Breviary, Use of Verdun, Winter portion Breviary, Use of Verdun, Winter portion (('The Breviary 'The Breviary

of Renaud de Bar' or 'The Breviary of Marguerite de of Renaud de Bar' or 'The Breviary of Marguerite de

Bar'Bar'))France, between 1302 and France, between 1302 and 13031303

Saul and DavidSaul and David

Tree of Vices Tree of Vices

The Tree is made up of 7 branches, The Tree is made up of 7 branches, from which hang down clusters of from which hang down clusters of

circles with the names of the 7 circles with the names of the 7 Vices and 7 Subsiduaries. The owl Vices and 7 Subsiduaries. The owl

and moth are creatures of darkness. and moth are creatures of darkness. At the base of the tree is the Fall of At the base of the tree is the Fall of

Man. On left, the rich miser; with Man. On left, the rich miser; with bag of gold coins, and a devil on his bag of gold coins, and a devil on his back. On the other side is the proud back. On the other side is the proud pauper, a peasent in rough clothing. pauper, a peasent in rough clothing. He holds a sickle in his lap, while at He holds a sickle in his lap, while at the counsel of the devil, he allows the counsel of the devil, he allows his corn to wither in the groundhis corn to wither in the ground

EnglandEngland c. 1310c. 1310 . .

Marco Polo, Conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium Marco Polo, Conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionumEngland; 14th centuryregionumEngland; 14th century - -Decorated initial 'L'Decorated initial 'L'((ibrumibrum)), and , and

upper half of the full borderupper half of the full border

Queen Mary’s PsalterQueen Mary’s Psalter

David capturing Jerusalem and David capturing Jerusalem and conquering the Philistinesconquering the Philistines

England, London, c.1310-1320England, London, c.1310-1320

Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, with glosses Italy, memorabilia, with glosses Italy,

Lombardy ? 2nd half of the 14th centuryLombardy ? 2nd half of the 14th century

Holkham BibleHolkham BibleThis celebrated picture-book tells the Biblical story in Norman French, with the help of This celebrated picture-book tells the Biblical story in Norman French, with the help of

copious illustrations of everyday 14th-century England. Originally intended as a visual copious illustrations of everyday 14th-century England. Originally intended as a visual

aid for popular preachers, it is now a fascinating glimpse of real life in the time of aid for popular preachers, it is now a fascinating glimpse of real life in the time of

ChaucerChaucer..

Noah and the ArkNoah and the Ark  

Mamluk Qur’an. Egypt, 14th century Mamluk Qur’an. Egypt, 14th century This Qur'an from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt provides a splendid This Qur'an from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt provides a splendid example of a carpet page in an Islamic manuscript: the rich, ornate, example of a carpet page in an Islamic manuscript: the rich, ornate, ingeniously interwoven abstract patterns reminiscent of an exotic ingeniously interwoven abstract patterns reminiscent of an exotic

carpetcarpet..

Arabic GospelsArabic GospelsThis remarkable manuscript is very different to what the casual glance might suggest: This remarkable manuscript is very different to what the casual glance might suggest:

despite the Islamic style carpet page, and the Arabic script, this is a Christian document despite the Islamic style carpet page, and the Arabic script, this is a Christian document - an account of the Gospels - made in Palestine in the 14th century- an account of the Gospels - made in Palestine in the 14th century..

The Gorleston Psalter, made in the early fourteenth The Gorleston Psalter, made in the early fourteenth century for the church at Gorleston in Norfolk, rich in century for the church at Gorleston in Norfolk, rich in

marginal illustrations often of animalsmarginal illustrations often of animals..

