World History II Course Review

Religion Beliefs Leader/founder Sacred Text Location in 1500

Location Today

Judaism Monotheistic 10 commandments identity as people of Israel Abraham- first follower of God

Abraham Torah Europe & Middle East

Israel, North America

Christianity Jesus is savior 10 commandments spread religion/preach

Jesus Bible (Old Testament and New Testament)

Europe & Middle East

North & South America, Europe

Islam 5 pillars of faith Mecca/ Medina

Mohammed Qur’an or Koran

Southern Europe, Asia & parts of Africa

Middle East, Africa & Asia

Hinduism PolytheisticMany gods and goddesses Reincarnation Caste system

No one founder Vedas, Upanishads

India India

Buddhism Four noble truths Eightfold path Nirvana (enlightenment)

Siddhartha Gautama

E & SE Asia E & SE Asia

Monotheistic: belief in one god Polytheistic: belief in many gods Social changes occurred because of religious beliefs: Class systems (caste), persecutions (inquisition) and conflicts (religious wars).

Some examples of modern religious conflicts include- (THIS LIST IS 16A) Northern Ireland (Protestant vs. Catholic) Bosnia, Yugoslavia (Christian vs. Muslim), Kosovo

Israel / Palestine Kashmir (Muslim vs. Hindu in India)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE 5aOriginal Location: Asia MinorExpanded to: Southwest Asia, Southeast Europe (Balkan Peninsula), Northern Africa, Southwest Europe (Spain) Ottoman Empire expanded through trade and with the desire to spread the faith of Islam.Development of the Ottoman Empire: Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul Islam is practiced- religion is a unifying force that accepted other religions Trade in coffee and ceramics

CHINA 5c The famous trade route known as the Silk Road connected China to the Mediterranean Basin. Major products include porcelain and tea. China created enclaves to restrict trade with foreigners due to the imperial policy of controlling foreign influences & trade.

JAPAN 5c Military rulers were called shoguns Developed a policy of isolationism to limit foreign influences

THE AMERICAS (Western Hemisphere Nations) The A ztec Empire was located in modern day Mexico. (Cortez destroyed the Aztecs)

The M ayan Civilization settled in the Yucatan Peninsula of present day Mexico.

The I nca Empire arose in South America around the Andes Mountains. (Pizarro destroyed the Incas)

SOL 2 & 5: World Empires

SOL 2c and 15: World Religions

MUGHAL EMPIRE 5b Hinduism is the major religion in India. A rigid social system based on Hinduism and reincarnation developed known as the Caste System. Mughal Empire brought Islam to Northern India. Art & Architecture= Taj Mahal Influence of Indian textiles (fabrics) on British textile industry [Huge demand in Britain for Indian fabrics like silk] Arrival of European (Portugal, England, & the Netherlands) trading outposts (Europeans set up trade routes along Indian coasts)

AFRICA 5d African Exports (things sent out of the country) included slaves through the triangular trade and raw materials African Imports (things brought into the country) included manufactured goods from Europe, Asia & the Americas and new food

products (corn, peanuts)

ADVANCEMENTS 2d Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East) Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics

“Rebirth” of classical knowledge (from ancient Greece & Rome), “birth” of the modern world Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city states to northern Europe

Rise of Capitalism in England: Rise in merchants (small businesses) Middle class emerges Countries compete for colonial territory and wealthArt: Leonardo Da Vinci—Mona Lisa, The Last Supper Michelangelo—Sistine Chapel, La Pieta, the DavidRenaissance Art and Literature focused more on humans and emotions (secular matters) instead of on the church and salvation (religious matters).Literature Shakespeare (author): sonnets, plays & essays Erasmus (author/ Humanist): In Praise of Folly: pokes fun at clergy Humanism= focus on the individual and love of learning

Renaissance began in Italian city states and spread to Northern Europe.

