F. 2 d 9,(D .C. C i r . ) , c e r t . de '. : 'eci, ~ 3 - i U . S . 829 (1 9 7 7 )

    12

    E O ! J k : ! ' " ' ~ s " : ~ " i l = - eC a D l e T ~ . 7 1 I !1c . ' j . Pe r. " y r o y a 1 13 C a . b ~ e ~ / " i s i . c n, IrlC. I 56 2 F . SLlpp. 5c;3 ( " I .D . Ky. 1 9 8 2 ) A

    I ~ , H y n e s v . Mayor o f O r a d e l l , 42 5 U . S . 610 (1 9 7 6 )

    i 5 I n c .

    (D.C:. C':'r-. 1 9 6 5 )16

    Kovacs v . C o o p e r , 3 36 U . S . 77 ( 1 9 ~ 9 )17

    Lamont v . F c s t ~ a s t e rG e n e r a l , 381 U . S . 301 (1 9 6 5 )18

    a Lo s~ n ; e : e s T e a c ~ e r sU n io n , L c c a l 1021 v. Los A n g e l e s

    Iv B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 71 C a l . 2d 551 (1969)

    20 r le t rorr.ed ia , I n c . v. C i t y o f Sa:;. D i e ; o , 453 U. S . 490 (1981)

    21 ~ ' at-;SC, 1:;.c. v . U n i t e d S t a t e s , . j . .L_ U .S . 190 ( : ' 9 - i 3 )

    22

    -' 0. ..... .O" 'eoaIl S ~ " " O l ' l i + - o_ __..J.. _ P r o d u c t s Co. v . C i t y o f23 I n d i a n a p o l i s , 69';' F. 2 d 11 9 , ( 7 t h C i r . 1 9 8 2 )

    24 P a c i f i c We s t C a b l e Co. v . C i t y o f S a c r a m e n t o , No. C I V - 5 - 8 3 - ::. 03 4 - ( . j L S (E . D. C a l . Aug. 3 J 19 84 )

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  • 8/2/2019 Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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    - - -

    INTEREST OF N H C I CC'RIAE

    2 The p r e s e n t c a s e i s one o f a t l e a s t t h r e e f i d by counseL

    3 f o r P l a i n t i f f s c h a l l e n g i n g t h e power o f c i t i e s t o f r a n c h i s e cab14 t e l e v i s i o n s y s t e m s . On e o f t h o s e t h r e e c a s e s i s p e n d i n g

    5 i n s t c i i n t h e Nor r n D i s t r i c t o f C a l i ~ o r n i a .In t h a t c a s e ,

    6 a m i c i ( a s d e f e n d a n t s t h e r e i n ) f i l e d a m ot i on r sumrnary j udgmen t on

    7 I S e p t e m b e r 2 1 , 1 9 8 4 , which i s now d u l e d t o b e he onI ,8 Noverrmer 30, 1 984 . The F i r s t ~ ~ e n d m e n ti s s u e s i n t h a t c a s e and t D l S

    9 one a.:::-e c l o s e l y r e 1a , i f n o t i d e n t i c a l .

    10 The l e g a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e F i r s t Amendment i s s u e s w h ich

    p r e s e n t e d t o t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t i n t h e i r c a s e a n d w h ic h

    p r e s e n t h e r e , d i f r s s o r e w h a t f.:::-om t h e a r g u m e n t s t h a t h a ~ e

    p r e s e n t e d by t h e p a r t i e s i n i s c a s e . In o u r v i e w,

    t o f r a n c h i s e c I e t e l e v i s i o n s y s t e m s w i t h o u t i n ~ r i n g i n

    ' : \r.ene.ment r i g h t s d o es n o t d ep en d on e s l i s h i r : g e i

    t e l e v i s i o n i s a " n a t u r a l monopo ly" o r t h a t , I i

    and t e l e v i s i o n b r o a d c a s t i n g , r e 1 S a s e v e r e

    ..... ;...,,,,,+ ( " \ 1 " " " 'on t : : e number o f c a b l e s y s t e m s can b e Vi: :" !':'.3 t e i .l . . . i . . i . a ~

    U T i "r ' "\ ~ , - . : - ~ Jhile t h e r e i s m e r i t t o su ch c o n t e n t i o n s , ",;e t h i n k i +-'- 15 '" ~ .. . c:: '-"