Pseudo-Aristotle: “De Secretis Pseudo-Aristotle: “De Secretis Secretorum” England 1326-1327Secretorum” England 1326-1327

Aristotle and King Alexander exchanging Aristotle and King Alexander exchanging lettersletters

BreviaryBreviary

David playing upon the bellsDavid playing upon the bells

England, Norwich, 14England, Norwich, 14thth century century

BreviaryBreviaryA breviary (from Latin brevis, 'short' or 'concise') is a A breviary (from Latin brevis, 'short' or 'concise') is a

liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic

Church containing the public or canonical prayers, hymns, Church containing the public or canonical prayers, hymns,

the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use, the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use,

especially by, bishops, priests, and deacons in the Divine especially by, bishops, priests, and deacons in the Divine

Office (i.e., at the canonical hours or Liturgy of the Hours, the Office (i.e., at the canonical hours or Liturgy of the Hours, the

Christians' daily prayer). The word can also refer to a Christians' daily prayer). The word can also refer to a

collection of Christian orders of prayers and readings, such collection of Christian orders of prayers and readings, such

as contained in Anglican or Lutheran resources. In general, as contained in Anglican or Lutheran resources. In general,

the word breviary may be used to refer to an abridged the word breviary may be used to refer to an abridged

version of any text or a brief account or summary of some version of any text or a brief account or summary of some

subject, but is primarily used to refer to the Catholic subject, but is primarily used to refer to the Catholic

liturgical bookliturgical book..

Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, with Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, with glossesItaly, N. (Lombardy?); 2nd half of the 14th glossesItaly, N. (Lombardy?); 2nd half of the 14th

centurycentury

Luttrell PsalterLuttrell Psalter

England, 1325-1335England, 1325-1335

Preparations for a mealPreparations for a meal..

““Faits des RomansFaits des Romans””

Hannibal and his elephants crossing the AlpsHannibal and his elephants crossing the Alps

Italy, Naples, about 1340Italy, Naples, about 1340

Book of HoursBook of Hours

The Emperor Titus besieging The Emperor Titus besieging JerusalemJerusalem

England, London’ c.1340-1350England, London’ c.1340-1350

Building the Tower of BabelBuilding the Tower of Babel Building the Tower of Babel, with Building the Tower of Babel, with

workmen climbing up wattled workmen climbing up wattled ladderladder..The ladder rests on wattled The ladder rests on wattled scaffolding supported on bracketsscaffolding supported on brackets. . At top, a mason lays ashlar blocksAt top, a mason lays ashlar blocks. .

At foot of tower; two men mix At foot of tower; two men mix mortar, and Nimrod addresses a mortar, and Nimrod addresses a

group of mengroup of men..Image taken from Egerton Genesis Image taken from Egerton Genesis

Picture BookPicture Book. . England; circa 1360England; circa 1360..

Leaving the Ark Leaving the Ark Noah's ark on a mound, beside a Noah's ark on a mound, beside a

row of trees; linking them is the row of trees; linking them is the

rainbow, with the hand of God rainbow, with the hand of God

above emerging from a cloud. In above emerging from a cloud. In

the ark, Noah is adoring God. The the ark, Noah is adoring God. The

three sons and one of their wives three sons and one of their wives

are occupied about the ark. The are occupied about the ark. The

sons climb down the sides; a sons climb down the sides; a

dragon leaps off Shem's dragon leaps off Shem's

shoulders, and a monkey clasps shoulders, and a monkey clasps

his legs. The woman lets down a his legs. The woman lets down a

ram by the hind legs. In the ram by the hind legs. In the

foreground, are animals, foreground, are animals,

including a lion, stag, bear, and including a lion, stag, bear, and

butting ramsbutting rams

Egerton Genesis Picture BookEgerton Genesis Picture Book . .

England; circa 1360England; circa 1360

Sultan Baybars' Qur'anSultan Baybars' Qur'anOf all the British Library's collection of Qur'ans, this is the most Of all the British Library's collection of Qur'ans, this is the most

magnificent. Each of its seven volumes is written in gold, and has a magnificent. Each of its seven volumes is written in gold, and has a superb frontispiece combining intricate geometric patterns with superb frontispiece combining intricate geometric patterns with

ornamental script. It was made in Cairo between 1304 and 1306 (704-5 in ornamental script. It was made in Cairo between 1304 and 1306 (704-5 in the Islamic calendar) for a high-ranking court official called Rukn al-Din the Islamic calendar) for a high-ranking court official called Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnagir, who later became Baybars II, ruler of the Mamluk Baybars al-Jashnagir, who later became Baybars II, ruler of the Mamluk

Sultanate. This manuscript – written, unusually, in the cursive script Sultanate. This manuscript – written, unusually, in the cursive script called thuluth – is the earliest dated Qur'an from the Mamluk periodcalled thuluth – is the earliest dated Qur'an from the Mamluk period..

