Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 /


Editorial Office:Government Brennen College, Thalassery

670106,Kerala, India

E-mail: [email protected]

Website:www.brennencollege.org

Type Setting and Printing: Computer Centre, Government Brennen

College, Thalassery

Volume 7 2012

P. R. Biju, Department of Political Science

Chief Editor

K. P. Satheesh, Principal

Editor

T. Ravindran, Department of Physics

Editorial Board

M. Ramakrishnan, Department of Philosophy

V. Kumaran, Department of Hindi

B. Efthikar Ahamed, Department of English

Jissa Jose, Department of Malayalam


Editorial

Government Brennen college, one of the premier institutions of

higher education in Kerala, developed out of the Free School established

in 1862 by Edward Brennen , a master attendant of Thalassery Port. It is

affiliated to Kannur University. The College has been identified as a Centre

of Excellence by the Government of Kerala. The College was reaccredited

by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore

with A Grade in 2010. The College offers Degree Courses in sixteen

disciplines and Post Graduate Courses in nine subjects. The departments

of English, Malayalam, Hindi, Sanskrit, Economics, Physics and Philosophy

are approved Research Centres of Kannur University. The cherished dream

of the College to bring out a research journal was fulfilled in June 2004

when ‘Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies’ was published. The

journal has been registered and assigned ISSN. In this issue we bring forth

research papers from various disciplines. It is intended to encourage and

develop research activities among students and teachers. The journal is

being published annually by Brennen College.

Editor


CONTENTS

1. The Feast Of The Goat – The Triumphant Worlds Of Power

Structure And The Passionate Metaphors Of Letdown

B. Efthikar Ahamed .................................................... ..............................1

2. The Role of English in the Making of the Male

A. C. Sreehari ................................................... ........................................8

3. Dams in Ancient India

Anandakrishnan Kunholathillath.......................................18

4. ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ - xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ ÉÊ®ú´ÉÌiÉiÉ °üÉ

B¨É. ¨ÉÉÊVÉiÉÉ ................................................................30

5. +±ÉEòÉ ºÉ®úÉ´ÉMÉÒ Eäò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ºÉÆOÉ½þ ‘Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÒ iÉ±ÉÉ¶É’ Éå xÉÉ®úÒ

ÉÒ. Ê¹ÉÊVÉxÉÉ..................................................................35

6.‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ Éå ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ

´ÉÒ. B±É. ®úÒxÉÉEÖò¨ÉÉ®ùÒú ........................................................42

7. ÉèjÉäªÉÒ ÉÖ¹ÉÉ EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå Éå +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ÉÒ. ±ÉäJÉÉ .................................................... .............................................. 48

8. ]mStØ°ndßnb Xoh≠ns°¥p]‰n?

kaImenI IhnXsb°pdn®p≈ HcmtemN\

kt¥mjv am\nt®cn ................................................... .............................53

9. \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-]-cn-kcw ae-bmfkmln-X-y- hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬:

kn.-]n.-A-N-yp-X-ta-t\ms‚ \ncq-]-W-ß-fn-eqsS Hc-t\-z-j-Ww

kn\p-tamƒ tXmak v ................................................................68

10. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hnh¿Ø\ Ie

]`m-I-c≥ sl∫m¿ C√Øv ....................................................78


11.BJym\Ønse _lpkzcX

kaImenI s]ÏhnXIsf ap≥\n¿Øn Hct\zjWw

PnkmtPmkv............................................................................................................... 85

12.Bimolecular recombination in a polydiacetylene film

T.Ravindran......................................................................94

13.Particle in a Box -A Treasure Island for Undergraduates

R.K. Sathish, P.V. Sidharthan and K. M. Udayanandan..........99

14.The Mind-Body Problem: An Historical Survey

E. Rajeevan.....................................................................116

15.

16.

123

133


THE FEAST OF THE GOAT – THE TRIUMPHANT WORLDS

OF POWER-STRUCTURE AND THE PASSIONATE

METAPHORS OF LETDOWN

B. EFTHIKAR AHAMED

Post Graduate Department of English and Research Centre

Government Brennen College, Thalassery

There is terror everywhere. Man is never safe and secure in any of

the corners. The Big Brother is always watching you! Peruvian writer Mario

Vargas Llosa’s (1936 –) magnum opus novel, The Feast of the Goat (2000),

with its concentrated and alert sequence of events, is not only just an

upsetting evaluation of the Trujillo administration, but also one of the most

trenchant and insightful accounts against any autocratic regime. It interprets

in the vein of an embroidered chronological version, sketching on the

psychosomatic treasures and wall-hanging of niceties that only creative

writing can endow with, yet generating a description so flamboyantly

rational that it airlifts the readers to have a full aerial vision and experience

of the Peruvian geography as if involving in the political dealings

straightforwardly. Look at the way of his crafty delineation of terror and

fright:

At the sound of the bell, Urania and her father become

rigid, looking at each other as if caught in some mischief.

Voices on the ground floor and an exclamation of surprise.

Hurried steps coming up the stairs. (171)

1-7 B. Efthikar Ahamed 1


When Llosa had been honored with the world’s greatest accolade

of literature by the Swedish Nobel Committee in 2010, it was a meandering

avowal that the voices in opposition to Communist ideologies were still

pertinent. Llosa was an affirmed Communist who held the Cuban Revolution

close with all its passion which he had to abscond soon after for its reshaping

totalitarian power structure. Though the critical stares of the Capitalist hawks

may arguably shift the visuals of his Nobel honor as a triumphant eulogy

of the hegemonic and the defeat of the intense metaphors of the penurious,

Llosa keeps all these aside to declare that the pangs of the human voice is

universally the same. Even though branded as profoundly political, his

literary toils vibrantly scrutinize the hazards of the triumphant worlds of

achievers as well as the passionate metaphors of letdown across the globe.

The experimentation carried out by this Latin American creator in

the vicinity of narration techniques is unparalleled and beyond-compare.

Political ideology, which gets developed into the primary motif in the realm

of his narratives, witnesses the incessant confluence of modernist and

postmodernist zest. The indefatigable saga of his journalistic being which

extends from Lima, the capital city of Peru, through Brazil, to Bolivia by

keeping the utterances all the time abreast is an elongated one of struggle

and resistance. This may take account of more than 30 tremendous classical

novels of unadulterated fortitude.

Llosa’s world is a globe of the triumphant ones who get foregrounded

with the illuminating space of power structure. That’s why his works of fiction

can be effortlessly celebrated as analysis or endeavors of conflicting

arguments on the contemporary issues of the ideological or opinionated

affiliations as shortcuts as well as supporting factors to the limelight of power

structure. The Green House (1965), Conversation in the Cathedral (1969),

Aunt Julia and the Typewriter (1977), and The Way to Paradise (2003) are a

few to be endorsed with this thematic depiction.



The Feast of the Goat becomes an inevitable presence in the literary

world by narrating the story of the individual’s struggle for free will

surrounded by a tyrannical veracity which progressively becomes

perceptible. The world constructed here can be better labeled as that of

confrontations in opposition to the inadequacy of the social order, such as

subjugation and disheartenment by the politically influential and

authoritative. The Swedish Academy’s admiration of Llosa at the time of

the declaration of the grand honor “for his cartography of the structures

of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt and

defeat” and the latter’s remark on it as “it’s very difficult for a Latin American

writer to avoid politics; literature is an expression of life, and you cannot

eradicate politics from life” cannot be estranged in any investigation of his

narrative techniques used in The Feast of the Goat. With his anti-totalitarian

scholasticism he very powerfully ranges the basic nature of human

experience. He shares this antagonism against the politically designed and

decided world with his contemporaries like Gabriel García Márquez,

Octavio Paz, Julio Cortázar and Carlos Fuentes, who fashioned the region’s

“Boom Generation.”

An authoritative totalitarian may argue that the legal aspect of the

modern world is another form of oppression. This oppression may refer to

the subordination of a given group or social category by unjust use of force,

authority, or societal norms in order to achieve the effects noted above.

When established, it extends up to the dimension of a collective oppressing

tendency. It is customarily experienced as a consequence of, and

expressed in, the form of a prevailing, if unconscious, assumption that the

given target is in some way inferior. The authoritarian structure of such

oppression has been portrayed appallingly in The Feast of the Goat:

A few days after that cruel October 9, when he and his five

cellmates were moved to La Victoria – they were hosed

down and the clothes they were wearing when they were



arrested were returned to them – Turk was a walking

corpse. Not even the possibility of having visitors – half an

hour, on Thursdays – and hugging and kissing his wife,

Luisito, and Carmen Elly, could melt the ice that had formed

around his heart after he read General Piro Estrella’s public

letter to Ramfis Trujillo. (400-401)

This novel also, like many of his other novels, covers the aura of

abstemious and solemn arguments of the world with a bleak tone. The

audacious investigation of humanity’s susceptibility to romanticize

aggression, description of man prepared devastation fetched on by

extremism received this work of fiction a generous appreciation.

The novel depicts the moments of the life of Urania Cabral, a New

York attorney, who comes back to the Dominican Republic after a life-

stretched self-forced exile; and how this woman’s own chronicle fluctuates

with the potent pinnacle of Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorial sovereignty. The tale

is located in and around 1961. Trujillo’s degenerated and corrupt personal

sphere, which incorporates Urania’s hurriedly dishonored father, takes

pleasure in the sumptuousness of advantages while the remaining souls of

the homeland merely exist in trepidation and dispossession. But after the

assassination of its despicable authoritarian, the Dominican Republic is

driven into the outlandish nightmare of a blood-spattered and undecided

repercussion.

Llosa’s mesmerizing description of a political faction gets uncovered

along with the development of the personal flashes of Urania in this faultless

handling of the homicidal dictatorial system of Dominican Republic’s

brawny man Rafael Trujillo. There are other Latin American authors

including Junot Díaz who attempted to portray the totalitarian regime of

Trujillo. But what makes Llosa’s The Feast more significant in its narrative

ease is the juxtaposition of the life of the protagonist with the threatening



ethos surrounding with the regime with a greater inquisitiveness in the latter

for many miscellaneous and divergent tones of voice.

This sort of a passionate combination of the metaphors of letdown

along with the triumphant worlds of power structure gets foregrounded in

other novels like The Green House which narrates the reverberations of

life occurring in the region of a brothel named ‘the Green House’. Bonifacia,

the heroin is illustrated as one who has been schizophrenically tattered as

a pure and devoted girl to be religiously baptized and as a later-

transformed prostitute due to the manipulation of the military regime. This

is an investigation and analysis of the admonition of Peru’s societal

establishments. The modern Latin American critic Gerald Martin comments

on this novel as “One of the greatest novels to have emerged from Latin

America”. The amalgamation of the two – the triumphant world of the power

structure and the passionate metaphors of letdown – are flawlessly

intermingled in this novel too as the themes become visible in the literary

world to be the two sides of a coin. Both Urania and Bonifacia are the

representatives of the letdown.

The enticement in Llosa’s assorted volumes is to have the entire

sequence of events emit outward from the faction of individuality at the

midpoint of the despotism. Yet he identifies with that the most baneful

characteristics of these administrations are differently sort possessions,

those tortuous traditions in which superior communities are pressurized or

squashed enthusiastically into malevolent involvement. A narrative about

the impiety of one man is a much more effortless chronicle to inscribe, but

also a much painless account to situate aside and disregard. Llosa

accomplishes more profound, and discloses how an entire ruling category

can develop into dishonored in a never-finishing twirl of horror and

weakness.



Llosa, sometimes may be blamed as an author who locates

insignificant opinionated troupe at the heart of his works for highlighting

the theme of the dominant worlds of power structure and the fanatical

descriptions of letdown. The Feast of the Goat also allocates the same

censure: Urania is a disillusioned lady who shatters with her father, Agustín

Cabral who has been an associate of Trujillo’s interior round, over his panic

stricken enthusiasm to surrender the whole thing to remain buoyant in a

globe constructed in the region of one’s own impulses. Each of these two

tastelessly illustrated personalities is, like scores of other figures in this

kaleidoscopic sequence of events presented both as prey and sufferer,

conqueror and rogue, and survivor and martyr. Many other characters

are real historical figures: Johnny Abbes García, the intelligence chief under

Trujillo whose mercilessness harmonized that of his boss; Antonio Imbert

Barrera, a schemer in the elimination of the tyrant who hazards everything

and, in an astounding twist of actions, ultimately develops into the President

of the nation; Joaquín Balaguer, a perceptible stature in the Trujillo

totalitarianism who in due course exposes amazing shrewdness and

endurance impulses in the wake of his innocent outer surface. Llosa not

only narrates their chronicles, but takes them to existence so ostentatiously,

that it is difficult to envisage any historian managing these forms with better

realism.

In the region of these characters, Vargas Llosa drafts scores of other

personalities, with their superior or slighter positions in the recounting

catastrophe. He endeavors the complex mission of encircling a completely

offended social order in the folios of The Feast of the Goat. Even though a

toil of this scale could, with no trouble, collapse apart under its own

heaviness of characterization, or else acquire vanished in a muddle of its

own edifice, Llosa is in absolute command, and he fashions an inflexible,

motivated work that never delays, or never reconciles for sheer melodrama.



There are many other easily recognizable features in this novel, apart

from the successful worlds of power structure and the horribly passionate

metaphors of defeat which will take the breath of the readers: it is

unforgettable in its possession of the epic tone; it encloses the reverberation

of the past; it exposes calamity crisscrossing catastrophe, in excess of

concentric spheres stretching out from the hold of power; it is a tale of morals

in sobering proportions; it is a sharp reading of human psychology in a

period of trauma. But, above all, The Feast of the Goat is a very impressive

memento of the triumphant worlds of power structure and how this structure

shapes the passionate metaphors of the letdown in an extraordinary

manner.

References:

Frye, Northrop. Spiritus Mundi: Essays on Literature and Myth and Society.

Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1976. Print.

Highwater, Jamake. The Language of Visions: Meditations on Myth and

Metaphor. New York: Grove, 1994. Print.

Llosa, Mario Vargas. The Feast of the Goat. London: Faber and Faber, 2001.

Print.



THE ROLE OF ENGLISH IN THE MAKING OF THE MALE

A CRITIQUE OF THE CANONICAL POEMS IN ENGLISH

A. C. SREEHARI

Department of English

Payyannur College, Payyannur

Studies on language and literature are largely confined nowadays

to the analysis of the discursive construction of the female alone. This

construction of the female but would automatically envisage a male other

is not looked into seriously. This male other is more or less incomprehensible

or unidentifiable. The male emerging through the discourses could be

treated as a ‘radical other’, as the French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas

(1994) conceived it. The search for the male identities in the present paper

becomes relevant in this context.

English has been working as a major apparatus in our language

and literature class rooms to produce knowledge and circulate it to civilise

the natives, right from the days of the colonialists. So, Studies on English as

a subject of study or part of school as well as college curriculum in Kerala

is significant because of colonial mediations. The attempt here is to look at

how English Studies/Studies in English1, serve as an Ideological State

Apparatus by way of institutionalizing a Eurocentric literary/cultural history,

legitimizing the European, White, Male as a model for the cultural

enlightenment of the natives. One can see that knowledge is a category

that gets produced and circulated in a society and gets mediated in different

ways. In fact certain segments of the society decide what is to be counted

8-17 A. C. Sreehari 8


as knowledge in given moments of social development. It is in this context

that one looks at the colonial mediations which have been handing down

literary as well as cultural ideology in Kerala.

Macaulay, who laid foundation for the English education in India

through his Minutes (1835), made clear that the coloniser’s objective in

spreading English education was to form a class “Indian in blood and colour,

but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.” (Raveendran

25) With their political and intellectual authority, the British could succeed

in realising what they envisaged. The colonial authority masqueraded itself

as a set of universal values about truth, rationality and knowledge. The

codes of orientalism that came to be internalised by the elite of the colonies

retain legitimacy even now (Ramakrishnan 7).

There was a consensus that English should be taught in schools and

in the universities in order that we must keep ourselves in touch with “the

living stream of ever-growing knowledge”.2 Further, even in the global post-

libera(lisa)tion period, in regional universities3, English studies continued

for a considerable period along the colonial paradigm in the selection of

certain texts and approaching them. The result was that Macaulay’s ill-

famous statement dubbed the entire native literature of India and Arabia

as worth nothing more than “a single shelf of a good European library,”

(Raveendran 47) got acceptance and English Literature was taught to

civilize the barbaric Indians - to make people part of the West.4

The introduction of English studies is to be seen as a political project

and the purpose of this has been spelt out in a somewhat crude way by an

English official called J. Farish in a Minute that he issued for the Bombay

Presidency: “The natives must either be kept down by a sense of our power,

or they must willingly submit from a conviction that we are more wise, more

just, more humane and more anxious to improve their condition than any

other rulers they could possibly have.” (42) This perception was at the heart



of ancient Sanskrit poetics as well, which obviously was one reason why

the European view found immediate acceptability in the Oriental world in

the era of modernity and colonization. At the same time the Europeans

were quick to patent their poetics with its scientific claim.5 A thick division

of science and non science was made, such that literature would lose to the

more credible, useful and utilitarian based science.

Empires needed to know about the colonies – geology, geography,

cartography, and statistics. What was left to plunder was their prime motive,

both material and otherwise. Imperialism must have come to an end, but

not the ‘Empire,’ a huge network of cultural production and exchange whose

logic of rule, in step with the process of globalization, brings the entire

world under its command (15).

The incorporation of Indian English texts, Indian filmmakers, regional

literature texts in translation, comparative literature and translation studies

etc. into the curriculum didn’t guarantee anything as the theoretical

paradigm of these studies was in the pressure of colonial hegemony. The

literary historians would be co-opted by the aesthetic ideology and

reproduce the identical ideology. Literary histories have been acting as

important means of disseminating and appropriating cultural capital in

colonial and post colonial Kerala (73). We were almost having a cultural

amnesia, forgetful of the ‘cultural roots’ of the local languages, focusing on

global mobility.

Canons of literature are constructed as normative, which however

are argued to be part of a project of the West which only serves to freeze

the ‘Oriental’ subject, while giving an unquestioning authority to the

‘Enlightened’ European patriarchal subject. The ideologies of the reform

movements and educational enterprises in Kerala could not be extricated

from the notion of academics in that, the colonizers undertook much of

their humanizing and civilizing activities in the colonies with the help of



literary works that were notified as carrying material of enormous aesthetic

and universal value (11). Europeans have used their knowledge of the

Orient to hold power over it. These may be referred to be aesthetic

mythologisations through which several Euro-centric notions are smuggled

into the imaginaries of the subject (8).

E.V. Ramakrishnan notes that “[w]hile English came to represent

truth, modernity, secularism and rationality, Indian languages became

synonymous with backwardness, superstition and obscurantism (13). On

the beginning of English literary studies in the country, Gauri Viswanathan

says that the “British colonial administrators, provoked by missionaries on

the one hand and fears of native insubordination on the other, discovered

an ally in English literature to support them in maintaining control of the

natives under the guise of a liberal education” (1989:105). This applies

equally to the introduction of English language studies, as well as that of all

kinds of Eurocentric academic discourses.

Although many people say that literature and other works depicting

the East are only done with honest and sincere fascination, the truth is that

many times those authors and artists can depict the East in a very biased

way. The English Romantic poet, son of a British parliamentarian, Percy

Bysshe Shelley’s much anthologized poem in Universities, “Ozymandias,”

one which, although the author seems to have had no ill motivation, can be

interpreted to say that ancient Egyptians, and colonial-period Egyptians

by extension, were barbarians, passionate in their anger and lust for power,

sinful hedonists, and eventually doomed due to all of their uncivilized ways

of life. People may continue to debate the validity of Edward Said’s

discussion of orientalism (1978), but in the mean time, one might do well to

try and be sensitive and aware of why and how they are getting represented

in colonial literature and other discursive forms like films still in circulation

through the curriculum in the postcolonial scenario.



Studies on orientalism have demonstrated that the political control

of colonies was facilitated by interventions in matters of culture, education

and law. The range and reach of colonial discourses that inform the sites of

the postcolonial nation have been extensive. Orientalism as the unwritten

ideology of the colonial state apparatus, set in motion a large number of

stereotypes, myths and fantasies about the ‘East’ and invested them with

the stamp of official truth through the machinery of political power.

(Ramakrishnan 7).

An analysis of some of the poems that have found their way in the

syllabi of various universities including the universities of Kannur and

Calicut, may be quite revealing in the way in which it carries on the process

of Orientalizing. “Ozymandias” by P.B. Shelley is usually anthologized as a

masterful sonnet. Editors6 would generally end up their notes commenting

that the poem is essentially pivoted upon a single metaphor: the shattered,

ruined statue in the desert wasteland, with its arrogant, passionate face

and megalomaniacal inscription. The once-great king’s proud boast has

been ironically disproved; Ozymandias’s works have crumbled and

disappeared, his civilization is gone, all has been turned to dust by the

indiscriminate, destructive power of time. The ruined statue is now merely

a monument to one man’s pride, and a powerful statement about the

insignificance of human beings to the passage of time. The teachers and

students would take the central theme of “Ozymandias” for the inevitable

decline of all leaders, and of the empires they build, however mighty in

their own time.

A symptomatic reading of the poem would bring out the colonial

politics that underpins the imagination of the English poet. Egypt is widely

regarded by the West as an important political and cultural nation of the

Middle East. The 2008 edition of the travel guide (Lonely Planet’s guide) to

Egypt says that the poem was inspired by the fallen statue of Ramesses II

at the Ramesseum, a memorial temple built by Ramesses at Thebes, near



Luxor in Upper Egypt.7 This statue, however, does not have “two vast and

trunkless legs of stone”, nor does it have a “shattered visage” with a “frown

and wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command.” (In fact, it is said, all statues

of Egyptian kings have a uniform expression of serene benevolence.)8 Nor

does the base of the statue at Thebes have any inscription, although

Ramesses’s name is inscribed on the statue itself.

The Old Testament image of Egypt as the land of enslavement for

the Hebrews predominated, and ‘Pharaoh’ became a synonym for

despotism and oppression in the 19th century. However, Enlightenment

thinking and colonialist explorations in the late 18th century renewed their

interest in ancient Egypt as both a model for, and an exotic alternative to,

Western culture.9 The poem thus can be read out as a cultural construct of

the vested interest of the West. Such a cruel male could never be tolerated

with!. The British kings were ‘benevolent despots’ of the Tudor dynasty,

according to their own on historians. Or they have constructed a history of

such a West to be taught in Indian schools and colleges. Moreover, they

have constructed a history for us as well, depicting the indigenous kings

as despots. It became their humanitarian duty to free we people from the

clutches of such unruly rules and civilize us.

For centuries, people of the western cultures have been travelling

to the eastern countries after hearing about the wonders that others have

encountered here. When European nations began colonizing Asian

countries, they took with them their own ideals and moral values and

projected them onto the new cultures which they were ‘discovering’. The

fact that many of those works construct a twisted image of their subjects to

degrade and colonize Asian countries should be studied systematically.

This construction happened right before the colonization of Asian countries

when the colonizers looked for all the possible evidence that they could

find which would support a view of the natives as ‘barbarians.’ By turning

people of Asian and Middle-Eastern cultures into the ‘other,’ the unfamiliar



groups of peoples who did not know about civilized ways of living, it was

easier for countries looking for new lands to justify the invasion and

colonization of those cultures.

For Karl Marx, Oriental Despotism was a quality ascribed to the large

cities of the Middle East and Asia, which could not have been truly

independent, mainly due to their geographical location. He described it

as the “Asiatic Mode of Production”, which prevented such states from

progressing and required an outside (Western) force to enforce

‘progressive’ reforms. Romila Thaper is of the opinion that Marx was totally

opposed to the interests of British imperialism. But Marx had believed that

the coming of the British as the means by which despotism in India could

be terminated (1975:11-12).

Orientalism was not only about constructing the traditions of East as

barbaric, despotic, but also about propagating what real ‘progress’ was.

One of the most significant ways in which this was done was to perpetuate

normative models of genders. As per this Oriental discourse, gendered

identities and sexualities were constructed in terms of a heterosexual

paradigm defined by a patriarchal tradition. This was to put in place the

passive femininity and the macho masculinity as its protagonists, which

was to find their way into the literary texts that form the canon.

One of the best-known of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare,

another much anthologized poem, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s

day?” have been typically taught in our class rooms as discussing the love

and beauty of a beloved, often an unattainable love. The sonnet becomes

part of the elitist and enlightened white culture which is male centred.

Woman is marginal to this world. All ‘great’ works of Shakespeare have

been considered to be tragedies where the male reign supreme. The female

is peripheral to the world of significant men.



When woman comes to the centre in the romantic period as a subject

of poetry, she is cast from the male perspective. An example could be

Keats’ “La Belle Dame sans Merci,” the title of an early fifteenth-century

French poem which belongs to the tradition of courtly love. Keats

appropriates this phrase for a ballad which has been generally read as

the story of a seductive and treacherous woman who tempts men away

from the real world and then leaves them, their dreams unfulfilled and their

lives blighted. A fatal woman conventionally tempts man with her beauty

and ultimately causes his destruction. Keats allies himself with the male

against the female, making the knight a helpless victim. The male voice

both appropriates and silences the female. We never hear what the dame

thought or felt. This poem thus becomes a case of ‘Harassing the muse,’ an

unwarranted sexual and verbal assault upon a female whose response is

neither listened to nor recorded.

Texts produce “masculine domination” and we fail to understand it.

As Pierre Bourdieu10 asks,“What are the mechanisms and institutions

which make possible the continued reproduction of this age-old domination

by men?” is to be interrogated. “And is it possible to neutralise them in

order to liberate the forces for change which they are instrumental in

blocking?” is to be seen. An analysis of syllabi of our Universities which

reproduced the male with the consent of the state would be a step towards

such liberation.

End Notes

1 Kannur University English Department in the Palayad Campus, formerly

part of the University of Calicut, bears the name Studies in English rather

than English Studies.

2 Radhakrishnan Commission http://www.kkhsou.in/main/education/

education_1948.html Accessed on 01.04.2012.



3 The erstwhile Malabar was under the direct rule of the British and the

present University of Kannur falls within that territory. Though named at

first as Malabar University in 1995, Kannur University could

‘deterritorialise’ itself from the colonial connections by renaming it, the

very next year. Calicut University has not yet been renamed as

Kozhikode University in its English titles though in Malayalam they have it

done. The motto that Govt. Brennen Colle ge, Thalassery, carries in the

Calendar 2011- 2012 would speak of some colonial mediations prevalent

in those days. It says that Brennen is “To give to ‘boys’ of all /

Castes, Creeds and Colour / A sound English Education”.

4 The CCSS Curriculum introduced by The Higher Education Council, under

Dr. K.N. Panikar and the texts designed for the Kannur University in this

context was an attempt to subvert this to a great extent.

5 C. Padmanaban, Inaugural talk, Payyanur College English Association

2011-12, 30 Jan. 2012. He made a reference to a comment by the late

Steve Jobs, an ambassador of the Apple Computers/multimedia, as to how

the Indian philosophical talk about darkness and light becomes obsolete

with the invention of the electric bulb by Edison, is significant in this respect

that even today such ideas are getting circulated about the East.

6 The book edited by Dr. K.C. Muraleedharan for Kannur University is the

first of its kind to problematise Ozimandias in these lines. See

Muraleedharan, K.C. ed. Reading Literature in English . Bangalore:

Foundation Books, 2009. http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/syllabus.htm

7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias Accessed on 26.01.2009.

8 http://www.enotes.com/topic/Ozymandias Accessed on 26.01.2009.

9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination

Accessed on 26.01.2009.

10 http://mondediplo.com/1998/10/10bourdieu Accessed on

06.06.2012.



References

Muraleedharan, K.C. ed. Reading Literature in English. Bangalore:

Foundation Books, 2009.

Ramakrishnan, E.V. Locating Indian Literature: Texts, Traditions, Translations.

Chennai: Orient Blackswan, 2011.

Raveendran, P.P. Texts Histories Geographies: Reading Indian Literature.

Chennai: Orient Blackswan, 2009.

Thapar, Romila. The Past and Prejudice. New Delhi: National Book Trust,

1975.

Viswanathan, Gauri. Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in

India. New York: Columbia UP, 1989.



DAMS IN ANCIENT INDIA

ANANDAKRISHNAN KUNHOLATHILLATH

Department of Sanskrit

Government Brennen College, Thalassery

Introduction

Water is recognized as an important resource without which

life in earth cannot exist. According to ancient Indian texts, water is one

among the basic five elements called ‘Pancabhutas’ with which the universe,

the cosmic world comprises of; earth, light/heat, air and ether/space being

the other four elements. Ancient people depended more on agriculture

and they realized that water is an essential resource for their existence

and subsequently they developed water harvesting methods in myriad

forms for storing monsoon water for the dry months. They used the then

available empirical knowledge and techniques for construction of water

works. Ancient Sanskrit texts and inscriptions provide interesting

information on water storage structures and their management. Here the

word ‘ancient’ is not limited to the period in history as defined by historians

but it signifies the period of human civilization in India till the western

colonial invasion. In this paper, an attempt has been made to bring out

some details on dams and embankments constructed in ancient India. The

indigenous technology used for construction of these water storage

structures is also examined here.

18-29 K. Anandakrishnan 18


Dams

A dam is a barrier that is constructed across a river or stream

so that water can be held back or impounded to supply water for drinking

or irrigation and to control flooding. Dam technology is a very ancient one.

The earliest recorded dam is believed to have been built across the river

Nile about 2900 BC to supply water to Memphic, the capital of King Menes1.

The history of construction of dams in India goes back to pre-Harappan

period. In the Indian sub-continent, the earliest dam is believed to have

been built of stone rubbles by Zoroastrians in Baluchistan. Dams built of

stone rubbles called Gabarbands are seen in Kutch and Brick bunds have

been found in Karachi. The dating of these dams is said to be very difficult.

However, on the evidence of pottery found in that area, archeologists

assigned the date to pre-Harappan period. About the construction of

Gabarbands, M.K. Dhavalikar says:

There are several methods of construction, the most common

being a series of platforms which are about 60-120 cm high.

They rise in successively receding steps, gradually narrowing

towards the top. Dams of this type are common in the Hab valley

while some of these dams are small, there are others which are

as long as 1 km or even longer. The construction of these dams

involved immense skill in labour and engineering. These dams

were probably used for the controlling flood water and for

retaining the alluvium coming from the hills.2

The Arthaçästra

With many other subjects that are suitable for a ‘Welfare

Country’, Kautilya deals the subject of water works and agriculture in the

Arthaçästra written in 300 B.C. He says that the King should construct

reservoirs (setu) , and fill them with water , either perennial or from some

other source. Or he should provide with sites, roads, timber, and other

1Water Management Traditions in India , p.142 The Dying Wisdom , p.21.



necessary things to those who construct reservoirs of their own accord.

Whoever stays away from such kind of cooperative construction should

send his servants and bullocks to carry on his work and should share the

expenditure, but he should have no claim to the profit3. Kautilya says that

the state should not only construct reservoirs of water but also should give

necessary support for private contractors who undertake to build such

reservoirs. The garakaaN (Govt. Superintendent of City) shall make daily

inspection of water reservoirs4. Though private ownership of water works

were encouraged, the ownership of a tank will be lost if it is not used for

five years, except in times of distress, and it was possible for a person to

sell or mortgage his tank5. Kautilya suggests not to destroy the disused

tanks and waterless tanks.

Kautilya used the term setu primarily to refer an embankment

or dam which is built for holding water. According to him, two types of setu

are constructed 6. They are:

1. Sahodakasetu – It refers to tanks, wells etc. which are fed by natural

springs of water.

2. Ahäryodakasetu – It is an embankment between two hills and diverts

river water through a canal.

Among these two types of reservoirs, according to Kautilya, the

former is preferable. He says that among the sahodaka type of setu, one

which irrigates a larger area is better7. From this we can infer that before

building a dam, the engineers were directed to learn about the maximum

benefit of the reservoir.

The Räjatarangiëi

The Räjatarangiëi is a chronicle of ancient Kashmir written

by Kalhana in 1148-1150 AD. In this book he has given a detailed account

of well concieved and maintained dams and irrigation canals during 8-12th


3 Arthaçästra 2.1.22-23 4Ibid. 3.36.27 5 Ibid. 3.9.32,34 6 Ibid. 2.1.207 Ibid. 7.12.4-5


century AD which played a significant role in the development of Kashmir.

M.A. Stein, who translated the book into English with an introduction,

commentary and appendices, could identify such few canals which Kalhana

claimed were constructed during the tenure of different rulers of Kashmir.

Apart from the irrigation canals from rivers and lakes, dams were also

constructed with a network of canals and series of arghat (water wheels)

and they distributed water in different regions of the country. It is said that

the town of Damodara-suda was entirely in scarcity of water and an artificial

irrigation canal named Guddasetu8 was constructed. There is a reference

to diverting a river called Candrakulya by the King Mihirakula9 .The King

Pravarasena II built a bridge called Great Bridge (Brhat Setu) in Vitasta

(now called Jhelum) river. It was made of wood and later numerous

permanent wooden bridges (also called boat-bridges) were built over the

river Vitasta10.

During the reign of King Avanthivarman in the 9th century AD, a

learned man of great vision called Suyya drained the flood water of Vitasta

and locked the entire river for a week. In the meantime, he organized

hundreds of men to clear the bed of the Vitasta and the boulders were

removed where the river rolled down between precipices. He constructed

a stone embankment for a length of 13Km to construct a dam. It is called

padmaaMah (now called Wular Lake) and now it is the largest fresh water

lake in India - into which the Vitasta flows. Wherever the banks of the

Vitasta were vulnerable, strong stone embankments were constructed. It

is recorded that Suyya could make a drastic change in the topology of

Kashmir as well as he could make surplus earning for the treasury and

could help to rise the living condition of people.

Inscriptions

The Sanskrit Junagadh inscription engraved on a rock dated

back to 150 A.D, credits Rudradaman I who repaired the embankment of

10 Ibid. Vol III.354

8 Rajatarangini Vol. I. p:156 9 Ibid. Vol. I.318



the lake Sudarçana, which was constructed by Pushyagupta, who was the

Governor of Chandragupta Maurya of 4th century B.C. for checking floods.

This lake was created by an embankment across the river Palasini and

Suvarna-sikata11. Another inscription at Junagadh which is dated back to

Skandagupta (455-467 AD) proves the restoration of the lake Sudarçana

by Chakrapalita. He restored the embankment of the lake as it was burst

as a consequence of excessive rain in 455-456 AD12. B.M. Pande opines as

follows13.

The two inscriptions have several common features. Both

mention the name of the lake as Sudarçana tatäka or tadäka.

The inscriptions also mention that the lake was created by

Setubandhana or embankment across the river Palasini

(Rudradaman’s inscription also mentions Suvarnasikata) and

other streams. The term setu or setubandhana which means

embankment is commonly found in several Sanskrit texts. Each

of these inscriptions gave detailed measurements of the breach

caused and the time taken to repair and restore the embankment

which originally had an earthen core and stone facings on both

sides. This time-tested method of construction was followed

throughout the country until cement and concrete started

replacing it.

During the course of his work on the Sudarçana lake, eminent

historian R.N. Mehta, located the waste weir which had been cut across the

Joganiyo hill, locally called the Dungar. It is still possible to see similar

waste weirs cut across the hills in the construction of several artificial lakes.14

A number of dams or embankments were built in early India

which exemplified the ancient merit of engineering feats. The Grand Anicut,

built by the Chola King Karikalan around Ist century AD, also known as the

Kallanai is an ancient dam built on the river Kaveri. It is considered one of

the oldest water diversion and regulation structure in the world. It is a

11A History of Water Management and Hydraulic Technology in India, p:5412The Dying Wisdom p:17 13 Ibid. 14Ibid.


·

· ·


massive dam of stone, 329 m long, 13 to 19 m wide and about 6 m high

across the river. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the

Käveri across the region for irrigation. It was greatly improved by the British

Government and is functioning even today15.

The construction of Bhopal Lake16 is another example. The Paramara

ruler Bhoja of Bhopal constructed an embankment across two hills in 11th

century A.D and created a huge artificial lake called Bhojapäla. It was a

huge lake which was fed by 365 streams. It is said that this lake was the

largest artificially created lake in Indian Peninsula before the introduction

of modern technology, which covered nearly 65,000 hectares of land, and

in places, more than 30 m deep and was surrounding by high hills on all

sides. The myth behind the construction of the lake goes as follows. The

King Bhoja was stricken with a severe illness which the court physician failed

to cure. A holy prophet predicted that he would die unless he was able to

construct a huge lake which is fed by 365 streams. The efficient engineers

of the King went to the valley of Vindhyan range in search of such a place.

A valley was ultimately discovered, and subsequently enclosed, which

included the headwaters of the river ivataVetr (Betwa). But the engineers

were disappointed to find that only 356 streams could be fed into such a

lake. The requisite number to made up 365 streams were then pointed out

by Kalia, a Gond Chief, by whose name the river is still known today as

Kaliasot or Kalia’s river. He proposed to redirect the missing river and its

tributaries to this lake. Historian and archeologist W. Kincaid, who surveyed

the lake appraises the ability of those engineers who skillfully redirected

another river, which rises 32 km to the west into Betwa valley. According

to him, the legend preserves two important facts: That the drainage area

of the source of Betwa was insufficient to fill the lake, and that the lake thus

formed was of an unusual size. It is said that the rules followed in the

construction of this dam, ie, tanks on the higher and lower levels, was as

mentioned in the Arthaçästra.17

15 Water Management Traditions in India , p.84,85 16The Dying isdom, p.17.17Ibid. p.18



B.M. Pande says:

The waste weir cuts through the solid rock of one of the lower

hills. It is situated at the apex of a triangular valley, and is

probably 3 km from the great dam in a direct line. Its position,

so far from the dam, according to Kincaid, provides further proof

of the practical ability of the engineers of that time. Any error in

levels would have quickly destroyed the dam which, though

stone- faced on both sides, was filled in by earth and could not

have withstood heavy overflows for long. The second bund was

thrown across the only other opening of the valley, which turned

the Kaliasot off its course at right angle into the Betwa.18

In 1434 AD, this embankment was destructed by Hoshang Shah.It is

recorded by contemporary historian Sahib Haleim in Ma’asir-e-Mahmud

Shahi. It is said that the destruction of the embankment and drying up of

the lake caused a drastic change in the climate of Malva and the town of

Vidisa became more prone to floods.

During the first half of the 13th century a tank called

Dharmakirti - Mail-Samudra was constructed by Mailamba, in Khammam

district of Andhra Pradesh by throwing a strong bund of earth and stone

across a valley between two hillocks. In 14th century AD, under the

patronship of King Bhaskara Bavadura constructed a huge tank in Andhra

Pradesh with many sluices and created an artificial lake called

garaS-jar-Anant 19. An inscription, which is dated back to 1369 AD, throws

light to the construction of the dam. It took a period of two years to complete

the work and one thousand labourers were working every day. One

hundred carts were employed to get stones for the walls. The bund consists

of four natural hills connected by three earthen dams riveted by Cudappah

slabs. The lake is 12 km in length and 4 km in breadth. The total length of

the artificial bund is 1370m and 10.5 m high. At the deepest section, the

bund is 46 m wide at the bottom and gradually become reduced as about

18Ibid. p.18. 19Water Management and Hydraulic Technology in India p: 58



4 m at the top. Improved version of this lake stands today near the

Porumamilla village20. Rana Uday Sing of Rajasthasn is credited to create

the lake Udayasgar by building a dam between two hills at the Udaipur

valley. He completed this work on 1565 and irrigated about 600 hectares

of land. The embarkment of the lake had about 55 m width and the lake

was about 3.5 km long. King Rajasimha of Rasjasthan built a dam in river

Gomati near Kankroli and created an artitificial lake called Rajsamand21.

The work was started in 1662 and was completed after 14 years. The

embankment was 183 m in length and 64 m in width. The side towards the

lake is fronted by ghats with a flight of steps built of marbles. On the upper

most level of these ghats had pillared pavilians of remarkable elegance.

Krishna Deva constructed the great dam and channel at Korragal, and the

Basavanna channel in 1521. Another great work of his was the construction

of an enormous tank or dammed-up lake which he carried out with the aid

of Joao de la Ponte, a Portuguese engineer. It was intended partly for

irrigation purpose, and partly for the supply of water to the new city of

Nagalapur. It was built at the mouth of two hills, and in order to this end he

broke down a hill. Innumerable people worked on the dam and it is

recorded that sixty human beings were offered in sacrifice to ensure the

security of the dam22.

The tank structures23 provided multiple purposes and the

ancient society was well aware of them.

· Nadi, Tanka, Kund or Kui are different local names for ancient water

tanks made for conserving water for drinking purposes. Nadis are used to

store water for drinking purpose in Jodhpur. They were used for irrigation

in Ajmer. Nadi is also called Johad.

· Eri, Cheruvu, Kalvai, Kunta, Ahar, Pokhar , Beel etc. are water tanks

or embankments made in ancient India for both drinking and irrigation

21 Water Management and Hydraulic Technology in India p: 5922A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of

India , Ch.12 23Water Management Traditions in India , p.90-95 18-29 K. Anandakrishnan 25

20The Dying Wisdom p: 290


purposes. Ahars were indigenously developed tanks used for irrigation in

South Bihar .

· Certain other water tanks like Khadin in Rajasthan, Bundhies in

Madhyapradesh and Rapats in Rajasthan were built for improving soil

moisture, and to induce deep percolation to ground water apart from

satisfying irrigation requirements.

The ancient technology behind Dam Construction

In ancient India, Dams and big earthern embankments

appear to have been designed not only with a sophisticated knowledge of

dam engineering but also with an understanding of the principles of basin

water balance. The systematized practice of irrigation engineering was

known as PäthaÇästra in ancient texts. Engineers specialized in water

works were known as PäthaÇästravid.

The ancient method of dam construction built earthen

embankments24. After the site selection, two strong stone walls are built

and then it is filled with earth. Stones and earth were dumped and trodden

to make the bund firm and as a result the width of the bund was increased.

The proportion of height to width was one to four. To make the stone veneer

water proof, lime mortar or some mixture of lime was used. The use of lime

in construction of dams is also ascertained by the Sanskrit term ‘Sudha-

jivin’ where sudha means lime and jivin means one who lives by. These

embankments were provided with sluices or outlets in order to release the

water stored in lake. The type and nature of sluices were varied; however,

the most common was use of strong timber shutters which were slide down

grooves made in stone wall.

Components of dams or embankments were25:

1. Catchment area : It is the area from which run off water is collected.

The volume of inflow of water depends on rainfall and runoff potential of

catchment area. In case of steeper slopes, the embankment had low ratio

24Water Management and Hydraulic Technology in India p: 68

25Ibid. p.58



of submergence to catchment area. In case of gentle slopes, this ratio was

high owing to cultivation in the catchment area. In case of Khadins, sufficient

run off was to be ensured and the ratio of submergence to catchment was

1:10 to 1:15.

2. Submergence area: It is the area under the stored water. The

physical and chemical properties of soil under the submergence area of

tanks were investigated. The area is strengthened with hard clay. The

elevation of the bed at the middle of the dam should be avoided so that the

storage capacity of the dam is increased.

3. Bund : It is a physical structure to retain water and withstand water

pressure. The size and shape of bund will differ according to the location,

soil type and topography of the tank. In the case of Ahars, the bund follows

the contours of the land as far as possible. The bund is usually not more

than 27 feet high and extends up to several kilometers. Khadin bund is

usually 4 to 10 feet deep. Length of the bund is usually between 300 to 500

meters. In the case of Bundhies, the height of the bund is about 6 feet.

Waste weir is provided to discharge the surplus water without causing any

damage to the bund.

4. Sluice : It consists of mechanical devices to control water let out

from the dam upstream end to the canal branches. Regulating

arrangements are installed to control water out flow for irrigation. Sluices

were constructed with stone and sometimes palmera planks joined together

by ropes were used as sluice shutters.

5. Sluice location indicator : One Stambha is located in the middle of

each tank in line with the sluice. It is also used to know the quantum of silt

accumulated in the tank bed.

6. Distribution system : It is used to convey water to command area.

Canals and channels are used to convey water to the fields for irrigation.

7. Command Area : The area cultivated by the stored water is called

command area.