    20

    21 ;, 1 / The secone. c a s e i s P a c i f i c West C a b l e C o . , No .i'l CIV-S=83-1034-I-1LS (E.D. C a l . Aug. 3 , 1 9 8 4 ) , i n w'h1-ch t h e D i s t r i c t

    22 C o u r t h as d e ~ i e da m ot i on f o r p r e l i m i n a r y i n j u ~ c t i o ~ .The ~ h i r d1123 I[ c a s e i s C e n t u r y F e d e r a l , I n c . v . C i t y o f P a l o A l t o , No . C

    183 - 4 2 3 1 - E FL (N.D. C a l . ) . In t h a t c a s e , b r o u g h t a g a i n s t 2r, i c ; ?e.lII A l t o , Menlo Par k a nd A t h e r t o n , t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t d e n i e d a G c ~ i o Gt. u

    24 d i s m i s s t h e F i r s t Amendr.ent c I a (579 F. Supp . 1553 (N.D. C a l .1125 !1.11984)), b u t i n v i t e d d e f e n d a n t s t o f i l e t h e m ot i on r SUf': 'J' : ' ,arv

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    t o d e c i d e t h e m. R a t h e r , a s s b r i e f d e m o n s t r a t e s , P l a i n t i f f ' s

    2 F i r s t Amendment c l a i m s f a i l f o r more f u n d a m e n t a l r e a s o n s .

    3 INTRODUCTION 4 P i n t i f f h as l a u n c h e d a b r o a d s i d e r s t Amendment a t t a c k

    5 on t h e p r a c t i c e e x p r e s s l y a p p r o v e d a nd a u t h o r i z e d by t h e C a l i f o r n i a

    6 L e g i s l a t u r e ( G o v ' t Code 5 3 0 6 6 ) , t h e F e d e r a l Comraunica t ions CorJn is

    7 s i o n (FCC) (4 7 C . F. R . 7 6 . 3 1 ( 1 9 8 3 ) ) a n d , mo s t r e c e n t l y , e f f e c t i v e l : : ,

    8 m a n d a t e d by C o n g r e s s i n t h e C a b l e C o r m u n i c a t i o n P o l i c y A c t o f 1 9 , ~ ~

    9 P u b . L. No. 98-549 ( S . B . 6 6 , e n a c t e d O c t o b e r 1 1 , 1984 a nd s i g n e d by

    10 t P r e s i d e n t O c t o b e r 3 0 , 1 9 8 4 ) , o f f r a n c h i s i n g on e o r more

    1 1 t e l e v i s i o n o p e r a t o r s wh o w i l l b e s t s e r v e t h e i n t e r e s t s o ~ t h e c o r . ~

    provid: : ' : ,g h i q U 2 1 i t ~ lc a b l e s e r v i c e . P l a i n t i f f c l a i m s ~ . a. ,

    n t g u a r a n t e e s i t , a nd al l o t h e r s s i m i l a r l y

    t_ a b s o l u t e r i g h t t o c o n s t r u c t a nd o p e r a t e net ' . ;orks

    , ' ~a .n te :1nae , p o l e s , conCUl, -S, an d o t h e r p e ~ m a n e ~ tp l a n t cn

    r i g h t s o f wa y i n t h e S o u t h C e n t r a l D i s t r i c t o f Los

    t o some u n d e f i n e d , b u t min 1 , l i c e power r e g ~ l a =

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    i19 ' t a t e s t a t u t e s and 1 0 2 a l o r d i n a n c e s , a s w e l l a s c o mp re r s ~ ~ e

    20 ~ new f e d e r a l s t a t u t e , t h i t a u t h o r i z e t h e f r a ~ c ~ i s i n go f c a b l e t e ~ e -

    21 [ lv i s io :1 s v s t e m s .il ....

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    22 : 1P l a i n t i f f s F i r s t Amendme:1t c l a i m i s a t o n c eIid

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    24 il! b\' w hi ch cornrr,un i t i e s a c r o s s t c o u n t r y ha ve t r a d i t l l y r e g u l : l t o

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    t e l e ' l i s i o n . I t i s a l i m i t e d c I a h o w e v e r, I n t h e s e n s e t : ;

    26 11,I P l a i n t i f " : : h a s n o t a t t a c d t h e d e t a i l s o f Los Ange 5' p a r t i c c . l i l r!II

    - 3

  • 8/2/2019 Brief Amici Curiae of the Cities of Palo Alto and Menlo Park and the Town of Atherton