The Royal FamilyThe Royal Family. . Trnovo, 1355-56 Trnovo, 1355-56

Tsar Ivan Alexander's GospelsTsar Ivan Alexander's GospelsThis triumph of late medieval manuscript art was commissioned in 1355 by This triumph of late medieval manuscript art was commissioned in 1355 by Tsar Ivan Alexander, the ruler of Bulgaria who presided over a period of a Tsar Ivan Alexander, the ruler of Bulgaria who presided over a period of a

spiritual and artistic revival. Probably reserved for use in the Tsar's church spiritual and artistic revival. Probably reserved for use in the Tsar's church on high feast days, 367 fine illuminated miniatures, executed in colours on high feast days, 367 fine illuminated miniatures, executed in colours

and gold. The manuscript, which is preserved in near perfect condition, is and gold. The manuscript, which is preserved in near perfect condition, is a remarkable survival and the most celebrated work of art produced in a remarkable survival and the most celebrated work of art produced in

Bulgaria before it fell to the TurksBulgaria before it fell to the Turks..

Smithfield DecretalsSmithfield DecretalsList of contentsList of contents

England, London, c. 1330-1340England, London, c. 1330-1340

Dante Alighieri: “Divina ComediaDante Alighieri: “Divina Comedia””Scenes from the Inferno: Minos Judging; the condemnation of the carnal Scenes from the Inferno: Minos Judging; the condemnation of the carnal

sinnerssinners;;

Dante in a faintDante in a faint

Book of HoursBook of Hours

Calendar page for August: the zodiac Calendar page for August: the zodiac sign Virgo; a cooper at work sign Virgo; a cooper at work

Italia, Bologna, end of the 14 Italia, Bologna, end of the 14thth centurycentury

Luttrell PsalterLuttrell PsalterThis celebrated manuscript, the first half of the 14th century, is one of This celebrated manuscript, the first half of the 14th century, is one of

the most striking to survive from the Middle Ages. Painted in rich the most striking to survive from the Middle Ages. Painted in rich colours embellished with gold and silver, with vitality and sometimes colours embellished with gold and silver, with vitality and sometimes bizarre inventiveness of decoration, this manuscript is unlike virtually bizarre inventiveness of decoration, this manuscript is unlike virtually

any otherany other..

PseudoPseudo--Aurelius Victor, De viris Aurelius Victor, De viris illustribusillustribus

ItalyItaly3rd quarter of the 15th century3rd quarter of the 15th century

Lamech killing Cain, TubalLamech killing Cain, Tubal--cain, cain, Noah’s Ark, The Egerton Noah’s Ark, The Egerton

Genesis, Genesis, Southern England, 14th Southern England, 14th

centurycentury

Together with 19 other leaves, Together with 19 other leaves, this page forms part of a this page forms part of a

picture book of Genesispicture book of Genesis. . The The relative size of the illumination relative size of the illumination makes it a clear example of the makes it a clear example of the primacy of image over textprimacy of image over text. . In In certain cases the captions in certain cases the captions in French written by an English French written by an English scribe do not correspond with scribe do not correspond with the scenes depictedthe scenes depicted. . On this On this

page the upper scenes page the upper scenes illustrate an apocryphal illustrate an apocryphal

account apparently derived account apparently derived from the Historia Scholastica. from the Historia Scholastica. The blind Lamech, guided by The blind Lamech, guided by

his son Tubal-cain, shoots Cain his son Tubal-cain, shoots Cain with an arrow by accident, and with an arrow by accident, and

then kills his guide.then kills his guide.