26The Dying Wisdom p.18 27 Water Management and Hydraulic

Technology in India p:57 18-29 K. Anandakrishnan 27


It is said that the rules followed in the construction of tanks on

the higher and lower levels, was as mentioned in the straasArtha ¢ 26. The

Porumamilla inscriptions27 in Andhra Pradesh dated 1369 AD describe the

construction of dams in Sanskrit verses. It lists the twelve constituents which

were essential for construction of dams. 1) The first and foremost is the

King who can understand the needs of the people as well as he should be

rich and righteous to undertake the construction of dam. 2) Service of

experts in hydrology or PäthaÇästra. 3) A group of skilled masons and

craftsmen to assist the irrigation engineers. 4) The location should have

strong hills on either side of the river so that the dam could be well

supported by them. 5) It is said that the river should provide sweet water

and the dam should be constructed at least three yojanas downstream from

the source of the river. 6) The dam should be constructed between the hills

and the bunds should be built with compact stone wall which should not be

too long but should be firm. 7) The raw materials used in dam construction

were mainly strong and long stones and mud. 8) A quarry of strong and

long stones should be available as close as possible to the site of the dam.

9) A water course (sluice) having strong eddies (Bhrama) on account of

portion of mountain 10) The land around the dam should be fertile, rich in

fruits and not sandy or rocky. 11) The ground should be firm and adorned

with hard clay and 12) The river bed should be extensive and deep.

The six faults of a dam or dosas are as follows28. 1)Water

leaking from the dam 2) Salinity of soil 3) Location of dam at the boundary

of two kingdoms 4) Elevation (Kurma) at the middle of the bed of the dam.

5) Lack of enough supply of water and presence of large area to be

irrigated. 6) Small river bed and excess of water.


`.

28 Ibid. p: 58


Conclusion

The dams constructed in ancient times were not very big but

they could satisfy the purpose for which they were built. One cannot

envisage any use of highly evolved technical knowledge in dam

construction during ancient ages. The traditional systems were created out

of sheer empirical knowledge, experience and folk wisdom. Most of the

traditional water storage systems were managed and maintained by rules

and procedures commonly agreed upon by the village community and not

by individuals. Finding solutions to water management problems were also

the collective responsibility of the society. The study of traditional systems

in totality apart from only considering their technological side will certainly

give answers to our current problems related with water shortage and

water pollution.

References

1. Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, The Dying Wisdom.

2. M.A Stein, Kalhana’s

ijataranginaR

.

3. L.N Rangarajan, straasArtha ¢ .

4. M.S Mate, A History of Water Management and Hydraulic Technology in

India.

5. Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the

History of India.

6. T.M Srinivasan, A Brief Account of the Ancient Irrigation Systems Prevalent

in South India.

7. Uma Shankari, Esha Shah, Water Management Traditions in India.



¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ - xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ ÉÊ®ú´ÉÌiÉiÉ °üÉ

B¨É. ¨ÉÉÊVÉiÉÉË½þnùÒ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ

ºÉ®úEòÉ®úÒ ¥ÉzÉxÉ EòÉì±ÉäVÉ, iÉ±É¶¶Éä®Ò

xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ EòÉ +Ê¦ÉzÉ +ÆMÉ iÉlÉÉ ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú EòÉ ºÉÚjÉvÉÉ®úEò ½èþ* ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ¨Éå ´É½þ ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ ÉÚ®úEò

iÉlÉÉ ºÉ½þªÉÉäMÉÒ ½þÉäxÉä Eäò ºÉÉlÉ-ºÉÉlÉ ºÉÞÎ¹]õ EòÉ ¨ÉÚ±ÉÉvÉÉ®ú ¦ÉÒ ½èþ* |ÉVÉxÉxÉ EòÒ IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ºÉ´ÉÇ Éä¹`öö

Ê´É¶Éä¹ÉiÉÉ ½èþ* VÉx¨É näùxÉä B´ÉÆ ÉÉ±ÉxÉä-ÉÉäºÉxÉä Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ½þÒ ºÉÉlÉ Ê¶É¶ÉÖ Eäò ´ªÉÊHòi´É ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ =ºÉEòÉ

ªÉÉäMÉnùÉxÉ ºÉ´ÉÉæÉ®úÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ ¤ÉSSÉä Eäò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÉ Ênù¶ÉÉÊxÉvÉÉÇ®úhÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú xÉªÉÒ ÉÒgøÒ EòÉä ¸Éä¹`öö

¨ÉÉxÉ´ÉÒªÉ ºÉÆºEòÉ®úÉå ºÉä ºÉÆÉzÉ ¦ÉÒ ¤ÉxÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ´ÉèÊnùEò EòÉ±É ¨Éå ºjÉÒ EòÉä ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå Ê´É¶Éä¹É ºlÉÉxÉ |ÉÉiÉ lÉÉ*

<ºÉ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ =x½åþ =SSÉ-Ê¶ÉIÉÉ |ÉÉiÉ Eò®úxÉä EòÉ +ÊvÉEòÉ®ú lÉÉ +Éè®ú ´É½þ ´ÉänùÉå EòÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ B´ÉÆ +vªÉÉÉxÉ

¦ÉÒ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ lÉÒ* ºjÉÒ Eäò Ê¤ÉxÉÉ EòÉä<Ç ¦ÉÒ vÉÉÌ¨ÉEò EÞòiªÉ ªÉÉ +xÉÖ¹`ööÉxÉ ºÉÆÉzÉ xÉ½þÓ ½þÉä ºÉEòiÉÉ lÉÉ* <ºÉ

ºÉ¨ÉªÉ ºjÉÒ EòÉä ÊÉiÉÉ EòÒ ºÉÆÉÊkÉ É®ú =kÉ®úÉÊvÉEòÉ®ú ¦ÉÒ |ÉÉiÉ lÉÉ*

¨ÉvªÉªÉÖMÉ iÉEò +ÉiÉä +ÉiÉä Ê´Énäù¶ÉÒ +ÉGò¨ÉhÉEòÉÊ®úªÉÉå Eäò +ÉxÉä Eäò ¤ÉÉnù ÎºjÉªÉÉå EòÉä ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò

¤ÉÆvÉxÉÉå ¨Éå VÉEòc÷ ÊnùªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ +Éè®ú =xÉEòÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉ ¨Éå ÊMÉ®úÉ´É]õ +É<Ç* ±Éc÷ÊEòªÉÉå EòÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ-|ÉlÉÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉiÉ

½þÉä MÉ<Ç +Éè®ú ºÉiÉÒ |ÉlÉÉ SÉ®ú¨É ºÉÒ¨ÉÉ iÉEò É½ÖÄþSÉ MÉ<Ç* ¤ÉÉ±É Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ |ÉSÉÊ±ÉiÉ ½þÉäxÉä ±ÉMÉÉ +Éè®ú Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ

EòÉä +¨ÉÉxªÉ ¨ÉÉxÉÉ VÉÉxÉä ±ÉMÉÉ* Eäò´É±É ÊxÉ¨xÉ ´ÉMÉÇ EòÒ ÎºjÉªÉÉÄ ½þÒ xÉÉèEò®úÒ Eò®úiÉÒ lÉÓ* ÎºjÉªÉÉå Eäò ºÉÉ®äú

+ÊvÉEòÉ®ú UôÒxÉ Ê±ÉB MÉB +Éè®ú =xÉEòÒ º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ xÉÉ¨É ¨ÉÉjÉ EòÉä ®ú½þ MÉ<Ç* xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä Eäò´É±É ¨ÉxÉÉä®ÆúVÉxÉ ªÉÉ

Ê´É±ÉÉÊºÉiÉÉ EòÒ ºÉÉ¨ÉOÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÒ MÉªÉÒ* +Ê¶ÉIÉÉ, ¤ÉÉ±ÉÊ´É´ÉÉ½þ, ÉnùÉÇ |ÉlÉÉ, ºÉiÉÒ |ÉlÉÉ +ÉÊnù SÉ®ú¨É ºÉÒ¨ÉÉ

iÉEò É½ÖÄþSÉ MÉ<Ç +Éè®ú ºjÉÒ EòÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉ |ÉÉªÉ: ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ +vÉÒxÉiÉÉ EòÒ ½þÒ ®ú½þ MÉ<Ç* b÷Éì.+É¶ÉÉ =ÉÉvªÉÉªÉ

30-34 M. Majitha 30


xÉä ºjÉÒ EòÒ nù¶ÉÉ EòÉ ÊSÉjÉhÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB Ê±ÉJÉÉ ½èþ – “<ºÉ näù¶É ¨Éå ºjÉÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ EòÉ BEò =VV´É±É <ÊiÉ½þÉºÉ

®ú½þÉ ½èþ* ËEòiÉÖ ¨ÉvªÉ ªÉÖMÉ iÉEò +ÉiÉä-+ÉiÉä ºjÉÒ EÖòUô BäºÉä ÊxÉªÉÆjÉhÉÉå ¨Éå +É MÉ<Ç ÊEò =ºÉEòÉ ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò B´ÉÆ

¶ÉèÊIÉEò |Éº¡Öò]õxÉ +´É¯ûrù ½þÉä MÉªÉÉ*” 1

+ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò EòÉ±É ¨Éå ºjÉÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ Eäò |ÉSÉÉ®ú B´ÉÆ +ÉªÉÇ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ, ¥ÉÀ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ, |ÉÉlÉÇxÉÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ +ÉÊnù

ºÉÆºlÉÉ+Éå Eäò |ÉªÉixÉ ºÉä ÎºjÉªÉÉå EòÒ nù¶ÉÉ ¨Éå ÉªÉÉÇiÉ ÉÊ®ú´ÉiÉÇxÉ +É MÉªÉÉ* ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ºÉÖvÉÉ®úEòÉå xÉä ºjÉÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ

EòÉä |É¨ÉÖJÉ ºlÉÉxÉ ÊnùªÉÉ +Éè®ú ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ Eò±ªÉÉhÉ EòÉä +ÉxÉä EòÉªÉÇGò¨ÉÉå EòÉ |É¨ÉÖJÉ +ÉvÉÉ®ú ¤ÉxÉÉªÉÉ* ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ

ºÉÆÊ´ÉvÉÉxÉ ±ÉÉMÉÚ ½þÉäxÉä Eäò ¤ÉÉnù ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ+Éå EòÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉ ¨Éå +Éè®ú ¦ÉÒ ºÉÖvÉÉ®ú +É<Ç* ¦ÉÉèÊiÉEò IÉäjÉ ¨Éå ½þÒ xÉ½þÓ

¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò ºiÉ®ú É®ú ¦ÉÒ =xÉ¨Éå ÉÊ®ú´ÉiÉÇxÉ +É MÉªÉÉ* ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ ÉÊiÉ EòÒ nùÉºÉÒ xÉ ¤ÉxÉEò®ú ºÉ½þªÉÉäMÉÒ

¤ÉxÉÒ* b÷Éì.¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉÒEèò®äú Eäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú – “Ê¶ÉIÉÉ +Éè®ú +ÉÌlÉEò º´ÉÉ´É±ÉÆ¤ÉxÉ ºÉä ´É½þ º´É +ÎºiÉi´É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ

ºÉSÉäiÉ ½þÉäxÉä ±ÉMÉÒ*” 2

ªÉä +ÊvÉEòÉ®ú B´ÉÆ ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉBÄ iÉlÉÉ =ºÉEòÉ ±ÉÉ¦É =SSÉ´ÉMÉÇ iÉEò ½þÒ ºÉÒÊ¨ÉiÉ ®ú½þÒ* ÊxÉ¨xÉ ´ÉMÉÇ EòÒ

ÎºjÉªÉÉå EòÉä xÉ iÉÉä Ê¶ÉIÉÉ EòÉ +´ÉºÉ®ú |ÉÉiÉ lÉÉ +Éè®ú xÉ ½þÒ ´Éä ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò +ÊvÉEòÉ®úÉå B´ÉÆ nùÉÊªÉi´ÉÉå Eäò |ÉÊiÉ

ºÉVÉMÉ lÉÓ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ½þÒ =x½åþ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå +xÉäEò |ÉEòÉ®ú Eäò ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ B´ÉÆ =iÉÒc÷xÉ EòÉ Ê¶ÉEòÉ®ú ¤ÉxÉxÉÉ Éc÷É*

ºÉÉlÉ ½þÒ ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ =x½åþ ºÉÖJÉÒ ´ÉÉiÉÉ´É®úhÉ xÉ½þÓ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÉ lÉÉ +Éè®ú +ÉÌlÉEò ºÉÆEò]õ Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ +xÉäEò

|ÉEòÉ®ú EòÒ ªÉÉiÉxÉÉBÄ ºÉ½þxÉÒ Éc÷iÉÒ lÉÒ* <ºÉ ÎºlÉÊiÉ EòÉ ´ÉÉºiÉÊ´ÉEò ÊSÉjÉhÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç b÷Éì.®ú¨ÉÊhÉEòÉ MÉÖiÉÉ

Ê±ÉJÉiÉÒ ½èþ – “näù¶É ¨Éå |ÉSÉÊ±ÉiÉ vÉÉÌ¨ÉEò EÖò®úÒÊiÉªÉÉå, Ê´ÉEÞòÊiÉªÉÉå, +ÆvÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉÉå Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÖÊHò

+ÉÆnùÉä±ÉxÉ Eäò´É±É ¶É½þ®úÉå Eäò =SSÉ´ÉMÉÇ EòÒ ÎºjÉªÉÉå iÉEò ½þÒ ºÉÒÊ¨ÉiÉ ½þÉäEò®ú ®ú½þ MÉªÉÉ* OÉÉ¨ÉÒhÉ IÉäjÉ ¨Éå ´É½þ

±ÉMÉ¦ÉMÉ ¶ÉÚxªÉ ½þÒ ®ú½þÉ ½èþ*” 3

¦ÉÒ¹¨É ºÉÉ½þxÉÒ Eäò ‘¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ’ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ EòÒ xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ <ºÉEòÉ =kÉ¨É où¹]õÉÆiÉ ½èþ* =ºÉEòÉ

ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ®úÉVÉºlÉÉxÉ Eäò ÊEòºÉÒ MÉÉÄ É Eäò ®ú½þxÉä ÉÉ±Éä lÉä* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ºÉÚJÉÉ Éc÷xÉä Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ Éä ®úÉVÉºlÉÉxÉ UôÉäc÷Eò®ú

Ênù±±ÉÒ +ÉB* ªÉtÊÉ ¶É½þ®ú Eäò ®ú½þxÉ-ºÉ½þxÉ B´ÉÆ ´ÉÉiÉÉ´É®úhÉ EòÉ |É¦ÉÉ´É ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ É®ú Éc÷É ½èþ iÉÉä ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ

+Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉ lÉÒ* SÉÉèEòÉ-¤ÉiÉÇxÉ Eò®úEäò +ÉxÉÒ +ÉVÉÒÊ´ÉEòÉ Eò¨ÉÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ ¨Éå +ÉÌlÉEò º´ÉÉ´É±ÉÆ¤ÉxÉ ¦ÉÒ xÉ

lÉÉ* <ºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú +Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉ B´ÉÆ +ÉÌlÉEò +¦ÉÉ´É ºÉä ÉÒÊc÷iÉ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÒ Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ É½þ±ÉÖ+Éå EòÉä ¦ÉÒ¹¨É

ºÉÉ½þxÉÒ ½þ¨ÉÉ®äú ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä |ÉºiÉÖiÉ Eò®úiÉä ½éþ*

30-34 M. Majitha 31


ÊxÉ¨xÉ ´ÉMÉÇ EòÒ |ÉÊiÉÊxÉÊvÉ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ EòÉä ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú B´ÉÆ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå +xÉäEò |ÉEòÉ®ú Eäò ¦Éänù¦ÉÉ´ÉÉå EòÉ

ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉÉ Eò®úxÉÉ Éc÷iÉÉ ½èþ* ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ¨Éå VÉ¤É =ºÉEòÉ UôÉä]õÉ ¦ÉÉ<Ç ®úÉ¨ÉÚ EòÉä ºÉ¦ÉÒ |ÉEòÉ®ú EòÒ ºÉÖJÉ-ºÉÖÊ´ÉvÉÉBÄ

|ÉÉiÉ ½éþþ iÉÉä ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ EòÉä ¨ÉÉjÉ MÉÉÊ±ÉªÉÉÄ ½þÒ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÒ ½éþþ* ¤ÉºiÉÒ iÉÉäc÷xÉä Eäò |ÉºÉÆMÉ ¨Éå ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò ÊÉiÉÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ

Eäò ´ªÉ´É½þÉ®ú ¨Éå ªÉ½þ +ÆiÉ®ú ºÉ¹]õ ½èþ* ºÉÉ®äú ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú´ÉÉ±Éä ºÉÉ¨ÉÉxÉ ¤É]õÉä®úxÉä ¨Éå ´ªÉºiÉ lÉä iÉÉä ®úÉ¨ÉÚ ¨ÉÒ`öööÒ xÉÓnù

ºÉÉä ®ú½þÉ lÉÉ, VÉÉiÉä ´ÉHò ¦ÉÒ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ =ºÉä =`öööÉxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ SÉÉ½þiÉÉ* =ÉxªÉÉºÉEòÉ®ú Eäò ¶É¤nùÉå ¨Éå – “+MÉ®ú

SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ xÉä ®úÉ¨ÉÚ EòÉä EÆòvÉä É®ú ºÉä xÉÒSÉä =iÉÉ®ú ÊnùªÉÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ, iÉÉä EÖòUô ºÉÉ¨ÉÉxÉ ®úÉ¨ÉÚ ¦ÉÒ =`öööÉ ºÉEòiÉÉ lÉÉ +Éè®ú

EÖòUô ºÉÉ¨ÉÉxÉ º´ÉªÉÆ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ, É®ú SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ EòÉä ªÉ½þ ¨ÉÆWÉÚ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÉ*” 4

¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ ¨Éå ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò ÊÉiÉÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ EòÉ ÊSÉjÉhÉ ÉÖ û¹É ºÉÉ¨ÉÆiÉÒ |É´ÉÞÊkÉ´ÉÉ±Éä ´ªÉÊHò Eäò °üÉ

¨Éå ½Öþ+É ½èþ* ´É½þ ºÉÉ`ööö ºÉÉ±É EòÉ ±ÉÆMÉb÷É nùVÉÔ ¤ÉÖ±ÉÉEòÒ®úÉ¨É Eäò ½þÉlÉ ºÉä ¤ÉÉ®ú½þ ºÉÉè °üÉªÉä ±ÉäEò®ú +ÉxÉÒ ¤Éä]õÒ

EòÉä ¤ÉäSÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÉ ½èþ* ¤Éä]õÒ Eäò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ºÉä +ÊvÉEò ´É½þ ÉèºÉÉå Eäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå ËSÉÊiÉiÉ ½èþ* =ºÉxÉä +ÉxÉä +Éè®ú nùÉä

¤ÉäÊ]õªÉÉå EòÉ ¦ÉÒ ¤Éä Éä±É Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ Eò®úEäò =xÉºÉä ¨ÉÖÊHò ÉÉ ±ÉÒ lÉÒ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú – “½þ¨ÉÉ®úÉ ¤ÉÉÉÚ ¤ÉäÊ]õªÉÉÄ

¤ÉäSÉiÉÉ ½èþ*” 5

¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ +ÉxÉÒ ÊxÉªÉÊiÉ EòÉä ªÉÉå º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉèªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* =ºÉ¨Éå Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ EòÒ ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ

lÉÒ +Éè®ú ´É½þ ÊiÉ±ÉÊ¨É±ÉÉEò®ú Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ – “Eò®úEäò iÉÉä näùJÉÉä, ¤ÉÒ´ÉÒVÉÒ*” ¤Éä Éä±É Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ ºÉä UÖô]õEòÉ®úÉ ÉÉxÉä

Eäò Ê±ÉB ´É½þ nùÒxÉÚ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ¦ÉÉMÉ VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ VÉÉä =ºÉEäò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÒ ºÉ¤ÉºÉä ¤Éc÷Ò ¨ÉÚJÉÇiÉÉ lÉÒ* nùÒxÉÚ ÉÚhÉÇ °üÉ

ºÉä ÉÖ û¹É ºÉÉ¨ÉÆiÉÒ |É´ÉÞÊkÉ´ÉÉ±Éä GÚò®ú +Éè®ú ÊxÉnÇùªÉÒ ´ªÉÊHò lÉÉ* =ºÉEäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÉjÉ ¦ÉÉäMÉÊ´É±ÉÉºÉ EòÉ

ºÉÉvÉxÉ lÉÉ* xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä +Énù®ú-ºÉ¨¨ÉÉxÉ EòÒ oùÎ¹]õ ºÉä näùJÉxÉÉ =ºÉEäò ´É¶É EòÒ ¤ÉÉiÉ ½èþ ½þÒ xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ

xÉä iÉÉä =ºÉEäò ºÉÉlÉ ½þÉäº]õ±É ¨Éå É½ÖÄþSÉiÉä ½þÒ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉÉxÉ Eäò ÊSÉjÉ Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä JÉbä÷ ½þÉäEò®ú, ½þÉlÉ VÉÉäc÷Eò®ú, ¨ÉÉÄMÉ

¨Éå ®ÆúMÉ ¦É®úEò®ú, ¤ÉÉ±ÉÉå ¨Éå ¡Úò±É ±ÉMÉÉEò®ú Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ EòÒ ÉÚ®úÒ ®úº¨É ÊxÉ¦ÉÉªÉÒ lÉÒ* ´É½þ nùÒxÉÚ EòÉä ÉÊiÉ, |Éä ÉÒ ºÉ¤É

EÖòUô ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÒ lÉÒ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ nùÒxÉÚ iÉÉä ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ EòÉä ¨ÉÉjÉ Bä¶ÉÉä +É®úÉ¨É EòÒ ´ÉºiÉÖ ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉ ½èþ* =ºÉxÉä +ÉxÉä É½þ±ÉÒ

ÉixÉÒ Eäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå xÉ ¤ÉiÉÉEò®ú ½þÒ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ ºÉä ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ VÉÉäb÷É lÉÉ* ´É½þ <ºÉ PÉÉä®ú +É®úÉvÉ EòÉä ¦ÉÒ ¨ÉÉ¡ò Eò®ú näùiÉÒ

½èþ* Ê¡ò®ú ¦ÉÒ nùÒxÉÚ MÉ¦ÉÇ ÉiÉÒ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ EòÉä iÉÒxÉ ºÉÉè °üÉªÉÉ ±ÉäEò®ú +ÉxÉä nùÉäºiÉ ¤É®úbÚ÷ EòÉä ¤ÉäSÉEò®ú MÉÉÄ É SÉ±ÉÉ

VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ VÉÉä =ºÉä BEò ÊxÉ¨ÉÇ É, º´ÉÉlÉÔ, vÉÉäJÉä¤ÉÉVÉ, ±ÉÆÉ]õ <xºÉÉxÉ ºlÉÉÊÉiÉ Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ*

30-34 M. Majitha 32


¤É®úbÚ÷ iÉlÉÉ +ÉxÉä ÊÉiÉÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ Eäò ½þÉlÉÉå ºÉä ¤ÉSÉ ÉÉxÉÉ =ºÉEäò Ê±ÉB +ÉºÉÉxÉ xÉ½þÓ lÉÉ* +ÆiÉ ¨Éå

´É½þ ÊÉiÉÉ SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ Eäò ½þÉlÉÉå ¨Éå ¡ÄòºÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ +Éè®ú SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ ÉÆpù½þ ºÉÉè °üÉªÉÉ ±ÉäEò®ú =ºÉä ±ÉÆMÉb÷É nùVÉÔ

¤ÉÖ±ÉÉEòÒ®úÉ¨É Eäò ½þÉlÉÉå ¤ÉäSÉ näùiÉÉ ½èþ* ºÉÉ®úÒ ËWÉnùMÉÒ +Éè®úiÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉc÷ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÉ ¤ÉÖ±ÉÉEòÒ®úÉ¨É ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò

Ê±ÉB ºÉ¤É EÖòUô Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉèªÉÉ®ú lÉÉ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ Eäò ¨ÉxÉ ¨Éå ªÉ½þÒ Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ lÉÉ ÊEò BEò ÊnùxÉ nùÒxÉÚ

=ºÉä ±Éä VÉÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB WÉ°ü®ú +É VÉÉªÉäMÉÉ* BEò ºÉÉ±É ¤ÉÉnù VÉ¤É ´É½þ +ÉxÉÒ ÉixÉÒ ¯ûC¨ÉÒ EòÉä ±ÉäEò®ú Ênù±±ÉÒ

´ÉÉÉºÉ +ÉiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ +ÉxÉä ¤Éä]äõ ÉÉÚ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ =ºÉEäò ÉÉºÉ +É VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* =ºÉEäò ¤ÉÉnù nùÒxÉÚ ºÉä =ºÉä

+xÉäEò ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò B´ÉÆ ¶ÉÉ®úÒÊ®úEò ªÉÉiÉxÉÉBÄ ºÉ½þxÉÒ Éb÷Ó* nùÒxÉÚ EòÉ¨É Eò®úxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ SÉÉ½þiÉÉ lÉÉ* ´É½þ BEò

+Eò¨ÉÇhªÉ ´ªÉÊHò ½èþ VÉÉä EòÉ¨É ÊEòªÉä Ê¤ÉxÉÉ ºÉÖJÉ ºÉä VÉÒxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÉ ½èþ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ EòÉä ´É½þ vÉxÉÉäÉÉVÉÇxÉ EòÉ ºÉÉvÉxÉ

¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉ ½èþ +Éè®ú =ºÉÒ EòÒ Eò¨ÉÉ<Ç ºÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Ê¤ÉiÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ iÉÉä ÉÊiÉ EòÒ UôÉªÉÉ ¨Éå ®ú½þxÉä Eäò ¤ÉVÉÉªÉ

SÉÉèEòÉ-¤ÉiÉÇxÉ Eò®úEäò ÉÊiÉ B´ÉÆ ºÉÉixÉÒ EòÉ ÉÉ±ÉxÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* nùÒxÉÚ EòÉä iÉÉä =ºÉºÉä ºÉ½þÉxÉÖ¦ÉÚÊiÉ iÉEò xÉ½þÓ +Éè®ú

=ºÉä ¨ÉÉjÉ ¶ÉÉ®úÒÊ®úEò ªÉÉiÉxÉÉBÄ ½þÒ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÒ ½éþ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ ÉÚhÉÇ °üÉ ºÉä nùÒxÉÚ Eäò ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ EòÉ Ê¶ÉEòÉ®ú ¤ÉxÉ VÉÉiÉÒ

½èþ* +ÉxÉä +Éè®ú ÉÉÚ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ½þÒ ºÉÉlÉ nùÒxÉÚ +Éè®ú =ºÉEòÒ ÉixÉÒ ¯ûC¨ÉÒ iÉlÉÉ ¤ÉSSÉä EòÉ nùÉÊªÉi´É ¦ÉÒ =ºÉEäò

>ðÉ®ú +É VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉEòÉä ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ ºÉ½þ¹ÉÇ º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* ÉÊiÉ uùÉ®úÉ +ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉxÉ-ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ EòÒ ËSÉiÉÉ

ÊEòªÉä Ê¤ÉxÉÉ +ÉxÉÒ Eò¨ÉÉ<Ç ºÉä ÉÊiÉ EòÉ ÉÉ±ÉxÉ-ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ÉixÉÒ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå =ºÉEòÉ ÊSÉjÉhÉ ÊEòªÉÉ

MÉªÉÉ ½èþ*

ºÉÆIÉäÉ ¨Éå ÊÉiÉÉ, |Éä ÉÒ, ÉÊiÉ ºÉ¦ÉÒ Eäò ÉÖ û¹É ºÉÉ¨ÉÆiÉÒ ´ÉÞÊkÉ EòÉ Ê¶ÉEòÉ®ú ½èþ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ´É½þ

ÊEòºÉÒ Eäò ¦ÉÒ ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä PÉÖ]õxÉä ]äõEòxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉèªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* É½þ iÉÉä ½þ®äúEò EòÉä SÉÖxÉÉèiÉÒ näùiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç +ÉMÉä ¤ÉgøiÉÒ

½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ iÉEò ÊEò ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉèiÉÉ Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉèªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* +ÉxÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ

¨Éå +ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ½þ®äúEò ¨ÉÖºÉÒ¤ÉiÉ EòÉ ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉÉ Eò®úEäò ´É½þ +ÉMÉä ¤ÉgøiÉÒ ½èþ* +É¨ÉÉxÉ, ¶ÉÉ®úÒÊ®úEò ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ B´ÉÆ

¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò iÉxÉÉ´ÉÉå EòÉ ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉÉ ´É½þ vÉÒ®úVÉ ºÉä Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* +ºÉÖ®úIÉÉ Eäò ´ÉÉiÉÉ´É®úhÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ ±ÉMÉÉiÉÉ®ú ¸É¨É

Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú´ÉÉ±ÉÉå EòÒ VÉÒÊ´ÉEòÉ EòÉ <ÆiÉWÉÉ¨É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* Ê´É´ÉäEò Êuù´ÉänùÒ xÉä =ºÉEäò ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ ¨Éå `öööÒEò

½þÒ Eò½þÉ ½èþ – “+MÉ®ú >ðÉ®úÒ iÉÉè®ú ºÉä näùJÉÉ VÉÉªÉä iÉÉä ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ ½þÉ®úÒ ½Öþ<Ç ÉÉjÉ ½èþ É®ÆúiÉÖ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ ½þÉ®úEò®ú ¦ÉÒ

VÉÒiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ* =ºÉxÉä =ºÉ VÉÉÊiÉ Eäò BEòÉÊvÉEòÉ®ú EòÉä iÉÉäb÷É ½èþ VÉÉä ´É¹ÉÉç ºÉä xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò >ðÉ®ú +ÉxÉÉ

ºÉ´ÉÉÇÊvÉEòÉ®ú ºÉÖ®úÊIÉiÉ ºÉ¨ÉZÉiÉÉ lÉÉ* ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ +ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ÉÒgøÒ Eäò Ê±ÉB BEò |Éä®úhÉÉ ½èþ +Éè®ú ÉÖ û¹É ºÉÉ¨ÉÆiÉÒ

30-34 M. Majitha 33


´ÉMÉÇ Eäò Ê±ÉB SÉäiÉÉ´ÉxÉÒ*” 6 ºÉÆIÉäÉ ¨Éå Ê´ÉEò]õ ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå ºÉä ±Éc÷xÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ B´ÉÆ +ÉxÉä +ÎºiÉi´É +Éè®ú

+Îº¨ÉiÉÉ EòÉä ¤ÉxÉÉªÉä ®úJÉxÉä EòÒ EòÉäÊ¶É¶É Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ BEò Eò¨ÉÇ öööö B´ÉÆ VÉÒ´ÉÆiÉ ÉÉjÉ ½èþ ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ*

ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ OÉÆlÉ

1. b÷Éì.+É¶ÉÉ =ÉÉvªÉÉªÉ - ºjÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ +Éè®ú ¶É¤nù, ÉÞ.38

2. b÷Éì.¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉÒEèò®äú - ºÉÉ`ööÉäkÉ®ú Ë½þnùÒ ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ+Éå EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ, ÉÞ.39

3. ®ú¨ÉÊhÉEòÉ MÉÖiÉÉ - ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ : Eò±É¨É +Éè®ú EÖònùÉ±É Eäò ¤É½þÉxÉä, ÉÞ.21

4. ¦ÉÒ¹¨É ºÉÉ½þxÉÒ - ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ, ÉÞ.23

5. ¦ÉÒ¹¨É ºÉÉ½þxÉÒ - ¤ÉºÉÆiÉÒ, ÉÞ.37

6. Ê´É´ÉäEò Êuù´ÉänùÒ - ¦ÉÒ¹¨É ºÉÉ½þxÉÒ EòÉ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ,117 ÉÞ.

30-34 M. Majitha 34


+±ÉEòÉ ºÉ®úÉ´ÉMÉÒ Eäò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ºÉÆOÉ½þ ‘Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÒ iÉ±ÉÉ¶É’ ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ

ÉÒ. Ê¹ÉÊVÉxÉÉË½þnùÒ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ


+ÉVÉEò±É ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ Eäò WÉÊ®úB ¦ÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ºÉÆPÉ¹ÉÇ MÉÉlÉÉ EòÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ½þÉä ®ú½þÉ ½èþ* xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ,

ºÉÆºEÞòÊiÉ +Éè®ú ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ EòÉ ¨É½þi´ÉÉÚhÉÇ +ÆMÉ ½èþ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ÉÖ û¹É uùÉ®úÉ ®úÊSÉiÉ ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ xÉä ºjÉÒ

EòÉä ¦ÉÉäMÉ´ÉºiÉÖ ¨ÉÉxÉÉ* =ºÉEäò º´ÉxÉÉå, <SUôÉ+Éå +Éè®ú WÉ°ü®úiÉÉå EòÉä ÉÖ û¹É xÉä EÖòSÉ±É ÊnùªÉÉ* =x½þÉåxÉä +ÉxÉä

Ê´ÉSÉÉ®úÉå B´ÉÆ +´ÉvÉÉ®úhÉÉ+Éå Eäò +xÉÖ°üÉ ºjÉÒ EòÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ ÊEòªÉÉ +Éè®ú BäºÉä ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ºÉ½þ¨ÉÊiÉ

¦ÉÒ xÉ½þÓ ®ú½þÒ ½èþ*

ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä xÉÉ±ÉÉªÉEò SÉÒWÉ ºÉ¨ÉZÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ºÉ¦ÉÒ IÉäjÉÉå ºÉä =ºÉä ½þ]õÉ ÊnùªÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* +ÉxÉä

Éè®úÉå É®ú JÉbä÷ ½þÉäEò®ú xÉäiÉÞi´É Eò®úxÉä EòÒ IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ =ºÉ¨Éå ½èþ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ÉÖ û¹É xÉä =ºÉä xÉäiÉÞi´É Eäò EòÉÊ¤É±É xÉ ÉÉxÉÉ*

xÉÉÊ®úªÉÉå Eäò >ðÉ®ú SÉ±ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ <ºÉ +ÆvÉxÉÒÊiÉ EòÒ +Éä®ú <¶ÉÉ®úÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB ®ú¨ÉÊhÉEòÉ MÉÖþiÉÉ xÉä Eò½þÉ - “+ÉVÉ

EòÒ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ ¨Éå ´É½þ ±ÉiÉÉ ¤ÉxÉEò®ú ´ÉÞIÉ ºÉä Ê±ÉÉ]õ VÉÉªÉä iÉÉä ´ÉÞIÉ EòÒ ¡ÖòxÉEòÒ iÉEò É½ÖÄþSÉ VÉÉ ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ,

±ÉäÊEòxÉ ´É½þÒ +Éè®úiÉ +MÉ®ú Éäc÷ ¤ÉxÉEò®ú º´ÉªÉÆ JÉc÷Ò ½þÉä VÉÉªÉä iÉÉä ºÉ¤É ±ÉÉäMÉ EÖò±½þÉc÷Ò ±ÉäEò®ú =ºÉä EòÉ]õxÉä

nùÉèc÷iÉä ½éþ*” 1

ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå ÎºjÉªÉÉå EòÉä EòÉä<Ç ºlÉÉxÉ xÉ½þÓ lÉÉ* ÊEòºÉÒ ¦ÉÒ |ÉEòÉ®ú EòÉ ¨É½þi´ÉÉÚhÉÇ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ xÉ ´É½þ

±Éä ºÉEòiÉÒ lÉÒ, +Éè®ú xÉ näù ºÉEòiÉÒ lÉÒ* ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ xÉä ÊVÉºÉ iÉÉEò ºÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä +¤É±ÉÉ, ¦ÉÉäMÉ´ÉºiÉÖ ªÉÉ ½äþªÉ

¨ÉÉxÉÉ =ºÉ oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ EòÉä ¤Énù±ÉxÉÉ Ébä÷MÉÉ* ´É½þÒ ½þÉäxÉÉ SÉÉÊ½þB xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ nùÉÊªÉi´É* ªÉ½þ Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ

EòÒ oùÎ¹]õ ºÉä ¦ÉÒ ½þÉä ºÉEäò, ªÉÉ +xªÉ fÆøMÉ ºÉä ¦ÉÒ* ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ Eäò ºÉÆ¤ÉvÉ ¨Éå +ÉxÉÉ ¨ÉiÉ ´ªÉHò Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB +±ÉEòÉ

35-41 P. Shijina 35


VÉÒ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “¨Éé xÉä ªÉ½þ VÉÉxÉÉ ÊEò BEò º´ÉºlÉ, Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ ºÉÆ ÉänùxÉÉ´ÉÉ±Éä ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå ½þÒ ºjÉÒ ÉÚ®äú

+Éi¨ÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉ, º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú ºÉ¨¨ÉÉxÉ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ VÉÒ ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB WÉ°ü®úiÉ =ºÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ EòÉä ½þÒ

¤ÉxÉÉxÉä EòÒ ½èþ*” 2

ºjÉÒ EòÒ Ê´ÉÊ¶É¹]õ É½þSÉÉxÉ ½þÉäiÉÒ ½èþ, ÊVÉºÉä ¨ÉÉxªÉiÉÉ Ê¨É±ÉxÉÉ +É´É¶ªÉEò ½þÒ ½èþ* ÉÖ û¹É +Éè®ú xÉÉ®úÒ

nùÉä Ê´É®úÉävÉÒ iÉi´É xÉ½þÓ, ¤ÉÎ±Eò BEò-nÚùºÉ®äú Eäò ÉÚ®úEò ½éþ, ªÉÉxÉä BEò Eäò Ê¤ÉxÉÉ nÚùºÉ®äú EòÉä EòÉä<Ç +ÎºiÉi´É xÉ½þÓ

½èþ* BäºÉÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉ ¨Éå ÉÖ û¹É CªÉÉå xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä +ÉxÉä Éè®úÉå Eäò xÉÒSÉä nù¤ÉÉEò®ú ®úJÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉä ½éþ? CªÉÉå ÊºÉ¡Çò +ÉxÉÒ

¶ÉªªÉÉ EòÉ +É¦ÉÚ¹ÉhÉ ¨ÉÉxÉiÉä ½éþ ? CªÉÉå +ÉxÉÉ GòÉävÉ nÚù®ú Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ SÉÒWÉ ¨ÉÉxÉiÉä ½éþ ? VÉ¤É xÉÉ®úÒ <xÉ ºÉÉ®äú

¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉÉå ºÉä +´ÉMÉiÉ ½þÉä MÉªÉÒ iÉ¤É ºÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ ¨ÉÖÊHò ºÉÆPÉ¹ÉÇ ¶ÉÖ°ü ½Öþ+É* b÷Éì.xÉ®úËºÉ½þ |ÉºÉÉnù nÖù¤Éä Eäò ¶É¤nùÉå

¨Éå - “|ÉÊiÉ¹`öÉ EòÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ ºÉä ¨ÉÖÊHò ½þÒ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä xÉÉ®úÒi´É |ÉnùÉxÉ Eò®äúMÉÒ* xÉÉ®úÒ ÉÖ û¹É ºÉkÉÉ

EòÉ Ê´ÉEò±É xÉ½þÓ ¤ÉÎ±Eò BEò ºÉÉZÉÉ ºÉÆºEÞòÊiÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉÒ SÉÉ½þiÉ xÉä xÉÉ®úÒ´ÉÉnùÒ oùÎ¹]õ EòÉä Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ

ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ*” 3

ÉSÉÉºÉ Eäò nù¶ÉEò ºÉä ½þÒ ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ EòlÉÉEòÉ®úÉå xÉä xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÖÊHò iÉlÉÉ =ºÉºÉä VÉÖb÷Ò ½Öþ<Ç ºÉ¨ÉºªÉÉ+Éå

EòÉä ¤Éb÷Ò |ÉÉ¨ÉÉÊhÉEòiÉÉ B´ÉÆ ªÉlÉÉlÉÇÉ®úEòiÉÉ EòÒ oùÎ¹]õ ºÉä ´ªÉHò Eò®úxÉä ±ÉMÉÒ* =x½þÉåxÉä °üÊføªÉÉå, É®ÆúÉ®úÉ+Éå,

ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉÉå B´ÉÆ Ê´ÉEÞòiÉ ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ+Éå EòÉä iÉÉäc÷iÉä ½ÖþB ªÉÉèxÉ ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ +Éè®ú ÊxÉ¹ÉävÉÉå Eäò ÊJÉ±ÉÉ¡ò

ÊWÉ½þnù Uäôb÷É* ºÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÉxªÉiÉÉ+Éå ºÉä ªÉÖHò ½þÉäxÉä É®ú ¦ÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå =x½åþ ´É½þ ºlÉÉxÉ xÉ½þÓ Ê¨É±ÉÉ, ÊVÉºÉEòÒ

´É½þ +ÊvÉEòÉ®úÒ ½èþ* xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ªÉ½þ ÎºlÉÊiÉ b÷Éì.ºÉÉè.¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉÒEäò®äú Eäò ¶É¤nùÉå ºÉä +Éè®ú ¦ÉÒ ºÉ¹]õ ½þÉä MÉªÉÒ

½èþ - “ºÉÆÉÚhÉÇ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ EòÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ ÉÖ û¹ÉÉå uùÉ®úÉ ½þÉäxÉä Eäò EòÉ®úhÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEòÉ nÚùºÉ®äú nùVÉæ EòÒ

½þÒ ®ú½þÒ ½èþ* ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉ Eäò <ºÉ ªÉÖMÉ ¨Éå ºjÉÒ-ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ ºÉÉZÉÉ-ºÉÆºEÞòÊiÉ EòÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ +É´É¶ªÉEò ½èþ, ªÉ½þÒ ´É½þ

Ë¤ÉnÖù ½èþ VÉ½þÉÄ xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÖÊHò EòÒ ¤ÉÉiÉ |ÉÉ®Æú¦É ½þÉäiÉÒ ½èþ*” 4 É½þ±Éä xÉÉ®úÒ xÉä +ÉxÉÒ É®úÉvÉÒxÉiÉÉ EòÒ ¤ÉäÊb÷ªÉÉå EòÉä

EòÉ]õEò®ú +ÉxÉÉ ±ÉIªÉ ÊxÉvÉÉÇÊ®úiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ +Éè®ú ¤ÉÉnù ¨Éå =ºÉ ¨ÉÉMÉÇ É®ú SÉ±É ®ú½þÒ ½èþ*

xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÖÊHò EòÒ ªÉ½þ MÉÉlÉÉ +±ÉEòÉ ºÉ®úÉ´ÉMÉÒ EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå ªÉÖMÉÉxÉÖEÚò±É ¨ÉÖJÉÊ®úiÉ ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ*

‘Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÒ iÉ±ÉÉ¶É ¨Éå’ =xÉEòÉ É½±ÉÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ-ºÉÆOÉ½þ ½èþ* <ºÉ¨Éå Eò±ÉxÉÉ Eò¨É +Éè®ú +Éi¨ÉEòlÉÉÆ¶É WªÉÉnùÉ

½èþ* <xÉEäò ÉÉjÉ iªÉÉMÉ, ºÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ, EòiÉÇ ªÉ É®úÉªÉhÉiÉÉ +ÉÊnù EòÉä ¤ÉxÉÉªÉä ®úJÉiÉä ½ÖþB +ÉxÉÒ |ÉÊiÉÊGòªÉÉ ´ªÉHò

Eò®úiÉä ½éþ*

35-41 P. Shijina 36


xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò ´ªÉÊHòi´É ¨Éå ¤Énù±ÉÉ´É +É MÉªÉä* ´É½þ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå +ÉxÉä º´Éi´É EòÉ ÊxÉ¨ÉÉÇhÉ Eò®úxÉä ±ÉMÉÒ ½èþ*

=ºÉ¨Éå ½þ®ú IÉäjÉ ¨Éå ÉÚhÉÇ ¤ÉxÉxÉä EòÒ <SUôÉ ½èþ* +ÉVÉEò±É EòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉä +ÊvÉEòÉ®ú +Éè®ú ½èþÊºÉªÉiÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ

VÉÉMÉÞiÉ ½þÉä MÉªÉÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ ½þ®ú IÉäjÉ ¨Éå +ÉxÉÒ IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ ÊnùJÉÉEò®ú +¤É±ÉÉ ºÉÆYÉÉ EòÉä xÉEòÉ®úxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ Eò®úiÉÒ

½èþ* ªÉ½þÒ ¤ÉÉiÉ +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ EòÒ ‘±ÉÉ±É Ê¨É]Âõ`öÒ EòÒ ºÉc÷Eò’ xÉÉ¨ÉEò Eò½þÉxÉÒ Éå näùJÉxÉä EòÉä Ê¨É±ÉiÉÒ ½èþ* =ºÉ¨Éå

ºÉÖ®äú¶É +ÉxÉÒ ÉixÉÒ ´ÉxnùxÉÉ EòÉä =ºÉEòÒ <SUôÉ Eäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú VÉÒxÉä EòÉä ¨ÉWÉ¤ÉÚ®ú Eò®úÉiÉÉ ½èþ* iÉ¤É <ºÉEòÉ

Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ Eò®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç ´ÉxnùxÉÉ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “Eò½þÓ-xÉ-Eò½þÓ iÉÖ É ±ÉÉäMÉÉå Eäò Ênù¨ÉÉMÉ ¨Éå ÉÊiÉ É®ú¨Éä·É®ú´ÉÉ±ÉÒ <SUôÉ