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    f r a n c h i s i n g p r o c e s s - - a p r o c e s s i n w hic h i t d e c l d t o p a r t i c i

    2 1 I p a t e - - b u t , r a t r , h a s q u e s t i o n e d t h e v e r y i n s t i t u t i o n o f c I e

    311 : r a n c h i s i n g . A c c o r d i , we ha ve no o c c a s i o n t o a d d r e s s , and t h i s

    4 r c o u r t n e e d n o t c o n s i d e r , t h e l e g a l i o f e a c h p o s s i b l e p r o v i s l o n o f

    51 a f r a n c h i s e a g r e e m e n t t o wh i c h P l a i n t i f f d i d n o t w ish t o be a p a r t y . 'I

    BliThe q u e s t i o n i s s i m p l y w h e t h e r c a b l e f r a n c h i s i n g a s an i n s t i t u t i o n

    7 II i s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y s o u n d .

    81 The c o u r t s t h a t ha ve a e d r e s s e d s i m i l a r F i r s t Amendmenti~i

    9 II c 1 a i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e h e l d t h a t f r a n c r . i s i n g o f c a D ' e s ~ ' s t e r r ,'I

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    s u b s t a n t i a l l y b r o a d e r t h a n n e c e s s a r y t o p r o t e c t t h o s e l e g i t i m a t e

    2 g o v e r n m e n t a l i n t e r e s t s i t s e r v e s , so t h a t u n d e r e s t a b l i s h e d F i r s t

    3 Amendment d o c t r i n e i t p a s s e s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l m u s t e r . S e c t i o n I I ,

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    11 t u a 1 a s o l d a s t h e c a b l e i ndu t r y i t s e l f . P r e s e n t l y , l o c a l

    : ~ ~ ~ ~ 12 lj govern! : ' , en ts i n ~ o - f i v e s t a t e s h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n t o f r a n c h i s e\ : E , \ . 1 E ~ l""\ S ~

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    14 ,: f r a n i s e l o c a l S y s t S 2 S . A l b e r t , The F e d e r a l and L o c a l R e G u l a t i o n!I ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3ii ', ~

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    21 Iio r r i g h t s o f way, i n s t a l l s i g n a l ga r i and e l e c t r o n i cilII

    22 i, d i s t r t i o n e ~ u i p m e n t ,s t r i n g o r l a y c a b l e t h r o u g h o u t th e a r e a 1 a r .. (II

    23 Iic o n n e c t i t t o each c u s t o m e r ' s hor.:e o r b u s i n e s s . These a c t i t i e s

    24 IIt h e m s e l v e s a r e no more p r o t e c t e d 0 y t h e F i r s t Ace n t t h a n a::.:e[I

    25 11 c o n s t r u c t i o n o f w a t e r , e l e c t r i c a 2 . , o r g a s d i s t r i b u t i o n s j / s t ems , c r

    26 11 fOr t h a t m a t t e r t e l e g r a p h o r t e l e p h o n e s t e m s . K r e i s s ,

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    D e r e g u l a t i o n o f C a b l e Te l e v i s i o n and t t e Pr ob l e m o f A c c e s s U n d e r t h e

    2 F i r s t Amend:nent , 54 S . C a l . L. R ev. 1001 , 1011 - 12 (1981) ( h e r e a f t e r

    43 " K r e i s s ' ~ ) .I

    4 L i k e w i s e , many s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d by a c a b l e s y s t e m , o n c e

    5 i t ~ s c o n s t r u c t e d , do n o t i n v o co r r " ,u n ica t io n o r e x p r e s s i o n

    6 p r o t e c t e d by t F i r s t l \ r.e r,dment . To t a k e a n o b v i o u s e x a m p l e ,

    7 p r o v i s i o n o f i n t e r a c t s e r v i c e s , su ch a s f i r e and b u r g l a r a l a r ~

    8 s y s t e m s , hor.e b a n k i n g , a i n t e r o f f i c e d a t a t r a n s m i s s i o n i n v o l v e s nc

    9 e l e m e n t o f e x p r e s s i o n o n t h e p a r t o f t h e c a b l e sy s t em

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    6 j C o r p . v . CBS, I n c . , 415 U. S . 394 , 404 , 409 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; Home Bo x O f f i c e ,

    7! I n c . FCC, 567 F. 2 d 9 , 45 n . 8 0 (D.C. C i r . ) , c e r t . d en , 434 U.S.