Historiated initial 'V'at the beginning of Historiated initial 'V'at the beginning of Petrarch's Il Canzoniere, shown before a Petrarch's Il Canzoniere, shown before a lectern with an open book before him in lectern with an open book before him in

the bowl of the initial, and a miniature on the bowl of the initial, and a miniature on the rightthe right--hand side of the page of hand side of the page of

Petrarch's muse, Laura, beside a laurel Petrarch's muse, Laura, beside a laurel tree, framed with a threetree, framed with a three--sided border sided border

made up of foliate scrolls and gold made up of foliate scrolls and gold ballsballs.. Italy  Italy 

Petrarch , Il CanzoniereItaly, N. E. Petrarch , Il CanzoniereItaly, N. E. (Venice); 1400(Venice); 1400

““Le Canarien” Le Canarien” France, Paris, after 1404 France, Paris, after 1404..

The Expedition to the Canary The Expedition to the Canary Islands at seaIslands at sea..

Moses and people beside Moses and people beside Jordan Jordan

Opening of the Book of Opening of the Book of Deuteronomy: initial 'H' shows Moses Deuteronomy: initial 'H' shows Moses

addressing the people beside the addressing the people beside the River JordanRiver Jordan..

London? 1405-1415London? 1405-1415..

““Les Libres des HistoiresLes Libres des Histoires””

France, beginning of the 15France, beginning of the 15thth centurycentury..

The siege of TroyThe siege of Troy

Ruth gleaningRuth gleaning

Opening of the Book of Opening of the Book of

Ruth: initial 'I' shows Ruth Ruth: initial 'I' shows Ruth

gleaning, three other people gleaning, three other people

scything and collecting the scything and collecting the

crop, with Boaz and his crop, with Boaz and his

servant watchingservant watching..

Image taken from Great BibleImage taken from Great Bible

England 1405-1415England 1405-1415..

Titus Livius , translated by Pierre Bersuire, Ab Urbe Condita, Titus Livius , translated by Pierre Bersuire, Ab Urbe Condita,

the first decade onlyFrance, c. 1415 - c. 1420the first decade onlyFrance, c. 1415 - c. 1420

Building of the Tower of Building of the Tower of

Babel Babel Old Testament miniature. The Old Testament miniature. The

Building of the Tower of Babel. Building of the Tower of Babel.

Building works include stones Building works include stones

being raised on pulleys, wooden being raised on pulleys, wooden

platforms, from which a man falls, platforms, from which a man falls,

and mixing mortar. Stone being and mixing mortar. Stone being

carried by a camel. In foreground, carried by a camel. In foreground,

stonemasons working with their stonemasons working with their

toolstools

Bedford HoursBedford Hours . .

1414-14231414-1423..

Bedford HoursBedford Hours

The Building of Noah’s Ark The Building of Noah’s Ark France, Paris, c.1423 France, Paris, c.1423

The Bedford Book of Hours is The Bedford Book of Hours is an outstanding work of late an outstanding work of late medieval manuscript art. It medieval manuscript art. It

was produced for the was produced for the wedding of John, Duke of wedding of John, Duke of

Bedford, to Anne of Bedford, to Anne of Burgundy on 13 May 1423. Burgundy on 13 May 1423. Portraits of the bride and Portraits of the bride and groom, dressed in their groom, dressed in their elegant court clothes, elegant court clothes,

appear in its pages. The appear in its pages. The couple's royal status and couple's royal status and their taste for luxury are their taste for luxury are reflected in the superb reflected in the superb

quality of the manuscript, quality of the manuscript, which is lavishly decorated which is lavishly decorated

with many miniature with many miniature paintingspaintings..

John Hardyng, Chronicle of Britian to Henry VI -England John Hardyng, Chronicle of Britian to Henry VI -England

c. 1440-1450c. 1440-1450 - - Map of ScotlandMap of Scotland

““Le Livre de la Fleur des Le Livre de la Fleur des Histoires de la Terre Histoires de la Terre

d’Orientd’Orient””

The Tartars seen installing and The Tartars seen installing and honouring their leaderhonouring their leader..