VÉÉä ¦É®úÒ ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ* CªÉÉå ½þ¨É nùÉä nùÉäºiÉÉå EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¤É®úÉ¤É®ú-¤É®úÉ¤É®ú xÉ½þÓ ½þÉä ºÉEòiÉä ? CªÉÉå iÉÖ É ±ÉÉäMÉ +Éè®úiÉÉå

Eäò JÉÉxÉä +Éè®ú ºÉÉäxÉä EòÉ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ +ÉxÉä ¨ÉxÉ ºÉä SÉ±ÉÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉä ½þÉä ? <ºÉÊ±ÉB xÉ, ÊEò iÉÖ É ±ÉÉäMÉÉå xÉä +Éè®úiÉÉå

EòÉä MÉÖ±ÉÉ¨É ºÉ¨ÉZÉ ®úJÉÉ ½èþ*” 5

PÉ®ú BEò BäºÉÉ ¨ÉEòÉxÉ ½èþ VÉÉä ¶ÉÉÎxiÉ, ºÉÖJÉ +Éè®ú º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ EòÉ |ÉiÉÒEò ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ ºÉ¨ÉºªÉÉ iÉ¤É

=`ööiÉÒ ½èþ VÉ¤É PÉ®ú +Éè®úiÉ EòÉä BEò ¤ÉÎxnù¶É EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ±ÉMÉä* ªÉÊnù PÉ®ú ¨Éå EòÉä<Ç MÉc÷¤Éc÷Ò ½Öþ<Ç iÉÉä =ºÉEòÒ

ÊVÉ¨¨ÉänùÒ®úÒ CªÉÉå ÊºÉ¡Çò xÉÉ®úÒ É®ú Éc÷iÉÒ ½èþ ? ªÉ½þÒ ºÉ´ÉÉ±É ‘Ê¨ÉºÉäWÉ Êb÷ºÉÚºÉÉ Eäò xÉÉ¨É’ EòÉò ÉÉjÉ ºÉÖÎº¨ÉiÉÉ

ÉÚUôiÉÒ ½èþ - “CªÉÉ +ÉÉ ¦ÉÒ +Éè®úÉå EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ªÉ½þÒ ºÉÉäSÉiÉÒ ½éþ ÊEò +Éè®úiÉÉå EòÉä +ÉxÉä Ê±ÉB VÉÒxÉä EòÉ EòÉä<Ç

+ÊvÉEòÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ ½èþ ? ........ ´ÉÆÊnùiÉÉ VÉ¤É Eò¦ÉÒ ¤ÉÒ¨ÉÉ®ú ½þÉäiÉÒ ½èþ, iÉÉä CªÉÉå ºÉ¤É ¨ÉÖZÉä +VÉÒ¤É-ºÉÒ ÊxÉMÉÉ½þÉå

ºÉä näùJÉxÉä ±ÉMÉiÉä ½éþ ?” 6

+ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ uùÉ®úÉ +ÉxÉä Éè®úÉå É®ú VÉEòcä÷ ½ÖþB ¤ÉxvÉxÉÉå EòÉä iÉÉäc÷xÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ*

ºÉ½þxÉ¶ÉÒ±ÉiÉÉ, Eò¯ûhÉÉ EòÒ ¨ÉÚÌiÉ, ¨ÉÊ½þ¨ÉÉ¨ÉªÉÒ +ÉÊnù MÉÊ®ú¨ÉÉ¨ÉªÉ ¶É¤nùVÉÉ±É ºÉä ÉÖ û¹É xÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ÊVÉºÉ

SÉÒWÉ EòÉä EÖòSÉ±ÉÉ, ¨ÉÉ®úÉ ªÉÉ ÉÉ±ÉiÉÚ ¤ÉxÉÉªÉÉ ´É½þ ½èþ =ºÉEòÒ º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ* <ºÉ ‘º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ’ ¶É¤nù EòÉ +lÉÇ

JÉÉäVÉEò®ú +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ ¶É¤nù ¤ÉSÉÉxÉ ºÉä ½þÒ ¨ÉÖZÉä ¤É½ÖþiÉ ±ÉÖ¦ÉÉiÉÉ ®ú½þÉ ½èþ, +Éè®ú iÉ¦ÉÒ

ºÉä +ÉºÉ¨ÉÉxÉ +Éè®ú ÊSÉÊb÷ªÉÉÄ ¨ÉÖZÉä VÉèºÉä ¶É¤nù EòÉ +lÉÇ näùiÉä ®ú½äþ ½éþ* <ºÉEòÉ EòÉ®úhÉ ¶ÉÉªÉnù BEò ¤Éxnù ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ

¨Éå ºjÉÒ ½þÉäxÉä EòÒ Ê´É´É¶ÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú =ºÉºÉä VÉÖc÷É +É¨ÉÉxÉ ½þÒ ®ú½þÉ ½þÉäMÉÉ*” 7

¨ÉÉxÉ´ÉÒªÉ ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉå EòÉä EòÉ¨ªÉ näùJÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB ºjÉÒ EòÉ Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉ ½þÉäxÉÉ +ÊxÉ´ÉÉªÉÇ ½èþ* xÉÉ®úÒ ®úIÉÉ Eäò

xÉÉ¨É É®ú =ºÉ É®ú <iÉxÉä +ÊvÉEò ¤ÉÆvÉxÉ b÷É±Éä MÉªÉä lÉä ÊEò ±Éc÷EòÒ ¤Éb÷Ò ½Öþ<Ç iÉÉä =ºÉä PÉ®ú ºÉä ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú ÊxÉEò±ÉxÉÉ

35-41 P. Shijina 37


¤ÉÆnù ÊEòªÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ lÉÉ* =ºÉEòÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ BEònù¨É ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ½þÉä MÉ<Ç ªÉÉ ÉgøxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB nÚù®ú-nÚù®ú VÉMÉ½þ ¨Éå VÉÉxÉÉ

¦ÉÒ +ºÉÆ¦É´É lÉÉ* ªÉ½þÒ +º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ EòÉä +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ xÉä +ÉxÉä ¤ÉSÉÉxÉ ¨Éå ¨É½þºÉÚºÉ ÊEòªÉÉ lÉÉ* BxÉ.BºÉ.BºÉ

¨Éå ¦ÉÉMÉ ±ÉäxÉä iÉlÉÉ =SSÉ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ |ÉÉiÉ Eò®úxÉä EòÒ <SUôÉ =xÉ¨Éå lÉÒ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ÉÉÉÉ +ÉxÉÒ ¤Éä]õÒ EòÉä nÚù®ú-nÚù®ú

VÉMÉ½þ ¨Éå ¦ÉäVÉxÉä EòÉä b÷®úiÉä ½éþ* ´Éä Eò½þiÉä ½éþ - “+SUôÉ, iÉÖ ½þÉ®äú ÉÉÉÉ xÉä iÉÖ É EòÉä EèòºÉä ¦ÉäVÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB ½þÉ¨ÉÒ

¦É®ú nùÒ*” 8 ªÉÉxÉä ÊºÉ¡Çò BEò ±Éc÷EòÒ ½þÉäxÉä Eäò xÉÉiÉä =x½åþ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå +ÉxÉÒ <SUôÉ+Éå EòÉä ½þÉä É Eò®úxÉÉ ÉcÉ

lÉÒ*

+±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ +ÉxÉÒ ¤Éä]õÒ EòÉä <xÉ VÉÆVÉÒ®úÉå ºÉä ¨ÉÖHò Eò®úùxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ* ´Éä MÉÖ±±ÉÚ EòÉä ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú JÉä±ÉxÉä,

¤ÉÉiÉå Eò®úxÉä EòÒ +xÉÖ ÉÊiÉ näùiÉÒ ½èþ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ªÉ½þ º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ iÉ¤É iÉ¤É lÉÉ VÉ¤É iÉEò ÊEòºÉÒ xÉä =ºÉEäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå

EòÉä<Ç MÉxnùÒ ¤ÉÉiÉå nùÒ´ÉÉ®ú É®ú Ê±ÉJÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉEäò ºÉ¤ÉÆvÉ ¨Éå ¨ÉÉÄ-¤ÉÉÉ ËSÉÊiÉiÉ ½èþ* ´É½þ Eò½þiÉÉ ½èþ - “½þ¨É ªÉ½þÒ

SÉÉ½þiÉä ½éþ xÉ, MÉÖ±±ÉÚ +ÉWÉÉnù ÉIÉÒ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ =bä÷, É®ú ªÉ½þ ¦ÉÒ SÉÉ½þiÉä ½éþ xÉ ÊEò =ºÉEäò ºÉÉlÉ EòÉä<Ç nÖùPÉÇ]õxÉÉ

xÉ ½þÉä* ½þ¨Éå ºÉÉ´ÉvÉÉxÉ iÉÉä ®ú½þxÉÉ ½þÒ ½þÉäMÉÉ* <ºÉEäò ÊºÉ´ÉÉªÉ +Éè®ú ½þ¨É CªÉÉ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉä ½éþ ?” 9 ªÉÉxÉÒ ªÉ½þÉÄ

¨ÉÉiÉÉ-ÊÉiÉÉ EòÒ Ê´É´É¶ÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ´Éä +ÉxÉÒ ¤ÉSSÉÒ EòÉä JÉÖ±Éä +ÉºÉ¨ÉÉxÉ Eäò xÉÒSÉä ºÉÉ®úÒ +ÉWÉÉnùÒ ºÉä VÉÒxÉä EòÒ

½þÉ¨ÉÒ näùiÉä ½éþ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ºÉSSÉÉ<Ç ªÉ½þ ½èþ ÊEò ªÉ½þ ½þÉ¨ÉÒ ºÉÆEÖòÊSÉiÉ oùÎ¹]õ´ÉÉ±ÉÉå ºÉä Eò±ÉÆÊEòiÉ ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ*

‘]õÊ¡òxÉ’ xÉÉ¨ÉEò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ xÉä BEò BäºÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä ÊSÉÊjÉiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ VÉÉä ºÉÉÉ]õ

SÉä½þ®äú´ÉÉ±ÉÒ +Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ ±Éc÷EòÒ ½èþ* É½þ ½þ¨Éä¶ÉÉ Ê]õÊ¡òxÉ ¤Éxnù Eò®ú ®úJÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ªÉÉxÉÒ ±Éc÷ÊEòªÉÉÄ Ê]õÊ¡òxÉ JÉÉiÉä

ºÉ¨ÉªÉ ½þÒ +ÉxÉä ¨ÉxÉ EòÉä JÉÖ±ÉiÉÒ ½éþ* VÉÉä ±Éc÷EòÒ Ê]õÊ¡òxÉ JÉÖ±ÉiÉä xÉ½þÓ ªÉÉ ±ÉÉiÉÒ xÉ½þÓ, ´É½þ =ºÉEäò ¨ÉxÉ

EòÉä ¦ÉÒ nÚùºÉ®úÉå ºÉä ¤Éxnù Eò®ú ®úJÉiÉÒ ½èþ* |ÉºiÉÖiÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÒ Ê´ÉtÉ BäºÉÒ ±Éc÷EòÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ +ÉxÉä ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò

ºÉÆPÉ¹ÉÇ B´ÉÆ ÉÉÊ®ú´ÉÉÊ®úEò iÉxÉÉ´É EòÉä +ÉxÉä Ê¨ÉjÉÉå ºÉä ÊUôÉÉEò®ú ®úJÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉEäò Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå ´É½þ PÉ®ú

UôÉäc÷Eò®ú SÉ±ÉÒ VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* Ê´ÉtÉ Eäò ºÉ¤ÉvÉ ¨Éå ºÉ½äþ±ÉÒ ºÉÊ®úEòÉ EòÉä ÊºÉ¡Çò <iÉxÉÉ ½þÒ VÉÉxÉiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò - “SÉÉ®ú

ºÉÉ±ÉÉå ¨Éå Ê´ÉtÉ BEò ¤ÉÉ®ú ¦ÉÒ Ê]õÊ¡òxÉ ±ÉäEò®ú ºEÚò±É xÉ½þÓ +É<Ç*” 10

xÉÉ®úÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ +Éè®ú =ºÉEäò +ÉvÉÉ®ú É®ú |ÉÉiÉ xÉÉèEòÊ®úªÉÉå xÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä +Éi¨ÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉ +Éè®ú +ÉÌlÉEò

ºÉIÉ¨ÉiÉÉ |ÉnùÉxÉ Eò®ú nùÒ* EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò ºÉÆ¤ÉvÉ ¨Éå b÷Éì.SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ ´Éänù´ÉiÉÒ EòÉ Eò½þxÉÉ ½èþ - “xÉÉ®úÒ ¨ÉÉjÉ

¨ÉÆÊnù®ú EòÒ |ÉÊiÉ¨ÉÉ xÉ½þÓ ½èþ, VÉÉä ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ ÉÚVÉÉSÉÇxÉÉ ºÉä ½þÒ ºÉÆiÉÖ¹]õ ®ú½äþ +Éè®ú xÉ PÉ®ú EòÒ +zÉÉÚhÉÉÇ, VÉÉä ®úºÉÉä<Ç

EòÒ ÉÊ®úºÉÒ¨ÉÉ ¨Éå |É¦ÉÉiÉ ªÉÉ ºÉÉÆvªÉ ¤Éä±ÉÉ näùJÉ xÉ ºÉEäò* ......... ´É½þ +ÉVÉ +ÉºÉ¨ÉÉxÉ EòÉä UÚôxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ

35-41 P. Shijina 38


½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB =ºÉxÉä EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ ¤ÉxÉxÉÉ ºÉ½þ¹ÉÇ º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ*” 11 ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå +ÉxÉÉ +ÎºiÉi´É ¤ÉxÉÉªÉä

®úJÉxÉä ¨Éå ªÉ½þ xÉÉèEò®úÒ =ºÉä ¨Énùnù Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ*

EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ xÉä ªÉ½þ ºÉ¨ÉZÉ Ê±ÉªÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ ÊEòºÉÒ ¦ÉÒ |ÉEòÉ®ú ÉÖ û¹É ºÉä ½þÒxÉ xÉ½þÓ ½èþ* ´É½þ

½þ®ú IÉäjÉ ¨Éå ÉÊiÉ EòÒ +xÉÖMÉÉÊ¨ÉxÉÒ, =ºÉEäò ºÉÉxÉÉå EòÉä ÉÉ±ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ, =ºÉEäò SÉ®úhÉÉå EòÒ vÉÚ±ÉÒ ¤ÉxÉxÉä EòÉä

EòiÉ<Ç iÉèªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ ½èþ* ‘±ÉÉ±É Ê¨É]Âõ`öÒ EòÒ ºÉc÷Eò’ xÉÉ¨ÉEò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ´ÉÆnùxÉÉ +ÉxÉÉ Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ ´ªÉHò Eò®úþiÉÒä

½<Ç Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “Ê¡ò®ú SÉ±ÉÒ ½ÚÄþ ¨Éé +Eäò±Éä Ê¤ÉxÉÉ ÊEòºÉÒ ÉÖ û¹É Eäò ÊÉiÉÉ xÉ½þÓ, ÉÊiÉ xÉ½þÓ, ÉÖjÉ xÉ½þÓ - ¦É±Éä

½þÒ <ºÉ ¤ÉÉ®ú BEò ÊnùxÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB ½þÒ*” 12

+ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ ¨Éå ´ªÉÊHò º´ÉÉiÉÆjªÉ EòÒ VÉÉä Uô]õÉ]õÉ½þ]õ ½èþ, ´É½þ +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå

ÉÚ®úÒ iÉ®ú½þ |ÉÊiÉUôÉÊªÉiÉ ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ* ´É½þ ºjÉÒ-ÉÖ û¹É Eäò Ê±ÉB ÊxÉvÉÉÇÊ®úiÉ ÉÞlÉEò-ÉÞlÉEò xÉèÊiÉEò ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉå EòÉä BEò

+ÉGòÉä¶É Eäò ºÉÉlÉ xÉEòÉ®úiÉÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ ÉÖ û¹É Eäò ÉÚhÉÇ-ºÉ¨ÉEòIÉ-ºÉkÉÉ EòÒ ºlÉÉÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ, xÉ WªÉÉnùÉ +Éè®ú

xÉ Eò¨É* ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ EòÒ Eò½þÉxÉÒ Eäò BEò ÉÉjÉ ´ÉxnùxÉÉ ÉÊiÉ-ÉixÉÒ Eäò Ê±ÉB ÊxÉvÉÉÇÊ®úiÉ xÉèÊiÉEò ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉå É®ú SÉÉä]õ

Eò®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “BEò ºjÉÒ +ÉÊJÉ®ú VÉ¤É PÉ®ú ºÉä ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú ÊxÉEò±ÉiÉÒ ½èþ iÉÉä ªÉ½þ EèòºÉä ºÉÆ¦É´É ½èþ ÊEò

´É½þ ÊEòºÉÒ ÉÖ û¹É Eäò ºÉÆÉEÇò ¨Éå +ÉªÉä +Éè®ú =ºÉºÉä ÊEòºÉÒ iÉ®ú½þ EòÉ Ê®ú¶iÉÉ xÉ ¤ÉxÉÉªÉä*” 13 ¨ÉiÉ±É¤É ªÉ½þ

½èþ ÊEò ªÉÊnù ÉÊiÉ +ÉxÉÒ ÉixÉÒ Eäò ÊºÉ´ÉÉªÉ +xªÉ xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉä EòÉä<Ç Ê®ú¶iÉÉ ®úJÉä iÉÉä =ºÉä ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ iÉÊxÉEò ¦ÉÒ

xÉ½þÓ EÖò±É¤ÉÖ±ÉÉiÉÒ, ±ÉäÊEòxÉ xÉÉ®úÒ É®úÉÖ û¹É ºÉä EòÉä<Ç ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ ®úJÉä iÉÉä =ºÉä ¤ÉnùxÉÉ¨É, SÉÊ®újÉ½þÒxÉ +ÉÊnù ÉÖEòÉ®úxÉä

ºÉä iÉÊxÉEò ¦ÉÒ Ê´É±ÉÆ¤É xÉ½þÓ ÊEòªÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ*

ÎºjÉªÉÉÄ +¦ÉÒ ¦ÉÒ vÉÉÌ¨ÉEò +ÆvÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉÉå ºÉä VÉEòc÷Ò ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ* <xÉ +ÆvÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉÉå EòÉä ÉÖ û¹É +Éè®ú ºjÉÒ

ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉ °üÉ ºÉä ZÉä±ÉiÉä ½éþ, ½þÉ±ÉÉÄÊEò <ºÉEòÉ +ºÉ®ú +Éè®úiÉ É®ú ½þÒ Éc÷iÉÉ ½èþ, ÉÖ û¹É É®ú xÉ½þÓ* ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå

µÉiÉ ¦ÉÆMÉ Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ Eäò Ê±ÉB EÖòUô-xÉ-EÖòUô Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ¦ÉÒ |ÉSÉÊ±ÉiÉ ½éþ* <ºÉEäò ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ ¨Éå +±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ EòÉ

¨ÉiÉ ½èþ - “ºÉÉ®äú µÉiÉ iªÉÉä½þÉ®ú +Éè®úiÉÉå EòÉä ´ªÉºiÉ ®úJÉxÉä +Éè®ú =xÉ É®ú ®úÉäEò-]õÉäEò ±ÉMÉÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB ½þÒ ½èþ*”14 ªÉ½þ ªÉÉèxÉ ¦Éänù ¦ÉÉäVÉxÉ JÉÉxÉä ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ ½èþ* ÉÖ®úÉxÉä WÉ¨ÉÉxÉä ¨Éå ªÉ½þÒ Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ lÉÉ ÊEò “+Éè®úiÉÉå EòÉ vÉ¨ÉÇ ÉÖ û¹ÉÉå

ºÉä É½þ±Éä JÉÉxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ ½èþ +Éè®ú <ºÉºÉä ´Éä ÉÉÉ EòÒ ¦ÉÉMÉÒ ¤ÉxÉiÉÒ ½éþ*” 15 <xÉ +ÆvÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉÉå EòÉä iÉÉäc÷iÉä ½ÖþB

+±ÉEòÉ VÉÒ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “+®äú ¦ÉÚJÉ ±ÉMÉÒ ½þÉä, iÉÉä JÉÉxÉÉ ½þÒ vÉ¨ÉÇ ½èþ* +Éè®úiÉ ½þÉä ªÉÉ +Énù¨ÉÒ*”16

35-41 P. Shijina 39


ÊxÉ¹Eò¹ÉÇiÉ: Eò½þÉ VÉÉ ºÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ xÉä BEò ½þnù iÉEò ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ EòÉä

¤Énù±ÉÉ ½èþ* ÉÖ û¹É-|ÉvÉÉxÉ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ ¨Éå ½þ®ú IÉäjÉ ¨ÉäÆ ÉnùÉÉÇhÉ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ ´ªÉÊHòi´É ¦ÉÒ +ÉVÉ iÉäVÉÉänùÒiÉ

½èþ* <ºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú +ÉVÉ ¤ÉäSÉÉ®úÒ xÉ½þÓ ®ú½þ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ* xÉÉ®úÒ ½þ®ú |ÉEòÉ®ú EòÒ ºÉÆPÉ¹ÉÇ¶ÉÒ±É ÎºlÉÊiÉ EòÉä, SÉÉ½äþ ´É½þ

PÉ®ú ¨Éå ½þÉä, EòÉ¨É Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±Éä VÉMÉ½þ ¨Éå ½þÉä ªÉÉ Eò½þÓ ¦ÉÒ ½þÉä, ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉÉ Eò®úxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB iÉèªÉÉ®ú ½èþ* ´É½þ +ÉxÉä

+ÊvÉEòÉ®úÉå Eäò |ÉÊiÉ VÉÉMÉ°üEò ½þÉä MÉªÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú |ÉiªÉäEò ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ EòÉä ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò +Éè®ú EòÉxÉÚxÉÒ ºiÉ®ú É®ú Ê´É®úÉävÉ

¦ÉÒ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* ÉÖ û¹É +Éè®ú xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ |ÉÊiÉuÆùÊuùiÉÉ xÉ½þÓ ºÉ½þªÉÉäMÉ ½þÉäxÉÉ SÉÉÊ½þB* xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉÒ ÉÚhÉÇ

º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ B´ÉÆ nùÉÊªÉi´É Eäò ºÉÉlÉ BEò ¨ÉÉxÉ´É Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå VÉÒxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ*

ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ OÉÆlÉ ºÉÚSÉÒ

1. ®ú¨ÉÊhÉEòÉ MÉÖiÉÉ - ºjÉÒ Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ - Eò±É¨É +Éè®ú EÖònùÉ±É Eäò ¤É½þÉxÉä, ÉÞ.11

2. +±ÉEòÉ ºÉ®úÉ´ÉMÉÒ - Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÒ iÉ±ÉÉ¶É ¨Éå, ÉÞ.6

3. b÷Éì.ºÉÉè ¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉÒEäò®äú - ºÉ`öÉäkÉ®úÒ Ë½þnùÒ ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ+Éå EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ, ¨ÉÖJÉ ÉÞ¹`ööö

4. b÷Éì.ºÉÉè ¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉÒEäò®äú - ºÉÉ`öööÉäkÉ®úÒ Ë½þnùÒ ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ+Éå EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ, ÉÞ.15







11. b÷Éì.SÉÉèvÉ®úÒ ´Éänù´ÉiÉÒ =¡Çò.ºÉÉè.±ÉÉc÷Eäò ´ÉÒ.ÉÒ - xÉ´É¨ÉÂ nù¶ÉEò EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ

xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ¦ÉÚÊ¨ÉEòÉ, ÉÞ.12





35-41 P. Shijina 40



35-41 P. Shijina 41


+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ ¨Éå ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ

´ÉúÒ. B±É. ®úÒxÉÉEÖò¨ÉÉ®ùÒúË½þnùÒ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ


+ÉVÉEò±É ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ-VÉMÉiÉ ¨Éå ÊVÉxÉ Ê´É¹ÉªÉÉå EòÒ ºÉ´ÉÉÇÊvÉEò SÉSÉÉÇ ½èþ, ´É½þ ½èþ ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ B´ÉÆ nùÊ±ÉiÉ-

Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ* ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ´ÉÉºiÉ´É ¨Éå ºjÉÒ EòÒ +xÉÖ¦ÉÚÊiÉ EòÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ½èþ* nùÉä ¶É¤nùù ½éþ - ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ +Éè®ú

ºjÉÒ´ÉÉnùÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ* ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ´É½þ ½èþ ÊVÉºÉEòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ ºjÉÒ ½þÒ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ É®ú ºjÉÒ´ÉÉnùÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ EòÒ

®úSÉxÉÉ ºjÉÒ ¦ÉÒ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú ÉÖ û¹É ¦ÉÒ* ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ¨Éå ºjÉÒ EòÒ +Îº¨ÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú +xÉÖ¦É´ÉÉå EòÉä

EåòpùÒªÉ ¨É½þi´É ÊnùªÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ Eäò +ÆiÉMÉÇiÉ ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ½þÒ <ºÉEòÒ SÉäiÉxÉÉ EòÉ |ÉiÉÒEò ½èþ*

‘Bhasin and Khan’ xÉä ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ EòÉä ÉÊ®ú¦ÉÉÊ¹ÉiÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB Eò½þÉ ½èþ - “An awareness of

women’s oppression and exploitation in society, at work and within the

family and conscious action by women and men to change the situation.” 1

ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ¨Éå ºjÉÒ-Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ EòÉ ºÉ¤ÉºÉä É½þ±ÉÉ EòÉªÉÇ ºjÉÒ EòÒ SÉäiÉxÉÉ EòÉ Ê´ÉEòÉºÉ ½èþ* +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò EòÉ±É

¨Éå EòlÉÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ºÉä ºjÉÒ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ EòÉ +É®Æú¦É ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* ºjÉÒ EòÒ +Îº¨ÉiÉÉ EòÉä ®úÉ¹]Åõ EòÒ +Îº¨ÉiÉÉ Eäò

°üÉ ¨Éå |ÉºiÉÖiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ¤ÉÒºÉ´ÉÓ ¶ÉiÉÉ¤nùÒ Eäò =kÉ®úÉrÇù ¨Éå ºjÉÒ EòlÉÉ ±ÉäJÉxÉ xÉä BEò xÉªÉÒ É½þSÉÉxÉ

¤ÉxÉÉ<Ç ½èþ* ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ Ë½þnùÒ EòÒ ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒEòÉ®úÉå ¨Éå +OÉhÉÒ EòlÉÉEòÉ®ú ½éþ* =xÉEäò ´ªÉÊHòi´É ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ

Eäò ¨ÉxÉ É`öxÉä EòÒ +xÉÖ¦É´É IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ ½èþ, ÊVÉºÉxÉä =xÉEäò ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ EòÉä +nÂù¦ÉÖiÉ ¶ÉÊHò |ÉnùÉxÉ EòÒ ½èþ* ºjÉÒ Eäò

¨ÉxÉ B´ÉÆ ËWÉnùMÉÒ Eäò |ÉÉ¨ÉÉÊhÉEò ªÉlÉÉlÉÇ EòÉä, ºjÉÒ-SÉÊ®újÉÉå EòÒ nùÉä½þ®úÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉ, ¨ÉÚ±ªÉMÉiÉ iÉxÉÉ´ÉÉå EòÉä

´ÉèªÉÊHòEò oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ ºÉä ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ xÉä °üÉÉÊªÉiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* Îº¨ÉiÉÉ ÊiÉ´ÉÉ®úÒ Eäò ¶É¤nùùÉå ¨Éå - “¨ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ

42-47 V. L. Reenakumari 42


Eäò EòlÉÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ EòÉ ¡ò±ÉEò º´ÉÉiÉÆjªÉÉäkÉ®ú ¦ÉÉ®úiÉ ¨Éå ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ EòÒ ÊxÉ®ÆúiÉ®ú ÉÊ®ú´ÉÌiÉiÉ ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉÄ ½éþ, VÉÉä

Eò<Ç +lÉÉç ¨Éå Ê´ÉEÞòÊiÉªÉÉå, Ê´É¹É¨ÉiÉÉ+Éå +Éè®ú ¿ÉºÉÉå Eäò »ÉÉäiÉ ¤ÉxÉ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ* <ºÉ +xÉÖEÚò±É iÉlÉÉ ¿ÉºÉÉäx¨ÉÖJÉ

ÉÊ®ú´Éä¶É ¨Éå ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ, ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú, ºjÉÒ-ÉÖ û¹É, ¨ÉÉiÉÉ-ÊÉiÉÉ, ÉÊiÉ-ÉixÉÒ, º´ÉÉ¨ÉÒ-ºÉä ÉEò, xÉäiÉÉ-SÉ¨ÉSÉä, UÖô]õ¦É<ÇªÉä-

¤Éc÷¦É<ÇªÉä, Ê¤ÉSÉÉäÊ±ÉªÉä-nù±ÉÉ±É, VÉÒ ½ÖþWÉÚÊ®úB-ÊÉUô±ÉMÉÖB, ºÉ¦ÉÒ Eäò +Énù¶ÉÉç, ¨ÉÚ±ªÉÉå, ¨ÉÉxÉnùhb÷Éå, ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉÉå,

´ªÉ´É½þÉ®úÉå ¨Éå +ÉvÉÉ®ú¦ÉÚÊiÉ ÉÊ®ú´ÉiÉÇxÉ ½ÖþB ½éþ, ¨ÉÚ±ªÉ ¤Énù±Éä ½éþ, EòÒ¨ÉiÉå ¤Énù±ÉÒ ½éþ, ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ ¤Énù±ÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú

¤Énù±ÉÉ ½èþ ËWÉnùMÉÒ +Éè®ú ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ* ¡ò±Éº´É°üÉ ¨ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ EòÒ EÞòÊiÉªÉÉÄ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ EòÒ

Ê´ÉEÞòÊiÉªÉÉå, Ê´É¹É¨ÉiÉÉ+Éå, VÉÊ]õ±ÉiÉÉ+Éå iÉlÉÉ EÖÆò`ööÉ+Éå EòÉ ºÉ]õÒEò +Éè®ú SÉÖ¦ÉiÉÉ ½Öþ+É ÊSÉjÉ |ÉºiÉÖiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ

½èþ* =x½þÉåxÉä ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ, vÉ¨ÉÇ, ºÉÆºEÞòÊiÉ, ºÉÆºEòÉ®úÉå, É®ÆúÉ®úÉ+Éå ºÉä ÊxÉ:ºÉÞiÉ ÉÉJÉhb÷Éå, |ÉiÉÉ®úhÉÉ+Éå EòÉ

ÊxÉ¨ÉÇ ÉiÉÉ ºÉä =nÂùPÉÉ]õxÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò ÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå, +ÆiÉuÈùuùÉå, +ÆiÉÌ´É®úÉävÉÉå, EÖÆò`ööÉ+Éå, ¨ÉxÉÉäÊ´ÉEòÉ®úÉå

iÉlÉÉ ´ÉVÉÇxÉÉ+Éå EòÉ ÊxÉ°üÉhÉ Eò®úxÉä ¨Éå =x½þÉåxÉä ÊºÉrù½þºlÉiÉÉ ÊnùJÉÉ<Ç ½èþ*” 2

xÉÉ®úÒ Ê´É¨É¶ÉÇ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ xÉä +ÉxÉÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå B´ÉÆ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò ÊEòºÉÒ

Ê´ÉÊ¶É¹]õ °üÉ EòÉä JÉc÷É xÉ½þÓ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* ËEòiÉÖ ´Éä º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò “¤ÉÉ®ú-¤ÉÉ®ú ÊVÉºÉ ºjÉÒ EòÉä ¨Éé xÉä

+ÉxÉÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå Eäò uùÉ®úÉ É½þSÉÉxÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þÉ ½èþ ´É½þ ½èþ +ÉÆiÉÊ®úEò ºÉÆºEòÉ®úÉå, ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ+Éå +Éè®ú ºÉÆ ÉänùxÉÉ+Éå Eäò

ºÉÉlÉ ¤ÉÉ½þ®úÒ ÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå B´ÉÆ nù¤ÉÉ´ÉÉå EòÉä ZÉä±ÉiÉÒ, Eò¦ÉÒ =xÉEòÉä iÉÉäc÷iÉÒ, Eò¦ÉÒ JÉÖnù =xÉEäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä ]Úõ]õiÉÒ

½Öþ<Ç xÉÉ®úÒ*” 3

¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ BEò BäºÉÒ MÉhÉ¨ÉÉxªÉ ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ ½éþ, VÉÉä +ÉxÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉÖ±É¦É ¨ÉxÉÉäÊ´ÉEòÉ®úÉå EòÉä ÊEòºÉÒ

¯ûEòÉ´É]õ Eäò Ê¤ÉxÉÉ ÉÉ`ööEòÉå Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä |ÉºiÉÖiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½éþ* +ÉxÉÉ xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉÒ oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ +Éè®ú +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò

ºÉÆºEòÉ®ú ºÉä ªÉÖHò xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ |ÉºiÉÖiÉÒEò®úhÉ ¨Éå ´Éä +ÉxÉä ºÉ¨ÉEòÉ±ÉÒxÉ ±ÉäJÉEòÉå ºÉä Ê¤É±ÉEÖò±É Ê¦ÉzÉ ®ú½þiÉÒ ½éþ*

+iªÉÆiÉ+ÉEò¹ÉÇEò ¶Éè±ÉÒ, EòÉ´ªÉÉi¨ÉEò +Ê¦É´ªÉÊHò +Éè®ú ®úSÉxÉÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ±ÉMÉÉ´É <xÉ ºÉ¤É EòÉ Ê¨É±ÉÉ-VÉÖ±ÉÉ °üÉ

½èþ =xÉEäò ¤É½ÖþSÉÌSÉiÉ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ ‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’*

‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ ÉÉÊ®ú´ÉÉÊ®úEò Ê´ÉºÉÆMÉÊiÉ Eäò Ê¶ÉEòÉ®ú ÉÊiÉ-ÉixÉÒ Eäò BEò¨ÉÉjÉ ÉÖjÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ

EòÉä Eåòpù ¨Éå ®úJÉEò®ú =ºÉEäò ºÉ¨ÉÚSÉä ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEò ºÉÆºÉÉ®ú EòÉ ¨ÉxÉÉä ÉèYÉÉÊxÉEò +Éè®ú ªÉlÉÉlÉÇ ÉÉnùÒ ÊSÉjÉhÉ ½èþ*

¸ÉÒ¨ÉiÉÒ Eò¨É±É EÖò¨ÉÉ®ú Eäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú - “¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ EòÉ ‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ +ÉVÉ Eäò +xÉäEò ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®úÉå Éå ºÉÉÄºÉ

±Éä ®ú½þÉ ½èþ +±ÉMÉ-+±ÉMÉ ºÉÆnù¦ÉÉç ¨Éå, +±ÉMÉ-+±ÉMÉ ÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå ¨Éå, +±ÉMÉ iÉ®ú½þ ºÉä*” 4



=ÉxªÉÉºÉ EòÒ xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ =SSÉÊ¶ÉÊIÉiÉ +Éè®ú EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ EòÉì±ÉäVÉ EòÉ

Ë|ÉÊºÉÉ±É ½èþ* =ºÉEòÉ ÉÊiÉ +VÉªÉ nÚùºÉ®äú ¶É½þ®ú Éå ®ú½þiÉÉ ½èþ* Ê¶ÉIÉÉ Eäò |É¦ÉÉ´É ºÉä =ºÉEòÉ +ÉxÉÉ BEò º´ÉiÉÆjÉ

´ªÉÊHòi´É ÊxÉÌ¨ÉiÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ, ÊVÉºÉºÉä ´É½þ +ÉxÉä ÉÊiÉ ºÉä +±ÉMÉ ½þÉäEò®ú ¤ÉSSÉä Eäò ºÉÉlÉ +±ÉMÉ ½þÒ ®ú½þiÉÒ ½èþ*

¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÉä ÉÉÉÉ +VÉªÉ ¤É½ÖþiÉ ªÉÉ®ú Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ, É®ú =ºÉä ¨É¨ÉÒ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ ®ú½þxÉÉ ½þÒ ÉºÉÆnù ½èþ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÉ ÉÊiÉ

+VÉªÉ =ºÉEäò iÉ±ÉÉEò näùxÉä ºÉä É½þ±Éä ½þÒ ¨ÉÒ®úÉ xÉÉ¨ÉEò nÚùºÉ®úÒ ºjÉÒ ºÉä Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ Eò®ú ±ÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB nùÉäxÉÉå

¨Éå iÉ±ÉÉEò +ÊxÉ´ÉÉªÉÇ ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* +VÉªÉ ºÉä iÉ±ÉÉEò ±ÉäxÉä Eäò ¤ÉÉnù ¶ÉEÖòxÉ xÉä ¦ÉÒ +VÉªÉ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ +ÉxÉÒ ËWÉnùMÉÒ

EòÉä ¤Énù±ÉxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉixÉ ÊEòªÉÉ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ ¦ÉÒ nÚùºÉ®úÉ ªÉÉ½þ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ, iÉ¤É ¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÉ ¦ÉÊ´É¹ªÉ +ÆvÉä®äú Éå Éc÷ VÉÉiÉÉ

½èþ* ´É½þ b÷Éì.VÉÉä¶ÉÒ EòÉä +ÉxÉä ÊÉiÉÉ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå xÉ º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ +Éè®ú +VÉªÉ EòÒ nÚùºÉ®úÒ ÉixÉÒ ¨ÉÒ®úÉ

EòÉä +ÉxÉÒ ¨ÉÉÄ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå* <xÉ ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉªÉÉå Eäò ¡ò±Éº´É°üÉ ´É½þ ½þÉìº]õ±É ¨Éå ®ú½þxÉä EòÉä ¨ÉWÉ¤ÉÚ®ú ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ

½èþ* +VÉªÉ, ¶ÉEÖòxÉ +Éè®ú ¤ÉÆ]õÒ <xÉ iÉÒxÉÉå SÉÊ®újÉ Eäò ¤ÉÉ®äú Éå ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ xÉä º´ÉªÉÆ Eò½þÉ ½èþ - “¨Éä®úÒ +ÉxÉÒ vÉÉ®úhÉÉ

½èþ ÊEò ¨Éé xÉä xÉ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÉä MÉ±ÉiÉ Eò½þÉ, xÉ +VÉªÉ EòÉä, ¤ÉÆ]õÒ iÉÉä MÉ±ÉiÉ ½þÉä ½þÒ xÉ½þÓ* MÉ±ÉiÉ +Éè®ú ºÉ½þÒ +MÉ®ú

EòÉä<Ç ½þÉä ºÉEòiÉä ½éþ iÉÉä ´Éä ½éþ +VÉªÉ, ¶ÉEÖòxÉ +Éè®ú ¤ÉÆ]õÒ Eäò +ÉÉºÉÒ ºÉ¤ÉÆÆvÉ*” 5 ´ÉºiÉÖiÉ: ‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’

¨Éå iÉ±ÉÉEò¶ÉÖnùÉ nù¨ÉÊiÉªÉÉå Eäò xÉÉnùÉxÉ ¤ÉSSÉÉå EòÒ ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ½èþ iÉÉä nÚùºÉ®úÒ +Éä®ú ¶ÉEÖòxÉ VÉèºÉÉ

nùÉä½þ®úÒ ´ªÉÊHòi´É´ÉÉ±ÉÒ xÉÉÊ®úªÉÉå Eäò ºÉÆPÉ¹ÉÇ EòÉ ¦ÉÒ ÊSÉjÉhÉ ½èþ*

¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ EòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ¶ÉÒ±ÉiÉÉ EòÉ |ÉÉhÉiÉi´É ¦ÉÒ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ¨ÉÖÊHò ½èþ* =xÉEòÉ ®úÉä¹É ÉÖ û¹É

Eäò ÊJÉ±ÉÉ¡ò xÉ½þÓ, ¤ÉÎ±Eò =ºÉ ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ½èþ ÊVÉºÉxÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä ÉÊ®ú´ÉÉ®ú ¨Éå VÉEòc÷Eò®ú ®úJÉÉ ½èþ iÉlÉÉ

ÊxÉhÉÇªÉ ±ÉäxÉä Eäò +ÊvÉEòÉ®ú ºÉä ÉÆÊSÉiÉ ®úJÉÉ ½èþ* ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ ÉvªÉ´ÉMÉÔªÉ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Eäò PÉÖ]õxÉ ºÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä ÉÖHò Eò®úxÉÉ

SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ* ´Éä xÉÉ®úÒ ¨Éå ‘¤ÉÉä±b÷xÉäºÉ’ näùJÉxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ* ‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ Eäò ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÉ SÉÊ®újÉÉÆEòxÉ <ºÉ

‘¤ÉÉä±b÷xÉäºÉ’ EòÒ MÉ´ÉÉ½þÒ näùiÉÉ ½èþ* §É¨É +Éè®ú ºÉäCºÉ Eäò nÖù½þ®äú VÉÊ]õ±É ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ Eäò ºÉÆºEòÉ®úÉå Eäò VÉÉ±É ºÉä xÉÉ®úÒ

Eäò ¨ÉÉèÊ±ÉEò ´ªÉÊHòi´É EòÉä JÉÉäVÉ ÊxÉEòÉ±ÉxÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB ÊVÉºÉ ºÉÉ½þºÉ +Éè®ú ÊxÉ¦ÉÔEòiÉÉ EòÒ +É´É¶ªÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ,

´Éä ¨ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ Eäò ºÉ¤ÉºÉä ºÉ¶ÉHò ½þÊlÉªÉÉ®ú ½éþ*

‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ EòÒ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÒ ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ¨ÉÉxÉÊºÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ* +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò

xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ É½þ±ÉÉ ¶ÉÉÉ nùÉä½þ®äú ºiÉ®ú É®ú VÉÒxÉä EòÒ ¤ÉÉvªÉiÉÉ ½èþ* nÚùºÉ®úÉ +Ê¦É¶ÉÉÉ ½èþ +ÉxÉä ´ªÉÊHòi´É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ,

+Éi¨ÉºÉ¨¨ÉÉxÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ VÉÉMÉ°üEòiÉÉ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ VÉèºÉÒ Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉÉ xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉä EòÉä º´ÉÉ½þÉ Eò®úxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ



½èþ* ´É½þ ÉÊ®ú´Éä¶É ºÉä ±Éc÷Eò®ú +ÉMÉä ¤ÉgøxÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú ÉÖ û¹É Eäò ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ EòÉ =ÉªÉÉäMÉÒ +ÆMÉ ¤ÉxÉxÉÉ

SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½èþ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ SÉÉ½äþ iÉÉä +ÉxÉä É½þ±Éä Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ EòÉä ÊxÉ¦ÉÉ ºÉEòiÉÒ lÉÒ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ´É½þ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉèiÉä Eäò Ê±ÉB

Eò¦ÉÒ iÉèªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* =xÉEäò +xÉÖºÉÉ®ú - “ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉèiÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉixÉ ¦ÉÒ nùÉäxÉÉå ¨Éå BEò +Æb÷®úº]éõËb÷MÉ ÉènùÉ Eò®úxÉä

EòÒ <SUôÉ ºÉä xÉ½þÓ ½þÉäiÉÉ lÉÉ, ´É®úxÉÂ BEò nÚùºÉ®äú EòÉä É®úÉÊVÉiÉ Eò®úEäò +ÉxÉä +xÉÖEÚò±É ¤ÉxÉÉ ±ÉäxÉä EòÒ +ÉEòÉÆIÉÉ

ºÉä*” 7 =ºÉEòÒ oùÎ¹]õ ¨Éå ÉÊiÉ Eäò +ÊiÉÊ®úHò ¦ÉÒ ºÉÆºÉÉ®ú ¨Éå BäºÉÉ ¤É½ÖþiÉ EÖòUô ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ VÉÉä xÉÉ®úÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÉä

ÉÚhÉÇ ¤ÉxÉÉ ºÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ* +VÉªÉ ºÉä +±ÉMÉ ½þÉäEò®ú ¶ÉEÖòxÉ ºÉÉäSÉiÉÒ ½èþ - “+VÉªÉ EòÉä =ºÉä ÊnùJÉÉ ½þÒ näùxÉÉ ½èþ

ÊEò ´É½þ +MÉ®ú BEò xÉ<Ç ËWÉnùMÉÒ EòÒ ¶ÉÖ û+ÉiÉ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ iÉÉä ´É½þ ¦ÉÒ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ*” 8

+ÉVÉ EòÒ Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉÉ xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉä +ÎºiÉi´É Eäò |ÉÊiÉ EÖòUô +ÊvÉEò VÉÉMÉ°üEò ½èþ* +iÉÞiÉ ´ÉÉºÉxÉÉ

+Éè®ú +ÎºiÉi´É EòÒ +±ÉMÉ É½þSÉÉxÉ xÉä +ÉVÉ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆÆvÉÉå ¨Éå iÉxÉÉ´É +Éè®ú +±ÉMÉÉ´É ¦É®ú ÊnùB ½éþ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ +VÉªÉ

Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä +ÉxÉä ´ªÉÊHòi´É EòÉä JÉÉäxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ, CªÉÉåÊEò BäºÉÉ Eò®úxÉä ºÉä =ºÉEòÉ +ÎºiÉi´É ¦ÉÒ Ê¨É]õ

VÉÉBMÉÉ* ´É½þ Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “¤ÉÆ]õÒ Eäò´É±É =ºÉEòÉ ¤Éä]õÉ ½þÒ xÉ½þÓ ½èþ, ´É½þ Ê½þªÉÉ®ú ¦ÉÒ ½èþ, ÊVÉºÉºÉä ´É½þ +VÉªÉ

EòÉä ]õÉ®úSÉ®ú Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ, Eò®äúMÉÒ*” 9 ªÉ½þÉÄ =ºÉEòÉ +½ÆþOÉºiÉ ´ªÉÊHòi´É Ê¨É±ÉiÉÉ ½èþ*

‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ EòÉ ´ÉEòÒ±É SÉÉSÉÉ ¦ÉÒ °üÊfø EòÉ Ê´É®úÉävÉ Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÉ ½èþ* ´É½þ +VÉªÉ +Éè®ú ¶ÉEÖòxÉ

Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ ºÉÆnäù¶É´ÉÉ½þEò EòÉ EòÉ¨É Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ* VÉ¤É =xÉEòÉ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ ÉÚhÉÇ °üÉ ºÉä ]Úõ]õ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ +Éè®ú ¶ÉEÖòxÉ

Ê¤É±ÉEÖò±É +ºÉ½þÉªÉ ½þÉäiÉÒ iÉÉä SÉÉSÉÉ =ºÉä nÚùºÉ®úÒ ¶ÉÉnùÒ Eò®úxÉä EòÉ =Énäù¶É näùiÉÉ ½èþ* ´É½þ iÉÉä BEò ¤ÉSSÉÉ´ÉÉ±ÉÒ

+Éè®úiÉ ½èþ, Ê¡ò®ú ¦ÉÒ SÉÉSÉÉ =ºÉä É®ÆúÉ®úÉ EòÉä iÉÉäc÷xÉä EòÉ ºÉ±ÉÉ½þ näùiÉÉ ½èþ - “SÉÒWÉÉå EòÉä ºÉ½þÒ iÉ®úÒEòÉå ºÉä ±ÉäxÉÉ

ºÉÒJÉÉä ¶ÉEÖòxÉ* V¤É +Énù¨ÉÒ BEò VÉMÉ½þ vÉÉäJÉÉ JÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä =ºÉä ±ÉMÉiÉÉ ½èþ ºÉ¤É VÉMÉ½þ vÉÉäJÉÉ ½þÒ vÉÉäJÉÉ

½èþ* É®ú BäºÉÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ xÉ½þÓ ½èþ*” 10 Ê¡ò®ú ´É½þ Eò½þiÉÉ ½èþ - “iÉÖ É Eäò´É±É ¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÒ ¨ÉÉÄ ½þÒ xÉ ½þÉä <ÊºÉ±ÉB iÉÖ É

Eäò´É±É ¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÒ ¨ÉÉÄ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¨ÉiÉ ÊVÉªÉÉä ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¦ÉÒ ÊVÉªÉÉä*” 11 SÉÉSÉÉ EòÒ ºÉ¦ÉÒ ¤ÉÉiÉå ¶ÉEÖòxÉ

EòÉä |Éä®úhÉÉ näùxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ +Éè®ú É®ÆúÉ®úÉ EòÉä iÉÉäc÷xÉä EòÒ ¶ÉÊHò ´É½þxÉ Eò®úxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ¦ÉÒ lÉÒ* b÷Éì.®úÉVÉÉ®úÉxÉÒ ¶É¨ÉÉÇ Eäò

+xÉÖºÉÉ®ú - “¨ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ Eäò xÉÉ®úÒ ÉÉjÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ ÉÊ®ú´Éä¶É EòÒ =ÉVÉ ½þÉäxÉä É®ú ¦ÉÒ =ºÉ¨Éå °üÊfø¤Érù xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ

nùªÉxÉÒªÉiÉÉ xÉ½þÓ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÒ* ÊxÉc÷®ú, Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉÉ +Éè®ú +xªÉÉªÉ Eäò ÊJÉ±ÉÉ¡ò ±Éc÷iÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä |ÉºiÉÖiÉ Eò®úEäò

ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ Eäò Ê±ÉB xÉ¨ÉÚxÉÉ ÊnùJÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ*”12



VÉ¤É ¶ÉEÖòxÉ b÷Éì.VÉÉä¶ÉÒ Eäò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¨Éå |É´Éä¶É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ, iÉ¤É ¤ÉÆ]õÒ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ =ºÉEäò |Éä É EòÉ °üÉ ¦ÉÒ

¤Énù±É VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ´É½þ =ºÉä ¤ÉÉiÉ-¤ÉÉiÉ É®ú b÷ÉÄ]õiÉÒ ½èþ, ÉÒ]õiÉÒ ½èþ* +ÉxÉÒ ½þÒ ºÉÆiÉÉxÉ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÒ xÉ<Ç ËWÉnùMÉÒ

¨Éå ¤ÉÉvÉÉ ¤ÉxÉ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ* xÉB ´Éè ÉÉÊ½þEò VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¨Éå ¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÒ ½þ®úEòiÉå ®úºÉ¦ÉÆMÉ EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÉä |ÉiÉÒiÉ ½þÉäiÉÒ

½èþ* ´É½þ +ÉxÉä +½Æþ Eäò Ê±ÉB ¤ÉÆ]õÒ EòÉä ¦ÉÒ +ÉxÉä ºÉä +±ÉMÉ Eò®ú ±ÉäiÉÒ ½èþ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ Eäò |Éä É ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉÒ Ê´ÉSÉÉ®úÉå

¨Éå ¦ÉÒ xÉÉ®úÒ º´ÉiÉÆjÉiÉÉ EòÒ ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ VÉÖc÷Ò ½Öþ<Ç ½èþ* ´É½þ b÷Éì.VÉÉä¶ÉÒ ºÉä ÉÚUôiÉÒ ½èþ - “CªÉÉ |Éä É ºÉSÉ¨ÉÖSÉ ½þÒ ¨ÉÉjÉ

BEò ¶ÉÉ®úÒÊ®úEò +É´É¶ªÉEòiÉÉ +Éè®ú BEò ºÉÖÊ´ÉvÉÉVÉxÉEò Bb÷VÉäº]õ¨Éå]õ EòÉ ½þÒ nÚùºÉ®úÉ xÉÉ¨É ½èþ*” 13

<ºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú ¶ÉEÖòxÉ ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ É®ÆúÉ®úÉ +Éè®ú °üÊfø ºÉä +±ÉMÉ ½þÉäEò®ú SÉ±ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ

|ÉiÉÒEò ½èþ* ªÉ½þÉÄ ¨ÉzÉÚ VÉÒ xÉä ¶ÉEÖòxÉ Eäò ¨ÉÉvªÉ¨É ºÉä ªÉ½þ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ É½þ±Éä ¨ÉÉjÉ

¶É®úÒ®ú lÉÒ, +¤É iÉÉä ´É½þ +lÉÇ ¦ÉÒ ½èþ* ¶ÉEÖòxÉ SÉCEòÒ ÉÒºÉ-ÉÒºÉEò®ú ¤Éä]äõ EòÉ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¤ÉxÉÉxÉä ¨Éå +ÉxÉä +ÉÉEòÉä

º´ÉÉ½þÉ Eò®ú näùxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ¨ÉÉÄ xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ, ¤ÉÎ±Eò º´ÉiÉÆjÉ ´ªÉÊHòi´É, +ÉEòÉÆIÉÉBÄ +Éè®ú +ÉVÉÒÊ´ÉEòÉ Eäò ºÉÉvÉxÉÉå ºÉä

iÉÞiÉ ¨ÉÉÄ lÉÒ* <ºÉ xÉÉ®úÒ +Éè®ú ¨ÉÉÄ ºÉä +ÉÉºÉÒ uÆùuù EòÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ ½þÒ ¶ÉEÖòxÉ EòÉä =ºÉEòÉ ´ÉiÉÇ ÉÉxÉ °üÉ näùiÉÉ

½èþ* ´ÉºiÉÖiÉ: ‘+ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ’ ÉÊiÉ-ÉixÉÒ Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ +ÉÉºÉÒ +½ÆþEòÉ®ú Eäò ]õEò®úÉ´É Eäò nÖù¹ÉÊ®úhÉÉ¨É - iÉ±ÉÉEò,

ÉÖxÉÌ´É´ÉÉ½þ iÉlÉÉ BEò ºÉÆ ÉänùxÉ¶ÉÒ±É ¤ÉÉ±ÉEò EòÒ ºÉÆjÉºiÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ½èþ*

ºÉÆnù¦ÉÇ OÉÆlÉ

1. Bhasin and Khan - Some questions on Feminism and its Relevence in

South Asia

2. Îº¨ÉiÉÉ ÊiÉ´ÉÉ®úÒ - ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ Eäò EòlÉÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ¨Éå ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò SÉäiÉxÉÉ, ÉÞ.16

3. Îº¨ÉiÉÉ ÊiÉ´ÉÉ®úÒ - ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ Eäò EòlÉÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ¨Éå ºÉÉ¨ÉÉÊVÉEò SÉäiÉxÉÉ, ÉÞ.17

4. +ÉVÉEò±É - VÉÚxÉ 1989, ÉÞ.8

5. ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ - +ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ, ´ÉHò´ªÉ, ÉÞ.7

6. b÷Éì.®úhÉ´ÉÒ®ú - ºÉÞVÉxÉ EòÒ ¨ÉxÉÉä¦ÉÚÊ¨É, ºÉ¨ÉEòÉ±ÉÒxÉ ºÉÉÊ½þiªÉ ºÉ¨ÉÉSÉÉ®ú (ÉÊjÉEòÉ), VÉxÉ´É®úÒ 1976, ÉÞ.35

7. ¨ÉzÉÚ ¦Éhb÷É®úÒ - +ÉÉEòÉ ¤ÉÆ]õÒ, ÉÞ.35







12. b÷Éì.®úÉVÉÉ®úÉxÉÒ ¶É¨ÉÉÇ - Ë½þnùÒ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ ¨Éå °üÊfø ¨ÉÖHò xÉÉ®úÒ, ÉÞ.322




¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ ÉÖ¹ÉÉ EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ

ÉÒ.±ÉäJÉÉòË½þnùÒ Ê´É¦ÉÉMÉ

BxÉ.BºÉ.BºÉ.É¹ÉÎ¶¶É®úÉVÉÉ EòÉì±ÉäVÉ, ¨É]Âõ]õzÉÚ®ú

¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ ÉÖ¹ÉÉ EòÉ VÉx¨É 30 xÉ´ÉÆ¤É®ú 1944 EòÉä +Ê±ÉMÉgø ÊVÉ±Éä Eäò ÊºÉEÖò®úÒ MÉÉÄ É ¨Éå ½Öþ+É*

=xÉEòÉ VÉx¨É +ÉWÉÉnùÒ Eäò iÉÒxÉ ºÉÉ±É É½þ±Éä ½Öþ+É* =xÉEäò ±ÉäJÉxÉ ¨Éå ÉÖ û¹É ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ uùÉ®úÉ ºjÉÒ É®ú ½þÉäxÉä ÉÉ±Éä

+iªÉÉSÉÉ®úÉå EòÉ ´ÉhÉÇxÉ ½èþ* =xÉEäò =ÉxªÉÉºÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉÊ®úªÉÉÄ xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉ¨ÉºªÉÉ EòÒ ¨ÉÉxªÉiÉÉ+Éå EòÉä SÉÖxÉÉèiÉÒ näùxÉä

±ÉMÉiÉÒ ½éþ* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÉä<Ç +Énù¶ÉÇ EòÒ ºlÉÉÉxÉÉ Eò®úxÉÉ xÉ½þÓ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ* =xÉEòÒ ®úÉªÉ ¨Éå ÊVÉºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú xÉÉ®úÒ

EòÉä ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ +É´É¶ªÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ =ºÉÒ |ÉEòÉ®ú ÉÖ û¹É EòÉä xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ +É´É¶ªÉEòiÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ nùÉäxÉÉå

¨Éå ºÉ¨ÉÉxÉiÉÉ SÉÉ½þiÉÒ ½éþ* ´Éä ºjÉÒ B´ÉÆ ºjÉÒ ¶ÉÊHò EòÉä VÉÉxÉiÉÒ ½éþ* =ºÉä =VÉÉMÉ®ú Eò®úxÉä ¨Éå, +Éè®ú ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ

¨Éå ±ÉÉxÉä EòÒ EòÉäÊ¶É¶É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþÆ*

=xÉEäò iÉÒxÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ºÉÆOÉ½þ ½éþ - ‘ÊSÉx½þÉ®’, ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ’ +Éè®ú ‘MÉÉä ÉÉ ½ÄþºÉiÉÒ ½è’*

=x½þÉåxÉä ÉSSÉÒºÉ ºÉä +ÊvÉEò Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ +Éè®ú ¤ÉÉ®ú½þ =ÉxªÉÉºÉ Ê±ÉJÉä ½èþÆ* =xÉEòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ UôÉä]õÒ-UôÉä]õÒ

EòlÉÉ+Éå ¨Éå +Éè®ú ºÉÉvÉÉ®úhÉ °üÉ ¨Éå ÊxÉ¶É¤nù Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ½éþ* <ºÉ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ´ÉÉnùÒ PÉÉä¹ÉhÉÉBÄ xÉ½þÓ ½éþ*

´Éä +xÉÖ¦É´É JÉhb÷ ½éþ* É®ú º´ÉªÉÆ Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ ½èþ* ±ÉäÊEòxÉ +xÉÖ¦É´É Eäò +ÉvÉùÉ®ú É®ú Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú EòÉ º´É°üÉ ¤ÉxÉ

VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ xÉä +ÉxÉÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ EòÒ ºÉ¦ÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉºªÉÉ+Éå EòÉä =VÉÉMÉ®ú Eò®úxÉä EòÉ

|ÉªÉÉºÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* =xÉEäò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ºÉÆOÉ½þÉå ¨Éå VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Eäò Ê´ÉÊ¦ÉzÉ É½þ±ÉÖ+Éå EòÉ ÊSÉjÉhÉ Ê¨É±ÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ

VÉÒ Eäò xÉÉ®úÒ ÉÉjÉ VÉÒ´ÉxÉÉxÉÖ¦É´ÉÉå EòÉä ZÉää±ÉiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç =ºÉ É®ú ¨ÉÉiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç EòÊ`öxÉÉ<ªÉÉå EòÉä SÉÒ®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç

+ÉMÉä ¤Égø ®ú½äþ ½éþ*

48-52 P. Lekha 48


¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÉ BEò Eò½þÉxÉÒ ºÉÆOÉ½þ ½èþ ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ’* <ºÉ¨Éå nùºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨ÉÉèVÉÚnù ½éþ*

<ºÉ¨Éå ÉÉÄSÉ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉªÉÉå EòÉ Ê´É¶±Éä¹ÉhÉÉi¨ÉEò +vªÉªÉxÉ ½þ¨É näùJÉ ºÉEòiÉä ½éþ* É½þ±ÉÒ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ½èþ ‘ÊºÉº]õ®ú’*

<ºÉ¨Éå ÊºÉº]õ®ú Êb÷ºÉÚºÉÉ +Ê´É´ÉÉÊ½þiÉÉ ½èþ, CªÉÉåÊEò ´ÉÞrù ÊÉiÉÉ EòÒ ºÉä ÉÉ Eò®úiÉä-Eò®úiÉä =ºÉä +ÉxÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Eäò

¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú Eò®úxÉä EòÉ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ xÉ½þÓ Ê¨É±ÉÉ* =ºÉEòÉ °üÉ-®ÆúMÉ <ºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú ÊEò ®ÆúMÉ ºÉÉÄ É±ÉÒ ½èþ* Eònù ºÉä

¨ÉÆZÉ±ÉÒ +Éè®ú iÉÊxÉEò ¦ÉÉ®úÒÉxÉ EòÒ +Éä®ú VÉÉiÉÒ näù½þ ½èþ* ´É½þ iÉÉä näùJÉxÉä ¨Éå ºÉÖÆnù®ú xÉ½þÓ lÉÒ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ¶ÉÒ¶Éä

Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä JÉbä ½þÉäiÉä ºÉ¨ÉªÉ =ºÉEäò ¨ÉxÉ ¨Éå ZÉÖZÉ±ÉÉ½þ]õ ¨ÉÉèVÉÚnù lÉÒ* =ºÉEäò ¨ÉxÉ ¨Éå Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú +ÉiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò

=ºÉEòÒ xÉÉEò ±ÉÆ¤ÉÒ ½þÉä, +Éè®ú +ÉÄJÉå lÉÉäb÷É +Éè®ú ¤Éb÷Ò ½èþ* <ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå EòÉ¨ÉEòÉVÉÒ ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ EòÉ +ÉxÉä

VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Eäò ¤ÉÉ®äú ¨Éå näùJÉxÉä EòÉ oùÎ¹]õEòÉähÉ ÊºÉ¡Çò EòÉ¨É ®ú½þ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* +Éi¨ÉÒªÉiÉÉ ºÉä VÉÖc÷ VÉÉxÉä EòÒ EòÉäÊ¶É¶É

¤ÉäEòÉ®ú ½èþ* <ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ ÊºÉº]õ®ú ¤Énù±ÉxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* PÉ®äú±ÉÚ ´ÉÉiÉÉ´É®úhÉ ¨Éå JÉÖnù EòÉä

]õÉ±ÉxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉixÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* ÊVÉºÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú EòÉ ´ªÉ´É½þÉ®ú =ºÉEäò ºÉÉlÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä =ºÉä Ê¡ò®ú ºÉä +ÉxÉä

´ªÉ´É½þÉ®ú Eäò ºÉÉlÉ VÉÖc÷ VÉÉxÉÉ Éc÷iÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå +Éè®ú ¦ÉÒ ÉÉjÉ ½éþ - @ñ¹ÉÒ, ¦ÉÉÆVÉÉ, ºÉÉÊ´ÉjÉÒ +ÉÊnù*

<ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ÊÉiÉÉ EòÒ ºÉä ÉÉ ¨Éå VÉÖbä÷ ¤Éä]õÒ EòÒ =©É ¤Égø VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú ´É½þ ÊºÉº]õ®ú ªÉÉÊxÉ xÉÍºÉMÉ EòÉ

EòÉ¨É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ*

+MÉ±ÉÒ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ½èþ ‘ÉMÉ±ÉÉ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ’* <ºÉ¨Éå ºjÉÒ EòÒ ¨ÉxÉÉä ÉèYÉÉÊxÉEò nù¶ÉÉ EòÉ

´ÉhÉÇxÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ EòÒ ½èþ* =ºÉEòÉ iÉxÉ, ¨ÉxÉ, ºÉÆÉÚhÉÇ +ÎºiÉi´É Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ ½èþ* ½þÉä¶É, =¨ÉÆMÉ,

É½þxÉxÉÉ, +ÉäføxÉÉ, ºÉVÉxÉÉ, ºÉÄ É®úxÉÉ ºÉ¤É =ºÉEäò Ê±ÉB ´ÉÌVÉiÉ lÉä* +Éè®úiÉå =ºÉEäò ºÉMÉÖhÉ ºÉÉiÉ ¨ÉÆMÉ±É EòÉªÉÉç

ºÉä ¤ÉSÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ºÉÖ¤É½þ-ºÉ¤Éä®äú =ºÉEòÉ ÊEòºÉÒ Eäò +ÉMÉä +b÷ ®ú½þxÉÉ +¶ÉÖ¦É ½èþ* ªÉ½þ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ VÉÉxÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ

º´ÉªÉÆ ¦ÉÒ näùJÉ-¤ÉSÉEò®ú ÊxÉEò±ÉiÉÒ ½èþ* vÉÒ®äú-vÉÒ®äú ÉÊiÉ ÊnùxÉä¶É EòÉ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ Éb÷ÉäºÉ ºÉä ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ÊnùxÉä¶É EòÉ

ªÉÉ®ú =ºÉºÉä PÉ]õiÉÉ SÉ±ÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þ VÉÉxÉEò®ú ´É½þ SÉÒJÉ =`öiÉÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ ÉÊiÉ ºÉä Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ - “iÉÖ¨ÉxÉä

¨Éä®úÉ Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ iÉÉäc÷ ÊnùªÉÉ ÊnùxÉä¶É, iÉÖ ÉxÉä ¨ÉÖZÉä Uô±ÉÉ* CªÉÉ ¨Éé xÉä iÉÖ ½åþ ªÉÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ ÊnùªÉÉ ? CªÉÉ ¨Éé xÉä iÉÖ ½åþ

+ÉxÉÉ ¶É®úÒ®ú xÉ½þÓ ÊnùªÉÉ ? Éé Eò¹]õÉå Éå ¦ÉÒ ÉÖºEÖò®úÉiÉÒ ®ú½þÒ, lÉÉäbä÷ Éå ½þÒ ºÉÆiÉÖ¹]õ ®ú½þÒ, =ºÉEòÉ ¤Énù±ÉÉ iÉÖ ÉxÉä

¨ÉÖZÉä <ºÉ iÉ®ú½þ ÊnùªÉÉ ?” +ÉMÉä ¦ÉÒ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ EòÉ Eò½þxÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ªÉ½þ Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ BEò +xÉÖ¦É´É ºÉÆÉzÉ +Éè®úiÉ

½þÒ `öÒEò iÉ®ú½þ ºÉä Eò®ú ÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ´É½þ +xÉÖ¦É´É½þÒxÉ +Éè®ú +xÉÖ¦É´É ºÉÆÉzÉ +Éè®úiÉ-¨ÉnÇù Eäò ¤ÉÒSÉ +ÆiÉ®ú Eò®úiÉÒ

½Öþ<Ç Eò½þiÉÒ ½èþ, =ºÉEòÉ ºÉÉ®úÉ nùÉ®úÉä ÉnùÉ®ú <ºÉ ¤ÉÉiÉ É®ú ½èþ* nùÉäxÉÉå Eäò ÉÉºÉ +Éè®úiÉ ªÉÉ ÉÖ û¹É ½þÉäxÉä EòÉ `öÉäºÉ

48-52 P. Lekha 49


+xÉÖ¦É´É ½èþ ªÉÉ xÉ½þÓ, VÉÉä =x½åþ +Éi¨ÉÊxÉ¦ÉÇ® ¨Éå ºÉ¨ÉlÉÇ ¤ÉxÉÉ ºÉEäò*

<ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ EòÉ +Éè®ú BEò ÉÉjÉ ½èþ `öEÖò®úÉ<xÉ* =ºÉEòÒ SÉÉ®ú ¤ÉäÊ]õªÉÉÄ lÉÓ* ÉÉÄSÉ´ÉÓ ¦ÉÒ

¤Éä]õÒ ½Öþ<Ç iÉÉä =ºÉä ¤É½ÖþiÉ nÖù:JÉ ½Öþ+É* Ê¡ò®ú ¦ÉÒ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ xÉä =ºÉEòÒ É®ú´ÉÊ®ú¶É EòÒ* ±ÉUô¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ÊnùxÉ-¤É-ÊnùxÉ

¤Égø ®ú½þÒ lÉÒ* BEò ÊnùxÉ ´É½þ BEò ¨ÉÉº]õ®ú ºÉä MÉ¦ÉÇ ÉiÉÒ ½þÉäiÉÒ iÉÉä ¨ÉÉvÉÉäËºÉ½þ xÉä =ºÉä WÉ½þ®ú näùEò®ú ¨ÉÉ®ú b÷É±ÉÉ*

=ºÉÒ ¨ÉÉvÉÉäËºÉ½þ EòÉä ¤Éä]õÉ ½þÉäiÉÉ ½èþ* VÉ¤É =ºÉEòÒ ¶ÉÉnùÒ EòÉ ºÉ¨ÉªÉ +ÉiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä =ºÉEòÒ +ÉxÉä ÉÉ±ÉÒ ¤É½Öþ SÉÉ®ú

¨É½þÒxÉä EòÉ MÉ¦ÉÇ Ê±ÉB ¨ÉÆb÷É ¨Éå +ÉiÉÒ ½èþ, É®ÆúiÉÖ ¨ÉÉvÉÉäËºÉ½þ EÖòUô xÉ½þÓ Eò®ú ®ú½þÉ* ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ EòÉä ªÉ½þ ¤ÉÉiÉ ¤É½ÖþiÉ

¤ÉÖ®úÒ ±ÉMÉÒ* =ºÉä ªÉ½þ +xªÉÉªÉEòÉ®úEò ¤ÉÉiÉ EòÒ ÊSÉ]õ +ÉiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú ´É½þ ¨ÉÆb÷É ¨Éå ½þÒ ¨ÉÉvÉÉäËºÉ½þ EòÉä ÉilÉ®úÉå

ºÉä PÉÉªÉ±É Eò®ú näùiÉÒ ½èþ* iÉ¤É `öEÖò®úÉ<xÉ ¤ÉiÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò ÉMÉ±ÉÉ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ* <ºÉ¨Éå ¦ÉMÉ´ÉiÉÒ Ê´ÉpùÉä½þÒ

¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå Ê´Ét¨ÉÉxÉ ½èþ* +ÉxÉÒ oùÎ¹]õ ºÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ªÉÉÉxÉ Eò®úxÉÉ, ´ªÉÊHò Eäò ÊxÉVÉÒ ËWÉnùMÉÒ ¨Éå +ÉiÉÉ

½èþ, É®ú ºÉÉÆºEÞòÊiÉEò oùÎ¹]õ ºÉä ªÉä ÉÉ¤ÉÆÊnùªÉÉÄ ±ÉMÉÉªÉÒ MÉªÉÒ ½èþ*

¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ +MÉ±ÉÒ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ½èþ ‘+¤É ¡Úò±É xÉ½þÓ ÊJÉ±ÉiÉä’* <ºÉ¨Éå ¨É½þÉÊ´ÉtÉ±ÉªÉÒ

xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ Ê¶ÉIÉÉ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉºªÉÉ EòÉä ´ÉÌhÉiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ MÉªÉÉ ½èþ* ªÉ½þ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ZÉ®úxÉÉ EòÒ ½èþ* VÉÉä Ê´É·ÉÉºÉ Eäò

ºÉÉlÉ É½þÉÊ´ÉtÉ±ÉªÉ Éå VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* =ºÉEäò EòÉäÉÒ É®ú MÉÖiÉÉ ºÉ®ú +¶±ÉÒ±É ÊSÉjÉ ¤ÉxÉÉiÉä ½éþ iÉÉä =ºÉä ¤É½ÖþiÉ MÉÖººÉÉ

+ÉiÉÉ ½èþ* Ë|ÉÊºÉÉ±É Eäò ªÉ½þÉÄ VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ iÉÉä ´É½þ ¦ÉÒ MÉÖiÉÉ EòÉä <ºÉ ±É½þVÉä ºÉä ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò VÉèºÉä ´É½þ ¦ÉÒ

=ºÉ |ÉÊGòªÉÉ ¨Éå ¶ÉÉÊ¨É±É ½þÉä* |ÉvÉÉxÉÉSÉÉªÉÇ xÉä Eò½þÉ, “¯ûEò VÉÉ+Éä, +ÉVÉ CªÉÉ ½þÉä VÉÉªÉäMÉÉ ? ºÉ®ú, ¨ÉÉÄ ËSÉiÉÉ

Eò®äúMÉÒ, ®úÉiÉ ¨Éå xÉ½þÓ ¯ûEò ºÉEÚÄòMÉÒ* +É®úÉvÉ EòÉä<Ç Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä =ºÉEòÒ ºÉWÉÉ Ê¨É±É VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú´ÉÉ±ÉÉ

´ªÉÊHò MÉÖxÉÉ½þ Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä `öÒEò É®ú VÉ¤É JÉäiÉ ½þÒ ¡òºÉ±É JÉÉ ®ú½þÉ ½èþ iÉÉä ¨ÉÖÎ¶Eò±É EòÉªÉÇ ½þÉä VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ*”

<ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ÉÖ û¹É EòÒ ºjÉÒ EòÒ +Éä®ú näùJÉxÉä EòÒ VÉÉä oùÎ¹]õ ½èþ ´É½þ SÉÉ½äþ ÊEòiÉxÉÉ ¦ÉÒ Ê¶ÉÊIÉiÉ ½þÉä, xÉ½þÓ

¤Énù±ÉiÉÒ* +ºÉ½þÉªÉ Ê´ÉvÉ´ÉÉ xÉÉ®úÒ EòÒ ¤Éä]õÒ EòÉ ªÉÉèxÉ ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ ½èþ*

¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ +MÉ±ÉÒ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ½èþ ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ’* <ºÉ EòlÉÉ ¨Éå ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ xÉä Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú

EòÒ +Ê¦É´ªÉÊHò EòÉä ¨É½þi´É ÊnùªÉÉ ½èþ* Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú +ÉxÉÒ Eò±ÉÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ BEò ±ÉMÉÉ´É ªÉÉ +ÉxÉÉÉxÉ ®úJÉiÉÉ

½èþ ´É½þ ÊEòºÉÒ ¦ÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉèiÉä É®ú Eò±ÉÉ ºÉä nÚù®ú xÉ½þÓ VÉÉ ÉÉiÉÉ* ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ’ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ´É½þÒ Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú

EòÒ ¤ÉÉiÉ ½èþ* ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ’ BEò xÉÞiªÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú ½èþ +Éè®ú xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ EòÉä VÉ¤É Eò½þÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ¶ÉÉnùÒ Eäò ¤ÉÉnù

48-52 P. Lekha 50


iÉÖ É ªÉ½þ xÉ½þÓ Eò®ú ºÉEòÉäMÉÒ* xÉ½þÓ iÉÉä Ê´É´ÉÉ½þ xÉ½þÓ ½þÉä ÉÉªÉäMÉÉ* <ºÉ ¶ÉiÉÇ EòÉä xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ Eò¤ÉÚ±É xÉ½þÓ Eò®úiÉÒ*

VÉÉä Eò±ÉÉ =ºÉä YÉÉiÉ ½èþ =ºÉä ®úÉäEòxÉä ºÉä ´É½þ +ÉxÉÒ ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ+Éå EòÉä ´ªÉHò xÉ½þÓ Eò®ú ºÉEòiÉÒ lÉÒ* ¶ÉÉªÉnù

<ºÉÊ±ÉB =ºÉxÉä ªÉ½þ ¤ÉÉiÉ º´ÉÒEòÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ EòÒ*

<ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ xÉä xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ EòÉä +iªÉÆiÉ º´ÉÉÊ¦É¨ÉÉxÉÒ ¤ÉiÉÉªÉÉ ½èþ* +ÉxÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ

¨Éå PÉÊ]õiÉ PÉ]õxÉÉ EòÉä É½þ ¤É½ÖþiÉ ºÉ®ú±ÉiÉÉ ºÉä ±ÉäiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú VÉÉä ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ É½þ ÉÖÄ½þ ºÉä xÉ½þÓ Eò®ú ÉÉiÉÒ, É½þ ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ

´É½þ +ÉxÉä xÉÞiªÉ uùÉ®úÉ =nÂùPÉÉÊ]õiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* JÉÖnù EòÒ ¤Éä]õÒ EòÉä ¦ÉÒ ´É½þ º´ÉÉÊ¦É¨ÉÉxÉ ºÉä ¤Éb÷É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ*

±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ xÉä <ºÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒ ¨Éå BäºÉÒ ¨ÉÉxªÉiÉÉ+Éå EòÉä |ÉºiÉÖiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ VÉÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¨Éå PÉÊ]õiÉ PÉ]õxÉÉBÄ ½þÉäiÉÒ ½éþ,

ÊVÉºÉEòÉ Ê´É®úÉävÉ ½þ¨É xÉ½þÓ Eò®ú ÉÉiÉä* Ê´ÉÉ®úÒiÉ ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉ ¨Éå ¦ÉÒ xÉÉÊªÉEòÉ ®úÉ½þ ¤ÉxÉÉ ±ÉäiÉÒ ½èþ +Éè®ú +ÉxÉä

VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¨Éå BEò BäºÉÉ +Énù¶ÉÇ ºlÉÉÊÉiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ ÊVÉºÉºÉä Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú +ÉxÉÒ Eò±ÉÉ Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ½þ¨Éä¶ÉÉ MÉ´ÉÇ EòÒ

¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉ ¨É½þºÉÚºÉ Eò®åú* <ºÉ ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò Ê´ÉÊ´ÉvÉ °üÉ, EòiÉÇ ªÉ, ¦ÉÉ´ÉxÉÉBÄ, ÊVÉ¨¨ÉänùÉÊ®úªÉÉÄ +ÉÊnù EòÉä |ÉºiÉÖiÉ

Eò®úiÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉ ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ ¶ÉÊHò Eäò BäºÉä É½þ±ÉÖ+Éå EòÉä =VÉÉMÉ®ú ÊEòªÉÉ ÊEò VÉÉä xÉÉ®úÒ º´ÉªÉÆ xÉ½þÓ VÉÉxÉ ÉÉ

®ú½þÒ ½èþ ÊEò ´É½þ <iÉxÉÒ ºÉ¶ÉHò ½þÉä ºÉEòiÉÒ ½èþ* ªÉ½þ Eò½þÉxÉÒ +iªÉÆiÉ ®úÉäSÉEò B´ÉÆ É`öxÉÒªÉ ½èþ* VÉ¤É Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú

EòÉä Eò½þÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ¶ÉÉnùÒ Eäò ¤ÉÉnù ±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ªÉ½þ xÉÞiªÉ |ÉEòÉ®ú xÉ½þÓ Eò®úxÉÉ iÉÉä ´É½þ ¶ÉÉnùÒ ºÉä <xÉEòÉ®ú

Eò®ú näùiÉÒ ½èþ* ºÉSSÉä Eò±ÉÉEòÉ®ú +ÉxÉÒ Eò±ÉÉ EòÉä ÊEòºÉÒ ¦ÉÒ ºÉ¨ÉZÉÉèiÉä ºÉä xÉ½þÓ UôÉäb÷iÉä* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ xÉä +ÉxÉä

EòlÉÉ ºÉÆOÉ½þ ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ’ ¨Éå =xÉ iÉ¨ÉÉ¨É |É¶xÉÉå EòÉä =VÉÉMÉ®ú Eò®úxÉä EòÉ |ÉªÉÉºÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ, VÉÉä xÉÉ®úÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ

ºÉä ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ ®úJÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ºjÉÒ EòÉä +Éi¨ÉºÉ¨¨ÉÉxÉ, +ÎºiÉi´É Eäò Ê±ÉB ±Éb÷xÉä EòÉä |ÉäÊ®úiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½Öþ<Ç Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ

¦ÉÒ ÊnùJÉÉ<Ç näùiÉÒ ½éþþ* ‘±É±É¨ÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ’ ¨Éå ½þ®ú EòlÉÉ ®úSÉxÉÉ Eäò ºÉÉlÉ Ê´É¹ÉªÉ ´ÉèÊ´ÉvªÉ +Éè®ú ÉÊ®úÉC´ÉiÉÉ EòÉ

ÉÊ®úSÉªÉ näùiÉÉ ½èþ* <ºÉ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ Eäò Ê´ÉÊ´ÉvÉ ¦ÉÉ´É-¦ÉÆÊMÉ¨ÉÉ+Éå EòÉä ´ªÉHò ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ VÉèºÉÉ IÉäjÉ xÉÉ®úÒ

ºÉä +xÉÊ¦ÉYÉ CªÉÉå ®úJÉÉ VÉÉiÉÉ ½èþ ªÉ½þ ºÉ´ÉÉ±É ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÉä ºÉnèù´É VÉiÉÉiÉÉ lÉÉ* <ºÉÊ±ÉB ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ EòÉ

=zÉiÉ ºjÉÒ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòlÉÉ ±ÉäJÉxÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ <xÉ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä ½þEòÉå

Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ºÉVÉMÉ ½þÉäxÉä EòÉ <¶ÉÉ®úÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* º´ÉªÉÆ ÊxÉhÉÇªÉ-IÉ¨ÉiÉÉ, +Éi¨É-ºÉ¨¨ÉÉxÉ, º´ÉªÉÆ +ÎºiÉi´É EòÒ

É½þSÉÉxÉ ¤ÉxÉÉxÉä ¨Éå xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä |ÉäÊ®úiÉ ÊEòªÉÉ ½èþ* VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ¨Éå Ê¶ÉIÉÉ EòÉ ¨É½þi´É |ÉÊiÉÉÉÊnùiÉ Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB ½þ®ú xÉÉ®úÒ

EòÉä Ê¶ÉIÉÉ |ÉÉiÉ Eò®úxÉÒ ½þÉäMÉÒ +Éè®ú +Éi¨ÉÊxÉ¦ÉÇ®ú ½þÉäEò®ú VÉ¨ÉÉxÉä Eäò ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä +ÉxÉä EòiÉÇ ªÉ ÊnùJÉÉxÉä ½þÉåMÉä BäºÉÉ

Eò®úiÉä ½ÖþB +ÉMÉä +ÉxÉä Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú ®úJÉiÉÒ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ SÉèiÉxªÉ¨ÉªÉ ½þÉä <ºÉ iÉ®ú½þ Eäò |ÉªÉixÉ xÉÉ®úÒ

EòÉä º´ÉªÉÆ Eò®úxÉä ½þÉåMÉä* ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ ¨Éå VÉÉEò®ú nÚùºÉ®úÉå Eäò ÊxÉhÉÇªÉ É®ú º´ÉªÉÆ EòÉ ®úÉºiÉÉ JÉÖnù ¤ÉxÉÉxÉÉ ½èþ*

48-52 P. Lekha 51


¨ÉÉxÉ´ÉiÉÉ´ÉÉnùÒ Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú xÉÉ®úÒ ¨Éå ÊnùJÉÉªÉÒ näùiÉÒ ½èþ* xÉÉ®úÒ EòÉä °üÊfø-É®ÆúÉ®úÉ+Éå ºÉä, +ÆvÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉ ºÉä ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú

ÊxÉEò±ÉEò®ú nèùÊ½þEò ºiÉ®ú É®ú xÉ½þÓ, ¤ÉÎ±Eò +ÉÎi¨ÉEò ºiÉ®ú É®ú Ê´ÉEòÊºÉiÉ ½þÉäxÉÉ SÉÉÊ½þB*

ÉÖ û¹É Eò½þÉxÉÒEòÉ®úÉå EòÒ iÉ®ú½þ ¨ÉÊ½þ±ÉÉ Eò½þÉxÉÒEòÉ®úÉå EòÒ Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ ¦ÉÒ ®úÉä ÉÉÆÊ]õEò ¤ÉÉävÉ

ºÉä ¶ÉÖ°ü ½þÉäEò®ú ¨ÉÉä½þ¦ÉÆMÉ Eäò Ë¤ÉnÖù É®ú ¯ûEò VÉÉiÉÒ ½èþ* ºjÉÒ Eäò ½þ®ú É½þ±ÉÚ ºÉä ºÉÆ¤ÉÆÊvÉiÉ ¤ÉÉiÉå ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ

Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉå ¨Éå =É±É¤vÉ ½èþÆ* =xÉEòÒ ®úSÉxÉÉ+Éå EòÒ +Éä®ú +ÉEòÌ¹ÉiÉ ½þÉäxÉä EòÉ ¨ÉÖJªÉ EòÉ®úhÉ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ ÉÉjÉ

¦ÉÉMªÉ +Éè®ú ¦ÉMÉÉxÉ Eäò Ê¶ÉEÆòVÉä ºÉä ¤ÉÉ½þ®ú ÊxÉEò±ÉEò®ú É½þ±ÉÒ ¤ÉÉ®ú iÉEÇò Eäò +ÉvÉùÉ®ú É®ú Ê´ÉSÉÉ®ú Eò®úiÉä ½éþ*

¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ +ÊvÉEòÉÆ¶É Eò½þÉÊxÉªÉÉÄ +Énù¶ÉÇ EòÒ ®úJÉ´ÉÉ±ÉÒ +Éè®ú EòÉ¯ûÊhÉEò ÊSÉjÉhÉ Eäò °üÉ ¨Éå Ê´Ét¨ÉÉxÉ

½èþ* =xÉEäò xÉÉ®úÒ ÉÉjÉ ´ÉiÉÇ ÉÉxÉ EòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ½èþ, ªÉÉÊxÉ +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ ½èþ* +ÉvÉÖÊxÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ ½þÉäiÉä þ´ÉiÉÇ ÉÉxÉ EòÒ

ÉÊ®úÎºlÉÊiÉ ºÉä VÉÚZÉxÉä, VÉÒ´ÉxÉ Eäò ½þ®ú ¨ÉÉäb÷Éå ºÉä MÉÖWÉ®úxÉÉ Éb÷É ½èþ* ±ÉäÊJÉEòÉ EòÉ ¨ÉÉxÉxÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉÒ

¤ÉÉiÉ ÊxÉ¦ÉÇªÉ ½þÉäEò®ú Eò½åþ* =xÉEòÉ ¨ÉÉxÉxÉÉ ½èþ ÊEò ºjÉÒ EòÉä ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ EòÉä ¦ÉÒ +ÉxÉÉ IÉäjÉ ¨ÉÉxÉxÉÉ ½èþ* VÉ¤É

iÉEò xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉxÉä ½þEòÉå Eäò |ÉÊiÉ ºÉSÉäiÉ ½þÉäEò®ú ®úÉVÉxÉÒÊiÉ ºÉä VÉÖc÷ xÉ½þÓ ÉÉiÉÒ iÉ¤É +xªÉÉªÉ nÚù®ú xÉ½þÓ ½þÉåMÉä*EòÉä<Ç

¤ÉÉ½þ®ú´ÉÉ±ÉÉ +ÉEò®ú +ÉxÉÉ ½þEò xÉ½þÓ näùMÉÉ* <ºÉEäò Ê±ÉB ±Éb÷É<Ç Eò®úxÉÒ ½èþ* ¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ¤ÉÉä±b÷ ½èþ*

<ºÉEòÉ +lÉÇ ½èþ ÊEò +Ænù°üxÉÒ ¨ÉWÉ¤ÉÚiÉÒ* =xÉEòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ºÉÉ¨ÉxÉä +ÉiÉÒ ½èþ, +ÉxÉÒ ¤ÉÉiÉ ®úJÉiÉÒ ½èþ, =ºÉ É®ú

+¨É±É Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* =xÉEäò ºÉÉlÉ +ÉxÉÉ ¶É®úÒ®ú VÉÖb÷É ½Öþ+É ½èþ* ºÉ¨ÉÉVÉ ¨Éå ®ú½þxÉÉ ½èþ iÉÉä näù½þ EòÉä UôÉäc÷ Eò®ú

xÉ½þÓ SÉ±É ºÉEòiÉÒ* +ÉxÉä +ÉºÉÉÉºÉ +Éi¨ÉÊ´É·ÉÉºÉ EòÉ ºÉÖ®úIÉÉ Eò´ÉSÉ ºlÉÉÊÉiÉ Eò®úxÉÉ +É´É¶ªÉEò ½èþ*

¨ÉèjÉäªÉÒ VÉÒ EòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ +ÉÊnù´ÉÉºÉÒ VÉxÉVÉÉÊiÉªÉÉå, nùÊ±ÉiÉ-ÉÒÊb÷iÉ iÉ¤ÉEòÉå ¨Éå ºÉä ½èþ* =xÉEòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ SÉäiÉxÉÉ ºÉÆÉzÉ

½èþ* ´É½þ +ÉxÉä VÉÒ´ÉxÉ VÉÒxÉä Eäò iÉ®úÒEäò ºÉä BEò +Énù¶ÉÇ +xÉÉªÉÉºÉ ºlÉÉÊÉiÉ Eò®úiÉÒ ½èþ* =xÉEòÒ xÉÉ®úÒ ¶ÉÉäÊ¹ÉiÉ

WÉ°ü®ú ½èþ, ±ÉäÊEòxÉ ¶ÉÉä¹ÉhÉ Eäò Ê´É¯ûrù Ê´ÉpùÉä½þ Eò®úiÉÒ Ê´Ét¨ÉÉxÉ ½èþ*

48-52 P. Lekha 52

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 /53-67 Santhosh Manicheri 53

kaImenI IhnXsb°pdn®p≈ HcmtemN\

kt¥mjv am\nt®cnae-bm-fw- hn- mKw

Kh: _Æ≥ tImtfPv, Xe-t»cn

BbncØnsØm≈mbncØnF¨]sØmºXv B[p\nIXbpsS

A¥yh¿jambn \nco£n°s∏ń´p≠v (Osborn, Peter, 1992). IrXyhpw

\n›nXhpamb Hcp Ime]cnKW\ kmlnXob]ÿm\ßƒ°p

_m[Ias√¶n¬°qSn ]T\mt\zjWßƒ°p klmbIamb Hcp Iaw

kzoIcn°p∂Xn¬ sX‰n√. aebmfIhnXbnse ]pXnb hg°ßfpw

At\zjWßfpw Cu ImetØmsS it≤bambnØocp∂psh∂Xpw ][m\amWv.