    8 829 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; i d . a t 61 ( , d e i g e l , J . , c o ~ c u r r i n g ) .The c o u r t s h a v e

    9 r e c o g n i z e d t h a t i n r e t r a n s m i t t i ~ gs i g n a l s - - w i t h o u t a ~ t e r a t i o n ,

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    12 v i e w e r s . U n i t e d A r t i s t s Te l e v i s I n c . , 39 2- - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

    U.S. 3 9 0 , 3 9 9 -4 0 1 (1968) ( c a b l e opeY"Rtors wh o r e t r a n ... b ! " o a d c a

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    17 " a c t i v e p e r f o r ~ e r , " t o r i s m e r e l

    18 s i s d ) ) ; 7 e l e o r o m o t e r C o r p . : . CES, , 4 1 5 C . S . a:-"- - ~ -

    19 408-11 ( c a b l e o p e r a t o r ' s t r a n s m ~ s s i o nd i s t a n t b r o a d o a s t s i g r a ..l. s

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    24 b r o a d o a s t s i g n a l s " ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . Midwes t Vi d e o C o r p . , 406

    64 9 , 680 (1972) (C m :g las , J . , j o d by S t e w a r t , P o w e l l an d

    26 R e h n q u i s t , JJ . , d i s s e n t i n g ) ("Cri':'V i s s i m p l y a c a r r i e r h a v i n g no

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    F i r s t 11l:'.endment c h a l l e n g e . See G r e a t F a l l s Cornmun

    v . FCC, 416 F. 2 d 238 ( 9 t h C i r . 1969) ( r e a f f i r m i n g To t a l Te l e c a b l e ,

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    i t s prec lL: . s ion l r : : r l n g e s no F i r s t lti'11endment r i g h t . C.:.

    .i'ur.ericar1 , 427 U. S . 5 0 , 78 & n .2 ( 1 9 / 6 ) (P m ' : e l l ,

    J . , c o n c u r r g ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e v. P a ram o u n t P i c t u r e s , I n c . , 3 3 ~ U.S

    1 3 1 , 1 6 6 - 6 ; ( 1 9 4 8 ) i __ ~ ________________ ~ ______________ ~ , 333

    F . Supp . 5 8 2 , 58 4 (O.O.C. 1 9 7 1 ) , a f f ' d , 405 U. S . 1000 ( 1 9 ; 2 ) .

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    l e s s o f who c o n s t r u c t s an d o p e r a t e s i t .

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    t n o t e c o n t i n u e d )

    s e n ~ l vi n o p e r a t Accor d i ng t h e p r o v i s s r e l a t i n g t o "::"eased c h a n n e l s " app f u l l y t o a l l sys te r r. s n o t r a t cnJ u l y 1 , 1 9 8 4 . See 6 1 2 ( b ) ( l ) ( E ) . Li1

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    5

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    S e r v i c e v . C o u n c i l o f G r e e n b u r g h C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , 45 3 U.S. 114

    ( 1 9 8 1 ) , i n w h i c h t p l a i n t i f f s r a i s e d a F i r s t Anencment c h a l l e n g e

    t o a P o s t a l S e r v i c e r l a t i o n p r o h i b i t i n g d e p o s i t o f u n s t a m p e d

    m a i l a b l e m a t t e r i n l e t t e r b o x e s . The C o u r t u p h e l d t h e r e l a t i o n

    t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e l e t t e r b o x e s d i d n o t c o n s t i t u t e a p u b : i c fo rum

    a n d t h a t t h e r e g u l a t i o n d i d n o t r e s t r i c t t h e p l a i n t i f f s ' s p e e c h .

    t o t h e l a t t e r, C o u r t o b s e r v e d :

    "We a r e . . n o t c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a r e g u l a t i o n , - lh ichi n way r e s t r i c t s t a p p e l s ' r i g h t t o u se em a i l s . The a p p e l s ma y m a i l t h e i r c i c n o t i c e si n o r d i n a r y f a s h i o n , an d t h e P o s t a ~S e r v i c e w i l lt r e a t s u c h n o t i c e s i d e n t i c a l l y w i t h a l l o t h e r m a i lIt ! i t h o u t r e g a r d t o con t e r; t s . " ( I d . a t 12 7 )

    No"ti'1g t h a t p l a i n t i f ~ swo u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o p ay p o s ~ a g ei f t

    c h o s e t o m a i l t h e i r n o t i c e s , t h e Cour t rejec"'" t r :e

    " a s s e r t i o n b e c a u s e i t ma y be somewhat more e f f i c i e n t [.:=or t

    a p p e l l e e s ] t o p l a c e t h e i r m essag es i n l e " t t e r b o x e s t h e r e i s a F i r s ~

    I d . a t 1 2 9 .