Causes (problems and issues that provoke reform) 3a Power of the church causes political problems for kings who want more power. German and English nobility dislike the Italian dominance of the Church Merchant wealth challenges church (Usury—lending money and charging interest, is forbidden by the church.) Church corruption and the sale of indulgences. The indulgences (pardons for sins that can be purchased) caused Martin Luther to

write 95 Theses about church practices

People/Protestant Leaders 3a Martin Luther: German monk who began Protestant Reformation with 95 Theses. Luther is the first founder of a Protestant faith.

Believed in salvation by faith alone Bible is ultimate authority All humans are equal before God

John Calvin: follower of Luther— John Calvin expanded the Protestant movement with his church. Believed predestination Believed that faith is revealed by living a righteous life which includes: hard work, moral living, and thrift.

King Henry VIII: King of England King Henry VIII wanted a divorce and was denied by Pope, which led to his break with Rome. He established the Anglican Church and divorced his wife. King Henry took away church lands, gave them to the nobles and won loyalty and support for the new church.

SOL 3 Reformation and Religious Wars

SOL 2b: Renaissance

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Places 3b German Region: Northern German princes converted to Protestantism—distrusted Catholic Church ended papal (pope) power in

their states. This led to wars of religion—Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars including the Thirty Years’ War (which was fought mainly in Germany).

England: The Anglican Church was nationalized under Elizabeth I. The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism. France: Huguenots (French Protestants) were granted freedom of worship by Edict of Nantes (later revoked). First European

country to allow both Protestantism and Catholicism. Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Counter Reformation 3b The Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority. Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. Inquisition (religious trials) was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

REMEMBER: The newfound religious freedom leads to growth of democracy in Europe.

Results of the reformation: 3c Growth of secularism (non-church ideas were ok) Growth of individualism (people count too!) Growth of religious tolerance (between the different branches of Christianity, NOT between different religions…)

ROLE OF THE PRINTING PRESS: 3c Literacy increases Bible (and pamphlets) are printed in the local language- French, German, English or Italian Ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation were spread by the use of the printing press (which means that the average Joe could

now read the Bible…)

Causes1453 was a bad year for shopping. The Byzantine Empire is overrun by the Turks who set up the Ottoman Empire. The “mall” at Constantinople is closed; the Turks wanted a monopoly. Europeans decided to buy wholesale- direct from the producers in the East. Need water route to Far East (Asia) Three Gs: Gold, God, and Glory (and great inventions too!)

People AccomplishmentsColumbus “Discovered” the New World, sponsored by SpainMagellan Circumnavigated the world. First to receive credit even though he was killed halfway around...

Drake First Englishman to circumnavigate the globeCortez(s) Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs, sponsored by SpainPizarro Conquistador who conquered the Incas, sponsored by SpainCartier Explored Canada, sponsored by France

DaGama Sailed to/around India, sponsored by Portugal Prince Henry the

NavigatorPrince of Portugal—sponsored a sailing school and encouraged navigation

What was the effect of European Migration/ Settlement on the population of American Africa and Asia?

North and South America Expansion of territorial claims by Europeans (Europeans got more land) Spread of European culture & religion resulted in the devastation of entire groups of natives such as the Aztec and Inca Empires. European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians. Because of the demise of the Native Americans, slaves were imported from Africa to work on plantations (slavery now based on

race) European trading posts were established in the Americas (to exchange goods) Rigid class systems were established (Europeans on top, everyone else below) Conversion of native people to Christianity Spanish conquistadors left a legacy of dictatorial rule in Latin America Precious metals (gold and silver) were exported

SOL 4 EXPLORATION

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Africa: European trading posts along the coast Trade in slaves, gold, and other productsAsia Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, and British)

Triangular Trade (trade between Europe, Africa and Americas) Trade allowed for the export of precious metals such as gold and silver to Europe (Spain) Europe exported manufactured goods to Africa Africa exported slaves and gold to the Americas The Americas exported raw materials (sugar & rum) to Europe

Colombian Exchange (an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres)Europe to the Americas Americas to Europe

Weapons, Diseases (Smallpox), Horses, Cattle & Christianity European horses & cattle changed the lifestyles of Indigenous peoples

Raw Materials (Corn, Potatoes, Tobacco and Gold)

Results of the Colombian Exchange Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves. Plantations system destroyed native economies and damaged the environments in India, Africa and the Americas