France c.1440France c.1440

Jean de Wavrin: Jean de Wavrin: Chroniques d’AngleterreChroniques d’AngleterreThe camp of Brutus on The camp of Brutus on

the river Loirethe river LoireFlanders, Bruges, 1470sFlanders, Bruges, 1470s..

Antiphoner Netherlands, Antiphoner Netherlands, N.; 2nd half of the 15th N.; 2nd half of the 15th

centurycentury

Puzzle initial 'D'Puzzle initial 'D'((uemuem) ) with penwork with penwork decorationdecoration..  

An Antiphonary, Antiphonal, or Antiphoner liber, is one of An Antiphonary, Antiphonal, or Antiphoner liber, is one of

the present Catholic liturgical books. It is intended for use in the present Catholic liturgical books. It is intended for use in

choro and originally characterized, as its name implies, by choro and originally characterized, as its name implies, by

the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in

various parts of the Roman liturgy.various parts of the Roman liturgy.

Poems of Charles of Orleans Poems of Charles of Orleans and other works Flanders, and other works Flanders,

Bruges, c.1450-1460Bruges, c.1450-1460..A lover addressing three ladiesA lover addressing three ladies

Valerius Maximus: “MemorabiliaValerius Maximus: “Memorabilia””The author at work. Flanders, The author at work. Flanders,

Bruges 1479Bruges 1479

Leaf from a Gradual Netherlands, c. 1480Leaf from a Gradual Netherlands, c. 1480

Miniature of David kneeling in prayerMiniature of David kneeling in prayer

Old Testament Picture bookOld Testament Picture bookNorthern Italy, Padua, late Northern Italy, Padua, late

14th century14th century..Scenes from the Book of Scenes from the Book of

JoshuaJoshua..

Medical miscellany, Medical miscellany, including an including an astronomical astronomical

calendarEngland. calendarEngland. London? 1490 or 1491London? 1490 or 1491

Miniature of a Zodiac man, Miniature of a Zodiac man, with signs of the Zodiac signs with signs of the Zodiac signs

marked on his bodymarked on his body..

Johann Gutenberg's Johann Gutenberg's

BibleBibleProbably the most famous Probably the most famous

Bible in the world, Bible in the world,

Gutenberg's 42-line Bible is Gutenberg's 42-line Bible is

the earliest full-scale work the earliest full-scale work

printed in Europe using printed in Europe using

movable type. It was made in movable type. It was made in

Mainz, Germany by Johann Mainz, Germany by Johann

Gutenberg and associates. Gutenberg and associates.

Fewer than 50 copies of the Fewer than 50 copies of the

original now survive, in public original now survive, in public

and private collections around and private collections around

the worldthe world..

Astronomical treatises Astronomical treatises ((ffff. . 1v-266v1v-266v)), including the Almagest; , including the Almagest; Chillingworth Canons and Tables according to the Use of the Chillingworth Canons and Tables according to the Use of the

University of OxfordUniversity of Oxford..England. (London); 1490England. (London); 1490

Virgil: “Eclogues, Georgics and Virgil: “Eclogues, Georgics and AeneidAeneid””

Italy, Rome, c.1490Italy, Rome, c.1490..

The wooden horse entering the gates of Troy; The wooden horse entering the gates of Troy; Anchises carried from the city by Aeneas Anchises carried from the city by Aeneas

Temptation; Mirror of ConscienceTemptation; Mirror of Conscience The Temptation of Adam and Eve, in landscape with serpant and apples; The Temptation of Adam and Eve, in landscape with serpant and apples; the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. The Mirror of Conscience, with the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. The Mirror of Conscience, with

borders with trompe l'oeil decoration of flowers, strawberries, snail, and borders with trompe l'oeil decoration of flowers, strawberries, snail, and insectsinsects

Image taken from Hours of Joanna of CastileImage taken from Hours of Joanna of Castile . .S. Netherlands : between 1496 and 1506S. Netherlands : between 1496 and 1506..