    L i k e t h e r e g u l a t i o n u p h e l d i n c a b l e

    c ! " ; l s : : . . r ~ g s n o t p r e v e n t P l a i n t i f f from u s i n a c a b l e t o d e l i v e r ::..tS

    : - r ~ e ssa g E . P l a i n t i f f ma y l e a s e c h a n n e l s p a c e I i a n y o n e e l s e , a n ~ ' :

    w i l l b e p e r m i t t e d t o do so w i t h o u t a r d t o t h e n a t u r e o r c o n t e n t

    o f i t s p r o g r A l t h o u g h P l a i n t i f f ma y p r e f e r , f o r r e a s o n s 0

    p r o f i t a b i l i t y o r o t h e r w i s e , t o c o n s t r u c t i t s ow n ca b

    t h a n payin ,g a r e a s o n a b l e r e n t a l f e e t o t r a n s ; : " i t i t s m e s s a g e v i a a

    c a b l e o\vned a n c t h e r , t h e G r e e n b ~ r g ho p i n makes c l e a r t h a t i t

    / /

    / /

    , .1- . 4 ' 1

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    d o e s n o t ha ve a F i r s t Amendment r i g h t t o do s o . ~ 1The f r a n c h i s e

    2 p r o c e s s ma y deny t o some t h e o p p o r t u n i t o c o n s t r u c t , o p e r a t e , a n d

    3 p r o f i t f rom a sys t em o f a n t e n n a e , w i r e s and e l e c t r o n i c s ; b u t i t doe

    4 n o t r e s t r a i n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o cOIfu'7lunica t e by Hay o f c a b l e t e

    5 v i s i o n .

    6 S i n c e g o v e r n m e n t a l c o n d u c t t h a t d o e s n o t i m p a i r c O I T ~ u n

    7 t i o n d o e s n o t r a i s e F i r s t Amendr,en t c o n c e r n s , no f u r t h e r showing on

    8 b e h a l f o f Los A n g e l e s s h o u l d be n e c e s s a r y t o a f f i r m t h e r e s u l t

    9 b e l o H . Ne v e r l e s s , t h e w r o n g h e a d e d n e s s o f P l t i f f ' s c l a i s

    10 u n d e r s c o r e d by r e c o g n i z i n g t , u n d e r t h e a e g i s o f t h e F i r s t , ; \ r : ~ e

    11 m en t , P l a i n t i f f s e e k s t o i n v a l i t e a f r a n c h i s e p r o c e s s t t if'. a c t

    12 e n h a n c e s t h e r t u n i t i e s f o r cOf.';!11unica t i o n t y cab I e t e l e v i s i o n .

    13 C a b l e fran:::::hising ? rO D o tes F i r s t Amendment v a l u e s andF,L' : { ~ ~ ~ \ . T~ ~~ " ' \=:'\

    11

    12

    13

    p o r t i o n o f t h e s e r v i c e a r e a had b een " c ream skil':'Jrled" by an u n r e g

    u l a t e d s y s t e m , su ch p o t e n t i a l cO ff ip e t i to r s would d e t e r r e d a n d ,

    ev eni f

    t w e r e n o t c a s e , t h e e x i s t e n c ~o f a c a b l e s y s t e m i n

    t h e mos t p r o f i t a b l e s e c t i o n s O F t h e s e r v i c e a r e a would r e n d e r any

    r a l sys t em r a t o r m u c ~ S 3 a b l e w i l l i n g t o s u s t a i n t

    ad d ed c o s t o f t h e d e s i r e d s y s t e m f e a t u r e s . S e ~ p p . 2 2 - 2 3 ,

    T h i r d , by a l l o w i n g c o n s t r u c t o f t h e f i r s t u n r e g u l a t e d c a b l e

    s y s t e m , a c i t y f o r f e i t s t h e l e v e r a g e n e c e s s a r y t o o j t a i n su ch cen

    c e s s l o n s f rom a l a t e r p r o s p e c t i v e c I e o p e r a t o r .

