Breaks & The Axial Skeleton

Ch. 5b

Who has ever broken a bone?

• Do you know what kind of break it was?

Bone FracturesBone Fractures

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A break in a bone

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin

Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

Realignment of the bone

Closed (Simple) Fracture

Open (Compound) Fracture

Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures

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Table 5.2

Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures

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Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus

Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus

Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture

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Figure 5.5

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

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Forms the longitudinal part of the body

Three Major Parts

Skull

Vertebral column

Bony thorax

Challenge Problem- keep your lab for this1. You are a forensic scientist. You are called to the

desert to identify a some bones and you identify the forearm bones. The radius measures 9.5” and the hand had 2 small rings on the phalanges. Can you make a guess at the sex and height of the person? Do so if you can.

2. You show up to a grisly crime scene and find a dismembered arm appearing to belong to a man. Skin is still attached it has lots of hair. The radius of the arm measures 12”. Missing person reports show 3 men recently missing. 5’5”, 6’, and 5’8”. Which on do you think it is?

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

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Figure 5.6

The SkullThe Skull

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Two sets of bones

Cranium

Facial bones

Bones are joined by sutures

Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

The SkullThe Skull

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Figure 5.7

Basic Cranial Bones

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

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Figure 5.11

Basic Facial Bones

Skull Bones you have to know…

• Cranial:

• Frontal: forehead

• Parietal: top of head

• Occipital: back of head

• Temporal: on the sides of the head

• Facial:

• Nasal Bone: bony part of your nose

• Mandible: Bottom jaw

• Maxilla: Upper jaw

Quick Quiz

• Point to your Frontal Bone

• Point to your Nasal Bone

• Point to your Mandible

• Point to your temporal Bone

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

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Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Figure 5.10

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

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Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull

Give resonance and amplification to voice

Figure 5.10

Shortest person

Point to your sinuses.

Tell your closest ‘friend’ at the table what sinuses do.

The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone

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The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

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The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length

Figure 5.13

The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull

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Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones

Allow the brain to grow

Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

Figure 5.13

Person in Cardinal Colors

What might happen to an MMA fighter if Ronda Rousey was crushing their hyoid bone?

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

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Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

The spine has a normal curvature

Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

Regional Characteristics of Regional Characteristics of VertebraeVertebrae

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Figure 5.17a, b

Regional Characteristics of Regional Characteristics of VertebraeVertebrae

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Figure 5.17c, d

Bones you need to know in the Vertebral Column…

• Cervical Vertebrae: Top 7 vertebrae

• Thoracic Vertebrae: Next 12 vertebrae

• Lumbar Vertebrae: next 5 vertebrae

• Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae at the lower part of the vertebral column

• Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the vertebral column

Draw the vertebral column

Using the book draw the vertebral column and label the 3 regions and the last two sets of bones.

Spinal Problems

Scoliosis

Spinal Problems

Kyphosis

Spinal Problems

Lordosis

Quick Quiz

• Where on the vertebral column can you find the Cervical Vertebrae?

• Where on the vertebral column can you find the Coccyx?

• Why is the vertebral column curved?

Challenge Problem

1. An older woman was skiing and wrecked into a tree. The doctors told her she dislocated her shoulder. What bones are involved in a shoulder dislocation?

2. If a bicyclist crashed on his bike and broke ribs that were attached to his sternum, what type of ribs did he break?

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

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Function: Forms a cage to protect major organs

Figure 5.19a

The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax

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Made-up of three parts

Sternum

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

Figure 5.19a

Bones you need to know in the Bony Thorax• True Ribs:

• Attach directly to the Sternum, Top 7 ribs

• False Ribs:

• Attach indirectly to the sternum, or don’t attach at all, bottom 5 ribs

• Sternum:

• Center bone of the rib cage

• Xiphoid Process:

• small bone at the bottom of the Sternum

Quick Quiz

• What makes True ribs “true”

• What do you think the function of the sternum is?

• What happens to a boxer if he/she gets hit in the xiphoid process?