1989 apX¬ 2009 hscbp≈ Ccp]Xph¿jw IhnXbpsS hnNmcamXrIIfn¬

Imhymt\zjWßfn¬ hepXmb ]cnh¿Ø\ßƒ D≠m°nbn´p≠v. s]mXphn¬

Cu ImesØ IhnXsb B[p\nIm\¥cX, DØcm[p\nIX XpSßnb

]Z]tbmKßfneqsSbmWv hmb\°mcpw \ncq]Icpw FgpØpImcpsams°

]cma¿in®pImWp∂Xv. Postmodernism F∂ BwKehm°n\p ]Icambn

D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ Cu hm°pIƒsIm≠v Cu ImesØ IhnXsb

hnebncpØp∂Xv Bib°pg∏ßƒ°v hgnsh°pw. Ign™ Ccp]Xph¿jßƒ

aebmf IhnXbnse hensbmcp ]cnWmaLámWv. \hIhnXsb∏‰nbp≈

hnNmccq]ßƒ _es∏SpIbpw IhnX \n¿hln°p∂ kmaqlnI[¿Ωw

kphy‡amhpIbpw sNbvXp F∂XmWv Cu ]cnWmaL´sØ

it≤bam°p∂Xv. B[p\nIkmlnXyÿm]\Øns‚ BKncWbp‡nsb

adnIS°m≥ Ignbp∂ _lpXzhpw sshhn[yhpw (KW]cambpw KpW]cambpw)

sNdp]£ (minority) kz`mhhpw ]ISn∏n® Cu ImesØ IhnXbpsS

hntijßsf Hscm‰ KWØn¬s∏SpØn t]cnSp∂Xv KpWIcamhn√..

cq]]camb Ahyhÿ, emfnXyw, Ahnizmkw, I¿XrtIµnXa√mØ


sshb‡nIX, H´pw B[nImcnIX \Sn°mØ `mjWcq]ßƒ A\p`hßfpsS

A\¥sshhn[yßƒ F∂nhsIm≠v kar≤amWv Cu ImesØ IhnX.

UnPn‰¬bpKw Cu hntijßsfsb√mw i‡ns∏SpØpIbpw \hIhnXbpsS

sNdp]£kz`mhsØ ZrVoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwIaWImeØns‚

]I∏pIfn√msX Xs∂ Hcp \hIhnX ]ndhnsbSp°p∂Xns‚ kqN\Iƒ G‰hpw

]pXnb IhnX \¬Ip∂psh∂Xv Cu ]_‘Øns‚ ap∂dnhmWv.

]eXmw Ifnt°m∏v

ImńRm≥ hnfn®n´pw

hcphm≥ Iq´m°msX

`mjX≥ amdn¬ ]‰ba¿∂v

sImXn∏n®v...

ssiihcq]nbmb FgpXs∏SmØhtbbpw FgpXm\mhmØhtbbpw

dôJv AlΩZv Hcp IhnXbn¬ FgpXp∂p≠v (hcmsX˛Kmahr£Ønse h∆m¬

2009). FgpXs∏SmØhbpw FgpXm\mhmØhbpw F∂ hnhcWa√msX

AsX¥msW∂p≈ Is≠Ø¬ IhnXbpsS hnjbamIp∂n√. IhnbpsS

A\p`hßƒ F∂ ań¬ kmºZmbnIamb A¿∞Imw£Iƒ°v Chsb

hniZoIcn°m\mhpIbpan√. FgpXs∏SmØhbpw FgpXm\mhmØhbpw Hcp

]cnanXnsb°pdn®p≈ ASnÿm\]camb Xncn®dnhmWv. au\Ønepw

IhnXbnepw kz]v\Ønepw `bØnepap≈ B ]cnanXnsb

A`napJoIcn°pIbmbncp∂p Ign™ Ccp]Xph¿jßfnse IhnX. aebmf

IhnXsb∂ ]XybimkvX ÿm]\tØmSp≈ ]nXròXnbpw IpXdnamdm\p≈

Xzcbpw Cu Imhymt\zjWßsf henb kacam°n am‰nbn´p≠v. kzbw

Aen™n√mXmhpIbpw ]pXnbhbpsS Infn¿∏ns\ \msf Ifmbn

km£ys∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp kacw.s]menabn√mØXp sIm≠p amXw

Hcp kachpw A]k‡amIp∂n√. IhnXbpsS hgnbn¬ F∂ IhnXbn¬

Fkv.tPmk v FgpXp∂p.

IhnXbpsS hgn \S∂pXo¿°m≥ B¿°pamIn√

AXm, Hcp ]¥v Dcp≠pt]mIp∂p.

Rm\nXns‚ ]pdtI \S°p∂p.


aebmf`mjbpw IhnXbpw

FX\mƒ D≠mIpsa∂v B¿°dnbmw?

Hcp Znhkw ]¥pImWmXmIpw

Fs∂bpw.

IS AS®pIgn™n´pw hngnhnf°ns‚ sh´Øn¬

ISØnÆbn¬ \n¬°p∂Xpt]mse

]ns∂bpw Rms\s‚ IhnXIfn¬ Xßn \nt∂°mw.

Im‰pw agbpw sIm≠v aÆv amdp∂p.

]pXnb sNSnIƒ, hoSpIƒ, arKßƒ

Infn¿Øp s]m¥p∂p.

Iptd°qSn \∂mbv F√mhcpw Pohn°s´

F∂min°p∂p.

At∏mƒ IhnXIfn¬ Fs∂ H´pw

ImWmXmIpw.

IhnXIfpw.

Aen™en™n√mXmIp∂ B G¿∏mSv

Fs‚ IhnXIfn¬ Ft∏mtg XpSßnsh®ncn°p∂p.

(D∏s‚ Iqh¬ hcbv°p∂p, 2009)

\hIhnXbpsS am\ns^tÃm tPmk^ns‚ Cu IhnXbnep≠v. IS

AS®p Ign™n´pw hgnhnf°ns‚ sh´Øn¬ \n¬°p∂Xpt]mse]ns∂bpw

Rms\s‚ IhnXIfn¬ Xßn \nt∂°mw F∂ D]abpsS t\cn¬

\hIhnXbnte°p hmb\°mc≥ hoWpt]mIpw.hn¬°ms\m hmßmt\m

C√msX As√¶n¬ BKlap≠mbn´pw ]Wan√msXbp≈ B \n¬]v

hm°pIfnse ]pXpIhnbpsS km∂n[ysØ hnfn®p

]dbp∂p≠v.A[nImccq]nb√mØ Hcp I¿Xrkm∂n[yamWXv.Ccp]Xp h¿jw

\o≠ Cu ]cnWma L´sØ ]pXnb IhnX°meØnte°p _‘n∏n°p∂Xv

tPmk^ns‚ IhnXbnse ]pXpkm[yXIfmWv.

Xoh≠n F∂ _nw_sØ tIµoIcn®v Cu ]cnWmasØ aq∂v IhnIfneqsS

Is≠Sp°m\mWv ChnsS ian°p∂Xv.


]mStØ°ndßnb Xoh≠n

]n.]n .cmaNµs‚ ImW°msW F∂ IhnXbn¬ Hcp

Xoh≠nsb°pdn®p≈ IuXpIßsf hnhcn°p∂p≠v.

kn·¬ amdnt∏mbXn\m¬

]mfw sX‰nt∏mb Hcp Xoh≠n

]pe¿s®

]mStØ°ndßp∂

Ip≠\nShgnbn¬

h∂p \n∂p.

Cu Zriyw ImsW°msW cq]m¥cs∏Sp∂Xmbpw IuXpIw \in®v

AXnkm[mcWXzambn amdp∂Xpw IhnXbnep≠v. thenap≈pw acs°mºpIfpw

X n ]pdwsXmen Iodnb F.kn. kq∏¿ tIm®pIfnte°v IuXpIhpambn FØp∂Xv

\mbIfpw ]q®Ifpw tImgnbpw AÆm\psams°bmWv.

Intbm Intbm IuXpIßsf

NndIn≥ IognsemXp°n

KmawXes]m°n t\m°n.

Kmaw Hcp X≈t°mgnbmhp∂Xpw Ip™pßsf NndInsemXp°n

CShgnbnte°p h∂ Xoh≠nsb ]cnàtØmsS t\m°p∂Xpw

sXmÆqdpIfnse ]pXnb IhnbpsS ]cnàsØbpw IuXpIsØbpw

Bi¶Itfbpw Bhnjv°cn°p∂p≠v. B[p\nImhmZØns‚ henb

tImfnf°ßfpw ]cnkam]vXnIfpw Ign™v IhnX F¨]XpIfn¬

izkn°p∂Xv ]q¿hkqcnIfpsS BhnjvImcßfnse

Xpd pIfnemWv.Hm¿Ωbmbncp∂p Cu ImesØ IhnXbpsS kp][m\

tkmX v.F√mw Hm¿Ω sIm≠v Xpd°mhp∂ hmXnepIƒ.adhns°Xnsc bp≤w

]Jym]n® Xeapdbnse AXnImb≥am¿ Acßnep≈t∏mƒ Hm¿Ωn°m≥

abn¬]oen°meßfn√mØ ]pXnb IhnIƒ°p≈ ]cnàw henb

Ne\ßtfm∂pw D≠m°mØ km[mcW kw`hw

amXambncp∂n√,hnNmcamXrIm]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ henb XpS°w


Xs∂bmbncp∂p.]mStØ°ndßp∂ CShgnbn¬ h∂p\n¬°p∂ Xoh≠n

`bhpw Bi¶bpw ]cnàhpsa√mw D≠m°p∂s≠¶nepw Chbvs°m∂pw Ihn

am\pjnIamb am\ßƒ \¬Inbnt´bn√.

hn`maIamb kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\w F√m ImesØbpw

FgpØpImcn¬ henb Xncbnf°ßƒ D≠m°nbn´p≠v.B[p\nImhmZØns‚

XpS°Øn¬ Cßs\sbmcp ]Xnk‘nsb A]q¿∆amw hn[Øn¬ W.B.Yeats

BJym\w sNøp∂p≠v. (The Second Comming 1919)

‘Turning and Turning in the widening gyre

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mear anarchy is loosed upon the world.’

tIµcmlnXyØns‚ \mSIobhpw Xohhpamb Bhnjv°mcw

Ießnadnbp∂ B[p\nIIhnXbpsSbpw Nn¥bpsSbpw A]q¿∆X

Xs∂bmbncp∂p. kam\amb `mjbn¬ sshtem∏n≈n IpSnsbmgn°ens‚

Bdmw JWvUØn¬ Hcp hnπhZriyw hc®psh°p∂p≠v.

]mcnSw ]pdwX≈nb tImS˛

°mdWnIfm¬ hm\edptºmƒ

sIevs]gpw XcpimJnIƒ Im‰n≥˛

a¬]nSpØw s]mdm™p s]m´ptºmƒ

\oƒ∏cºn\m¬ amcn,bncpń≥˛

Im∏ncnIsfbm™p X√ptºmƒ

s]mßnb IpesØßnSnsh´m¬

sN¶\¬tNmc No‰n \n¬°ptºmƒ

BdptXmSpIƒ ssI°pssItIm¿Øn˛


´mgnsb hnfn®p ]mbptºmƒ

`bw sIm≠pw NInXambnt∏mhp∂ Cu Iem]Zriyw ùXnIhpw

am\knIhpambn anicq]Øn¬, bYm¿∞ytaXv, AbmYm¿∞ytaXv F∂v

hnthNn®dnbm\mhmØ ańemWv Ihn hc®pshbv°p∂Xv. ]cnh¿Ø\ßfpsS

IpsØmgp°n¬ \neIn´msX izmkwap´p∂Xns‚ cq]ßfmWv D≤cn® c≠v

kµ¿`ßfpw. Cu ań¬ \mSIobamb BJym\Øn\p≈ henb km[yX

Xoh≠nbpsS ]mfw sX‰en\pap≠v. amXa√ Xoh≠n B[p\nIXsb

hyRvPn∏n°p∂ cq]IamsW∂v Xncn®dnbs∏ń´p≠v (Daly, Nicholas, 2004).

Im vIbpsS The Passenger CXn\pZmlcWambn Nq≠n°mWn°s∏Smdp≠v.

B\µns‚ Bƒ°q´w Bcw`n°p∂Xp Xs∂ a\pjy]IrXnsb IS∂p

\n¬°p∂ Hcp Xoh≠nbpsS h¿W\bnemWv. (1970)

hnIvtSmdnb sS¿an\ nse πm‰v t^mapIfnsem∂n¬ Hcph≠n h∂p \n∂p.

XmgvhcIfpw, acp`qanIfpw, \mń≥]pdßsf apdn®pw \Kcßsf Xpf®pw

Znhkßtfmfw InXt®mSn h≠n. Ct∏mƒ sS¿an\ nse _^dpIfn¬ apń AXv

hnian®p.

h≠n \n∂tXmsS AXns‚ hmXnepIfn¬°qSnbpw P\epIfn¬ IqSnbpw

a\pjy¿ [rXnbn¬ ]pdØpNmSm≥ XpSßn. Icnbpw s]mSnbpw ]‰n IdpØ

a\pjy¿. Nncn®pw Aºc∏pw æm\Xbpw AhcpsS apJØv CSIe¿∂p. mjtbm

Bi¶Itfm C√mØ Ccº¬. h≠n \n∂t∏mƒ AXn¬ \n∂v AS¿∂pt]m∂

B PohnXØns‚ Xp≠pIƒ AXns‚ Ne\sØbpw i_vZsØbpw

G‰phmßnbXpt]mse Ah¿ πm‰vt^man¬ \n∂p Xnf®tXbp≈p.

(Bƒ°q´w:13)

Bƒ°q´Øn¬ AhXcn°p∂Xv A¿∞Øns‚ henb

Hcp]cnthjtØmSpIqSnbp≈ Hcp Xoh≠nbmWv. B[p\nIXbpsS henb

cq]Ißfnsem∂mb Cu Xoh≠nbmWv cmaNµs‚ IhnXbn¬ Iodn∏dn™v

]mStØ°p≈ Ip≠\nShgnbn¬ h∂p\n¬°p∂Xv. AXy[nIw

\mSIobamtb°mhp∂ Cu kµ¿`sØ am\pjntIXcamb a‰p

km∂n[yßfnte°p Xs‚ I¿Xr]Zhnsb hn\ykn®psIm≠mWv Ihn

53-67 Santhosh Manicheri 58


t\cnSp∂Xv. (CXp ]pXnbIhnXbpsS kp][m\amb X¥ßfnsem∂mbn ]n∂oSp

amdp∂p≠v.)

Ae¿®tI v

\mbv°ƒ IpcXpSßn.

]q®Iƒ

PmKXbpsS

tcmahn√pIpe®p.

Intbm Intbm IuXpIßsf

NndIn≥ IognsemXp°n

Kmaw Xe]°n t\m°n.

dnk¿t∆j≥ Iºm¿´psa‚ns‚

]pdsØmń® Nm¿´pt\m°n

HcÆm≥

Dds° t]cpIƒ hmbn°pIbmWv....

ImsW°msW Xoh≠nbpsS IuXpIßƒ Agn™phoWp XpSßn.

Agn™p hog¬ I≠pI≠ncns°bmWv kw`hn®Xv. ImsW°msW sb∂

t]cv IhnXbnte°p≈ Xmt°m¬hmIyambn amdp∂Xnßs\bmWv. FX

s]s´∂mWv IuXpIßƒ Hgn™pt]mbXv. h≠n tXmepcn™v shdpw h≠nbmbn.

ImsW°msW

IuXpIw t]mbn

F√mw ]cnNnXambn

aW∏n®pw aqXn®pw

\mbIƒ h≠n

ho´p tImembbm°n.

sRfn™pw Npcp≠pw

]q®Iƒ _¿Øv

ASp∏pXnÆbm°n.


Iq‰≥ t_mKnIƒ°nSbn¬ \n∂pw

Intbm Intbm

tI´p XpSßn.

Ip∏mbaqcnsbdn™ PUXpeyamb Xoh≠nsb DdpºpIƒ

]mShcºneqsS hen®psIm≠pt]mhp∂ Hcp kq£va ZriyØnemWv IhnX

Ahkm\n°p∂Xv. Xoh≠nbpsS Cu cq]am‰w cmaNµs‚ Imhy`mjbpambn

_‘s∏´ Nne ]iv\ßsf°qSn apt∂m´pshbv°p∂p≠v.

B[p\nIXbpsS Im¬]\nI ]cnthjtØmSp≈ ]Xy£cq]I`mj (Cu

]tbmKw A≥h¿ AenbpsSXmWv.) _nw_ßfnte°v Xßsf Xs∂

]thin∏n®p≈ B`nNmcamWv .hyhÿm]\amb Cu k¶¬]Øns‚

sI´ps]mń°m\p≈ Hcp ]cniaw cmaNµ≥ Cu IhnXbn¬ \SØp∂p≠v.

Imhy`mjsb Ipdn®p≈ ]pXnb IhnIfpsS ktµlßƒ ]n.]n. cmaNµt\bpw

C°meØv Gsd Ae´p∂Xmbn At±lØns‚ hyXykvX IhnXIfpsS

]mcmbWw t_m[ys∏SpØp∂p≠v. sjm¿Æq¿ \neºq¿ ]mk©¿ (1990) F∂

IhnXbn¬ At±lw Dcp°pOµ n¬ / Indp°pItfmtcm / ∂pcp°gn®pt]m /

samcp \´]m¥≥- Bb hr≤\mbn Xoh≠nsb ImWp∂p≠v. hr≤\mb Cubmƒ

\mdmWØp m¥s\ t]mse sNbvXXp ho≠pw sNøp∂bmfmWv. hgn°p

I∂men sNdp°cm¿°ptºmƒ IcnºqXambpw Iqhm\pw I‰Npa∂p t]mIp∂

sNdpansb I≠v IpietamXm\pw agbv°p km[yX ]dbm\pw A\h[n

\m´pImcyßƒ°v \n¬°p∂ BfmWv Cu `m¥≥. Oµ nep≈ Xs‚

Indp°pIƒ sIm≠pamXw Xs‚ bmXbnse Bhiyßƒ

]q¿ØoIcn°s∏Sn√msb∂dnbp∂XpsIm≠mhWw Cu hr≤≥

`m¥\mbncn°p∂Xv. `m¥v \nbaßsf C√mXm°pIbpw ]pXnb

`mjcq]s∏SpØpIbpw sNøpw.

]mXnNmcnb hmXn¬

∏mfn CuWØn¬ apZm˛

Imhysa∂t]m¬ aqfn:

D¥p¥p¥msfbp¥v

Imhytam apZmhmIy



amcp∂p; Ifwhn´p

PmYbmbv sImSntb¥n

BfpIƒ apt∂dp∂p.

NXpcwKw 1990

`mjbpsS NXpcwK°fßfn¬ Imhyßƒ apZmhmIyßfmbnØocp∂

]cnWmasØ°pdn®pw NXpcwKw (1990)¬ At±lw FgpXp∂p≠v.

`mjsb°pdn®p≈ Cu kakvXkwL¿jßfpw ImsW°msW bn¬

]Xn[z\n°p∂p≠v. Oµ pIfpsS Ip∏mban√msXbp≈ `mjWamWv Cu

IhnXbn¬ kzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv. _nw_`mjbpsS D]tbmKØn¬ \n∂v

amdn\S°m\p≈ ]cniaw it≤bhpamWv. F∂m¬ Aßs\ Aßv c£s∏Sm≥

Ihnbv°mhp∂n√. IhnX samØØn¬ _nw_kz`mhap≈XmbnØocp∂p.

ChnsS cmaNµ≥ ASnÿm\]cambn Hcp ]Xnk‘n t\cnSp∂p≠v. Ihnsb∂

\nebn¬ Xs‚ `mKt[bsØ Ipdn®p≈ BgØnep≈ ]Xnk‘nbmWXv.

Bchßƒ ASßnbXn\ptijw ssaXm\sØØp∂ ]pXnb Ifn°mcs‚

am\knI\nebmWXv. Xs‚ km∂n[yw Xs∂ hnhcnt°≠nhcp∂ Hcp

Ifn°mc\mWbmƒ.

ChnsSbp≠v Rm≥

F∂dnbn°m≥

a[pcamsamcp

Iqh¿ amXw aXn.

ChnsSbp≠mbn

cp∂p Rms\∂Xn˛

s\mcpshdpw Xqh¬

Xmsgbn´m¬ aXn.

C\nbpap≠mIp˛

sa∂Xn≥ km£yambv

ASbncp∂Xn≥

NqSpamXw aXn



(efnXw 1998)

F∂nßs\bp≈ Hcp km£ys∏SpØeneqsSbmWv Cu ]Xnk‘n

At±lw ]cnlcn°p∂Xv. Xoh≠n DdpºpIƒ hen®psIm≠p t]mbXn\p

tijap≈ ]Xnk‘n Xs∂bnXv. Xoh≠nbpsS km∂n[yw hnZqcZriyambn

Ign™p. B[p\nIXmhmZØn\v aptº Bcw` n®

B[p\nImht_m[Øn¬(CSt»cnbnepw sshtem∏n≈nbnepw Hcpthf

]n.bnepw) IÆntNcm\p≈ Zm¿i\nIhpw sshImcnIhpamb iaßfmWv

]n¬°mecmaNµs\ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xv. CSt»cn At±lØns‚ Icfnse

shfn®ambn FgpXn XpSßptºmƒ Xs∂ ]Imin°p∂p≠t√m.

Ahs‚ bpXvIWvT; AXym˛

k∂ambv aW¬iøbn¬

\ocpssaizcyhpw h‰n˛

°nSt∏mcp \nfm\Zn.

Ahƒ X≥ ipjvIn® s\©n≥

sNhntN¿Øn∂p tIƒ°pI

Xf¿∂ ssIIfm¬ ]mdp

s\√p IpØpw anSn∏pIƒ

Ahƒ X≥ s]m≈p∂ s\‰n˛

®mepsXmń∂dnbpI

Ie∏Ø≠ntet°ma≥

Aa¿Ønt∏mb PohnXw

(CSt»cn∏mew,1998)

`mjm]chpw Z¿i\]chpw A\h[n k¶o¿ÆXIsf ]gb

KmaoWm[p\nIXbpsS BhnjvImccq]ßƒ°v kaImenIamb

XpS¿®bp≠m°p∂XneqsS cmaNµ\nse Ihn AXnPohn®ncn°p∂p.

Ign™ Ccp]Xph¿jßƒ krjvSn® it≤bcmb IhnIfnsemcmsf∂v

\n wibw ]dbmhp∂ sk_mÃy\n¬ Cu Xoh≠n Fßs\bmWv

]Xy£s∏Sp∂sX∂v At\zjn°m\mWv C\n ian°p∂Xv. sdbnen\p



kao]Øp≈ c≠p amhpIƒ c≠pImeßfn¬ sdbnens\ t\m°nbncn°p∂

\ni_vZamb Hcp ImgvN At±lw AhXcn∏n°p∂p≠v. (\n»_vZw 2006)

hr£ßfpsS DSemWv Cu IhnXbnse \nco£I\v. Ah Ne\clnXambn

\nco£n®psIm≠ncn°pIbmWv.

au\sØ D‰pt\m°n

\n»_vZw c≠pamhpIƒ

Nn√n¬

hncps∂Ønb

InfnIƒ

Xmsg Nńbn¬

H‰∏q hnS¿Øn tdmk

]n∂nse sdbneneqsS

h≠nsbm∂v Iqhnt∏mbn√.

Iqhnt∏mhm≥ h≠nsbm∂pan√mØ sdbnens‚ Cu ImgvN ]gb

ImesØ Hm¿Ωbnte°p sIm≠phcp∂p≠v.

t]mb ImeØnsem∂n¬

\n»_vZw

c≠p amhpIƒ

t\m°n \n∂p;

A∏pdsØ

sdbnen¬ ]nS¿∂p Xocpw Pohs\

c‡màmb k‘ysb.

t]mb ImeØnse ImgvN t£m`P\Ihpw XohhpamWv. c‡màmb

k‘ysb t\m°n\n¬°p∂ amhpIf√. k‘y amhpItfbmWv

]Imin∏n°p∂Xv. AtX amhpIƒ Bsfmgn™ sdbn¬ t\m°n \n¬°p∂

ImgvN Iqhnbm¿°p∂ Hcp Xoh≠nsb°pdn®p≈ kz]v\ßsfbpw \n»_vZambn

AhXcn∏n°p∂p≠v. H‰∏qhnS¿Ønb K‘hpw hncps∂Ønb InfnIfpw

BImisØ D‰pt\m°p∂ amhpIfpw AKlßfn¬ Hcp h≠nsb

Xmtemen°p∂p≠v.kvtXm`clnXamb Cu \n»_vZXbv°p `wKw hcpØm\p≈



Hcp BtLmjsØ.BfllXybpsS XpS¿®bnep≈ Hcp ]nS®nens\.Cu

BKlNn¥bn¬ \n∂mWv ]®°dn°SIƒ°p Poh≥ sh®v Hcp Xoh≠nbmbn

amdp∂ a¥hnZysb sk_mÃy≥ ImWn®p Xcp∂Xv.

N¥ ]ncnbptºmƒ

ISIsf√mw Hs∂m∂mbv am™pt]mIpw

I®hS°m¿ Dt]£n®

NoØ ae°dnIƒ°v

Poh≥ shbv°pw.

am™pt]mb ISIfpsS ÿm\Øv

Hcp Xoh≠n ]Xy£amIpw

PohnIfmbnØo¿∂ ae°dnIƒ

Iºm¿´psa‚nte°v HmSn°bdpw

s]s´∂p ags]øpw

Nqfw hnfn®p ]m™p t]mIpw.

Xoh≠nbmbnØo¿∂ ISIƒ.

(BcWyIw,2006))

Nqfw hnfn°p∂ Cu Xoh≠nIƒ cq]m¥cs∏´ PohnIsfbpw sIm≠v

HmSp∂ ImgvN sk_mÃys‚ IhnXbnepS\ofpa≠v. B[p\nI¿ Xń adn®

Nmbt°m∏Ifn¬ PohnXw Nmen®mWv ]cnWmaImeØnse Cu Ihn Bgap≈

PohnX NnXßƒ D≠m°p∂Xv. Cu NmbØn\v ]gabpsS K‘aps≠¶nepw

H∏p∂Xv ]pXnb PohnXw.

2009 ¬ Hcp ]pXnb Xoh≠nbpsS Nqfwhnfn \mw tI´pXpSßnbncn°p∂p.

eXojv tamls‚ BscgpXpw Ip∂n≥ ]pdßfpsS bmXm hnhcWw F∂

IhnXbnemWXv.(sNhnIƒ,sNºcØnIƒ,2011)

Nen°p∂ Xoh≠n

HmSp∂ \KcßfpsS \ng¬hoW

IÆmSn

D≈nencp∂v Xmtg°pt\m°ptºmƒ

HmSnt∏mIp∂ \ngenWm˛



kzbw I≠pI≠v

b∂Pohs‚ ]emb\w.

................................................

................................................

a™phoW aeIfnte°v

]qØpe™ hgnIƒ

th®p th®p Ibdnt∏mIptºmƒ

Xoh≠ntbmsSm∏w HmSp∂\Kcßfpw

A¬∏t\cw hoWp InS°p∂p

]ckv]cw hoWpInS°p∂ \ngepIƒ

Xoh≠nbpw \Kchpw, At∏mƒ

BscgpXp∂p BcpsS bmXmhnhcWsa∂v

\n»_vZamb X¿°w.

kwLImeØn\pw

tdm°v B‚ v tdmfn\panSbn¬

hgnbdnbmsX ]I®p\n¬°p∂p

HmSntbmSn Xf¿∂ Zqcßƒ.

.................................................................

.................................................................

Cßs\ \Kchpw Xoh≠nbpw kam¥cambn ]ckv]cw I≠pt]mhp∂p.

HmSntbmSnØf¿∂ Zqcßƒ Hcp bmYm¿∞yamWv. ]t£ BcmWv k©cn®Xv.

Xoh≠ntbmsSm∏w \Kctam \KcØnt\msSm∏w Xoh≠ntbm GXmbmepw

\ntcm[n°s∏´ sNSnIƒ [mcmfw hfcp∂ ImgvNbpambn Ip∂n≥]pdtØ°p

Ibdnt∏mhp∂ Xoh≠nsb sdbn¬]mfßfpsS Hcp ]cma¿ihpan√msXbmWv

Ihn AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. D≈nepw ]pdØpap≈ ImgvNIƒ amXta D≈q.Cu

h≠ntbmSm≥ BcmWp Ip∂n≥ ]pdßfn¬

sdbnep≠m°nbncn°p∂Xv.?HmSp∂Xv sdbneneqsSsbs√∂v Ihn XpS¿∂v

kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v.

F√mhcpw Xncns®ØpItbm



Hcpt∏m°pt]mhpItbm sNøptºmƒ

D≈n¬ \n∂ndßn

Ip∂n≥ apIfnepw

ISend°ßfnepw

]qØpe™ ]®

Fs‚bp≈nse

XmgvhcIfmsW∂v

Fs‚ D≈neqsSbmWv

a™pImeØns‚

\ng¬]cmXnIƒ Xnc°n

Xoh≠nIƒ

Ip∂pIbdp∂sX∂v

]dbm≥

ImØncn°p∂p

\ntcm[n°s∏´

Hcp a\pjy≥.

CØcØn¬ \ntcm[n°s∏´ Hcp a\pjys‚ NnXw Cu IhnXIfn¬

Ihn sIm≠phcp∂p≠v. IhnXbpsS F√m Img vNIfpw

AbmfneqsSbmbnØocp∂p. AbmfpsS D≈n¬ \n∂mWv \mw

I≠psIm≠ncn°p∂p. a\pjys\°pdn®p≈ AdnhpIƒ sh®p]cXnbm¬

Abmfp≠m°nb am‰w hnhcn°m≥ ]‰n√ F∂pw Ihn ]dbp∂p≠v.Cusbmcp

k¶¬]w hnNnXambntØm∂mw.D≈n¬ \n∂p ]pdØpNmSp∂ Hcmƒ AbmfpsS

D≈nemWv \nßfpsS bmYm¿∞yancn°p∂sX∂p hmZn°p∂

XcØn¬hnNnXamWXv. AI∂I∂pt]mhp∂ Xoh≠nIƒ°v/ ]n∂nte°v/

sNdpXmbn sNdpXmbn C√mXmIp∂/Ah[m\XbmWv AbmfpsS NnXw

hcbp∂sX∂v IhnXs∂ ]dbp∂p≠v. B[p\nIsc Bthin® A]cs\

Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂ hnhcWamWv eXojv \SØp∂Xv. B‰qcns‚ kwIaW Øntem

]nXrKa\ Øntem ImWp∂ A]ckzXzsØbb√ ]t£ Cu hmb\bn¬

\n∂p \ap°p e`n°p∂Xv. NcnX mcßfn√msX ,apƒKmanIfpsS mjWcoXn

Iømfptºmgpw as‰m∂mWv IhnXbn¬ DcpØncnbp∂Xv. A≥h¿ AenbpsS



hm°pIfn¬ ZrVhmMvabßƒ krjvSn°m≥ B[p\nI¿ apXentßm´p≈

]eIhnIfpsSbpw ]tbmKkhntijXIƒ FSpØp s]cpamdptºmgpw ASnapSn

thsdbmWt√m Cu Ihn FgpXp∂sX∂v \sΩ AXnibn∏n°pw eXojv. (2011)

\ΩpsS t_m[yßfn¬ \ntcm[n°s∏´ Hcp a\pjys\ sXm´dnbpIbpw

A\p`hn°pIbpw sNøp∂p, Ihn . \ΩpsS At_m[Øn¬ AS°w sNøs∏´

Hcp k¿KmflI a\pjys\ Is≠Sp°p∂XneqsS Ihn B[p\nIkmlnXy

b¥Øns‚ t\´ßsfbpw A\p`htemIßsfbpw \ncmIcn°p∂p. Xs‚

A\p`hßsf apgph≥ Hcp ]pXnb a\pjys‚ Cµnbßfmbn

cq]m¥cs∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. a\ pw icochpw thsd thsdb√mØ ]pXnb

am\h\mWh≥. Cub¿∞Øn¬ aebmfØn¬ Hcp \ham\h AYhm

am\hm\¥c IhnXbpsS (Post Human Poetry) ]ndhn hnfw_cw

sNøs∏ńcn°p∂p.

1.Dally,Nicholas,(2004):Literature,Technology and

Modernity,cambridge university press

2.Osborn,Peter(1994);”Modrnity is a qualitative,not a chronological

category” in post modernism and the revealing of

modernity,Francis barker.Peter hulme and Margaret iversion

(eds.)Manchester university press.


Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 /68-77 Sinumol Thomas 68

\thm-∞m\ Bi-b-]-cn-kcwae-bmfkmln-X-y- hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬:

kn.-]n.-A-N-yp-X-ta-t\ms‚ \ncq-]-W-ß-fn-eqsS Hc-t\-z-j-Ww

kn\p-tamƒ tXmakvae-bm-fw- hn- mKw


\thm-∞m\w F∂m¬ F¥v F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn\v tIc-fob

]cn-k-c-Øn¬ e -y-am-Ip∂ DØ-c-ßƒ ]e-Xm-Wv. tIc-fob\thm-∞m\w At\-I-

X-e-ß-fp≈ H∂m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wn-Xn-\p-Im-c-Ww. tIc-fob\thm-∞m\w tIhew

kmln-X-y-Øn¬ amXw D≠mb Hcp apt∂-‰-am-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-

ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ h≥ ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v

hgn-sX-fn® Bib-[mc Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

\thm∞m-\-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-hp-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm-[o\w ae-bm-f-km-ln-X-y-Ønepw ]I-S-

am-bn-sX-fn™ Ime-amWv 19- mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\ Zi-I-ß-fpw 20˛mw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xnbpw. kmln-XyØns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse∂t]mse kmln-

Xyhna¿i-\-Ønepw ]pXnb mhp-I-Xz]cn-Wmaw kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

\thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßƒ ae-bmfkmln-Xy hna¿i-\-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw ]I-S-

am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kn.]n AN-yp-X-ta-t\ms‚ KŸ-\n-cq-]-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

At\-z-jn-°p-I-bmWv Cu ]_-‘-Øn¬.

]m›m-Xy kwkvImcw ae-bm-fsØ kzm-[o\n°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw X¬ -

e-ambn ]pXn-sbmcp KZyw cq]-s∏- p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX Imew apX¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬

kmln-X-y-hn-a¿i-\hpw cq]w-sIm-≠p. "a-e-bmfkmln-Xyhna¿i-\sØ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-


°p-Ibpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX sshtZ-inI i‡n-bm-bmWv \ho\KZ-ysØ

tUm.-kp-Ip-am¿ Ago-t°mSv hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv (2007(1981): ]pdw 39) . mc-Xob kwkvIm-

c-hpw -]m-›m-Xy kwkvIm-chpw tbmPn∏pw hntbm-Pn∏pw ]I-S-am-°nb kwK-a-L-

-amWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \ho\KZ-y-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv. Cw•ojv hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn-

eqsS C¥y ]Sn-™m-d≥ Bi-b-ß-tfmSv _‘-s∏´p XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn

A‘hnizmkw bp‡n-hm-Z-Øn\pw ]c-º-cm-KX aqV-[m-c-W-Ifpw ]am-W-ßfpw

hy-‡n-]-c-Xbv°pw hgn-am-dn. kmaq-lnI \oXn, cmjvSob Ah-Im-i-ßƒ XpS-ßnb

Bi-b-ßfpw CtXmsS]_-e-am-bn.

]m›m-Xy kº¿°w sIm≠p-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\sØ Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ah-i-y-]-cn-]m-Sn-bmbn I≠-h-cn¬ ]ap-J≥ tIc-f-h¿Ω

henbtImbn-Ø-ºp-cm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p Xs∂ kmln-Xy hna¿i-\-Øn¬

At±lw ssIs°m≠ hna¿i\ ]≤Xn aWvU-\-hn-a¿i\w F∂p hnfn-°p∂

t]mj-I-hn-a¿i\]≤Xn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ "\√ ]pkvX-IsØ sIm≈p-Ibpw NoØ ]pkvX-IsØ X≈p-I-

bp-amWv hna¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw aueo-I-amb [¿Ω-' (1953: ]pdw 50) sa∂v

]kvXm-hn® Sn.-Fkv Fen-b-‰ns‚ ]mX ae-bmfkmln-Xyhna¿i-\-Øn¬ sIm≠p-

h∂ \ncq-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥. mjmkmln-X-y-Øns‚ Btcm-

K-y-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v kmln-Xy IrXn-I-fnse \√-Xn-s\bpw Xob-Xn-s\bpw Xncn-

®-dn-tb-≠-Xp≠v F∂ ]£-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p kn.-]n. kmln-Xy t]m’m-l-\-Øn\p

th≠nbpw shdpw kua-\-kyw sIm≠pw GXp IrXn-tbbpw ]iw-kn-°p∂ \b-

tØmSv Atß-b‰w hnap-JX ImWn® hna¿i-I-\mWv At±-lw.

""- m-jm-I-hn-X-bpsS Ahÿ hfsc IjvS-am-bn- p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXns\ Zpjn-

°bpw ]p—n-°bpw sNøp-∂Xv Hcp D¬IrjvS [¿Ωam-sW∂v ]mtbW P\-ßƒ

[cn-®n- p-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂p'' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv At±-l-Øns‚ BZy

teJ\w Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv Xs∂ (hn-Z-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n, ]pkvXIw 1, \º¿ 1. Xpemw

1065). 1889 \hw-_-dn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu KZyw B[p-\nI kz- m-h-ap≈ BZysØ

hna¿i-\-hm-I-y-ambn ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhna¿i-\-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv it≤-

b-am-W v (2007 (1981):]pdw 67). kwkv-IrX ]£-]m-Xn-Xzw `mjm Ihn-Xsb \nµn-

°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv kn.]n Xs‚ teJ-\-Øn¬ tNmZyw sNbvXn-cn-


°p-∂-Xv. KpWw, tZmjw Ch-sb-s¥∂v Xncn-®-dn-bmsXbp≈ kwkvIrX àw

`mjbv°v tZmj-am-sW∂v At±lw Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p-≠v. `mj-tbmSpw kmln-X-y-

tØmSpw ssIs°m≠ Cu \ne-]mSv Xs‚ hna¿i\ coXn-I-fn¬ DS-\ofw ]Xn- -

en-∏n-°m\pw At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p.

\ho\ Bi-b-[m-c-I-tfmSpw Nn¥m]≤-Xn-I-tfmSpw XmXv]-cyw ImWn-°p-

tºmgpw At±lw ]uc-kvX-y-km-ln-XyZ¿i-\-ßsf hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bn-eqsS ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \thm-∞m\ Bib]›m-Øew ae-bm-f-km-ln-X-y-

Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-tfbpw kzm-[o-\n-®-Xns‚ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI ê-

ßƒ G‰p-hm-ßnb tIc-f-Øn¬ kmln-Xyhna¿i-\-cw-Khpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-

∂n-√. \thm-∞m-\-Nn-¥m-[m-c-Iƒ G‰-hp-a-[nIw kzm-[o-\n® hna¿i-I≥ ]X-y-£-

Øn¬ tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]m›m-X-y-km-ln-Xy]ÿm-\-

ß-sfbpw IrXnI-sfbpw ae-bm-fn°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v \thm-∞m\ Bi-

b-ßƒ kmln-Xy-------- kmwkvIm-cnI cwKØv Ah-X-cn-∏n® ]WvUn-X\mWv tIk-

cn. Cu coXn-bn¬ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßƒ kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ kmln-Xy

cwKØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- n-√. F∂m¬ At±lØns‚ KŸ \ncq-]-W-ßfpw teJ-

\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Bi-b-temIw \thm-∞m-\Nn¥-bp-tSXpXs∂-bm-bn-

cp-∂p.----

kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-tat\ms‚ \ncq-]-W-te-J-\-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-

bn¬ sXfn-™p-\n¬°p∂ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßsf ]n¥-≈n-s°m≠v B hna¿i-

\-ßsf ]Tn-°pI km[-y-a-√. At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-\-ß-fn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-

bp∂ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbmWv Cu ]_-‘-Øns‚

e£-yw.

amdp∂ kmaq-lnINn¥m-K-Xn-s°m∏w \n¬°p-Ibpw AXns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-

Isf I≠-dn™v AXns\ t\cmb am¿§-Øn¬ apt∂m´p \bn-°pI F∂ [¿Ωw

Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v At±lw Fgp-Xnb hna¿i\ teJ-\-ß-fnse

\thm-∞m-\ -B-i-b-ß-sf-bmWv ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv.

1. PmXn ]mamW-ysØ \ncm-I-cn-°¬

\thm-∞m\ ImeØv PmXn-bpsS \nc¿∞-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v \mcm-b-W-Kpcp

AS-°-ap≈ ]cn-jvI-c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ tIcfkaq-lsØ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm≠ncp-


∂p. AN-yp-X-ta-t\ms‚ KŸhna¿i-\-Øn¬ PmXn-sb-°p-dn®v t\cn v ]d-bp-∂n√

F¶nepw PmXn ]mamWysØ At±lw Xosc hI-h-bv°p-∂n-s√∂v "k-c-k-zXn

hnPbw' t\mh-en-s\-gp-Xnb KpW-tZmj \ncq-]-W-Øn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v. ""-K-Ÿ-

Øns‚ KpW-tZmjw Hm¿°msX KŸ-Im-c≥ Bcm-sW∂v amXw t\m°p-∂Xv

henb sX‰m-Wv. cmPm-°∑mtcm henb DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-∑mtcm As√-¶n¬ thsd Imc-

W-ß-fm¬ Xßƒ°p _lp-am-\tam CjvStam D≈-htcm D≠m-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-

ßƒ \s∂∂p ]d-hm\pw AXp-sIm≠v hmbn-∏m\pw k∂-≤-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿

hf-sc-bp≠v . . . '' F∂p XpS-cp∂ At±lw D∂X ÿnXn-bn-em-bn-cn°p-∂-h-cpsS

]oXn-°p-th≠n Cß-s\-bp≈h¿ cNn-°p∂ IrXn-bpsS tZmjsØ ad-®p-sh-®p-

sIm≠v ]pI-gvØp-∂-Xns\ hna¿in-°p-∂p. cmPm-°-∑mtcm ]`p-°∑mtcm Db¿∂

PmXn-bn-ep-≈-htcm F∂p≈ t`Z-an-√m-sX-Xs∂ kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-bpsS KpWhpw

tZmj-hp-amWv kn.-]n-bpsS hna¿i-\sØ kzm-[o-\n-®-Xv (]`mIc≥ Sn. Sn.

kºm)1994]pdw 116).

_ªmticn tKm]m-e≥ \ºn-bpsS "Nm-Xp¿h¿W-yw' F∂ KŸsØ ]cn-

N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ ]am-W-tØbpw bp‡n-tbbpw Ah-ew-_-am°n cNn® Cu

]pkvXIw F√m-hcpw hmßn hmbn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

h¿W \nbaw ssZho-I-a√ am\p-jn-I-am-sW∂pw PmXn-h-y-X-ym-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS

BNm-c-a-c-ym-Z-Ifpw a\p-j-y≥ ]men-°-W-sa∂v I¬∏n-°m≥ \y-m-b-an-s√∂pw ]am-

W-k-lm-b-tØmsS bp‡n-k-l-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ KŸ-I¿Øm-hn\v Ign-™-

Xns\ kn.-]n.-Gsd ]pI-gvØp-∂p-≠v. "`m-c-X-J-WvV-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ ]cn-WmaZi-bn-

em-sW∂pw Cw•ojv hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw ]m›m-X-y-cp-am-bp≈ kº¿°-hp-amWv AXn\p

Imc-W-sa∂pw CXp-aqew ]e-cp-sSbpw hni-zm-k-ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw Cf-In-

Øp-S-ßn-bn- p-s≠∂pw sNdp-∏-°m-cn¬ Cu am‰w ]I-S-am-sW-∂pw' ]d-bp-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w Cu PmXnt`ZsØ Dt]£n-s®-¶nepw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ap‡nt\Sm≥ Ign-bmØ

Ah-ÿ-bn¬ CØcw KŸ-ßƒ°v ]m[m-\-y-ap-s≠∂pw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p-≠v (]pdw

148--149). PmXn-bpsS]mam-W-ysØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w PmXn-bp-sSbpw Abn-

Øm-Nm-c-Øns‚bpw \n¿∞-I-X-tbbpw FSpØp Im´m\pw CØcw KŸ\ncq-]-

W-ß-fn-eqsS At±lw i≤n-®n-cp∂psh∂v ImWmw.