The Commercial Revolution is the time where European Nations start expanding their trading practices. They establish colonies for trade and follow the practice of Mercantilism. New money and banking systems were createdMercantilism an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient. Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country.Colonies provide raw materials the mother country produces finished products and then the colony is expected to buy the finished products. The mother country (Usually a European Nation) made money off of the deal… the colonies… not so much…

Important scientists and discoveries Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric (sun centered) theory Johannes Kepler described planetary motion (with mathematics) Galileo used the telescope to prove the heliocentric theory Sir Isaac Newton proposed the laws of gravity William Harvey discovered blood circulation in humans and animalsWhy was the Scientific Revolution important?This era represents a new emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature (remember the ideas of the Renaissance? Those ideas were applied to science) Reason and observation were the basis of science Scientific method was created Great expansion in scientific knowledge occurred

SOL 6a Scientific Revolution

Mother Country

Raw Materials

Finished products

SOL 5e The Commercial Revolution

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1. Who were absolute monarchs? France—Louis XIV – built a fabulous palace at Versailles as a symbol of his royal power (“L’État, c’est moi” or “I am the state”) Russia—Peter the Great (Peter I), westernized Russia (Peter decided that Russia needed to be more modern) Prussia—Frederick the Great (Frederick II), famous for his HUGE military! -Militarism

Common political development was the trend toward greater centralization of power Important term: Divine right: God gave the kings the right to rule.

2. How did the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution promote the rights and freedoms?The English Civil War was fought between Parliamentary forces and the King’s army. Parliament wanted to have more power. The (Stuart) kings wanted complete control of power… so they fought a war. Oliver Cromwell - led the Parliamentary or Puritan forces against King Charles I The English Civil War ended with the execution of King Charles I. Glorious Revolution -1688 the peaceful transition of power to William and Mary. William and Mary accepted both the throne and the English Bill of Rights (after they kicked out Mary’s father, James II) English Bill of Rights (1689) was the big step towards rights and freedoms in England. Parliament wins power with the Bill of

Rights.

Political democracy rests on the principle that government gets it power from the people. The foundations of English freedoms included the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen.

Philosophers advocated using REASON and COMMON SENSE 6d HOBBES : Leviathan - people need to be controlled by government - absolute monarch is best (DISAGREED WITH THE

OTHER PHILOSOPHERS) (Thomas Hobbarchy for his support of absolute monarchy) LOCKE : Two Treatises on Government - monarchs not chosen by God - natural rights - people are sovereign (dominant/control

the government) right to revolt if government is not meeting the needs of the people (John Locked out absolutism, for his beliefs against absolutism and for natural rights and democracy)

MONTESQUIEU : Spirit of Laws Separation of Powers -to prevent abuse of power: Executive, Judicial, Legislative (Mont-es-quieu—3 syllables = 3 branches of government)

ROUSSEAU : Social Contract - Natural Rights - argue that people and governments have contract (Roussocialcontract for his book and philosophy—The Social Contract)

VOLTAIRE : Wrote Candide-writer of Age of Reason - promotes religious tolerance (Tolerating Voltaire for his belief in religious toleration)

*Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled democratic revolutions around the worldAll of the Philosophes influence Thomas Jefferson. The writings of John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu are reflected in the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution.

Declaration of Independence U. S. Constitution Bill of Rights

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution? 6e

The Enlightenment spread ideas that the government needed the consent of the people to be effective, and should meet their needs rather than enforce the will of the rulers. Free Speech, Freedom of Religion, Republican government, etc.

The American Revolution proved that the people could overthrow a monarchy and replace it with a representative form of government

US documents

reflect enlightene

d ideas

SOL 6b,c ABSOLUTE MONARCHS and the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

SOL 6d, e, f, g Enlightenment & 7 Latin America

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What were the events of the French Revolution? 6eStorming of the Bastille, Reign of Terror

What were the results of the French Revolution? 6e End of the absolute monarchy of France, then ruled by King Louis XVI (executed) Napoleon rises to power

What were the effects of the American and French Revolutions on the Americas? 7- Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies- Toussaint L’Ouverture – Haiti, former slave- Simon Bolivar – South America- Father Miguel Hidalgo - Mexico

The French Revolution spread the ideas that rulers, previously believed to be chosen by God, could and should be overthrown if they did not meet the needs of the people!