    o p e r a t o r w i l l ha ve no r e a s o n t o a g r e e t o s e r v e a l l ~ a r t so f t h e

    s e r v i c e a r e a a nd t o p r o v i d e p u b l i c a c c e s s , l e a s e d c 15 ana t : ~ - : e

    l i k e i f t h e m u n i c i p a l i c a n n o t e x a c t t h o s e c o n c e s s i o n s a s t h e p ~ i c

    o f

    14

    16

    17

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    26

    - - - " -

    T h a ~ f r a n c h i s i n g i s an e f c t ve mechanism r a 'Cta: . r. l

    se k i n d s o f o b j e c t i v e s l S e ~ i d e n c e db y i t s

    m a ] o r i o f l o c a l i t i e s ha ve r e g u l a t e d t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n an d o f e r a

    t i o n o f c a o _ e s y s t e m s t h r o l l a f r a n c h i s i n g p r o c e s s . S e e p. : - ,

    s u p r a . The FC C h as e n d o r s e d c a D ~ esvs t em 5 i:::g b \ ' 1 0 e a 1

    governr. 'Gn t s . See p p . 3 - S , s u c r a . t i e s C a b l e

    , s u o r a , S2 V.S.L.W a t 48C6, t h e reme C o u r t r e a f f i r m e d t h e

    . 1 'FCC's s t a t u t o r y a u t h o r i t o c r e a t e lS d u a l f r a . l - oc:tl . reg t . :

    l a t o r y sc , t h u s i n d i c a t i n g i t s r e c o g n i t o f t11e 1 tt?

    g o v e r n m e n t a l i n t e r e s t s f r a n c h i s i n g s e r v e s . And, mos t r e c e n t l y ,

    s s h as s w e e p i n g l y e n d o r s e d t h e F r a n c h i s e mode l a s t h e e s s e n

    t i a l means o f a c h i e v t h e s e r t a n t o b j e c t s .

    The new C a b l e A c t e x p r e s s l y a d d r e s s e s t h e l i c i c ; s tha '"

    - 2 9

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    il

    6 I:ilII

    7 ! l n a t e d

    8 , ~ :

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    ro, - ,; ' ~ ' , -c-_

    ~ ~ C \~ [ G , , - l \--='--.'

    11

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    t h i s k i nd i n a f r a i s e a g r e e ~ e n tc an a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e i m p o r t a n t

    p u b l i c o b j e c t S disc1 ;s above be a s s u r e d .

    D.

    The f i n a l i r e ~ e n to f t h e O ' B r i e n t e s t i s t h a t tn e

    l n C l n t a : e f c t f ranc: - : i s g S 0 :1 S e c h , i f a:-IY, n o t be " s u b

    s t a n t i a l l y b r o 2 d e r t n ece a - y t o p r o t e c t t h e C i t y ' s i n t e r

    e s t l s } . " , 52 U.S.L.W. a t 4600; s e e- ~ -

    As t : ~ e Cu i f o r a S ~ - r e m eC o u r t ha s n o t e d , t ~ e

    t e s t . c u s e s

    pt : . 21 - .=2,

    a v a i l i l i t y o f a l t e r n a t i v E s

    f e r t h e g e v e r n 2 e n t b u t a l s o on t g r e e o f l m p a l r m e n t o f F i r s t

    r s Union L e c a l 1021 v . Los

    A n a e l e s B eard o f E d u c a t i o n , 71 Ca 2d 5 5 1 , 5 5 6 ( ' : ; ' 969) ; a c c c r c , L .

    T r ~ _ h e ,su;::::ra, 1 2 - 2 0 a t p p . 6 8 3 - 8 7 & :1.10 and c a s e s c i t e d t : : e r e i : : .

    ~ h e p r e v i e u s s e c t i o n 0 _ t s b r ~ show : h a t i r a n c h i ~ ~

    i s n e c e s s a r y t o e b t a i n a c a b l e s y s t e n t t me t s Les l e s '

    t a n t p u b l i c p o l i c y o b j e c t i v e s ; wi t f r a n c s s e e c t i ' 1 e s

    i n a l l 2 . . ikel ihsoc \/C'..lld n o t be Mo reo v er, any i n t r u s i c r c :

    P l a i n t i f f ' s F i r s t Amendment r h t s t h a t mi a s e r e s u l t ::r::m.

    f r a n c h i s i n g i s a t l e a s t minimiz , i:E n o t e1 , by

    v i s i o n o f l e a s e d a c c e s s . See S e c t i o n I ( B ) , s Los l e s

    t h u s e n s u r e d t h a t t h e f r a n c h i s i n g p r o c e s s " c u r t a i l no more C ~

    - 3 1

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    5

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    n ' - - ~ -

    , ' < ~ " - -- 12

    16

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    26

    t han i s n e c e s s a r y t o a c c o m p l i s h i t s p u r p o s e : s ] ."