2. kvXo˛]pcpj ka-Xzw


hnZ-y-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw cmPm-°-∑m-tcmSpw kvXoI-

tfmSpw km[m-c-W-°m¿°p≈ Ab™ \ne-]m-Sns\ kn.-]n. hna¿i-\-hn-t[b-am-

°p-∂p-≠v. tXm -bv°m v C°m-h-Ω-bpsS "kp- -Zm¿Pp-\w' \mS-I-Øns‚ KpW-tZm-

j-\n-cq-]-W-Øn-emWv C°m-cyw At±lw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. alm-I-hn-bm-Imt\m

almhnZ-zmt\m BIm-\p≈ tbmK-y-X-bn¬ ]Ip-Xntb D≈q-sh-¶nepw ta¬]-d™

Ccp-Iq- ¿°pw B ]Zhn \¬Ip∂ coXn-bmWv km[m-c-W-°m¿°p-≈-sX-∂mWv

At±-l-Øns‚ ]£w. F∂m¬ hnZ-ym-hn-t\m-Zn\n amkn-I°v CØcw ]£-]m-X-

an√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ `S-s\t∂m tk\m-]-Xn-sbt∂m

t`Z-an-√msX iXp-hn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse kmln-X-y-t]m¿°-f-Ønepw t`Z-ap-≠m-

I-cpXv F∂pw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p-≠v.

Hcp Ihn-X-bpsS KpW-tZm-j-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ I¿Øm-

hn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂v Cu KŸ-\n-cq-]-W-Ønepw ]d-bp∂ At±lw

kmln-Xy cwKØv kma¿∞yw ImWn-°m≥ Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSv B¿ZX

ImWn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂ \ne-]m-SmWv FSp-°p-∂-Xv (]pdw 106). "kp- -Zm¿Pp-\w' \mSIw

kvXobp≠m-°n-bXv F∂ te_-en-√m-sX-Xs∂ ]pIgvNbv°v A¿l-am-sW-∂n-cns°

kvXobp-tS-Xm-I-bm¬ \-∂mbn F∂ tIcfh¿Ω henbtImbn-Ø-ºp-cms‚ ]cm-

a¿i-amWv kn.-]n-sb-s°m≠v Cßs\ ]d-bn∏n-®Xv. kmln-X-y-Ønse kvXoI-fpsS

kw`m-h\ AXns‚ aqe-ysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-Ø-s∂-bmWv At±lw hne-a-Xn-

®-sX∂v kmcw.

Ihn[¿Ωw kvXoIƒ°v km[-y-a√ F∂v kvXoIƒ Xs∂ Icp-Xp∂ Ime-

ØmWv C°m-h-Ω-bpsS IrXn ]pdØv h∂n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw a‰p taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSn

kvXoIƒ°v ]hr-Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw kn.]n Cu hna¿i-\-

Øn¬ ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v (]pdw 107). kvXo am‰n-\n¿Ø-s∏-tS-≠-htfm a‰p ]cn-K-W-

\-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂p -t\m-°n-°m-tW-≠-htfm A√ F∂ [mc-W-bmWv kn.-]n.-

A-N-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v CXn¬ \n∂pw hy-‡-am-Wv. F∂m¬ C°m-

h-Ωsb "kvXo-I-fnse Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥' (]pdw 108) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ

Fgp-Ønse s]mXpkaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v kvXo-°p-am-X-ambn as‰mcp kaq-lsØ

At±-lhpw Adn-bmsX krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂ sshcp-≤-yhpw ImWmsX t]mI-cp-

Xv.


3. hnhml kº-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \ne-]mSv

"Ip-µ-e-Xm' hna¿i-\-Øn¬ hnhmlw kw_-‘n® ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb Xs‚

\ne-]mSv AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. kvXo ]pcp-j∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈

A\p-cm-K-Øm¬ hnhmlw Ign-°p∂ "Ipµ-eX'bnse coXn-tbm-Sp≈ aXn∏v Cu

IrXn-bpsS KpW-tZm-j-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ At±lw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ZqX∑m-cpsS

hm°p hni-z-kn®pw NnXw I≠pw _‘p-_-e-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw Kpcp-P-\-ln-X-Øn-

\-\p-k-cn®pw A√ hnhm-l-Øn-s\m-cp-tß-≠-sX∂ Ipµ-eXm I¿Øm-hns‚ (A∏p

s\Sp-ßm-Sn) Xm¬]-c-ysØ ]n¥p-W-bv°p-I-bmWv kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ (]pdw

127).

"I-e-ym-Wn-\m-SI' \ncq-]-W-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°p kΩ-X-a-√mØ ]pcp-j-∑msc

hnhmlw Ign-°p-∂Xp tZmj-am-sW∂ \mS-I-Ir-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-tØmSpw kn.]n

tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]c-Zm-c-K-a\w \n¿t±m-j-am-sW∂ \ne Cu \mS-I-Øn¬

kzo-I-cn-®-Xns\ cq£`mj-bn¬ At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-ap-≠v (]pdw 89). kmln-

Xyw k∑m¿t§m-]-tZiw \¬tI-≠-Xm-sW∂ Imc-y-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v BZ-ym-h-

km\w Dd® \ne-]m-Sm-Wp≈-sX∂v ImWmw.

4. hnZ-ym- -ymk kº-Zmb-Øn¬ ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ Bh-i-y-am-sW∂ t_m[yw

"Ip-µ-eX' F∂ IrXnsb \ncq-]Ww sNøp-tºm-gmWv hnZ-ym- -ymk kº-Zm-

b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Xs‚ A`n-]mbw AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. “-Ip-

µ-e-X-bpsS hnZ-ym- -ymk coXn-bnepw Gdnb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ D≠m°nbn- p-≠v. Fgp-

Ø-—s‚ apºn¬ ]nSn-®n-cpØn KŸw Xmßn-°msX Ipń-°m-eØv IuXp-I-ap≈

]Zm¿∞-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw XX-z-ßsf \nX-y-]-cn-N-b-ap≈ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ aqew

t_m[w hcp-Øp-I-bmWv tbmKo-i-z-c≥ sNøp-∂-Xv. C]-Im-c-amWv _me]mTw th≠-

sX∂v Ct∏m-gp≈ imkvX⁄∑m¿ ]cs° A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v ” (]pdw 127)

F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ kmº-Zm-bnI hnZ-ym- -ymk coXn-I-tfm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚

FXn¿∏p-IqSn hmbn-s®-Sp-°mw.

kvXohnZ-ym-`-ymkw km¿∆-Xn-I-am-tI-≠-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øn\v

XnI™ t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "kp- -Zm¿Pp-\w'\mSI \ncq-]-W-Øn¬ F√m cwK-

ß-fnepw kvXoIƒ apt∂m´p hc-W-sa∂ Xs‚ \ne-]mSv At±lw Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-


∂p≠v. kvXoIƒ°v hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn¬ D’mlw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n sNbvXn-

´p≈ I¿Ω-ß-tf-°mƒ KpWw sNøp-∂Xv C°m-h-Ω-bpsS "kp- -Zm¿Pp-\w' \mS-

I-c-N-\X-s∂-bm-sW∂v kn.-]n. ]d-bp-∂p-≠v (]pdw 108).

]mY-anI hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øn-\p≈ hIp-∏ns‚ kq]-≠m-bn-cp∂ AN-yp-X-ta-

t\m\v kvXoI-fpsS hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ t_m[-y-s∏- n-cp-∂p.

sIm®n≥ tÃ‰v am\-z-en¬ (1911) At±lw kvXo hnZ-ym- -ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-

®n- p-≠v. "kvXo-I-fpsS hnZ-ym- -ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v Z¿_m-dns‚ i≤-bn¬ h∂n v

tIhew Ccp-]Xv h¿jw amXta Bbn- p-≈q' F∂v 1911˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb Cu

NcnX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in®n´p-≠v. 1889¬ BWv s]Ïp- n-I-ƒ°p≈ B

Z-ysØ Cw•ojv ]≈n-°qSw sIm®n cmP-yØv Bcw- n-®-Xv. Xr»q-cn¬ ÿm]n®

Cu hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ 1908 hsc BÏp- n-Iƒ sImSp-°p∂ okns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bm-

bn-cp∂p s]Ïp- n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Cu-Sm-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1908 apX¬ s]Ïp- n-Iƒ°v

k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kuP-\y hnZ-ym- -ymkw A\p-h-Zn-®p. kvXohnZ-ym- -ym-k-

sØ t]m’mln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n kzo-I-cn® \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv.

sIm®o-cm-P-yØv ]mY-anI hnZ-ym- -ymkw km¿∆-Xn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n

ÿm]n® hIp-∏ns‚ BZ-ysØ kq]≠v kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-

eØv (1890Ifn¬) BÏp- n-Iƒ°pw s]Ïp- n-Iƒ°pw thsd-th-sd-bmbn

[mcmfw kvIqfp-Iƒ At±lw A\p-h-Zn-®p. kz-Im-c-y-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ßƒ°v Km‚ v sImSp-

°p-I, sSbn-\nMv kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°pI XpS-ßnb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw At±lw

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. kmln-Xy hna¿i-\-Øn¬ ]d-bpI amX-a-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hnZ-ym-

-ym-ksØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ ]hr-ØnIfpw At±lw sNbvXn-cp∂p F∂p

ImWmw.

5. Cw•ojv hnZ-ym-- -ym-k-tØm-Sp≈ Xm¬]-cyw

tIcfob \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v G‰-hp-a-[nIw t]c-W-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ LS-I-

ß-fpsS Iq -Øn-emWv Cw•ojv hnZym- -ym-ksØ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv. ]Sn-™m-d≥

Bi-b-ßƒ tIc-fob kmln-Xy kmwkvIm-cnI thZn-I-fn¬ FØm≥ Imc-W-am-

bXv Cw•ojv hnZ-ym- -ym-k-am-Wv. kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ Cw•ojv hnZym- -ym-k-tØmSv

B`n-ap-Jyw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ hy-‡n-bm-Wv.


ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmln-X-y-cwKw KpWw Ipd™ IrXn-I-sf-s°m≠v Zpjn-

®-t∏mƒ AØcw ]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-lkn-°m≥ Ing-t°-∏m v cma≥Ip- n-tat\m≥

cNn® t\mh-emWv "]-d-tßmSn ]cn-W-bw'. Cu IrXn-bpsS Dt±-iy ip≤nsb A`n-

\-µn-°p∂ kn.]n Cu t\mh-en¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb Cw•ojv hnZ-ym- -ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ ]Xn-tem-a-I-c-ß-fmb ]cm-a¿i-ßsf hna¿in-°p-∂p-ap≠v. "]d-tßmSn ]cn-

Wb'Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv. "a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬

Cw•ojv ]Tn-®mepw ]co£-Iƒ Pbn-®mepw \ap°v Bh-iy-amb bmsXmcp Adnhpw

e`n-°n-√ F∂p amX-a√ Ah-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ Zp»o-e-ßfpw Zp¿∂-S-∏p-Ifpw Kln-

°p-Ibpw sNøpw. IqSmsX lnµp-°-fpsS imkvX ]pcm-Wm-Zn-I-fn¬ bmsXm-c-

dnhpw D≠m-In-√. ae-bm-fn-I-tfmtSm Cw•o-jp-Im-tcmtSm kl-hmkw sNømt\m

Chsc sIm≈n√ F∂pw a‰pw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ AN-yp-X-tat\m≥ AwKo-I-cn-

°p-∂n-√. ta¬]-d™ tZmj-ß-sfm∂pw Cw•ojv hnZ-ym- -ymkw sIm≠p-≠m-Ip-∂-

X-s√∂p Xs∂ kn.]n CXn-¬ FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v (]pdw 145)..

`mcX JWvU-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Hcp ]cn-Wm-a-Z-i-bn-em-sW∂pw Cw•ojv hnZym-

-ym-khpw sh≈-°m-tcm-Sp≈ kl-hm-k-hp-amWv CXn\p Imc-W-sa∂pw ]d-bp∂

kn.]n AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ ]e-cp-sSbpw hni-zm-k-ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw Cf-Im≥

CXp Imc-W-ambn F∂pw "Nm-Xp¿h¿W-yw' F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ \ncq-]-W-Øn¬

]d-™-Xns\ t\csØ ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≈Xv Chn-sSbpw ]k-‡-amWv (]pdw 149).

6. kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnj-bhpw Ah-X-c-Whpw

kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fnse hnj-b-Øn\pw Ah-X--c-W-Øn\pw ]pXpa thW-sa∂

imTyw kn.-]n°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Na¬°m-c-Øn\p apJytlXp A]q¿∆-X-bm-sW∂

]£-°m-c-\mWv At±lw. ]g-Inb Nmep-Iƒ am‰m\pw A]q¿∆X ssIh-cpØm\pw

\qX-\-ß-fmb mh-ß-sfbpw Ihn-Xm-co-Xn-I-sfbpw ]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-amWv At±lw

Bl-zm\w sNbvX-Xv. IrXn-Iƒ°v t]cn-Sp-tºmƒ kvXoI-fpsS t]cn-Sp-∂-Xn-s\bpw

At±lw "s]ä-e-bm-fw' F∂ t]cn¬ hna¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. BZ-y-Ime t\mh-ep-

Iƒ°v \mbn-I-bpsS t]cv Xs∂ KŸ-\m-a-ambn h∂-Xns\ A\p-I-cn-°m-\p≈

iaw kmln-X-y-Im-c∑m-cn¬ \n∂p-≠m-b-Xn-s\-bmWv At±lw hna¿in-®-Xv. "Ip-µ-

e-X', "C-µp-te-J' F∂o t]cp-Isf A\p-I-cn®v "k-c-k-zXn hnP-bw', "I-√-ymWn

\mS-Iw', "im-c-Z' F∂n-ßs\ IrXn-Iƒ°v t]cp-Iƒ CSp-∂-Xns\bmWv "s]ä-e-

68-77 Sinumol Thomas 75


bm-fw' F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. CXn-\-]-hm-Z-amWv kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ ]n≈-

bpsS "am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω' F∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v (]pdw 108).

IrXn-bpsS t]cv apX¬ D≈-S-°-Øns‚ Hmtcm Awi-ß-sfbpw hna¿i-\-

Zr-jvSym ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ kmln-Xy hnj-b-Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-

Ønepw \qX-\-Xzw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂ Nn¥-bmWv ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Im¬]-\nI

kmln-Xy IrXn-I-fn-emWv Cu A]q¿∆X ]n∂oSv i‡-amb coXn-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-

cn-®Xv F∂v ImWmw.

7. kz- mjm]Xn-]Øn

tZiob ]ÿm-\-sØbpw kzm-X-¥y t_m[-sØbpw D÷-z-en-∏n® kz- m-

jm-]-Xn-]Øn 1890Ifn¬ Xs∂ kn.]n Xs‚ \ncq-]-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]I-Sn-∏n-®p.

`mjm-I-hn-Isf ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-∑m-cmb ae-bm-fn-I-sfbpw

Cw•ojv ]WvUn-X∑m-cmb ae-bm-fn-I-sfbpw amX-a√ kmln-X-y-sØ-°p-dn®v Aev]w

amX-a-dn-bp∂ Aev]-⁄∑m-scbpw "`m-jm-I-hn-X' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ At±lw

hna¿in-°p-∂p≠v . ae-bm-f-Ønse ]K¤-cmb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ ckn-°m-

Ø-hsc klr-Z-b-sc∂v hnfn-°m-≥ Ign-bp-I-bns-√∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p (]pdw

33-36). kwkvIr-Xhpw Cw•ojpw A\m-bmkw ssIIm-cyw sNbvXn-cp∂ Cu \ncq-

]-I\v amXr- m-j-bpsS ]m[m-\-y-sØ-°p-dn®v sX√pw kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

`mjmIhn-Xbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw Imh-y-Kp-Whpw kmln-X-y-Kp-Whpw Ds≠∂pw

C\nbpw thW-sa-∂p-ap≈ ]£-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p At±lw. ]T-\-am-[-y-a-sØ-°p-

dn®pw c-W- m-j-sb-°p-dn®pw N¿®-Iƒ \S-°p∂ C°m-eØv kn.-]n-. A-N-yp-X-ta-

t\ms‚ Cu \ne-]mSv ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v

t]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

kmln-X-y-kw-_-‘n-bmb KŸ-ß-sfm∂pw kn.-]n.-A-N-yp-X-ta-t\mt‚Xmbn

D≠m-bn- n-√. "hn-Z-ym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n'bn¬ Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚

kmln-Xy kw`m-h-\. Npcp-ßnb Hcp Ime-b-fhv am-X-amWv At±lw kmln-Xy

cwKØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv (1890 apX¬ 1898hsc). sIm®n-bpsS kmaq-l-y- -kmw-kvIm-

cn-I˛ cmjvSob Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sIm®n-≥tÃ‰vam\-z-ens‚ I¿Øm-

hmb kn.-A-N-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ Xs∂-bmWv kn.-]n.-A-N-yp-X-ta-t\m≥. Xs‚ A`n-]m-b-

h-y-X-y-kvX-X-sIm≠pw Icp-Øm¿∂ hna¿i-\w-sIm≠pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy hna¿i-



\-Ønse Xnf-°-ap≈ \£-X-am-bmWv kn.]n AN-yp-X-ta-t\m≥ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.

At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i\ teJ-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw KZ-y-te-J-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-

°p∂ \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-ßƒ°v B[p-\nI ImeØpw ]k-‡n-bp-≠v.

klm-bI KŸ-ßƒ

1.]`m-I-c≥ Sn.Sn (k-ºm), kn.-]n. AN-yp-X-ta-t\ms‚ \ncq-]-W-ßƒ. 1994 (1989).

tIc-f- mjm C≥Ãn-‰-yq- v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

2.kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sv, ae-bmfkmlnX-y--hn-a¿i-\w. 2007 (1981). Un.kn _pIvkv,

tIm -bw.

3. Eliot T. S. Selected Prose 1953 Penguin



Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hnh¿Ø\ Ie

]`m-I-c≥ sl∫m¿ C√Øv

lnµn hn-`mKw


hmcn[o X∂n¬ Xnc-am-e-I-sf∂ t]mse

`mcXo ]Zm-hen t-Xmt∂Ww Imte- -Imte

ImeL- sØ ssI]n-Sn®v X\n-s°m∏w \S-Ønb Ihn-bmWv Fgp-Ø-—≥.

kwkvIrX kmln-Øy-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠n´pff AXn-hn-im-e-amb ]ucm-WnI

kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Df-fS°w kw£n-]vX-am-sb-¶nepw ka-K-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v F∂v C.-Fw-.-F-kv \nco-£n°p∂p.1 kwk-vIrX

kmln-Xy-Øn¬ AS-ß-nbn-cn-°p∂ Z¿i-\-ß-sfbpw ka-K-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn¬

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ alXzw IpSn-s°m-f-fp-∂-Xv.

hnh¿Ø\w Hcp ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø\amWv.Im-en-I-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ KXn-

tcm-[sØ hnh¿Ø-I≥ Xs‚ k¿K-fl-I-X-bn-eqsS Fßns\ adn-I-S-°p-∂p-sh∂v

Fgp-Ø-—≥ \Ωp°v ImWn®p Xcp-∂p. X\n°v apºv \ne \n∂n-cp∂ kmwkvIm-

cnI Pn¿Æ-X-Iƒ°v At±lw Xs‚ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS adp-]Sn \¬In. DÆn-®n-

cp-tXhn NcnXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \nd-™p \n¬°p∂ BtamZ˛]tam-Z-amb

\mbntIm∑pJ-amb cN-\-Isf At±lw `‡n ck][m-\-amb ]Zm-hen D]-tbm-

Kn®v FXn-cn´p. kmln-Xyw kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIm-tkm∑pJ-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

Xmßmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥ Fgp-Ø-—-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂v

hy‡w. hy‡-amb A¥¿ZrjvSnbptSbpw, ]Xn bp-tSbpw klm-b-Øm¬ At±lw

a\pjy a\- n¬ Xs‚ hnh¿ØnX IrXn-I-fpsS ]n≥_e-Øn¬ DZmØ hnIm-c-

78-84 Prabakar Heber Illuth 78


ßƒ DW¿Øp F∂p-f-fXv bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. Cu DZm-Ø-Xbpw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bp-

amWv hnh¿Ø-\-Ø-I-\mb Fgp-Ø-—s‚ cN\-I-fpsS hnP-b-Øns‚ cl-kyw.

]Xn -bm¬ At±lw Ahm-Nyamb A\-µm\p`qXn ]I-cp-∂p. temwKn-\kv ]d-

bp-∂Xp t]mse Genius does not merely persuaded by audience, but

lift to ecstasy.2 Ime-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ambn, A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn Fgp-Ø-—≥

Db¿∂p h∂p F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXv AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bm-hn√ Xs∂. Xm≥ Pohn®

ImesØ Xs‚ ]Xn` sIm≠v At±lw \nb-¥n-®p. dqt m ]d-bp∂ t]mse

I believe there fore, the world is governed by wise and power full

will.3 A]-c∂p kpJ-ambv hcp-∂Xv Xs‚ Bfl-kp-J-ambv I≠ Bfl-⁄m-\n-

I-fn¬ AtK-k-cm-Wv Fgp-Ø-—≥ F∂p \n -tµlw ]d-bmw. lrZbw \nd™

`‡n sXfnhp‰ Bfl-⁄m-\hpw AN-©-e-amb [¿Ω t_m[-ap-ff 4 Fgp-Ø-

—≥ hnh¿Ø-\sØ ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ]S-hm-fmbn ]tbm-Kn-®p. At±-l-

Øns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS ]m[m-\ysØ Ipdn®v Dffq¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv t\m°pI˛ sshinI

X¥Øn¬ \n∂v cmam-b-W-Øn-te°pw, Ntµm-’-h-Øn¬ \n∂v `mcXØnte-

°p-ap-ff ]bmWw cmXn-bn¬ \n∂v ]I-en-te°v F∂ t]mse tIc-fo-b¿°v

DW¿®bpw Db¿®bpw \¬In.5 Cu DW¿hn--t\-bmWv As√-¶n¬ DW-c-en-t\-

bmWv Aø∏]Wn-°¿ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-°p-ff am‰-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.6 kmaq-

lnI ]Xn-_-‘X, Xs‚ Pohn-X ]cn-k-c-ß-fpsS Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb ]p\¿\n¿ΩnXn

hnh-¿Ø-I≥ \nd-th-‰-W-sa∂v Fgp-Ø—≥ \Ωp°v Imń-Ø-cp-∂p. Pn. e£van\mcm-

b-W-bpsS \nco-£Ww ChnsS Ipdn-°s´˛ cmam-bWsØbpw hymk-amlm`mc-

X-sØbpw hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ae-bmfØnse-Øn-°p-I-sb∂ tIhe ZuXy-a√

Fgp-Ø-—≥ \nd-th-‰n-bXv, adn®v [¿Ω£bw h∂ kaq-l-sØ -t\-cmb hgn°p

\bn-°m-\p-ff iaw bp≤hocy-tØmsS Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.7

t\cmb hgn-bn-te°v \bn®p F∂p ]d-™m¬ \ho-\-amb kmwkvIm-cnI

aqey-ßƒ P\-X-bn-te°v th≠p-thmfw k∂nthin-∏n-°m≥ Fgp-Ø-—s‚

hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v km[n-®p F∂¿∞w. [¿Ω imk-\-ßfpw \oXn kwkvImc-

ßfpw PohnX kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]am-W-ß-fmbn ae-bmfn Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂Xv Fgp-

Ø-—-\n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.8

\m∂qdv h¿j-ß-fmbn \nXy lcnX PohnXw \bn-°p∂ Fgp-Ø-—≥

hnh¿Ø\ IrXn-I-tfmSv ]q¿Æ-ambn XmZmflyw ]m]n® hy‡n-bm-Wv. hymk



alm`m-cXw X¿÷a sNøp∂ thf-bn¬ aqe IYmX¥p-hns\ \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠v

At±lw kzmX¥-amb hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ A\¥ km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂n- p. a\p-

jys‚ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ \nd™p \n¬°p∂ Cu c≠p IrXn-Isf Fgp-Ø-—≥

hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv tkmt±-iy-ambn Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. \qX-

\-amb Imhyssien kzoI-cn-®v, AXns\ P\-Io-b-am-°nb-Xnepw D≠v Fgp-Ø-

—s‚ Iem-hn-cp-Xv. Infnsb sIm≠p ]mSn-°p∂ coXn BZy-ambn Ah-ew-_n-®v,

tII-bn-eqsS abqc Km\w At±lw ae-bm-fn°v kpK-mly-am-°n. Fgp-Ø-—\v

apºv D≠m-bn-cp∂ hnjvWp KoXw, sshcmKy Ntµm-Zbw apX-em-bh lwk-∏m-

´p-Iƒ BWv. cN-\-I-fpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-en¬, AXn\v \ho-\-amb BJym\ coXn

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Ah-[m-\X hnh¿ØI¿°v- hgn-Im- n-bm-Wv.

]pXp-a-e-bm-◊-X≥ atl-iz-c≥ hnh¿Ø\Øn\mbn Xs‚Xmb mj

krjvSn-®p. hnh¿Ø-I≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ mj-bv°-IØv Hcp

D]hyhÿ krjvSn-°p∂p F∂ C.hn.cmaIrjvWs‚ ]kvXm-h\ CØ-cp-W-

Øn¬ it≤-b-am-Wv. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]pXnb mjm cq]-ßƒ Hcp mj-bn¬

\n∂v as‰mcp m-j-bn-te°v ]th-in-°p-∂p. AXp-hgn m-j-bpsS AI-Imºv hf-

cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]pXnb ]pXnb ioep-Ifpw ]tbm-K-ßfpw mj-bn¬ ÿm\w

t\Sp-∂p-sh∂p Npcp-°w. F≥ .Ir-jvW-]n-ffbpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬˛

kwkvIrXw FX kº-∂hpw kpi-‡-hp-sa-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂bpw AXnepw hymI-

cW \nb-a-ß-fpsS AXn-c‰ BI-a-WsØ kz`m-j-bn¬ ]Xn-tcm-[n®pw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬ ]N-cn®p \S∂ ]cn-Nn-X-ß-fmbn Ign-™n-S-tØmfw kwkvIrX ]Xy-b-

ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øn sIm≠pXs∂ ae-bmf ]Ir-Xn-I-fntem, kwkvIrX ]Ir-Xn-I-

fntem kwkvIrX ]Xy-b-ßƒ tXm∂pw]Sn [mcm-f-ambn Iqń tN¿°p∂ ]q¿∆

kº-Zmbw ]cn-h¿Pn-®pw -a-Wn-]-hmf k¶¬∏sØ HuNnXy ]q¿∆w ]cn-jvI-

cn®v AXns\ ]m´pkmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn®p ]Xn- n-en-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Fgp-Ø-

—≥ sNbvX-Xv.9 \Ωp°v Fgp-Ø-—≥ FSpØ mjm-I-a°Wt° i-cWw

F∂v sImSp-ß-√q¿ Ip™n-°p- ≥ Xºp-cms\ sIm≠v ]dbn®Xv Fgp-Ø-—s‚

`mjm sshZKvZyw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

ae-bmf`mj-bn¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb ]tbm-K-ßsf XnI-thmsS, kzm`m-hn-

I-X-tbmsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IÆp \ocm-teme



hm¿°p-I, apdp-ap-dpsI Xgp-IpI, NpSp- NpsS ho¿°pI F∂o ]tbmKßƒ

`mhm\pkmcn-Wn-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Zi-c-Ys‚ hnh-iX t\m°pI

F∂n-Øcw ]e PmXn ]d-bp-Ibpw

IÆp-\o-cm-teme hm¿Øp Ic-Ibpw

\∂mbv apdpI apdp-I-Ø-gp-Ip-Ibpw

]ns∂ NpS-®psS Zo¿L-ambv ho¿°bpw

( Atbm‘ym Imfiw)

i_vZ kuIp-amcyw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ `mj-bpsS Poh-\m-Wv. ]p\cp‡n i_vZßsf

sIm≠v Fgp-Ø-—≥ sNøn-°p∂ \rØw hnh¿Ø-I\v amXr-I-bm-Wv.

Nhn´p ssIhn´sß-SpØp ssIhm-fm¬

s]mfn®p amdnSpw \Jßsf sIm≠pw

s]mSp s]msS s]mSn®pS\p-S≥

NpSp-NpsSØnf-®-cp-hn-bm¿ t]mse

(alm`mc-Xw)

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS k¿∆ am[pcyw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ th≠p

thmfw \nd-™n-cp∂Xmbn hmb-\-°m-c\v t_m[y-am-Ipw. alm- m-c-X-Øns‚ tZmW

]¿∆m-cw`Øn¬ Xs‚ Infn-Isf B≠p ]nd-∂m-fq- p∂Xmbn hmb-\-°m-c\v tXm∂p-

∂ kµ¿`w D≠v ˛

]©h¿Æ-°nfn s]¨ InSmsh sXfn ˛

s™≥ sNhn c≠pw Ipfn¿s° ]dI \o

s\©w sXfn™p IpdpIn sImgpØ ]m¬

]©kmcs∏mSn IqSn Ipg-ºm°n

\√ IZ-fn-∏g-ßƒ sXcn™p Rm≥

sas√ XncpanbpS®pw tX\pw hogvØn

sh√hpw i¿°-cbpw s]mSn-®n- -Xn¬

shf-fn-Ø-fn-I-bn¬ ta-fn®p sht∆sd

sh®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-SpØp pPn-®mepw

an—bm-Ip-∂Xp Zml-ap-s≠-¶ntem

\oe°cnºp X≥ Nmdp anf\ocpw

]mepw a[phpw IpSn-®m-ep-am-thmfw

( tZmW-]¿∆w)



X\n ae-bmf ]Zßƒ Fgp-Ø-—≥ hmcn-t°mcn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. `mhm-

\p-km-cn-Wn-bmb `mj cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂pffXv ]Xn`bpsS [¿ΩamIp∂p.

`mj-bpsS DZm-Ø-amb ]tbmKw k¿Km-flI ]h¿Ø-\amWv. \√ ]S-bm-fn°v

\√ IpXn-c-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw F∂ Zms¥-bp-tSbpw10 D∂-X-\mb Z¿i-\n-I\p

amXta DXvIrjvSamb `mj-bp≠m°m-\mIq F∂ tImsfdnUvPns‚ ]kvXm-

h\bpw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hm¿Øp t]mIp-∂p.11 kw-kvIrX i_vZßƒ _lp-e-

X-tbmSp IqSn ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mKßƒ ( DZm `ZwtX cLp-\m-Y-am-\b £n]w

cma/ `Zwta lrZn-ÿnXw `‡-h-’ew ssZhw) th≠p-thmfaps≠-¶nepw ae-

bm-f-Øn\v ss\k¿KnIX sIm≠p hcm≥ Hcp hnh¿Ø-I≥ Xs∂ th≠n h∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ apºn¬ BZ-c-thmsS hff-tØmƒ Ihn Cßs\ Ipdn-°p∂p

sh´Øp \mń¬ \nXy ku`m-Ky-X-’n-µqc

s]m´p t]msegpw Xp©≥ ]dtº \a-kvImcw

hnh¿Ø-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ F√m-Øcw koa-I-tfbpw ewLn-

°p-∂p-≠v. aqe IrXn-bnse hnh-£nX-ßƒ A¬]amX-amb tNm¿®bpw aßepw

h∂p t]mIm-sX, ]cn- m-j-Is‚ Bib-ßfpw, mhßfpw sX√p t]mepw IS∂p

Ibm-dm-\\p-h-Zn-°msX Xs‚X√ IrXn-sb∂pw A\yt‚Xm-sW-∂p-ff hkvXpX

Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°msX aqe IrXn-bpsS A¥-co£hpw ssNX-\yhpw k¿∆X

]pe¿Øn hnh¿Ø\w \n¿∆-ln-°p-I-bmWv D¬IrjvS ]cn- mj [¿Ω-sa-¶n¬

AXns\ sh√p-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw D√wLn-°p-Ibpw, A\m-Z-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

hnh¿ØI∑mcpsS apºn-em-bn-cn°pw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ ÿm\w.12 C¥y≥ `mj-I-

fn¬ Hcn°epw tkmX˛e£y mj hnh¿Ø\ kam-\-X-Isf Ipdn-®p-ff bqtdm-

∏n-b¬ t_m[w \ne\n∂-cp-∂n-√. Aø∏]Wn-°¿ CXv FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.13

ss]Xemw ae-bmf mj-bpsS icn-bmb PmXIw Ipdn-®n´ B Xncp-\mcmbØns‚

DS-a-bmb Fgp-Ø-—≥ BtZym-]m¥w kzmX-¥-amb hnh¿Ø\w Xs∂-bmWv

\S-Øn-b-Xv. AXv Ime-Øns‚ F√m AXn¿Øn-I-tfbpw D√w-Ln-°p-∂-Xmbn Xocp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. kµ¿ -Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v aqe IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-°p-I-bpw,

A¿∞ kwt]-j-W-Øn-∂mbv Xt‚-Xmb ]e-hn[ tNcp-h-I-sf kzmX-¥-ambpw

\n¿ -b-am-bpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. hnieyw

Ipcpta cma, lrZbw ]Wn-\m-kv]yi≥ F∂ Bk∂-ar-Xyp-hmb _men-bpsS

hm°p-Iƒ ]cn- mjs∏-Sp-Ønbt∏mƒ ]mWn kv]¿iw F∂ ]tbmKw Fgp-

Ø-—s‚ ssII-fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Xrss° Xtem-S-embn amdp-∂p.



Aºpw ]dn®p Xrss° sIm≠-Xns\˛

b≥t]mSp sas√Øtem-Sp-Ibpw thWw.

Aapjy atWym-Xn-cpjm I]o-izcw/ PKmZ c‡m¥ hntem-N-t\m-÷z-e≥ F∂

kwkvIrX hcn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mjm kuIp-am-

cy-tØm-sSm∏w `mthm-∑oe\pw Fgp-Ø-—\v A\m-bm-k-ambn km[n-°p-∂p.

\b-\-ancp ]Xn-ep-a-Y-I-\¬ NnX-dp-am-dp-S≥ / \∂m-bp-cpń angn®p sNm√o-Sn\m-≥ F∂-

Xn¬ \∂mbpcpń angn®p F∂-Xn¬ Fgp-Øns‚ A—s‚ ssIsøm-∏p-≠v. i_vZß-

fpsS HuNn-Xy-tØmsSbpf ]tbmKw hnh¿ØI\v Hgn®v IqSm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xm-Wv.

A\u-Nn-Xy-amb iv_Z ]tbmKw ck `wKw hcp-Øp-sa-∂p-d∏v. tImem-lew

F∂ i_vZØns‚ Nmcp-Xbm¿∂ ]tbmKw t\m°n-bmepw

hmc-Who-c≥ Xe-b‰p hn√‰p

hoc≥ K-Z-Ø≥ Xs‚ Xe-b‰p

\mem-a-Xm\X≥ hmep acn-™n´p

tImem-l-e-tØmSp t]mbnXp _mWhpw

( tZmW]¿∆w)

Fgp-Øm-im≥am-cpsS Iq -Øn¬ P\n® hnh¿Ø-I-\mb Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]pXnb bpK-

∏n-d-hn°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. iqZ-a-£c kwbp‡w ZqcX ]cn-h¿P-tbXv, F∂

]am-W-sØbpw, ]mam-Wn-Ø-tØbpw Im‰n¬ ]dØn sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw

iocma XØzhpw thZ-km-chpw D]-tZ-in®v tIc-fsØ `mc-X-tØmfw hep-Xm-

°n. sshNm-cnIhpw, kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw B‘ym-fln-I-hp-ambn ae-bm-fn-Isf H∂m-

°p-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø\w klm-b-I-c-ambn Xo¿∂p.14 a\pjy \∑-

sb ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Fgp-Ø-—≥ hnP-bn-®p. 1) \nXyhpw sNøp∂ I¿a

ê KpWw/ I¿Øm-shm-gn™v a‰-\y¿`pPn-°ptam? 2) Xm≥ Xm≥ \nc-¥cw

sNøp∂ I¿aßƒ/ Xm≥ Xm≥ A\p- -hn-®o-Sp-sIt∂ hcq 3) ]Xyp-]-Imcw ad-

°p∂ ]qcp-j≥ /NØ-Xn-s\m-°ptam Pohn-®n-cn-°-epw XpSßnb hcn-Iƒ Hmtcm

ae-bm-fn-bp-tSbpw I¿a am¿K-Ønse Zo]vX tKm]pc-ßƒ BWv. EXp-hmb

s]Æn∂panc-∏\pw Zml-I\pw ]Xn-X∂p a·n-b-P\w sNbvX`mkp-c\pw, \∑-bpsS

IhmSw At±lw Xpd∂p \¬In. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\ofw [m¿ΩnI D]-tZi-ßƒ

\¬In ]_p‘cm°m≥ At±lw i≤n-®p. aqe IrXn-bpsS ]Zm\p]Z X¿÷a

sNø-e√ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ [¿Ω-sa∂v At±lw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. Xs‚ ]q¿∆ kqcn-



I-fn¬ \n∂v IS-w sIm-f-fm\pw Fgp-Ø-—≥ k∂-‘-\m-bn-cp-∂p. IÆ» cmam-

bWØns‚ ]`mhw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ th≠pthmfw Z¿in-°mw.

hnh¿Ø\w A[oi kwkv°mc-ß-fpw hnt[b kwkvImc-ßfpw XΩn-ep-

ff cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]c-nWn-X- -e-am-Wv. AXv k¿Km-fl-I-ambn Xocp-

tºmƒ ]pXnb kmlnXy NcnXw Xs∂ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Fgp-Ø-—≥

ImWn®p X∂p. Ime-L- -Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Fgp-Ø-—≥ aqe IrXn-

Isf kwb-Imbn Acn-s®-SpØv hnh¿Ø-Is‚ kzmX-¥ysØ DZvtLm-jWw

sNbvX alm-\m-Wv. \ho\amb krjvSn-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\ £a-amb Hcp kmwkvIm-

cnI ]`m]cn-kcw A—≥ Hcp°n X∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v

IYm-k-µ¿`ßsf hnf°n tN¿°p∂ At\z-j-I-\mbn Fgp-Ø-—≥ \ap°v ap∂n-

se-Øp-∂p, a\pjy _‘ß-fpsS ]pXnb A[ymb-ßƒ tN¿ØpsIm≠n-cn-°p-

∂p. Cu \nan-j-Øn¬ EtKz-Z-Ønse hcn-Iƒ Rm≥ Hm¿Øp t]mIp-∂p.

KmbI ad-°mbvI/ \n≥ `mh-\-Iƒ

Cu hnlm-b- n¬ ams‰men sImf-fpw.

klmb KŸßƒ

1) C.-Fw.-kv., tIcf Ncn-Xhpw kmwkvIm-c-hpw: Hcp am¿IvknÃv ho£Ww

2) Longinus, On the sublime ( Trans.T.S Dorsch)

3) tXm∂bv°¬ \mcm-b-W≥, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ kmlnXy ]]-©w.

4) F≥. IrjvW∏nff, ssIc-∑n-bpsS IY.

5) Df-fq¿, tIcf kmlnXy NcnXw

6) Aø∏]Wn-°¿, (A short history of malayalam Literature.)

7) sI.]n i¶-c≥ , BNmcy k∂n-[n-bn¬

8) ]n.sI _me-Ir-jvW≥, Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Ie

9) F≥.IrjvW-∏n-ff, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY

10) Ramdev Mishra, Paschathya kavya sasthra ka adhunathan sandharbh

11) Earnest D Chickera, Critical Texts

12) F≥. IrjvW-∏n-ff ssIc-fn-bpsS IY

13) Vijaya kumardas, Horizons of translation studies

14) Gcp-taen, ae-bmf kmln-Xyw Ime-L -ß-fn-eqsS



BJym\Ønse _lpkzcX

kaImenI s]ÏhnXIsf ap≥ \n¿ØnHct\zjWw

PnkmtPmkv

ae-bm-fw- hn- mKw Kh: _Æ≥ tImtfPv, Xe-t»cn

temItØmSpw, A\p`hßtfmSpap≈ InbmflI kao]\amWv

FgpØpImcnsb kw_‘n®v BJym\w. LS\mflIamb \n¿ΩnXnIfneqsS

Ahƒ PohnXsØ BJym\w sNøp∂p. inYnehpw hIhpw £WnIhpw

Nnet∏msgms° hyhÿm]nXhpamb LS\IfpsS kamlmcamWv Hmtcm

IhnXbpw. IhnX H∂ns\bpw ]Xn\n[oIcn°pIb√, AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv

sNøp∂Xv. GItam _lpkzctam Bb IY\X¥ßfneqsS/ kqNIßfneqsS/

cq]IßfneqsS Cu AhXcWw km[yamhp∂p. ]hrØnIfpsS,_nw_ßfpsS

A\pkyqXXb√ BJym\sØ khntijam°p∂Xv. Imhy Nn”ßsf

IaoIcn°p∂Xnse k¿§mflIamb sshhn[yamWv it≤bamb LSIw.

Nnet∏mgXv ]mXn apdn™p t]mIpw. NnebnSØv A¿∞K¿àmb au\ßƒ. a‰p

Nnet∏mƒ t_m[]q¿∆amb ssiYneyw. ]pXnb s]ÏhnXIƒ Ia_≤amb

XpS¿®Isf BtLmjn°p∂n√.

kvssXWm\p`hßƒ°v kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb CSßƒ

\„s∏Sp∂Xv kzm`mhnIambpw klPambpw kzoIcn°m≥ ]pXnb

s]ÏhnXIƒ°mhp∂n√. X\n°mbp≈ At\zjWw IhnXIfn¬

]XnênXamhp∂p. kzXzmt\zjWsØ, BhnjvImcsØ _lpkzcamb

hnimeXIfnte°p ISØn hnSpIbmWnh¿. Imhy cN\ Atßb‰w

85-93 Jissa Jose 85


kwL¿jmflIamhp∂p. IhnXbpsS AKm[ ÿenIfpw BJym\tcJIfpw

Cu kwL¿jØns‚ A\pcW\ßfm¬ apJcnXamWv. _mlyXeØn¬,

kvXobptSXmbn hn[n°s∏ńcn°p∂ I¿Ωßƒ, kvXobmbn Xo¿∂ Ahÿ,

B¥cXeØn¬ sshb‡nIamb AkzÿXIƒ, kzXz\ncmk

]oVIƒ˛Chsb√mw IhnXbpsS BJym\ XeØn¬ hyXykvX kzcßfpsS

_mlpeyap≠m°p∂p. kvXobhÿIfpsS k¶o¿WXIsf Xs‚

kzXymt\zjWhpambpw kaImenI kmaqly kmlNcyßfpambpw

kwtbmPn∏n®v BJym\ ÿesØØn°m≥ Ignbp∂nSØmWv

s]ÏhnXIfpsS hyXncn‡X. Akzÿamb IY\kzcßfmWhbn¬

apgßp∂Xv. AhbmIs´ GIXm\ßfpa√.

amXrXzw/]Wbw/ZmºXyw/ssiihw XpSßn hyXykvXßfmb Hmtcm

kvXobhÿbv°pw A\ptbmPyamb hyXykvXßfmb s]ÏY\ kzcßƒ

IhnXIfn¬ \n∂pbcp∂p. Ahbv°v ÿew, Imew XpSßnb ]cnanXnIfn√.

kz¥w PohnXw Xs∂ AkwkvIrX kmaKnbm°pIbmWv Ihn.

‘_nµpIrjvWs‚’ Hcp ]pXnb ]mNI°pdn∏v F∂ IhnX PohnXsØ

Imhyh¬°cn°p∂Xn\pZmlcWamWv. CXv A\mbmkamb bm¥nI ]Inb

A√. kzbw IhnXbmbn amdp∂ ssPhInbbmWv. lrZbw NqSm°n IÆoscmgn®v

_m°n h∂ kz]v\ßƒ IjWßfmbcn™n v \ntj[n°s∏´ AhkcßfpsS

Ibv]p \oscmgn®v \S°mØ BKlßfpsS s\sømgn®v ]mIw sNøp∂ hn`hw.

k¥pjvS IpSpw_Øns‚

AØmg taibn¬

Cu ]pXnb hn`hw

kv SnI ]mXßfn¬

Ae¶cn®v NqtSmsS

hnfºpI

85-93 Jissa Jose 86


]XnIcWßfpw ]Xntj[ßfpa‰v Hmtcm kvXobpw ASp°f hn`hamhp

∂Xns‚, k¥pjvS IpSpw_Øns‚ AØmg taibnse BkzmZyXbmhp∂Xns‚

sshcp≤ysØbpw \ncmisbbpw BJym\Øn se \n wKX sIm≠v IqSpX¬

sXfnatbmsS ]Xnên∏n°phm≥ _nµpIrjvW\p km[n°p∂p.

hn`n∂ kvXo kzXzßƒ XΩnep≈ kwL´\w s]¨ IhnXIfpsS

ASnÿm\`mhamWv. kaqlw/]mcºcyw Btcm]n®n´p≈ kvXo PohnXhpw

IemImcnsb∂ kzXzhpw ]ckv]cw klh¿Øn°p∂hb√. Cu

kwL¿jßfpsS `mjm¥cWamhp∂p AhfpsS IhnX kzm`mhnI ambpw.