Enlightenment effects on the arts and technology 6f The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on art and literature borrowing heavily from classical Greece and Rome. Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits). New forms of literature evolved – the novel.

Representative artists, philosophers, and writers- Johann Sebastian Bach – composer- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – composer- Eugene Delacroix – painter- Voltaire – philosopher- Miguel de Cervantes – novelist (Don Quixote first novel)

The Age of Reason brought new inventions and innovations in technology that increased trade and transportation.

Technologies 6f- Improvements in roads led to increased transportation and trade- New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution)- Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport

What was the legacy of Napoleon? 8a Napoleon pulled together all the laws of France into one collection, known as the Napoleonic Code, which guaranteed rights to all

citizens whether they were rich or poor. Unsuccessful attempt the unify Europe under French domination As Napoleon marched his armies across Europe he awakened the idea of Nationalism, when people share a common language,

culture, and history. Many people wanted to form their own countries from larger empires.

What were the goals and results of the Congress of Vienna?Goals 8a Restore the old monarchies that existed before the French Revolution and Napoleon. Create a “Balance of Power” among the great nations (Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria-Hungary). So that a large war

would not happen again. Created new political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism) Give the great nations new territory, to pay them back for damages inflicted by Napoleon and allow for a “Balance of Power” Results 8b The Congress of Vienna secured a basic peace in Europe until the 1870’s. It attempted to stifle the rising force of Nationalism. Combined with the impact of the Industrial Revolution, the Congress of Vienna created widespread discontent among the lower

classes. This discontent erupted in the largely unsuccessful Revolutions of 1848. Expansion of political rights in Great Britain. Also outlawed slavery in the British Empire.

SOL 8 Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, Unification

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What events lead to the unification of Italy and Germany?

ITALY-8d Count Cavour unites northern Italy. Garibaldi joins southern Italy to northern Italy. Rome and the Papal States joined the new Kingdom of Italy last.

GERMANY-8d When Otto von Bismarck became prime minister of Prussia he led the effort to unite the German states. Bismarck’s political philosophy, Realpolitik, called for the use of any means necessary to achieve goals. Bismarck used warfare,

made and broke alliances, and fueled German nationalism in order to unify Germany. The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state

Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England? 9a Began in England, because of its natural resources (coal, iron ore), and the invention and improvement of the steam engine Due to British Enclosure Movement, many farmers had lost their jobs and moved to the city. Factories provided them with jobs

and wages. This new Factory System overtook the old method of making products, known as the Cottage Industry. Now people worked in

factories in cities, before they worked in their homes in the countryside. Major industries included cotton, textile, iron, and steel industries.

The largest industry in England was the textile industry, which spun cotton into clothes and other materials. With factories they could make much more than they had before. There was only one problem; England isn’t a good place to grow cotton so they had to get it from somewhere else.

This growing need for raw materials to produce finished goods gave European countries a good excuse to conquer weaker countries and make them colonies. These colonies provided the raw materials and then bought the finished goods (See SOL 5e to review)

Where did Industrialism spread to? 9a The Factory System quickly spread to the United States and the other major European powers (France, Germany and later-

Japan).What were some important people the Industrial Revolution? Steam Engine: James Watt- powers machinery Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney- produces more cotton from fields Bessemer Process: Henry Bessemer- process to turn iron into steel Smallpox Vaccine: Edward Jenner- cure for smallpox Discovery of Bacteria: Louis Pasteur -Pasteurized milk has no bacteria in it.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect countries that used the new factory system? 9a The population increased The standard of living got better for the middle and upper classes The lower and middle classes increased – unhappy with working conditions Improved transportation-train Increased education Urbanization-cities got bigger, more crowded Pollution became a problem in the cities