    Vi n c e n t , , 52 U.S.L.W. a t 4600 . T h i s i s more t h a n s u f f i c i e n t- - " " -

    t o me e t t h e O ' B r i e n s t a n d a r d . See i d . ; C l a r k v . C o ~ m u n i t yf o r

    C r e a t i v e N o n - Vi o l e n c e , - - U.S. 52 U. S. L. W. 4 9 8 6 , 4989 (June 2 9 ,

    1 9 8 4 ) .

    cm:CLUSION

    P l a i n t i f f ' s n o v e l l e g a l t o r y would i n v a l i d a t e t h e i n s t l

    t u t i o n o f f r a n c h i s i n g , t h e s t a t e laws t h a t r e g u l a t e i t , and an

    i m F o r t a n ~ ,new and c o m p r e h e n s i v e f e d e r a l s t a t u t e - - t h e C a b l e

    A c t - - w h i c h c a r e f u l b a l a n c e s com pe t i ng i n t e r e s t s i n o r d e r t o

    pr oDot e t h e ve yy F i r s t AP.end::r,ent v a l u e s P l a i n t i f f ' ' ' 'ofes e s ~

    t o p r o t e c t . But cab t e l e v i s i o n f r a n c h i s i n g i s , ~ n

    c o n s t i t u ~ i o n a l .I t f u r t h e r s i m p o r t a n t i n t e r e s t s w i t h o u t

    t h e r i g h t o f a nyone t o cornr:1Unicate by c l e c a s t i r . g i i n d e e d , i t

    11' F i r s t A ~ e n d ~ e n ti n t e r e s t s by e C l Y ' . ; t .

    r t u n i t y o f n o n - c a b l e sys t em o w n ers t o cor:u':1unicate o v e r cJ . c l e

    o p p o r t u n i t y 0 v i e w e r s t o r e c e programming from d l v e r s e

    I I

    I I

    / I

    I I

    I I

    I II

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    - 3 2

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    PROOF OF SERVICE2

    3 I , ~ \ R I ESPIEGL, d e c l a r e a s f o l l o w s :

    4 1 . I am a r e s i d e n t o f t h e Ci and County o f San F r a n c i s c o ,

    5 i o v e r t h e age o f e i g h t e e n a r s and n o t a p a r t y t o t h e w i t h i n a c t i o n .,I

    6 M y b u s n i e s s a d d r e s s i s T h r e e E ~ b a r c a d e r oC e n t e r , S u i t e 7 0 0 , San

    7 F r a n c i s c o , C a ~ i f o r n i a94111.

    8 2 On November 13 , 1 9 8 4 , I s e r v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g document :

    9 BRIEF AY.ICI Cl'RIAE OF THE CITIES OF PALO ALTO AND HENLO P.2,RK A:':O

    1C THE T O ~ NOF ATHERTON by F e d e r a l E x p r e s s a d d r e s s e d as fo ows :

    S t e v e n K. R u b in , E sq .Deputy C i t y A t t o r n e y

    12C i t y o f Los e l e s

    . , " , '-, , ' , " ,--,"'-...., P. O . Bo x I I I

    13 I I I N. Hope S t r e e t Los l e s , CA 900S1

    15 and by F i r s t C l d s s U n i t e d S t a t e s M a i l w i t h p o s t a g e f u l l y p r e p a i d

    16 a d d r e s s e d a s f o l l o w s :1 .. ,, i

    Haro F a r r o w, E sq , FARRm..;:, S C H I L m 1 . ~ U S EK I L S m ~& HAINS 401 Grand Avenue, Second F l o o r Oakl and , CA 94621

    20 I d e c l a r e u n d e r p e n a l t y o f r j u r y t h a t t h e f o r e g o i n g

    21 i s t r u e and c o r r e c t .

    22 Execu t ed t h i s 1 3 t h d ay o f November ~ 9 8 4 a t San F r a n c i s c o ,

    23 C al i O l" n ia ,

    24 /

    "

    25

    26