Xs‚ kzXzØn\p LS\bpw cq]hpw \¬Im\p≈ iaßfmWv IhnXbn¬

]ISamhpI. k¿t§m∑pJamb Hcp kwL¿jw IemImcnbpw ho´Ωbpw XΩn¬.

icocm[njvTnX _nw_ßƒ sIm≠p ho´Ωbpw kz]v\k∂nàmb h¿Æßƒ

sIm≠p IemImcnbpw G‰pap´p∂p.

\s√mcp IhbXnbmIWtam

\s√mcp klbmXnIbmItWm

(t]wsk≥ _nµpIrjvW≥)

CXv kvXobpsS G‰hpw henb kzXz ]Xnk‘nbmbn amdpIbmWv.

FgpØpImcnbpsS kmaqlyhevIrX kzXzw AhfpsS ss\ ¿§nI tNmZ\Isf

ASn®a¿Øp∂p. cN\mthfbn¬ Cu tNmZ\Iƒ tamN\w t\SpIbpw

D∑mZIcamb hn[Øn¬ kzbw ]Z¿in∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

sNcnhnsemcp hoSv hbv°m≥ sImXn°p∂, s]Æpßƒ ImWmØ

]mXncmt\cßsfßs\bmbncn°psa∂Xv pXs∏Sp∂ kvXo a\ v \ΩfhnsS

Is≠Øp∂p. ‘Fs‚ Afhns\, aWsØ, A\°ßsf, AgIns\ IqsS,

s°m≠pt]msb∂v If™p t]mb DSp∏ns\°pdn®v thhemXns∏Sp∂p.

Xt‚X√mØ Hcp Afhn¬. AXns‚ Cdp°ßfn¬, AbhpIfn¬.,

kpJap≠mhns√∂p Xncn®dnbp∂p. (A\nXm Xºn. If™pt]mb DSp∏v)

Xs‚ kzXzsØ, Xs‚ bmYm¿∞ysØ Cßs\ ]tcm£ambn amXw

]Imin∏n°m\mhp∂p≈psh∂Xv FgpØpImcnbpsS ]cnanXn bmhpIbmWv.

85-93 Jissa Jose 87


FgpØpImcn Xs‚ AkvXnXzsØ, Xm≥ \ne\n¬°p∂psh∂ kzXzsØ

i‡ambn ÿm]n°ptºmƒ Ahfnse A]c`mhw ]Xntcm[ßfn√msX

IogSßp∂p. ‘kz¥w thXmfw’ F∂ IhnXbn¬ _nµpIrjvW≥ ]ckv]cw

Iogvs∏SpØm≥ shºp∂ Zzµz`mhßsf at\mlcambn ]n¥pScp∂p≠v.

IpSs™dn™mepw t]mImsX

tXmfneßs\

Dbcßƒ hnfn°ptºmƒ

]Sn Ibdptºmƒ Hcp ]nSn®mgvØ¬

shdpsXsb¥n\v ?

Ccpƒ hgnIfn¬

Nncn sh´w Imń

\S°m≥ t\m°ptºmƒ

sNhnbn¬ aqf¬

aXnbmbnt√ ?

HSphn¬ a\ nemhp∂Xv ]n¥pScp∂hƒ°v t]mIphm\nSans√∂pw

DØcßfmhiyans√∂pw Xßƒ Hcn°epw ]ncnbpIbns√∂pamWv. IemImcn

Xs‚ a\ n¬ Cßs\sbmcp thXmfsØbpw kZm Npat°≠n hcp∂p. Cu

ZzµzmflIX˛kzXz˛A]c`mhßƒ s]ÏhnXIfpsS BJym\ ÿenIsf

_lpkzcam°p∂p.

kwkvImc taJeIfn¬ Btcm]nXamb kvssXW`mhßtfmSp

XmZmflys∏SptºmƒØs∂ A¥¿eo\amb hnt—Zhpw kvXobpsS

BJym\ßfnep≠v. AhfptSXv kz¥w i_vZamWv. BflIYm]camb Cu Alw

BJym\ khntijXbmbn kmam\yh¬°cn°mw. BJymXmhns‚ apJw

kpXmcyamsW∂ ]XoXn P\n∏n°m≥ Cu IYmX¥Øn\p Ignbp∂p. Rm≥

BWv BJymXmhv, ]tabw hy‡n\njvTamWv. F¶nepw hkvXp\njvTamb cq]

85-93 Jissa Jose 88


LS\bneqsS AXns\ \n¿sshb‡nIam°mw. kzImcym\p`hsØ km¿∆nI

euInI ]XoIam°n am‰p∂p. BJym\Ønse \njv]£X/_lpkzcßƒ

ChbneqsS BJymXmhn\pw Ihn°panSbn¬ hnZqch¬°cWw

kpkm[yamIp∂p. A\nX XºnbpsS ‘hchv ’ F∂ IhnX \n¿aaamb

BJym\ssienbneqsS ]pcpj tIµnXamb aqeyhyhÿsb H∂msI

\ntj[n°p∂p. kvXosb \n»_vZbm°m≥ ]pcpj temIap]tbmKn°p∂

Nn”ßsfØs∂bmWv Ihn s]cpamdp∂sX∂ khntijXbpw Cu

IhnXbv°p≠v.

Bcp s]tÆ\n≥ apØ»≥ ?

\mSphmgnØw hoWImesØ

P∑nbmsWs‚ apØ»≥

...

AΩ, apØ»n ?

Hm¿°p∂n√hscms°

tIƒ°s´ Hcp s]¨ IhnX

Hm hcn√Xv

sXc≠ncn∏mWv

icocmJym\w

c≠p XeßfnemWv s]ÏhnXIfnse icocmJym\w (1) icocw

i‡nbmbn kzXzw Xs∂bmbn amdp∂p. (2) icocw _m[yXbmhp∂p. icoc

apZIƒ KmVambn ]Xn™p InS°p∂ BJym\amWv Cu IhnXIfpsS kz`mhw

_nw_ßfpsS A\¥km[yXIfp≈ icocw kmwkvImcnIamb Hcp ]pXpkrjvSn

Bbn cN\Isf cq]m¥cs∏ SpØp∂p. icochpambn _‘s∏´ _nw_henbpsS

A[nIyw, icocsØ Hcp am[yaambn ka¿∞ambn FgpØpImcn

D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂psh∂p ImWn®p Xcp∂p. Ahbhßfmbn Xs‚ icocw

85-93 Jissa Jose 89


apZIpØs∏Sp∂Xn¬ \n∂p≈ IpXdn®mSepw IqSn Cu icocmJym\ßfn¬

ImWmw. icocsØ Nnet∏msgms° \ntj[n®p sIm≠v AXns\

]Wbn°pIbpw A[nImcw ÿm]n°pIbpamWv s]¨ IhnXIƒ. s]‰p

InS°p∂ s]Æv ]m¬ NpcØp∂ c≠p apeIfmsW∂v _nµpIrjvWs‚ IhnX.

KncnPbpsS Pew I√mIpw hn[w , thZ\ XpSßnb IhnXIƒ icoc

_nw_ßƒ sIm≠v kar≤amWv. K¿`mibhpw kvX\ßfpw bYm¿∞amb

amXrXzØns‚/Btcm]nXamb amXrXzØns‚, ]WbØns‚, icoc \njvTamb

D∑mZ aq¿—IfpsS ]Xncq]ambn IhnXIfn¬ NnXdn \ndbp∂p. _nµphns‚

AΩ∏´w , A\nX XºnbpsS Imbv®]Sn XpSßn kaIme IhnXIƒ icocw

sIm≠v kwkmcn°p∂p.

kvXo PohnXØnse anYyIƒ, A¿∞ iq\yXIƒ, ]oV\ßƒ Ch

sb√mw hoSv F∂ _nw_Ønte°p kmµam°p∂ I¨sI´v (_nµp

IrjvW≥) Krl tPmenIfpsS GIXm\Xbpw sshckyhpw PUXzhpw

]tabam°p∂ ap‰aSn°ptºmƒ (A\nX) Ch H‰s∏´ i_vZßtfm

]tabßtfm A√. kvXoIfpsS IhnXmJym\ßfn¬, AhfpsS

kzXzmt\zjWßfn¬ CØcw ]tabßƒ/_nw_ßƒ IqsS°qsS

IS∂phcp∂p. kvXo A\p`hn°p∂ sshImcnIamb GIm¥X AhfpsS

cN\Ifnte°v ]IrXn Zriy _nw_ßsf Iqńs°m≠p hcp∂p. _mly

hkvXp°fpsStbm kw`hßfpsStbm ]I¿s∏Sp°e√ Ah¿°v ]IrXn

NnXWw. B¥cnIhpw `mh\mflIhpamb A\p`qXnbmbn kvXo IhnXIƒ

]IrXnsb hcbv°p∂p. kvXoXzØns‚ BZnkqNIamb Pew, kapZw XpSßnb

_nw_ßƒ IhnXbn¬ \nds™mgpIp∂p. Pehp amsbmcp mh\mflIeb\w

Xs∂ IhnXIfn¬ ImWmw.

\o ISen\`napJambn \n∂p

Rm≥ \n\°`napJambpw

.. .

\oebnte°v Rm≥ t]mbvadbp∂Xv

85-93 Jissa Jose 90


]t£ \o ImWpIbn√.

(A\nX Xºn ˛ IS¬°cbn¬)

koXbpsS ISepIƒ (_nµpIrjvW≥) ISse∂m¬ IcImWmbva. acW

°bØn\pta¬ X\n®mI¬, A°scbn°scIƒ°nSbn¬ tIWpgd¬ F∂v

ISen\v PohnXhpambn At`Zyw sNm√p∂p.

kvXoIsf°pdn®p≈ `mh\mflI ]cnIev]\Ifpw bmYm¿∞yhpw

XΩnep≈ sshcp≤yw kvXo IhnXIfpsS BJym\XesØ _lpkzcam°p∂

LSIamWv. B¨tImbvabv°pw kmamPyXzØn\panS bn¬ I¿ØrXz

\n¿ΩnXn°pw hkvXp h¬°cWØn\panSbn¬ kvXobpsS NnXw

]≠sØt∏mse A]Xy£amhpIb√. A[n\nthi kzXzsØ

]Xntcm[n°m\pw hnt[b]£Øv Iqdpd∏n°m\pap≈ kvssXWmk‡n,

Bflm`n⁄m\Øn\p≈ AhfpsS ssPh]camb iaambn amdp∂p.

kmwkvImcnI ]Xntcm[ßfpsS ASbmfw ]Xn™ IhnXIfmbn KncnPbpsS

‘hmgm\nbn¬ F∂ t]me√nXv ’ . ‘C∂se cmXn’ , A\nXbpsS ‘ASn®p

Xfn°m¿’ XpSßnb IhnXIsf hmbn°mw. cmjvSobhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb

A[n\nthißsf sNdp°m≥, \ne \n¬°pI F∂ BhiyØn\mbn \nc¥c

bp≤Ønte¿s∏Sp∂ kvXo h¿§tØmfw A¿lXbp≈hcns√∂v CØcw

IhnXIƒ km£ys∏Sp Øp∂p.

kvssXWm\p`hßƒ khntijambn BhnjvIcn°p∂Xn\v ]pcpjs‚/

A[nImcnbpsS `mj A]cym]vXamhp∂p. ]pcpjm[n]Xy Øne[njvTnXamb

]Xn]mZ\Øn¬ \n∂v kvXobptSXmb, kvXo tIµn Xamb `mj sNØn

an\p°nsbSp°p∂Xns‚ `mKamWv anØpIfpsSbpw ]pcmWIYIfpsSbpw A]

\n¿ΩnXn. kwkvImcsØ, NcnXsØ kvXo]£Øp \n∂p sIm≠v

]p\¿\n¿hNn°p∂p. ]pXnb anØpIfpw ]pXnb IYIfpw cq]s∏SpØp∂p.

kwkvImchpw aqey temIhpw ]pcpjt‚Xmhp∂Xp sIm≠v ]pcmW IYIfnse

kvXo kØ A¥¿apJamhp∂p. Ahsb ]p\cm\bn°pIbpw kvXobptSXmb

aqey hnNmcWIfneqsS kwkvImcØns‚ tIµÿenIfn¬ ]XnjvTn°pIbpw

s]¨ IhnXIfpsS e£yamWv. ‘]pIa™n≥ IqSmcw’ F∂ KncnPbpsS

IhnXbn¬ FgpØpImcnbpsS ]—∂ cq]ambn kXyhXn amdp∂p. arKXpeyamb

85-93 Jissa Jose 91


cXn°p tijw A]Xy£\mhp∂ ]cmics\ Ahƒ tNmZyw sNøp∂p. P\n

arXnIfpsS kXzw tXSp∂ ap\n Xs‚ Poh\n¬ \n∂pcphmb Du¿÷sØ

hnkvacn®sX¥p\ymbw ? BJym\Ønse Cu apJw aqSn ]mTØn¬

A¥¿eo\ambn´p≈ aqeyßsf Bhiym\pkcWw hyXymks∏SpØm\pw

]pXnb aqeyt_m[w krjvSn °m\pw FgpØpImcnsb klmbn°p∂p. Xo¿Øpw

kvXo kulrZ]camb A¿∞ßfmWh¿ cq]s∏SpØnsbSp°p∂Xv. _nµphns‚

‘\na·w’ cmhW\nse cmas\, cma\nse cmhWs\ Xpd∂p ImWn°p∂p.

Imcykn≤n°mbn Hfnbsºøp∂, \√ t]cn\mbn `mcysb Ifbp∂, A[a≥

cma\nsemfn®ncn°p∂p. NcnXØn¬ bYm¿∞ kvXoIfn√. shfpØXpw

IdpØXpamb kvXo _nw_ßtfbp≈q. ]pcpjmòjvSßƒ °\pkcn®p

cq]s∏SpØnbn´p≈ kmºZmbnImJym\ßfn¬ \n∂v bYm¿∞ kvXosb

Xncn®p ]nSn°pI. kvXo kzXzsØ l\n°p∂ Awißƒ Is≠Øn D∑qe\w

sNbvXp ip≤am°pI ChbmWv kaIme s]¨ IhnXIƒ

sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°p∂Xv.

ssewKnImXnIaßfneqsS A[nImc kwÿm]\Øn\p ian°p∂

]pcpjtemIØns‚ Im]Syhpw Iucyhpw s]ÏhnXIfn¬ cq£ambn

hna¿in°s∏Sp∂p.

_nµpIrjvWs‚ ‘sXm´m¬ hmScpXv ’ , ‘Ah≥ ]d™ncn°mw’

t]mep≈ IhnXIƒ ssewKnIm[n\nthiØns\Xnscbp≈ i‡amb

BJym\ßfmWv.

“sXm´mhmSnIƒ Bscbpw

hnizmkn°mdn√

Fs∂t∂°pambn hmSmdpan√.”

F∂ Bflhnizmkw XnI™ ]cnlmkambn amdpIbmWv. ‘Ah≥

]d™ncnbv°m’ anseØptºmƒ

“s]Ïp™v

85-93 Jissa Jose 92


Fs‚ `mcy s\m¥ps]‰

s]Ïp™v

Ahƒ amXw

F\n°p Ip™v

..

F\n°p amXw

Ahƒ Ip™v ”

kvssXW aqeyßfpsS hos≠Sps∏∂ e£ytØmsS ssPhn Iamb

Dev]mZ\ hyhÿIfnte°v Xncn®p t]mth≠Xns‚ BhiyIX Xncn®dnbp∂

kvXo \n›eamb arXmhÿbn¬ \n∂v krpjvSyp≥apJamb

Ne\mflImhÿbmbn ]IrXnsbbpw PohnXsØbpw BJym\w sNøp∂p.

kvXo PohnX kakyIfpw kzXz]Xnk‘nIfpw Ahƒ apJy

[mcbnseØn°p∂p. \ne\nev]ns‚ km[yXIfmcmbp∂tXmsSm∏w

kvssXWm¥ kØ Xncn®dnbpIbpw sNøp∂p. ]p\¿aqey\n¿Æbw sNøs∏´

kvXo KpWßfmWhcpsS Imhy temIØp≈Xv. kPohhpw NSpehpamb

ssPhnIXbmWhfpsS BJym\Øns‚ ASbmfw.

Reference:

sXm´m¬ hmScpXv ˛ _nµpIrjvW≥

s]Æpßƒ ImWmØ ]mXncm t\cßƒ ˛ hn.Fw. KncnP

PohPew ˛ hn.Fw. KncnP

ap‰aSn°ptºmƒ ˛ A\nXm Xºn

AgIn√mØhsb√mw ˛ A\nXm Xºn

kvXo cN\bpsS kuµcyimkvXw ˛ F≥. ]im¥vIpam¿

85-93 Jissa Jose 93

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 /94-98 T. Ravindran 94

BIMOLECULAR RECOMBINATION IN A

POLYDIACETYLENE FILM

T. RAVINDRAN

Department of Physics

Government Brennen College, Tellicherry

Photoconductivity of the polymer was studied in sandwitch

geometry. Gold electrodes were made on either side of the cast film of

thickness 80

m

m. Measurements were done in vacuum of 10-4 torr.

Figure 2. Chemical

structure of the polymer

PDA-BPOD.

Figure 1. Experimental setup for

photoconductivity measurements


Different tyes of recombination of electrons and holes are 1)band to

band recombination 2) trap assited recombination 3) surface recombination

4)Auger recombination and 5) bimolecular recombination (figure 3). In

radiative recombination, energy is released in the form of photons. In non

radiative recombination, energy is released in the form of phonons. In

Auger recombination recombination energy is transferred to kinetic energy

of another electron. States existing within the energy gap due to foreign

atoms or structural defects are called traps. In trap assisted recombination

electrons fall into a trap.

Figure 3. Bimolecular recombination

I x dx

Figure 1 shows the experimental set up for photoconductivity

measurements. CW light from Ar+ laser was chopped at 20 Hz. The signal

was recorded by a lock-in detector.

Intensity dependence of steady state photocurrent in solution cast

film of polydiacetylene, ((8-butoxy carbonul) methyl urethanyl)-1-(5-

pyrimidyl)-octa-1,3-diyne (PDA-BPOD) has been investigated.Chemical

structure of the polymer is shown in figure 2.

Figure 4. Sandwitch geometry

94-98 T. Ravindran 95


When intensity of light (I) is large bimolecular recombination occur

[2]. Condition for bimolecular recombination to occur is mean free path of

the carrier should be less than Coulomb capture radius (rc). In the narrow

band semiconductor having low mobility (m ) (

m

<1 cm2/V/s), this condition

is satisfied. Coulomb capture radius is defined as rc=q2/(4

p

0 kT),

dielectric constant ( ) = 4 for polydiacetylene. In Langevian recombination,

we assume negative charge stationary and positive hole is being attracted

by the Coulomb field (F). Current density of hole is [1]

jh=qpv=qp

m

F=q2pm

/4p

rc

2 (1)

where p is the hole density, q is the charge and v is the drift velocity.

Hole recombination current (ih) is due to holes falling into Coulomb

sphere centered around the electron.

ih= j

h4

p

rc

2=q2

m

p/ =

γ

qp (2)

Where

γ

is the Langevian recombination coefficient.

γ

=q

m

/0

When light incident on a surface, rate of generation of carriers at a distance

x away from the surface is (figure 4)

= Ae-

α

x (3)

where

α

is the absorption coefficient.

Figure 5. Intensity dependence of

photocurrent at different fields.


Assume that every absorbed photon creates a pair of carriers, number

of pairs generated is equal to number of photons absorbed.

I = ∫¥0

Ae-α x dx (4) A=I

α

Diffusion current decrease the carrier density (n) by

Rate of carrier generation is described by continuity equation

where

t

is the life time of carriers. First term is the generation term

second due to diffusion third monomolecular recombination and fourth

is bimolecular recombination term.

Steady state condition is 0

ip I monomolecular recombination regime

ip I1/2 bimolecular recombination regime (n=p)

Neglecting the diffusion current, in the monomolecular recombination

regime photocurrent is proportional to intensity. In the bimolecular

recombination regime photocurrent is proportional to square root of

intensity (figure 5). In general, photocurrent ip In for a material

containing traps [3], where 0.5

£

n

£

1.

Reference

[1]. M. Pope and C. E. Swenberg, Electronic processes in Organic

Crystals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1982.

[2]. T. Ravindran, W. H. Kim, A. K. Jain, J. Kumar, S. K. Tripathy,

Synthetic metals 66 (1994) 203.

(5)

(6)

(7)t


[3]. A. Rose, Concepts in photoconductivity and Allied Problems

(Interscience, New York, 1963)


PARTICLE IN A BOX -A TREASURE ISLAND FOR

UNDERGRADUATES

R.K. SATHISH, P.V. SIDHARTHAN AND K. M. UDAYANANDAN

Department of Physics

Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad

Abstract

Particle in a box is the simplest quantum mechanical model that has

been traditionally introduced in textbooks for explaining the basic concept

of quantization. We in this article collects various scattered information from

text books and articles [1-5] and show that besides quantization it serves

as a potential tool for explaining many other quantum mechanical problems.

The authors do not claim any originality in matter but they believe that

such an article will strengthen the concepts of teaching community.

Keywords: Particle in a box, degeneracy and beta carotene.

1 Introduction

Figure 1: Particle in a 1 D box

99-115 R. K. Sathish et al. 99


In quantum mechanics a box means a system in which the potential

energy is zero with in a closed region and infinite every where else. The

Particle-in-a-Box [PB] is a toy problem, but one which illustrates many of

the fundamental concepts of quantum physics. In this article we show that

particle in a box can be used in classrooms to introduce the quantization of

energy and momentum, concept of degeneracy, lifting of degeneracy,

selection rule and emission of radiation, optical absorption of

b

carotene

molecule, approximate estimation of the size of a proton and neutron and

approximate determination of the radius of a degenerated star. PB model

is also widely used in high level physics [beyond our scope] like

(a) Fundamental understanding of resonance on polyenes

(b) Frontier molecular orbital theory and

(c) Quantum dots, wells, and wires

2 Quantization of energy and momentum - De Broglie approach

Figure 2: Waves in a box

If a quantum particle is confined in a 1 D box, the wave description

the particle demands a relation between wavelength

l

of the particle with

the size of the box ‘a’ as

nλa=

2

where n = 1, 2, 3 . . .. Therefore momentum of the particle

n

h nhP = =

λ 2a



This shows that the momentum of the particle is quantized. Hence the

quantized energy of the non relativistic free particle confined in a box is

2 2 2

nn 2

P n hE = =

2m 8ma

and for relativistic mass and spin less particle energy is

n n

nhcE =p c=

2a

where ‘h’ is Planck’s constant, ‘c’ is the velocity of light and ‘m’ is the mass

of the particle. Thus quantization is a consequence of boundedness. The

particle in a 1 D box is the simplest example which shows that constraints

lead to the quantization of energy.

3 Quantization of energy - Schrodinger approach

To find the quantum energy eigen values for a spinless particle we

use Schrodinger equation. For the 1-dimensional non relativistic free particle

in the x direction, the time-independent Schrodinger equation can be

written as

2 2

2

d ψ- =Eψ

2m dx

h

whose solution is given by

ψ(x)=Csinkx+Dcoskx

where Y is the wave function. Here also boundedness decides the

quantization. Hence the presence of the walls of the box determines the

values of C and D. Our particle is well confined within the box, which is our

definition and hence at each wall, at x = 0 and x = a, the particle is absent

or

Y

= 0. Thus when x = 0,

ψ(0)=0=Csin0+Dcos0

and so D = 0. When x =a,



kaCa sin0)( ==y

C cannot be zero, since this would conflict with the Born interpretation.

Therefore sink a = 0, and so it must be that k a is an integer multiple of

p

.

Therefore,

a

nk

p=

,...3,2,1=n

The quantization of energy follows from this constraint on k and hence we

get

2

22

2

222

82 ma

hn

ma

nEn ==

ph

with wave function as

⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

a

xn

axn

py sin

2)(

Similarly for mass and spin less relativistic particle in a box

a

nhcE n

2=

4 Degeneracy

In quantum mechanics, two or more different quantum states are

said to be degenerate if they all have the same energy. For example, in the

case of an atom, for a fixed energy eigenvalue, there exists several states

which have that energy, but differ in the eigenvalues of angular momentum,

spin component and so on. If the symmetry is broken by a perturbation,

caused, for example, by applying an external magnetic or electric field,

then the energies of the states can be changed, causing energy level

splitting. In quantum language we can say that if there are more than one

linearly independent wave function belonging to the same energy eigen

value En the energy level is said to be degenerate.



We demonstrate these using symmetric and unsymmetrical systems since

symmetry is one of the main reason for degeneracy. For systems if

symmetry is broken the degeneracy will be lifted of. This can be easily

demonstrated using a square and a rectangular PB. For a 2D box with side

a and b we have the wave function

⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

b

yn

a

xn

abyxnn

yx

yx

ppy sinsin

4),(,

with energy values222

, 2 28x y

yxn n

nnh

m a be

⎡ ⎤= +⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

For a square box which is symmetric in shape the energy is given by

( )2

2 2

, 28x yn n x y

hn n

mae = +

For 1=xn , 2=yn and for 2=xn , 1=yn we see that for a square box both

state functions possess same energy eigen value

2

2

1,22,18

5

ma

h==ee

The wave functions given below for the above eigen value look similar in

form but are really different independent wave functions

⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

a

y

a

x

ayx

ppy

2sinsin

4),(

22,1

⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

a

y

a

x

ayx

ppy sin

2sin

4),(

21,2



Figure 3: wave function for 1,2ψ for square box

The wave functions are plotted in Fig (3) and Fig (4)

⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣

⎡+=

2

2

2

22

2,1

21

8 bam

he

Figure 4: wave function for 2,1ψ for square box

Now we will find the energy eigen values for a rectangular box.

⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣

⎡+=

2

2

2

22

1,2

12

8 bam

he

Since a and b are different they yield different energies. It can be seen that

Y 12 and

Y

21 are different eigenstates represented by different wave

functions as shown if Fig (5) and Fig (6).



Figure 5: wave function for

12ψ

for rectangular box

Figure 6: wave function for 21ψ for rectangular box

To present the concepts in a more concise way we give a table of results

we observed in the case of PB

Parameters Square Box rectangular Box

Shape Symmetric Asymmetric

Energy Same Different

State Different Different

Degeneracy Degenerate Non degenerate

Earlier it was mentioned that external magnetic field or electric field lifts

the degeneracy. This is equivalent to the change in shape of the box

potential.



If this symmetry is distorted or in technical language if the symmetry is

broken it leads to a non degenerated state. This process can be also

demonstrated using PB by a simple calculation using the side as a itself

with one side slightly distorted by a length da along the x-axis .Then the

energy value is

yxxyx EdEEnEn ++=,

3

22

8

2

ma

dahndE

x

x -=

Substituting

2

22

3

22

2

22

88

2

8,

ma

hn

ma

dahn

ma

hnnEn

yxx

yx +⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛-=

Hence

2

2

3

2

2

2

2,18

4

48 ma

h

ma

dah

ma

hE +-=

2

2

3

2

2

2

1,288

4

ma

h

ma

dah

ma

hE +-=

Thus E12

is not equal to E21

. Therefore Y 12 and

Y

21 possess different energy

eigenvalues. Thus degeneracy is lifted off. The above arguments also show

that in a 1D box there is no degeneracy.

5 Selection Rule and Optical absorption of

b

carotene

The condition necessary for an atom in an excited state to radiate is

that

* 0n m

x dxy y

¥

-¥

„∫



since the intensity of radiation is proportional to the value of the integral.

Transition for which the integral is finite are allowed transitions and those

for which it is zero are forbidden transition. The method of deriving selection

rule can be explained using PB. Consider a particle (electron) confined in

a box. When the electron is in state n or state m the expectation value of

position is constant. When an electron is under going a transition between

these states its position oscillates with a frequency. The condition under

which the integrals remain non vanishing for various possible pairs of the

state of a given system are known as selection rule for allowed transition.

For PB

a

xn

an

py sin

2=

a

xm

am

py sin

2=

The above integral becomes

dxa

xmx

a

xnx

aI

Lpp

sinsin2

0

∫=

Putting qp

=a

x

12

2I

aI

p=

Where

qqqq

p

dmnI )sin()sin(0

1 ∫=Using the identity

qqqq )cos()cos()sin()sin(2 mnmnmn +--=

we get



221)(

1

)(

1

mnmnI

++

-

-=

Thus the transition integral I is non vanishing when n ± m is odd. There fore

transition may occur only in such pairs of states for which the sum and

difference in quantum number is odd. For a particle confined in a box for a

transition from n to m level corresponds to change in energy

)(8

22

2

2

mnma

hE -=D

The wavelength corresponding to the transition is

)(

822

2

mnh

mca

-=l

This wavelength depends on the square of the dimension of the box. Thus

emissions or absorption in PB may in the visible region for some values of

m and n.

Figure 7: Structure of Beta Carotene[5]

Particle in a box can be used to explain the optical absorption of b carotene

molecule, which is in the visible region. Beta-carotene is a carbohydrate

with a molecular formula C40

H56

with molecular weight 536.88. It is a

member of polyene hydrocarbons and prototypical example of

p

electron

conjugated polyene. It is a naturally occurring organic molecule with

nanoscaled dimension of molecular length and highly conjugated

p

electrons offering its excellent photo physical and nonlinear optical

properties. They are responsible for the orange colour of the carrot, for

which this class of chemicals is named, and for the colours of many other

fruits (for example, sweet potatoes ) and vegetables. Carotene is also

responsible for the orange (but not all of the yellow) colours in dry foliage.



Figure 8: Orange colour of some vegetables due to the presence of

Beta carotene

They also impart the yellow colouration to milk-fat and butter. The typical

yellow-coloured fat of humans and chickens is a result of fat storage of

carotene from their diets. Beta-carotene possess two kinds of electron bonds.

The

p

electrons are localized at fixed place between the carbon atom. This

makes the molecule stable and rigid. The p electrons in the chains are

delocalized, loosely held and easily excited by low energy visible light.

The length of the molecule is measured by taking line profile along the

axis. The total length is approximately 3.8nm. The diameter of the lobes

corresponding to

b

ions one rings approximately 0.7 nm. This gives the

chain length of the order 2.4 nm.

p

electrons can move along the entire

length of the molecule. Hence it can be described best as a particle in a 1D

box. Carotene has 22

p

electrons per molecule. According to Paul’s

exclusion principle each level fits two

p

electrons. Thus 11 energy levels of

box are fully occupied. Then minimum energy required to excite an electron

is equal to n = 11 to n = 12

2

222

8

)1112(

ma

hE

-=D

= 2.3658 × 10-19 J

Hence



AU8303=l

This wavelength belongs to red region which explains the optical absorption

happening in Beta carotene.

6 Size of proton and neutron[5]

Murray Gellmann gave the quark structure of a proton, accordingly

a proton consists of three quarks: two up quarks (u) and one down quark

(d) confined inside the proton by field gluons . The up quark has a mass of

2

3 M e V

c

and the down quark has a mass of 2

6 M e V

c. But surprisingly the proton

mass is 2

9 3 8 M e V

c. The total mass of the three quarks comes to 2

1 2 M eV

c.

Taking the contribution of gluons to be about 2

1 M e V

c the effective total mass

of quarks which are treated as particles, comes to about 2

1 1M eV

c. The rest

would have to be kinetic energy of the quarks. These quarks are definitely

highly relativistic and of approximately negligible rest mass compared to

the mass of proton. We can say that these quarks can be approximated as

mass less relativistic particles in a box of size equal to size of proton.

Figure 9: Quark structure of a Proton

Then 2

927 M eV

c (= 1.483 × 10"10 J), is the kinetic energy of the quarks in the

box .Knowing this energy, we could find the size of the proton

a

hc

a

hc

a

hc

a

hcEkin

2

3

222=++= =1.483 × 10"10 J

for the three quarks together which gives a = 2 × 10"15m.



A neutron which has a mass of 2

939.5 M eV

c consists of one u quark and two d

quarks. Hence the total mass excluding gluons is 2

1 4 M e V

c which gives kinetic

energy of quarks as 1.480 × 10"10 J. Thus the size of the neutron is a = 2 ×

10"15m which is of the size of a proton.

Figure 10: Quark structure of a Neutron

7 Radius of a degenerated Star

Electrons, neutrons and quarks in a collapsing star will provide a

quantum mechanically derived pressure to maintain the star in equilibrium.

This statistical mechanical derived degeneracy of energy states of the

electrons, neutrons and quarks, explained by quantum mechanics, will

prevent the further collapse of stars resulting in a white dwarf, neutron

star and quark star.



In order to quantify electron degeneracy pressure, a quantum

mechanical approach to a system of electrons inside a three dimensional

box in which the potential is zero, will be used to produce a model of the

white dwarf. In this case the electrons are treated at 0 Kelvin. Hence

according to Pauli’s exclusion principle, each state will be occupied by one

electron. The final energy of the last occupied electron is called Fermi

energy(EF ). At 0 K the electrons will be occupied up to the Fermi level.

Since it is a low temperature problem we can take it as a quantum problem

and approximately treat it as a particle in a box problem with 3 D energy

)(8

222

2

2

zyx nnnma

hE ++=

With great approximation we will treat the electrons to be living in the n-

space which is continuous. This treatment will give only approximate radius.

But for an undergraduate student this will give an introduction and insight

into the problem. Let the radius of the n space be R which can obtained as2222

zyx nnnR ++=

Since only the positive values of n are allowed the total number of electrons

in the n-space is

3

3

4

8

12 RN e p=

where Ne is the number of electrons Substituting R and rearranging

mV

NE e

F2

3 23

2

2 h⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

p

11: White dwarf sirius B



These electrons will exert a pressure against the gravitational collapse of

any star. During the burning stage the radiation pressure will balance the

gravitational pressure and the star will have an equilibrium radius. But

when all the fuels are burnt and when the reaction in a star stops, the

gravitational pressure starts crunching a star. This will be balanced by the

pressure due to 0 K Fermi electrons which results in a white dwarf. Pressure

is given by

dV

dEP Total-=

We had only found the Fermi energy, which is the energy of the topmost

electrons. We have to find the total energy ETotal

which is the energy of all

the electrons from the bottom to the top. This is given by

∫··=

R

nTotal ndEE0

3

8

12

∫··=

R

Total dnnma

hnE

0

2

2

22

488

12 p

Integrating and substituting the value R in terms of EF

3

2

3

532 13

10V

Ne

mETotal ⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝⎛

=p

ph

Hence degenerated pressure will be

3

532

deg

3

15⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝

⎛=-=

V

Ne

mdV

dEP Total

p

ph

If this pressure is balanced by the gravitational pressure[3] we will get the

Radius of a star to be

3

1

2

23

1

2

128

81-

⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= N

mGmR

pe

hp



Putting the numerical values, taking the mass of the sun equal to 2 × 1030

kg we get the radius of the white dwarf to be nearly equal to 11000 km.

The radius of well known white dwarf Sirius B is nearly 7000 km. You see

how such a simple calculation using a PB model gives radius very close to

the exact radius. This is the power and strength of the PB model which

gives great insight into different problems in physics.

Figure 12: Neutron star

Following the same procedure as above we can find the radius of a quark

star by assuming the quarks as relativistic mass less particle in a box and

radius of a neutron star by assuming the neutrons as relativistic massive

particles in a box. The exact quantum energy eigen value of massive

relativistic particle in a box is still a problem in quantum mechanics because

of the Klein paradox.

Figure 13: Quark Star



8 Conclusion

In this article we had shown that PB can be used to explain many

phenomenon in physics. In addition to the problem discussed in this article

it has been used as a model to explain different properties in nanosized

materials. Thus undergraduate students can test many complicated

quantum problems in physics using PB model before going for the exact

solution.

Acknowledgment

The authors R. K. Satish and K. M. Udayanandan acknowledge the

University Grants Commission for financial assistance for minor research

project.

References

[1] Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, McGraw-Hill Companies,

1981.

[2] Modern Physics,Kenneth S. Krane, 2nd Edition, Wiley Eastern,1995.

[3] Quantum Physics,Stephen Gasiorowicz, John Wiley and Sons, 3rd

edition,2005.

[4] LT-STM study of self-organization of beta-carotene molecular layers on

Cu(111), A.M Baro , Saw-Wai Hla, K.H.Rieder, Chemical Physics letters-

369(2003) 240-247.

[5] Dick Hoekzema , Ed van den Berg , Gert Schooten and Leo van Dijk,

Physics Education, 42 (4)(2007).



THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM: AN HISTORICAL SURVEY

E. RAJEEVAN

Department of Philosophy

Govt. Brennen College, Thalassery

Introduction

Consciousness studies have emerged as a discipline in its own right

in the latter half of twentieth century. With its multidisciplinary and

interdisciplinary nature, it owes its development to various disciplines;

philosophy, psychology, linguistics, neurobiology, computer science, physics

and evolutionary biology and the like. This led to a deepened understanding

of the phenomenon of consciousness and widened the prospects of

consciousness studies in general.

The philosophical battle between approaches to consciousness,

however, remains as an unchanging one. The Socratic position that

‘cerebrum created consciousness’(Hameroff 119) and the position held by

Aristotle, Democritus and others that consciousness is a fundamental

component of reality represented this battle in the West. In the East

kaarvaC materialism, which holds an epiphenomenal approach to

consciousness, stands against all other schools of philosophy who in general

conceive consciousness as an independent entity. Mind and matter being

entities of distinct kinds, philosophers of East and West found it hard to

explain the relationship between them in spite of the fact that everyday

experience suggests their intimate relationship.

116-122 E. Rajeevan 116


Indian Approaches

The Indian tradition clearly distinguished between matter, mind and

consciousness in which mind forms the connecting link between matter

and consciousness. Among the heterodox schools, kaarvaC declared that

human consciousness is merely a by-product of its body, which essentially

is material. They declared that consciousness ceases to exist with the

disintegration of body, and deny all spiritual ontology of consciousness.

The other schools however ascribe an independent ontological status to

consciousness. The Vijñanavada Buddhism conceives that the consciousness

alone exists. According to Jainism, all objects possess the quality of

consciousness or self. The pan-psychic philosophy of Jainism conceives soul

to be inherently perfect in respect of knowledge, power, faith and bliss.

The dualism of Samkhya assumes the independent and eternal entity

called pure-consciousness (Purusa), which when acts through the material

substratum (Prakrti) produces intellect, the unitary principle of experience

(ego), mind and the material world. In Upanisads and Advaita, the pure-

consciousness, which alone exists, manifests itself trough intellect, mind,

life and matter.

Western Approaches

In the Western tradition, however, until the late nineteenth century,

mind was considered to be complementary to matter and they together

governed the metaphysical status of a system, to be dualistic idealistic or

materialistic. They conceived the essential nature of mind to be thought

and that of matter to be extension. It was found hard to relate matter and

mind having these distinct properties. Various explanations to this extent

were given by rationalist philosophers. Rene Descartes, the 17th century

philosopher, in his dualistic approach, traced this relation back to the then

mysterious pineal gland in the form of interactionalism. The neutral monism

of Spinoza found matter and mind among the infinite attributes of God. He

116-122 E. Rajeevan 117

• •


explained the essential parallelism of matter and mind as they being the

effect of one and the same cause, the God. For Leibniz, the German

philosopher, it was necessary for the matter and mind to go together as

God, during the creation, set them to go together; the position known as

pre-established harmony.

The 20th century psychologists and philosophers conceived mind as

a functional entity and distinguished it from both the brain (material

principle) and the consciousness (phenomenological principle). The

departure of Psychology from Philosophy, as a separate discipline, took

place in the late nineteenth century. It took its new outlook of being the

science of mind form that of the science of soul or spirit. The Psychoanalytic

tradition emphasised the triple division of mind to the conscious mind, the

pre-conscious mind and the unconscious mind. This deals with the conscious

accessibility of mental states rather than the phenomenon of consciousness.

Much of the philosophical problems related to the nature of consciousness

and the notion of self were left unattended by this tradition (Ricoeur 288).

The development of the Behaviouristic school of psychology reduced the

human beings to the entity that merely respond to the behavioural stimuli

leaving no room for mind or consciousness. The third person account gave

way to the fist person characteristics. This reduced psychology to the

science of human behaviour. Early 20th century philosophy witnessed the

rise of the phenomenological tradition which essentially is the science of

consciousness. It conceived the ontic realities to be the intentional correlates

of consciousness by which the notion of matter is overthrown altogether.

The problem of mind-matter relation is left unresolved.

Recent Approaches

Much of the development in the realm of consciousness studies and

in philosophy of mind took place in the latter half of 20th century, especially

after 1970s. The advancement in Neuroscience with the development in

116-122 E. Rajeevan 118


the imaging technologies greatly contributed to this extent. With the

advancements in neuroscience, it explained the neural correlates of

conscious experience and is able to explain the physiological dependence

of the phenomenon of consciousness.

The modern developments in consciousness studies, which largely

support materialism, are able to explain human life without any reference

to the conscious aspects of life. The physicalistic notion of ‘causal

completeness’ (Papineau 65) makes the subjectivity irrelevant to human

existence. Nevertheless it is inconceivable to neglect subjectivity/ conscious

elements of experience since the very act of neglecting it is nothing but a

conscious act22

The age old problem of mind-body relation remains unresolved. It

takes its modern form as ‘explanatory gap’ (Chalmers 43)or ‘hard problem

of consciousness’ (Heil 205). The deepened understanding of the relation

between conscious activities -perception, thought, emotions, feelings etc.-

and the neural functioning increased the mystery of mind-body relation

rather than bridging the gap between them. Where should one look for

bridging this metaphysical gap?

This leads to the epistemological issues related to the study of

consciousness. Can conscious existence, which is the primary necessity of

experience, be the object of thought in the usual manner in which thought

takes place? The phenomenal world, which usually is the object of

consciousness, is known through conscious states or phenomenal

consciousness whose modern name is qualia. The fundamental

epistemological issue is; can the modes of understanding the relationship

between modified states of consciousness be applied to the substratum of

these states, i.e. consciousness?

The physicalistic theories generally answer ‘yes’ to this question and

end up in the unresolvable issue of hard problem or explanatory gap. Those

116-122 E. Rajeevan 119


philosophers who believe in an independent existence of consciousness

explain consciousness to be a distinct type of entity that cannot be reduced

in terms of material or physical stuff. This anti-reductionist position too is

not sufficiently supported by reason. A third position in respect of this

epistemological issue is taken by the advocators of mysterianism.

Accordingly, the human cognitive limitation does not permit us to reach

out the ontology of consciousness (McGinn 42-43). They argue that the

cognitive ability of the humans is not endowed with faculty through which

they can conceive consciousness so that they can solve the issues related

to it.

All these positions lead to pessimism in respect of the knowledge of

consciousness. The Indian tradition and some of the Western idealistic

traditions however evaded this conflicting issue through some of the non-

rational, but not essentially irrational, means of knowing. The appeals to

faculties such as intuition, which can transcend reason and thus transcend

the cognitive limitations, are the bases of their claim to the access to

consciousness. Can these non-rational, transcendental approaches to

consciousness be epistemologically justified? Which subtle epistemic axiom/

criterion should one use to justify these positions?

The applied aspect of consciousness studies leads to Artificial

Intelligence (AI). The developments in AI are largely supported by

Linguistics and Information Technology. AI, trying to make the replica of

human intelligence is a tremendously developing discipline where the

ontology of intelligence, is determined by the hardware and the functioning

is determined by the software or binary connections (Papineau 47). The

hardware here corresponds to the brain or neurons and the software/ binary

connections to neural connections.

116-122 E. Rajeevan 120


Concluding Remarks

The AI explanation seems to connect consciousness and matter with

the element of mind. The fundamental metaphysical dilemma however is

far from being over. With such a replication of intelligence, are the AI

machines conscious in any reasonable way? Do they have the element of

subjectivity within them? Philosophers are condemned to choose between

one horn or the other of this dilemma; by choosing so, they fall into two

sects- reductionism and non-reductionism. The same dilemma led some of

the philosophers to reject the notion of subjective experiential content or

qualia altogether, forcing man to accept the status of a machine.