How did the Industrial Revolution affect people? 9a Jobs leave the home (Cottage Industry) Harsh working conditions make the working class more upset with the upper classes and government. Men, women, and children compete for jobs Women and children used as cheap labor Owners and supervisors control the daily lives of the workers

SOL 9 a,b, c The Industrial Revolution

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What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery? 9c- Cotton gin increased demand for slave labor in the Americas- U.S. and Britain outlaw slavery

What were some reforms that developed because of the Industrial revolution? 9c Workers form labor unions to organize strikes, increase wages, and to demand improved conditions. Labor unions wanted

collective bargaining between labor and management Eventual child labor laws . . . little kids shouldn’t work Increased Education . . . little kids should be in school Eventual right for women to vote-women can do what men do so . . . they should get equal pay Eventual outlawing of slave trade- workers are cheaper

What are three economic theories that become important because of the Industrial Revolution? 9b

Capitalism- Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations which defined how capitalism works1. Private ownership of resources and businesses. Business based on competition.2. Supply and demand in the market place determine the cost of goods. 3. Monetary income defines class structure

Capitalism resulted in growth of middle class, lower/working classes unhappy with poor working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth in society.

Socialism/Communism- Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Capital which describe what will happen because of the negative aspects of capitalism. Their idea says that … The government should own all the resources and businesses and everyone will be given an equal share of goods and services (redistribution of wealth).

Why did European countries participate in Imperialism and a race for colonies? Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions Industrialized countries need raw materials for their factories and markets for their finished goods. By taking over a weaker country, the Imperial country can control how much they pay for raw materials and how much they sell

the finished goods for. Colonies make an industrialized country seem more powerful to their fellow industrialized countries. “Hey I want a colony too!”

Forms of Imperialism: Colonies -ruled directly by the Imperial country. (East India Company/Britain rule most of India directly) Protectorates -local government protected by Imperial country’s military. (Britain supplies military to Egypt, guaranteeing

European access to the Suez Canal.) Spheres of Influence -Imperial country’s merchants and missionaries are allowed to operate in an independent country or area of

that country. (Britain, France, Germany each had different areas of China where their merchants and missionaries were allowed to go.)

Effects of Imperialism Europeans dominate Africa and Asia European conflicts carry over to the colonies Spread of Christianity through missionaries America opens Japan to trade under threat of military action. Japan industrializes in order to remain independent. Colonies respond to Imperial control in the forms of armed conflicts (Boxer Rebellion in China) and the rise of nationalism (first

Indian nationalist party in mid-1800s)

Causes: Militarism - military build up of the industrialized European powers (needed guns, etc to be imperial powers) Alliances - always nice to have a friend to rely on when someone wants to beat you up –over a colony… Imperialism - the quest for power and colonies, riches and …. Industrialism - we wouldn’t be strong without the factories – we wouldn’t need colonies without the factories… Nationalism - strong loyalty to your country because you share a history, language and culture

SOL 9d, e Imperialism

SOL 10 a, b World War I

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Who fought in WWI?

The Allied Powers (Triple Entente) The Central Powers (Triple Alliance)France GermanyGreat Britain Austria- HungaryRussia (left in 1917) Italy (switched sides in 1915)US (joins in 1917) Ottoman Empire (joins 1914)

*Colonies for both alliances also fight in WWI on the side of their mother country.

The Weapons and Tactics:Trench WarfareTanks Machine gunsPoison gasAirplanes

Results:Colonial demands for independenceEnd of Russian Imperial, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires

The Treaty of Versailles- negotiated by the allies and given to Germany to sign: Blamed Germany for starting WWI Forced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations (losers pay the winners) Leaves Germany humiliated… the democratic government installed by the allies will be blamed and fall to the National Socialist

Party – the Nazi Party

Enormous cost of the war (lives, property, social disruption)

Russia fought a war with Japan – Russia lost in 1905. Peasants and lower classes were hurting because they were not allowed to own land…

Czar Nicholas II was overthrown by the masses due to his incompetence as a leader. Vladimir Lenin leads the first Bolshevik/Communist revolution-He signs a peace treaty with Germany taking Russia out of WWI, which was popular due to the military defeats and high casualties in WWI.