Travels of Sir John Travels of Sir John MandevilleMandeville

Bohemia, 15 centuryBohemia, 15 century

One of the most popular books of the One of the most popular books of the late Middle Ages was the story of the late Middle Ages was the story of the exotic travel adventures of Sir John exotic travel adventures of Sir John

MandevilleMandeville..

Genesis in PicturesGenesis in PicturesJoseph interpreting the dreams of Joseph interpreting the dreams of

Pharaoh’s butler and bakerPharaoh’s butler and bakerNetherlands, second half of the Netherlands, second half of the

1515thth century century..

Moses and the Burning Bush Moses and the Burning Bush

Moses and the Burning Bush; in an Moses and the Burning Bush; in an

architectural frameworkarchitectural framework..

From the Hours of the VirginFrom the Hours of the Virgin..

Image taken from Book of HoursImage taken from Book of Hours . .

Netherlands 1500Netherlands 1500

Sherborne MissalSherborne MissalThis early 15th-century This early 15th-century

manuscript is probably manuscript is probably

the largest and most the largest and most

lavishly decorated lavishly decorated

English medieval service English medieval service

book to survive from the book to survive from the

Middle Ages. Such books Middle Ages. Such books

were mostly destroyed were mostly destroyed

or defaced during the or defaced during the

Reformation in the 16th Reformation in the 16th

century, or else century, or else

discarded as useless in discarded as useless in

subsequent centuries, subsequent centuries,

but this one has but this one has

somehow survived 500 somehow survived 500

years in wonderfully years in wonderfully

fresh conditionfresh condition..

Hajj certificateHajj certificate This beautiful scroll from the 15th This beautiful scroll from the 15th

century commemorates the hajj - the century commemorates the hajj - the

pilgrimage to Mecca - by a woman pilgrimage to Mecca - by a woman

called Maymunah. Illustrated with called Maymunah. Illustrated with

images of Mecca and other places of images of Mecca and other places of

interest en route, it is a fascinating interest en route, it is a fascinating

document that combines both document that combines both

religious and geographical religious and geographical

informationinformation..

A popular book in the late Middle Ages was the story of the travel adventures of A popular book in the late Middle Ages was the story of the travel adventures of Sir John MandevilleSir John Mandeville. . Although Mandeville was said to be an Englishman, the text Although Mandeville was said to be an Englishman, the text

incorporates a wide range of earlier material, and is focused on the Near Eastincorporates a wide range of earlier material, and is focused on the Near East. . The The story was translated into Czech, and the framed images in this manuscript story was translated into Czech, and the framed images in this manuscript

illustrate the first thirteen chapters of the Czech textillustrate the first thirteen chapters of the Czech text. . The illustrations were The illustrations were painted on an unusual green preparatory colour, probably in Prague in the second painted on an unusual green preparatory colour, probably in Prague in the second

decade of the fifteenth centurydecade of the fifteenth century. . This one represents faithfully activities in a This one represents faithfully activities in a Bohemian glassmaker’s workshopBohemian glassmaker’s workshop..

An early fifteenthAn early fifteenth--century Bohemian manuscript of century Bohemian manuscript of illustrations illustrations ((without textwithout text) ) to the Travels of Sir John to the Travels of Sir John

MandevilleMandeville..

מקורות:מקורות:

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/hightours/index.html

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/sacredthemesall.html

http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/msscataloghttp://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/msscatalog

http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news29/idpnews_29.a4d

http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/gallery.asp

http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourIntroGen.asp

http://dunhuang.mtak.hu/index-en.html

http://londonist.com/2008/08/into_the_bowels_of_the_british_libr.php

http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html

http://www.british-library.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscriptshttp://www.british-library.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts

http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?W=4&F=0001&Step=1

http://bestiary.ca/

http://www.bl.uk/ramayana

http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp

מקורות:מקורות:

""The Illuminated page – Ten centuries of manuscript The Illuminated page – Ten centuries of manuscript painting” Janet Backhousepainting” Janet Backhouse..

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