It is found hard to accept any of the metaphysical position related to

mind-body problem without the crucial epistemological question being

answered; Can conscious experiences which is the essential pre-requisite

of knowledge be subjected to analysis, without being falling into the never

ending epistemic circularity, by itself?

(Endnotes)

1 Reference here is made to the theory of Koœas described in Taitirîya

Upanisad

2 Thomas Nagel explains the primacy of subjectivity in conscious

experience in his article What it is Like to be a Bat.

Bibliography

Chalmers, David C.

The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory

New York: OUP, 1996.

Freud, Sigmund. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis

Trans. James Strachey. London: Penguin Books, 1964-1991.

Gupta, Bina. Cit: Consciousness. New Delhi: OUP, 2003.

116-122 E. Rajeevan 121


Hameroff, Stuart R. “”Funda-Mentality” Is the Conscious Mind Subtly Linked

to a Basic Level of the Universe?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences – Vol . 2 , No

4 (A p r i l 1 9 9 8): 119-124.

Heil, John.Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction

New York: Routledge, 1998.

Lowe, E.J. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind . Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Mahadevan, T.M.P. Invitation to Indian Philosophy . New Delhi: Arnold-

Heinemann Publishers (India), 1974.

McGinn, Colin. The Character of Mind . Oxford: OUP, 1982, 1996.

Nagel, Thomas. “What it is Like to be a Bat.” Ed. Warburton, Nigel.

Philosophy: Basic Readings . New York: Routledge, 1974. 422-33.

Papineau, David. Introducing Consciousness . UK: Icon Books, 2000.

Radhakrishnan, S. The Principal Upanisads. New Delhi: George Allen &

Unwin Ltd., 1953-1994.

Ricoeur, Paul. Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation

London: Yale University Press, 1970.

Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind . London: Penguin Books, 1949-1990.

Sharma, C.D. A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal

Banarasidass Pvt. Ltd., 1960.

.

116-122 E. Rajeevan 122

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 123-132 / P. Abdu Rasheed

123

ة أ ا

. ا -د

ا ا

"ن ى –ا% ا&%$#(

" ) + إ) ,-# . ا0دب ااآ$ر آن 1

6 و 65 ا&ة . ه,ا . اوه$ ا,ي أ; ا%8 وا:ن %$1 ا89 ا

. ا ا 1 . ا=%# . و< اوآ,A= B ا" @$ء ا0دب ا

# ا0دء واء <C أ"&ء اDآ أ%ر+ وEE و= F( 8G(و ،

وا;Iوة EI ز1 C# $Eوأ ، K1وأد ه,ا " K"L $وه ،=EI=1 ا ا=%

$Mوا . اNLا وا وا#IEOوا و أQ . آ ا" # Q9D9Dت ا

وآ=R# ت$@$# اآ 1ة Eو > وه$ رواT. و#Fرخ . )) K و(

وا1-IU0و ا >Vوا Eوا "9+ ا$@$ت ا0د >$( ، Tو .

ة <1ة و <1ةG- ن"Oوا إ اG" ء . و8 ا0دD# >$1 Vو

ا # ا0#$ر ا. . ا#9Dة رأى آ ) ا&G-وأ # M C;1 . و


124

CL9$د ا @ 1 .(Iت اء وا-ء أ$ال ا-$E + G" KD وأ $رة . أدرك

ه$ أ اء هد# 1 1 M>ا # @ اء ا9 ا ا91

Y@89 وا MM و واE;ع . #89 و ا#ز =% + ورأي ا0#$ر رؤ1 إا

وا\\1 و5 ه\\ \\9Dر1[ واا0دب وا\\ \\ \\)R C\\;1 . أن 91\\ Q\\6 وآ\\ن 1

."\\"Oوا .#I\\EOر1[ اا\\ وآ\\ن 1(\\ ح ^راء+ (\\$ت . <1\\ا \\ ا0دب و"9\\+ و\\

\ أ\ا 1 V #\ ا\ء أ\اء+ . \Dر آ6\ B,\و . \ \)R زت و\ \

و` 91\ <1\ا \ ا0دب و"9\+ و#-\ ا\ر1[ اI\EO#. ا0دب وا9Dر1[ وا

19 ا" \ # (=-)# C> ى 6 ا و< أ) " ، .""Oا\,ي –وا ا#0\

T6=$ف أا 8 ا1 # اء > .

MEوأ ا% اه bزه

ا&` -E1902 ة،#C م 0زهDل آن ^#وآ # DDا .

،+ ا%ب، و M أ" 5 #-KE ,و و\,ا \ \Nم أ\$+ . وآن K&1 V ا

و آ\ن \ K\&1 ا0زه\ وأL\ دروس ا\1[ .أن 1&9 ا0زه 6\ر #\ ورا <\ا

ق \ <\8 ا\,آ. أن 1 Rا B,8 ، و آE V & إذا ;\C . 22\ و أن ا\

=" و رو1ا أ . 6 ا(& 6ا # ه,+ ار< ا ة ا. 1ئ M ا0زه

ا\. A\ه \ ا0زه\ آ:"M\ أر\ #\ آ ه\ M\، وآ\ن ا=\h&1 ا0$ام ا0ر

M11أ 1 ى # $ ات و#iت 91$ن آ 91.، و19$ن #8D # 19.، و)9(

و اء وا\D9-$ا أن اEوا، ME$=" =وأ،Bذ ا( # آ"$ا 1&$ن، ا:"$ا إ

ط L\\ وا%\\ و اM>V\\د \\ l\\=U ا\\k أ\\ء )\\$ق \\ \\K ا\\ ، وأن ا=9\\

1 - أد و ا- أم ا ا 5ص –وت –دار ا ا -اآر 142 وا* + *() ' &%ا$م 2


125

وأ<\\ى #\\ ا#\\Iء اL\\$ب و ا10\\ى \\U وا&(\\8، وأن 5-\\ ا9\\$ب وا-=\\$س \\

91 ا.ل ه-\ك،و "\m -\ و \#Oءت \ ا\Eو أ ى # U0ا ا0زه ه

.رE$ . اV#&ن

اE0),ة ا,1 أ وا

\ \Aو \Mب )$<\ \ \ إI\; \Mأ$ا 1 ا(\\#Lا n\& و

ب، وآ\ن ا\ $ن #\ "\ وإ1;\ و\ و<\ ه-\ك .#&@ ات ا وا

1 آ# . أE),) ا&$ وأE$ <1ا و#\Tا ا\واK \ ه\,+ ا;

، #D\\\8 "\\\-$، و\\\ن، و<$1\\\ى، و#\\\$"\\\#L\\\. ان $ و^\\ + أE\\\),) ا\\\

#8D ا[ اMى، وا زآ \، و ا\ و#E-$وEI"" آ ^ + أE),) ا

ى، و =- "Q6 آل ، و #&ARا

اE0),ة ا( 1$ن

ب #\\ #(\\ اE0\),ة ا\ $ن و ا\\#Lا \ 8\و \ )\: \\ .آ\ن 1

M و اE0\),ة ا(\ 1$ن ه-\ك )=$\$ا أE\),ة . M \ون \ ق \ \ M و 5\

M#\\ أ\\EM$ و#\\ .ا0زه\\\\ \\Eدرو \\ ا&A\\رة و \\ C\\E #\\ ا\\ زآ\\

1 ا19\\ ا&A\\رة ا(\\\\ \\Eدرو \\ل و#\\ ا\\ آ\\ #I\EO8 .ا\\Eن إوآ\\

(,(Eأ # nرأ. \و K)1 #& وإآ ا#،و 1 ا. أE$ب )

CTا اI\Uف أ;ره\ :"اL,اب ا 91 و \ اI\Uف . و CE ا=. #- وQ6 إ

و #\\ 1%\\$ن M\\,ا ا6$\\ \\E M\\A اO\\ ، و\\; M\\AQ #\\ 6\\$ر 8\\)1

و أ<-س ا%ن>Vة اا& G"د و)Vن 1\رس <\ا . 3"اآ ن 91$ل ا" #وآ

353ـ وا* + *() ' &%ا$م 3


126

ب و ا=\ "h أو #\ #D\8 ه\,ا \ ا #\ أ\، V #\ اE0\),ة اL0\ه ."ا h\&1 \

G أEذ+ ذB ا( ي ا IA"4

ا=9\ \ وآن \ "Q6 # أE),)،وآن N5ارة ا و أ6\-=

. ا19 \. ا9\1 . آن 1رس # ا0دب ا "=$س ا;\Iب \K ا0دب ا q1 نوآ

،وآن :\-1M\ ا\,وق و#%\\=R6\ ا$)" \# Lر اMGEاء) وا وا8 إ

ا\ ا%Q،و1;\$ن \ أG\ ا;\C، وآ\ن M\A وآن ا;Iب 1%=$ن \ 5.اO"ء

\M h\L1 نا-\8 ا\. آ\ ر ا"( ف دروL Eh إ \ M\$ة آ\$ ى (\

8 ارس # 1$م اhR . آ8 أE$عE. .\ و أ ه,ا اE0ذ =M ا0دب ا

. ا19 ،وأ وأK )ر1

Eي 1ر ARن ا[ #& اوآ ا\ر1[ اI\EO#.،وأKL \ ،و \ أ"\ \

.#I\\EOر1[ اا\\ \\ \\ ا\\ر1[ #\\ . 51\\ ا\\Eرا \\6 و%\\ \\ أ)&\\n \\ ا=

M\\ #\\ دراE\\ت أور\\ # r\$ \\ \$ \\E)\\9 أن درا ت أور\\\\وآ\\ن #&\\ . <#

$ . ا,ي آن 1رE ا0دب ا#Lا (,(Eى # أMا ،Q\6" .\-= h1ر

وآن ر<I أد1 C;1 أن 91 أ ا9(ة =MM و 1\ )I#\,+ "و91$ل -

\- \i;R1و - M=ه,ا ا K)1 ،MM . \# \E \Eدر h\"أ \ h\"أ \M#و

دروس 6.ا \\$م ا\\[ اM\\ى، \\ أن M\\ إ\\ \\ر1[ اsداب \\A&1 نآ\\ B,\\وآ

\ اE0\ذ أEذ+ ا #I\EOا [ -;وى <$ه ى ر اt ا,ي آن 1رس ا=\=

وآ\\ن 19\\ #\\ ه\\VFء اE0\$,ة #\\ 1رE\\$ن -\\ط داI\\ ، \\T ا\\$اء و E \\&# . V\\;ن

$6 . ا :%ره و=)M ، . و آن M> D1$ده . #Lل ا=% وا:( وأ 1=%

ور^ه Gء ء ا.

353ص وا* + *() ' &%ا-م 4 9. ' ا$دب ا&ه% اآر *() ص 56 9ص :+ *() ' ا$دب ا&ه%


127

1 ا(#L. ان $ اE0),ة ا

ب،إV أن ا\\ ه\\ ا\\,1 \\$+ إ\\\\ ا\\ E: \\I \\# 5\\),ة ا\\

1 ا(#Lا . M(ا ، وده\ #&@\\#Lدروس ا A و آن . ا0زه

9 M I n&6#، وأأ# M"$91 .ا M($@$#ذ . وE0ن وا-$ آ ر$"آ

ا0#\$ي )\ر1[ ا0دب وا\\ ا ا-M\ر،و ه\$ \. . 1رس \U^ ات \ N\M"و ا

u-\ا \# `T\9&ا v-\1 Q\\ آدة #-\، و ه\$ ا\,ي =EI، ا0زهوآ\ن . <#

\#L\. ا # 8 ا&أ# A إ،و Kذ <$1ى أE0ا . \I و\ 1-=\` ا=\

I#آ wTL ا ت ) )( #Lح ام #-, ا7.أ1

)\\ر1[ \\, \\"$( \\LM \\ \\ \\E1ر "I-\\E .\\;1Oذ ا\\E0ن اوآ\\

6U > و)ر1[ ا#IEOا و9\ .ا==\-# \I \ \; Iن .ووآ\

:–ر\\\ اt –و\\\ ا\\\[ .#&$\\\ إ\\\\\\Lا q1\\\ .\\\ ض\\\Uو ، \\\ ا=\\\

، M9# C11 و Lا 8 1 د واUVر، و<

واE0\\\ذ #\\\$" آ\\\ن 1\\\رس )\\\ر1[ ا\\\ ق ا19 ،واE0\\\ذ \\\ن،وه$ #\\\

\ اورأ1\ \ \ن .8ا0ن،آن 1رس ات ا# و ا9ر" -M و ا

إذا ذآ ت ن إ" أذآ أEذا آن اr ا0 V أ$ل \ \). ". ا ق آ 1

1 ا19 ا(#Lا # اب ا,1 آ"$ا R1=$ن إDة آ 8،6Rا. #

ب ا( ي ذB ا$D# n\8 اE0\ذ \ن و 9 ا&ة ا أ ف أن أا أ

-. و- .ء # ا$دة 1q أن )&$ل "=\h \ن إ\ \K ":.اE0ذ "-$

\\- \\Mأن أ n;\\Eا \\ "\\. ا-\\،وآن 1\\ ى أ"\\وVF\\M \\Iء 9."`،وآ\\ن 1

315ص وا* + *() ' &%ا$م 7 349ص وا* + *() ' &%ا$م 8 37-أر ا&9ى ص. *() *7 و'6 ' 5ء ا23م 9


128

Q\;\` وور K I ة,(E0ا. \ وأ\h أ"M\ 99\$ا . وآM\ آ\"$ا 1\ <\ا إ\

(#-, ه,ا ا$# nn #$ و .ا$م و ا0%ر و M أ"M #(در.ر5) و^# و)$

.#$د) و إ= ا. ا

^ر ه,ا اV)(ل

،\\Eا0دب ودرا q\\& .\\ #\\ أ\\$اب <1\ةأ# n\& \\ \\I \و

\\M ة9\\ات ا \\=M ا&@\\\\" \\ . ورK\\5 أن 1\\ ا=( ا\\ \\E \\L(وا

" ا=\ و\ أ1\ي \l ا\، وM\ ا&@\ ات ا\. )9\ Eر#

" # اE0),ة ا= اsداب وو<M\M .ه,+ اEدرا أ ت #-هML ا

\1Lا @\$ء ا\ وا=%\\ CT$ء وا9` ا0&( 1 G-ا. وا)L\ \ \ ا\

اsداب # <1Eأه.درا Mا0دبو q&ا 10. ا-mM ا0<-.

آ"$ا 1& 6\$ن \ اU;\ف #Lا وl ا0دء 91$$ن إن ا

MLM-\\# ,\\R1اه و \\L# ى \\L11 #\\ 91\\8 ^راءه\\ و وآ\\ن \\ \\ .ا0-\\ء ا(\\

$\\;Rوا\\ا #\\ ا. mM-\\#و U$\\و ا0زه\\\\ ;U\\E \\$ \\ \\ و\\ رأوا

، وآ\\ 5 E\\$ا \\ .راE\\د\\ ا\\iا \\ \\Eل وا\\# \\ و \\ءوا )\\9 8%\\

.آ اه ا0زه ا. D إ آ اه IEم و أ وأ%#

-\\E #$@\\$ع 1914و\\\\ 1 ا(\\\\#L\\. ا\\آ$را+ #\\ ام (\\8

1 # أEذ+ . و آن ا0زه ا)L "9+ ا0د. -M".ذآ ى أ اIء" m

.=6 ، . ا0زه E ا=6 6 ا ا0دب إG-# 8D Vر E ا ه,+ ا=G-1 V نوآ

وه%\\,ا "\\ ى \\. "9\\+ ا \\: 11.و h\\91 V إ9# 8\\D VE\\ $)\\ \\,اهK ا9\\#ء

45< <ى ص \د–>ء ا9; و ا: ' ا$دب ا 10 69إاهD ر*<C اB ص\وAت % ا9@ ا? د 11


129

=\6 " \LV \)ذآ\ ى أ\ ا\Iء (و%\ \ "\ ه\,ا ا%\ب . ا$ا@E: Yذ+ E ا

&\q ا0دب و"9\+ \ =6 ى \ . اE0$ب ا19 أي أE$ب E ا\" و\ ا&99\

1 ا(#Lا #\ 12.أE$ب اDآ ، ) ه,ا ا ، )# و آن

"9\\ ا0دب و \\ MLM-\\# ن$\\ا0د\\ء ا)R\\,وا \\ #\\=FM( أE\\$ب ا\\ و 1

(Eن . دراوآ Mأو . Q\R1 <1\ا ن #\,هب آ\ه,ا ا%\ +,R(ا Kوا,ه

=\6 و#\M \$ C\,ا ا\,هK . ا\,اهK ا19\ ا\. درM\E #\ أE\ذ+ E\ ا

=\6 8A أEذ+ E\ ا%-1 1Lا. \90"\ ه\$ ا\,ى . و ه\$ #\1 \ &)\ ا

. ا91 أ وM=1 ا-u ا Qآ 19 . q\& \ $\Eك \ أ و% رو1ا )

و ه,ا ا%ب اE=د # A\1 . ا0دب و"9+، وأ R1, أE$ب ا و5 ه

رأ1 و9) ا`’أد <1ة F( V.

( . " أ

# <\$ أور\.، و \ ا)(\ \\ k\$"\ وآن 1 ا;C (8 إM\ و1

\" ا=\ وC\1 #\ دروس ا0دب وا\ر1[ وا#Lا وآ\ن 1&\ج . آن 1,هK إ

h"ا ر<=G1 أن . \-(Iوا \" ا=\و\ 13.وM\,ا آ\ن 1&\ج أن 1\رس ا

%\Eوا \G I\>ى "=\ ر ا وا@\&، و1\R ت \( h1ر\ و$6

د) ورأى أ" ، ا0<-\\9Dم و ا$\8 . دي 8 أ" (8 . ا> h

ز1 آ ل ا10م اMG1 ع ."وأ \Eأ زي ا0ور، و#\ وا)R, ا=

وج #-، إi V واا 1&- أ$ا# $اV، وه$ ه,ا ا \ط Rوا ل $Uا ( #

19و" ذB # أ#م 9ة 1\:"9$ن \M I\ أو اQR ا,ي 11 + $ل أ M-

اDآ:

12 69إاهD ر*<C اB ص\? دوAت % ا9@ ا 408: ص وا* + *() ' &%ا$م 13


130

Tإر)ا و% . وآن V 1ري # < ار)اء رط ا-`، وإن آن و< #آ8

ا #\ \دات ا0ور\ . 1 ك ه,+ ادة ا. R1,ه ا0ور\$ن \Dآ ,\R1 نآ\ B,\وآ

M .ون )=%

"اE0),ة

ات ا\FرU وا0د\ء \\@&# ة " أR1 ,\UQ\ إ\# " و د إ

h"ا ات \\ ا\\ر1[ ا$"\\". . ا\\ $ن و ا%\\$m دي \\\\@&# \\A&1 نآ\\ وه-\\

h=-ا و #$@\$ع . وا و#". ا19 وا==\ \"Dأآ\8 ا\آ$را+ ا \" و\

- ا">Vا د$م اراEت ا ". Uونا== 8) n$ا h=" و

-(Iا ا.

وآن أآ8 اآ$را+ # " )&n إ اف ا ا#8 دورآ

\\$م اV<\\ع، و$<\\ \\ M\\ا \\و\\ )\\$ دورآ\\ أ\\ ف \\ $<\\ . ،ا

$ QE$> نو آ ،1 A&ل اآO1ر$Mا (,(Eن و . ك # أ\ \I نوآ

-# I اE و $1"%> .

IE0ذ آز"$

أ و\\ ا\\آ$را+، \\ أ\\. ا\\Iء \\ و \\ آ\\ن اE0\\ذ آز"$\\ #\\

h1ر ة " و ه$ # &) E و ، )# ي آن وآن N1ور+ آ8 . ا

"\ و. 114$م ات اEن # #ر^ و#\ . آن آز"$ 1رE و1= ا9

وإن آ\ن \ 1\رس . KL أن M=1 ا9\ ^ن إV #\ ه\,ا ا\ ق اM\$دي

ا0زه\\ \\ 1%\\ 1\\ \\ \\` \\ اI\\EOم و 9\\ وA\\ر) و91\\$ل \\ \\ \\

أn\L \ إL\ \ أ\ ف أEذا ا%$m دي ا"h و" CEأآ أ

2زان ص 14 K :76


131

\\# \\=T; ب\\LO1 ا\\ n\\-آ ،h1ر\\ \\M\\ \\ا، آ\\ن 1=\\ ا9\\ ^ن وآ-\\q1\\ n ا

@$ا \ إ6\1;$ن أن 1 ا ، و%-. أآ أر أن هVFء ا

" ار+ وأ5 ا@ أآ. و)$` 0=ظ ا9 ^ن و#Eأ Q%، وا\ز"$آ أ<h إ

اn-9\E أن -# ME دروس Vه. إ و# رأ1. آ Kذه رأي أو 8 (

+ \\=( \\ \\M#ن وأ^ وآ\\ن \\ \\ 1\\ح أE\\ذ+ 15.ا <\\8 آ\\ن أ\\ر \\ M\\ ا9\\

آزا"$\\ أ"\\ إذا دU\\8 إ\\ ا=(\\8 \\ آ\\$m دي \\ ا"h "\\. #\\ ا\\& واM$د1\\

ض \\-u #\\ . 8 \\.ءواI\\EOم آ\\\\\\ 1%\\ #\\& وM1 V$د1\\ وV #\\1- \\ آ\\ن 1

+\-# Q\%1و \G= 1\رس \"^ و\ آ\د \ \ 1-\ د1-\ -\ . ا-($ص ا9

.وM ا9 ^ن آ M ا $ن. &q ا0دب

IE0ذ دورآ

\ )\$. . اV<\ع \ واE0ذ ا ق دورآ ه$ ا,ي آن 19 دروس

+\\\ \\\ \\\"N 8\\\6ذ دورآ\\\ و\\\E0ا . \\\Eر وآ\\\ن ه\\\$ ا\\\ ف ا=\\\=. \\\

وآ\\ن دورآ\\1 .و\\ "9\\8 -\\ ^راء+ \\ ا\\ U\\ون وا ه\\ أE\\E q\\&. ا\\آ$را+

K) ة ارآ، ورأ1 ا Uون #$ب G-ع ا# ا) د1$M1 UرF# . ى و"\

ا\\Dآ \\ \\ \\Eر \\ hرآر ا\\%\\#\\ أ ه\\E) ا\\. ا\\=)\\ . #\\ و \\و

اف اE0\\ذ $<\\ ، أ\\ ا\\\\ \\D& \\Eذ .ا\\E0ر ا%\\أ \\ آ\\ أ\\

.ا ق <$Eف $ك ا,ي درE ار1[

") I)LittmannE0ذ ن #

. ` :Eذ+ ا19 ن، و 9 6ر #\ ورا <\ا وآن ; ا)(ل و`

إذا ذآ ت ن إ" أذآ أEذا آن أ\r ا0\ "وأر إ 6ا ن

15 C ) *() *7 و'R ( 6ان ا23م ص. 1926رس 27 -ا(C2 ا@ :36


132

\#Lا # ا\ب ا\,1 آ\"$ا R1=\$ن إ\Dة آ 8 6Rا .( V أ$ل

1 ا19 ب ا( ي \ ذ\B ا$\n # أ ف أن أا أ . ا(9 ا&ة ا

": -. و- .ء # ا\$دة \ 1q\ أن )&\$ل \ . #8D اE0ذ ن واE0ذ "-$

- Mأن أ n;Eى أ". ا ". ا-، وآن 1. h="16 ن إ K ` وآن 1

\\M- زان$\\E n\\و" \\>O ان\\ ا \\\\E \\ نن آ\\\\Littmann +ذ\\Eأ

"&\\$+ \\$د G\\ . ا9\\1 . وآ\\ن \\ن 1\\\\Usا \\# V\\وV أدري أM1\\ آ\\ن أ\\ ا"=

ؤ1 6 ذB ا(ح . +,\( `"\و\ آ\ن \ .17%-. أ ف أن ن % وه$ 1

Eا > أ6T ن، و M D - -1# )(Bergstrasser %"$1و 18.

إزا # #-(K ا% إر)%س ا

آن و9 I ى أن N ا&%$# # #-( آ\ . و"

#\ ا\ ر\$ا أ6\$ا)M ;\ \ . ا% ار)%h ا\ $ن \ة \Dوآ

( M=" أن C;"و .@ ا&%$#

K\L \#و ،\ M\I B,\وآ ، M(\L#و \ \I n\"وه%,ا آ

وآ\,B أE\ذ+ "\$"$ %1\ م ه\,ا ا;\K آ\8 . ا 1\89 \ \ ا9\EV \را

1 <C إ U#ـــ) - #دMT \ ا\ـ . إآ ام Bذ KE و . وآ\,B آ\ن E=ـــ\ـ

Vicenzo soroا1ـ;ـ Eــ-$ E\$رو \E- \;1Oا \ أ;\+ ه1\

وه,+ ا0ء ) إ. أن ا 6$ا #&M و6\ا MI#19 . \د+ ا

\\#( . \\ M(=\\و \\MTرا^ و1\\ و+ وا\\ا #\\ ا\\ة ا\\رز1 ا\\,1 اD\\$ا -\\

.ا

37: ص -أر ا&9ى –@T ) *() *7 و' ' Rان ا23م 1617 K– زن 92ص -*()218 K–()* زن 94ص -219 K–()* زن 251ص -2

133

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012 133-142 / T. Muhammed Sirajuddeen

ا ا، دور ظ

`ا() وا'ب'$#"رة ا إ روا

, .اج ا,+ ،

123 ا(0 ا/$

6ى –ا( ا $ن )

ام ا/ة ـ = 3> ;+ أ.7ب ا9رات ا7'د ا/$

ا ا B أن ر دور اAد$ء واب C2 D ا/ب ـ B. ا/و $$

.+ إ أ=Gاب وق .Hو +)I2 1Jى A 'K لC ,3 1JM.وذآ أ

هQو ;Rوإ ز. ودد ، اI/ا ،+2= K ،T,7; , ،0ل ا,+ أR ،

ه1 3, .ها Q7ان وR U)V ،M' زآ ،. '. ،1W ا ،+أ=, أ

ا ا/$ ا 3(' أو آ9ا، = ى اXن $'د ا/ب Gد=1 1Jه2

و$ءة= K3ات دK6$.

R "رع $\.1 $] ا72 ا7" $B ا/ب، اYي Yآ أ= ه إر

++ B + ارة و73_ ;( /,م اV^ + ا2]و= GG; . ـ إن د`ا TYه

ة Iم 3^ر ا,J Mرة ه` 9 آa هTY ه ا72 ا=, ـ a2 آ Aن

b,ا/^ ا ث .واا;,= B اث ا7'د ا/ب,=A3اءة ا وإذا = ،dYوآ

134


ة، + 6Kت و,VAم اAا ,Jا"ة'ث ا ,e' `د.Aل اا ,eدة ` و3 );

,ه، ى أن ا7ك ا0ب 3, أ,ت $gال KM( إ هTY ` أ =Gارى'ا2Qو

وأH، ا7ك ا0ب /(+ إ./,اده #;'ن أ.ء ا92+ + ا/1 . ا6Kت

H/+ أ.ر ا2داء #.9رات 6 + a/7Kت وهDء ا7. ا99 U73 + +ك آ

3 Q .1J ا وا6ق إ اW وا6 ,Rو i؟ و1 $,ؤوا إ,اد .\ذن، آ

,e ل;Aا ة` ال اA.د'ا/ن وا2;,ة إVAم اA؟ و3, ن ااب . ا

Aن . د ا#3^دي $, ا#.9ر + ا7'د ا9bا^l أ1J ون $J Q(7 اآ

); )K ة ت / اYIا ـ 9' ـ /1J C أاK DM( ,ا إ اA$, أو إ

U3Aن . اد، إذا آ.Aل اي اق ا; س 92'V\$ + nوo ا6

.ل ا2داء$'ده1 ـ 9' اJ, ـ Rت e, اAا

= ، أ.R ,، ا `و o'و"Vp n ,ر اYآ ه، أن ا2

;R#ا UM.ا B ،ا/ب Ba7 اaG ار ا$)social media ( U9

$/, أ.7ع + .Iط / اYIاò $ك'K6 ءJ\$ +);أ ، . _ TYه Uه

؟ d6 آA dYن 7دئ اVA'ق ;, ا0ب (C . i اآة؟ أم /U =2 ا.^,ة

,; ; و7Iل ;,ه1. V /ا U إ n" Uآ .UM.7ر ا . أو ا0

I. U73ط $0,اد اب ا (u، ا(ت اC; + ا0ب و;,ت = $0,اد

,ر اJ6. =ل $0,اد` =vM إ2'$ـ /. w= 'p 1J ة"gا +,ام =2 ,

و+ ;(ا آا.I oات ا0ب، وQدروا ان $/, أن . اXXف + .ن $0,اد

/ I $0,اد و.(J إ .د 1J و.UJ اWC إ .Iط $0,اد 0$Iا 1 ا);

.آ7

آU =ل، ( ا دور Vص إ=,اث اIA'$ت );Bا 1 . اYوه

ل و ار اAمRAا $ U$ ،+Aن ا2Aن v7 $ اR . T, م أو

135


و$ BI U^= وورث. و2B و6/ + =e /7C$ oأن ن . وا Dإ

= 0 ،;Rدي أو إ ،RرV أو )Vار داCeك إد . هإزد

,'وIل ا2, . ن وUJ2 اWC إ احأ9p`Dو+ “:، رواn + آ

ء $BCI ا إ ا/دات، + R + n اD ،B + ا2 "Aى ا +

_$Aد أ.دا وا.Aا Gان + اA$ء واA=د، $U أ$ء 0$ p$ء، + أ

2= ); H6U اU اYي 1ااi3 أ، 0$ إ;7ر ار~ وا (أ$ م #

B3',p ` رةJ6;ة اا6 a3 آ ،)K ات. : `آ' `'.ج إ

"eا B o ،J/ واجG1 ا V دل7 ,/$ U7I2ا B </ .“ا

D ,3 $ا uM أر, أن أ3ل أن أو ز+ 3، أو WI ز+ ا

أن (U اA.7ب ); Bب ا'Iإ د`ب =أ.7 U) ;7رة أVى، =

أو أ ^, اXن ^Dت زرع اI,ء + أر و6;، و ,هرت . ;7 ار~

ل = و,ت =2 أو .RAل اI; رAا d) ن، =د` ر$B ا/ب \ذ.

eء اAر + ;ش وت $/, إIد ا6/'ت 3(ب اس "3 ); U) Hأ

$Qر ا . وور أY$ b$ يYا وا Mظ اوا و+ أ$زهJ" 1ة

.وأ;(+ 3ة اI(1 وأ$ز " ^ ا و J ا$

on 7,أ + I, ا,+ وI$ J, ا#.'م ا ا ;, ظ "

ا ;( و.(R U 1,ل وBe . آ ى أ=)Aن /,د اGوRت (.ل ا

Rـ + زو CوIش وp ا.0'ل اأة و+ G3 .(ن ر",ي ـ = pت ا6

ء $,D + ذd =ول ظ . إ Vp ;' اI,م وا#'ح"Aا Uآ أن إ

إVر ظ J ا$ . $/,س = 0$Vف + 1MD وC. Dة 7Rر

اAد$ Y أم ا,را.. ;,ا، D ^د= vV أ IIل د. و اI . بر=

25. ، ا-,*+ ا*%(ة، ص1995آ%&%م، . #". ، ، دار ا دي) أاآ(ه ا ااء

136


”: ;ويCا Uآ اXداب آن أا 7Q $72 إ)$ + واW أن إق

$، A آن 3 اeت وا/(م، = إ ;, اVر ا12I اAد$

آa .وآg ار إ`` ؟. اYي /( $d2': ا7ر ا=u ا,ر.ن و3اأ

وJR ه1 أ W ااد ا/(، $U آا اهن ;( Kال درا.، وآن

A W= 1ه,; ار~ وا0ا^Vو آن l $^/$ ااد اAد$

); I6$ U^و ،Gأو ا,رR ا.C، ` ا,آ' وا(0+ ا2 وا#(

ق J ه ا(0 ا/$ (d ا#=Rت دUV . وادة اAد$ ا=,ة ا 1Qور

lد$ وA12 اI'ارم;` ا7=ا ;6+ 1930 ا2 d) 7)K ن ;,دوآ ،

ع ); U^=، وع % 60أا اYJ$، و,ر.ا 7 ا/6+ ;( وRء

اIق ، و UH آ( اXداب 123 ا(2)$ W) أن ن $\2"آ

' آU آ^ + leوا a3ا dب ^ ذا ظ .

ظ ” B آن آU آ'، وه $=b ون + ء (d اAم،

،a U/ ف أ=, أ أد، وأن/ Dورة أH$ ف، و^ ذات مو3Aوزارة ا

d07 أن ذ,ر روا I...“3, "ب آU ا' اA 12 أد. +ز3ق '=

' ", اIدر از د;T ;7` ا,ق)3 a 1` ، )Vأ l,ا + وأض ;(

اAد$3ل إن اAدب اYي 7 ه .....و3ل إ , أن ^ وه $,ا =

a`,= $و أور ،R Uآ=7 6دب 72 Âا اع + اYدب اا3/، وإن هAا

A ^ 1 /د ;( 'وK7 از $ص . +6آU /,دة د$ء اا3/

2+ آ ` + اوا= C ،واة ا6M/ ;+ اوات ه أJ ا;ات " ^

2 n اAم وهU/ U ا6وأـ وا'م (ز ـ روا ` ز'.ة =

20. ، ص2006=0 1ظ ; :ت ا89ب إ5 4%23ة ، درا ا1 ا*" ، 0وت،

27. 1@ ا?4<، ص

137


' ف 2 آ$ اAدب اا3/ 2ف ( إذا آa .': `1 3ل . `إ$اه1 ا

d2"4 ا; وا0^ت دون أن ,ري

1954 B3 ا9 + ا,3ء ظ ;, Gوج . ” أن Rأ

); V ت ول H3 اB وأن ا= BRI ., اCVAء وا7)2

ا,,ة إ أن ن 2 و$/,ا ;+ أ. ، آ 3/ا أن ,/ 2]و)M/ا

b ازدادت آ$ ; وRأة، وYJا = ،a$V 1J /3 أن Q ،C)2ا B ا^,ام

1 2 آU "ء)I$ ,; أ J,I $، ود أ.7زداDا : ، ، أ.V، 2]و

2 = داM و. 2;e v $ أي "J7، آ أ o `1 إن اIدا D

5”. , أي "/ر $#`1

C)2ا B كا#=.

aآ Jء، وCVAر اJ ظ آ$ م ا1 و=ول إ ,Iا

/ض A" ص 1 ;e داتIر. اCVAا + ا. $72 ا$ واR ظ آ9

^3 ^3 72$ aآ . `.WM اCIر' a ;ان ` اAهام'ة 6ه اة اAو

+ $I g^, ;7, اI9ط اأو. o.ى ه ور =ل . 7/, 6ه, Îوا

ا$ و72 =دث ^دم وع، وآن ا2 ا2M, ه أن ,I رC3 WM.

6 إ أن ;7, ا Iد ^ إ آر` 7 و أ", وا2 هYا. CV

+ 6ت CV.6ا= T,e ل;Aا ;7, اJوأ ، "ءت ا3A,ار أن 2(1 ا

)'I9ا ` G إ ا^اع $+ ا6ق . إ= Îأن ا ا إ U و

، وآi أن هYا وا0ب، و ,,ا $+ اDت ا,ة اAآ وا# د ا2

آآ اAرض، واAرض G إJ اÎ $CIرا, .^اع 727 ,3

54. 1@ ا?4<، ص

66. 1@ ا?4<، ص

67. 1@ ا?4< ص

138


+ 6ت اوا ='UأI= a7HQ ام ` ``ة ق ا

+K'2.وا ا#;'م ا. ا ,رت ;G , ;7, ا، و وa3 آن

إ آر` 3 آa 3, ول J Uر أن ]آ, (س ا^ر ا9رة وام، 7

lC2ا ); JI$ رY اG\$ ,,Jال ا/I$ $ $72 اI, . $,أت B. I=

Bا M3 ت.(1 ظ + ا/I$ . ا/i اYي H اوا ;+ .(7

`وت ;"، ;7, ا وآ( ,را. .$i3 =2+ + از اI9 وY3، د

g2ا ،" ،J +2RJت اJ o ;7, ا داJ; B و, اMا B ءI و أول

o أن 7 $7 إ أCVء Rدة وo , .ء JR م M) ,واآ

رة وا3/ UIا1، `1 3ل إن + اHوري أن دب 3,ر + ا

Bا +; II= .عC.وا VAا اYل هI oMع اوت إ3` :' g2ا;7 ا

J`7

. 3, أ`ر eت آ9ة أو.ط اAدب وا2. وا,+` أوDد =ر 'روا

آ 7 إ أن ` اJر'$,أت اAز =+ 6ت ا^ اAد$ $,ة 7Vا 6

6ه اAهام 7ء ;(1J ا2'ماوا ا2(2( ا _/ JI أن . "Iوا

روا ..Aاة ا' ه ^ اح ا#2 اb7 ;+ ` اوDد =ر

7ء . ا/,ا وا/Aا هYا ه ه,ف اوا اA..، و1 + J 3^, .ءة إ

1J ا2'م وD ا/_ $,+);.8 d6 ظ J, نآ $ات اإن

وذه $/_ . ا;Iد $gن اوا JR e, ام، وإ1J ا"ا J راM ]اة

J2 $ات ا $,$ aآ اوا ,e زهAا رهأ` .أ,3ءT إ أن اAز ا

` ا ف'3^ 3^ة = Uآ6ا _/$ a77. . B ل= J`ور أ=,ا,

1JGJ و0( ;(1J و0 '$2 ا. `اات' v$e 1JÛ إ ،

68. 1@ ا?4< ص

98. ، صB C92006; ا9%ش، =0 1ظ ; :ت ا89ب إ5 4%23ة ، درا ا1 ا*" ، 0وت،

139


Jو ا ،J2 1J = 1J/ < و/JIاات ا B o)و $Vgى ,

J 1J iC اة ا آا ز;ن); . Î3أوا ا ,; $/و1 اIاء

أ. ا9رة ا, ر، وأن ); leا;اض وا + J,ف إ aآ 1 J

^رع ;( اC)2 U73 ا9رة، aآ واG=Aاب ا.اات ه1 رI) Gى ا2

وآa . , ا 2وأن هYا اHv$ اYي Rء وه1JG وiCV اة 1J ه Rل ;7

ا,IاK اYي ا 7/ ا1Q ب). =,à . اÎ J) I,ا

.$/_ ا#Rاءات + ا و+ 1 ^ أ + ا6( o ظ

, اA.ذ ` اd'روا ); JMاGRأ + 6ت $/, أن /Y aeف ا9

Uo ا(, =2+ هMهام' رAا2+ . `ا UVدا ^ J$ ,Î اوا

+ ;^ ;7, ا)I/وأ=ال ا . lو +)I/ا Y/ H3 رةن ه, إ`آ ,I

ا2ن$ +2 R= ن ; اس إ; .+)I/ق اI$ B Hوه أ .

ظ، وIل أن هTY اوا a77. ,3 .77 7"ا #I'ب ,e +آU ا2ر

,ام (d اة آا ;( 1Jأ ^V ،1JA ا;7وه ه ;( ;7, ا

i ا2دات ،7Iا J) ],ة وا;7وا اوا ،Tردات وأ^أر ا2 B .آ7

J6 ` ا6ذ'و3, آa روا / ع اHط واا#=7 ا ;+ =7/

ت، WK +; b7 اI9ن، =ول J أن Iل إ ;,، آ آ أواV ا 2

ام $#ء2 ; b7 ،ص' . وا ا6ذ ;7رة ;+ أ6دة ر`ء ذا

UV, ، ); U^ 1 أ /( و n" Uآ U/ BMe ري2 iI9

.أ ا$+ +: 2اع 2 ره وg2ل ؟ وذا aR .؟ و ه اJ,ف + =

د ;( ذه+ ا#2ن إ= DDت ا#=7ط واIط.إ هTY ا, D ).Aا TY؟؟ وه.

د ا#"اآ واع ` ار'أ روا Aا 6( ض $^ا=/ ,I

Jت آ$ت . $6,ةاI7Cت اB، آ /ض (, ر واI,ه dذ Uآ Bو

140


(d اAم، وه]Dء D /ن أن آن C)2ق ا$ J JR و ,I

6 اI;DلV 7)3 ); T, BH 1` اوا.

" ،+Yآ ه أ (Jم اYي " ;( ÛM ا2ر وا

ظ $; اI( وا# Jت ا =وا إ^J3 $، وهJ n$، أ

= + )K 7 .ات= H م ",,ةDp9“.و

ا() وا'ب

+ وا2ر;و^ر آ/ iU . اوا ا() وا'ب روا I, ا6

Bا وا $/, أن =^(ا اا;اح Vة وا2واة . ز;ء ا6

U ا,رRت .(1 اC)2ت $/, أن =Û اG;ء 2ن . وا _ .7U إ

7ع و/6ن =ة ./,ة DاIها6 و2ن اHل . اI^ر ا/(

] اص B ا/,ا وا#"اآ 3 . وا,;ة إ وه1 06(ن $g;ل

+ زار اUC7 أ.ذT و,I . أ1J2 وأ. $ 1JB اAال و=^ل اا ا/=

;(ان اYي /> اXن اU73 + 1، واYي "B اUC7 ا.ار ا32 ، رؤوف

10“..... أن Yآ داM أ أ;> /3 وآ,ي: " 3^ آ7، 3ل

Aن 2]و اؤ.ء a2 ^رة 3دة اB إ اI,م أو 1J$YR إ

1J 7Rوا + H1 أI2ا Bء اإ6 U$ ،vI ب'I#ا . U9ل اI آ' + D

ه1 . `0$ ا,ارر.1 ا^رة . )ا.ار . اW= WK B واR ا

1I2 اط . Bس ا J وYا + $ +gVA'ق ا2 وول

1J B . وإزا اVA'ق ا2 + ;داC2 D ،Îا UC$ ،انJ ,\ذن، أز ./

ن "/ ;( ا( ا32 D,$ + ؤوف ;(ان أن U$ ،T, U20 آ9=Aا +

102. 1@ ا?4< ص

24. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

141


Jن آA J^ . ل رؤوف3 J ا32 أول ة = ); _73 += : ” D

i ، اW أ ا;7 هTY ا32 ;' 6و; " Hف أe"وأ أن D,; oأ

3 .3ت “:و3ل Vp ؤوف 11"؟.]YV $32 732 أن 2د D د

1 + ,$ D ،J"12 Uن آA ،;I هTY ا3Aال b/7 + درا.ت "Iو ا

3 و=امQ U وإن آن ا72V J ,ور ا,+ $b اVA'ق . U إ ا

,=A أن BC2 D 1 اام وا'ل)/ هYا Iل ./, Jان . ا2 و

13"ا, $' أV'ق آن $' Rذ$“:ة

U73 + ل رؤوف ;(ان3 أن زAا vI. +/ف ./, Jان =

وهJ 1ن $/vI 1J و#;'ء اW وا/,ل 1J o اي . د أ3وU $' إV'ص

7Qا . رYأ3ال رءوف ه ,/. i^ اYو:“ J$ وآ J$ ap ت رءوف اآ(

J)M3"14

ا,ي، ا6 ^ ا,); ~ ظ ا6 i^ dذ + D,$

2 DB آ(ت . وآU أ3ا C3ات + ا#V'ص. اوا، رة .ذR و2(

ن إ ;, Rن إ ا2( واA. إ;Rج أو آ(ت اقg سوا . g) D

Dإ +; 1J ا,اس ;, ا6R= + R . Tذأ. +; ~3ل "Iل ا6

,ي .'JRأن ن 3, ا.د و م ارا Uة آpأ ا D ذن / ' إ\

, Jان $YJا اIل/. ";. Uة آpد اQوAا i"15

7,أ اوا .اح ./, Jان + ا2+ وo ة أVى 2 ا ,/$

. H أر$B .ات اJ$ +2 ا32

58. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

64. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

71. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

73. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

83. ، ص4=0 1ظ، اBE?%ل ا%8+، ا?=8

142


" )/ , اgزوم 1 _ J B اوا دون أن /. B3ا و.gا^رة ا TYإن ه

Jg$ $ا TYJ ,J63_، و$ B3م ااJ ا); / Wو .g B iK/

Iا وأن 0 ،UM+ رذا //ي أآ,ت +/$Iا +1 2ا ا(^ص وا

vI 16“. ا2ن

120. ، ص52006 4%23ة ، درا ا1 ا*" ، 0وت، =0 1ظ ; :ت ا89ب إ

Documents

Brennen Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 7 2012