Lenin’s new economic policy (NEP) industrializes major industries but breaks from Marx’s theory and allows small businesses to retain power. (limited capitalism)

Russia becomes the Soviet Union (USSR) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics… after Lenin’s death, Stalin becomes new communist dictator

What was the League of Nations and why did it fail? As a part of the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations was designed as an international cooperative organization to promote

world peace and prevent future wars. The United States did not join the League of Nations due to a desire to stay out of future conflicts. The League of Nations failed because it did not have the power to enforce its decisions.

Why was the Mandate system created? Nations from the Allied Powers were given control of the colonies taken from Germany and territory taken from the (former)

Ottoman Empire. The system was created to administer the colonies of defeated powers on a temporary basis. The colonies were not allowed to

govern themselves. France and Great Britain became mandatory powers (they ran the government by training local people and helping them in the

government) in the Middle East. France was given control of Syria and Lebanon Great Britain was given control of Palestine, Jordan

SOL 10c: Russian Revolution

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SOL 11a Between the Wars (Interwar Period)

The Great Depression led to the rise of Totalitarian Dictators (political theories of Communism & Socialism look better than starvation…).

Causes: The cost of war reparations for Germany. Expansion of US production and the increase of tariffs - the markets are flooded with US goods for sale. Products from the US

were cheap and plentiful. This forced other nations to sell their products cheaply, causing them to lose needed profits. European Governments “protect” their products by charging taxes (tariffs) on US products. This price of US products goes up and

the domestic (local) product sells. Tariffs help the country sell its own product, but hurts trade and commerce worldwide. Too much credit : buying everything (including stocks) on credit inflates the stock market. When the payment is due… what

happens? No one can pay the bills!! Stock Market Crash- 1929 Businesses fail; people are unemployed, hurting worldwide economy

Results: High unemployment- people lose their jobs as businesses fail.People lose confidence in the banks and withdraw money. Bank failures, collapse of credit (banks could not loan any money)

So what happens???Worldwide depression weakened western democracies making it difficult to challenge totalitarian regimes. People are willing to give up a part of their freedom to have more food.

The harshness of the Treaty of Versailles results in terrible conditions for the Germans. They are angry that their economy is still suffering – they have reparations to pay and can’t produce enough to feed themselves and pay their debts.The Nazi (National Socialist) party gains popularity in Germany. The Nazi’s gain seats in the government legislature, Adolph Hitler is elected, and then appointed Chancellor. Hitler and his Nazi Party blame European Jews for economic collapse

The collapse of the world economy (the Great Depression) in the 1930’s gave rise to totalitarian governments in Germany and Italy.

How do these governments (regimes) affect the World following WWI? Germany : Adolph Hitler

Depression causes hardship and inflation, Nazi’s promise recovery, rise of anti-Semitism (hated of the Jews), and extreme nationalism, invasion of Czechoslovakia & Poland, rise of Nazism

Italy : Benito MussoliniRise of Fascism, wants to restore the glory of the Roman Empire, invasion of Ethiopia

Japan : Emperor Hirohito and Hideki TojoMilitarism, drive for raw materials, imperialism in Asia, invasion of Manchuria, China & KoreaJapan becomes an industrialized nation. After WWI, builds up their military and invades territory in Asia to acquire resources for the military.

Soviet Union under Stalin: Stalin becomes new communist dictator-forces industrialization through his 5 Year Plan including:

Collective farms (a system of agricultural organization in which farm laborers are not compensated via wages. Rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity)

Secret police , Great purge of opposition in government and of minorities-millions are killed resisting such drastic change. Industrialization in 5 years as opposed to 50-100 years elsewhere!!!!!

SOL 11b Worldwide Depression

SOL11c The Rise of Dictators

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Causes: Aggression by totalitarian powers (yes… invasion of other territories/ nations)

Examples: Germany invades Poland, Japan invades Manchuria, and Italy invades Ethiopia Failure of the League of Nations (The League of Nations could not enforce its decisions) Failure of international agreements (All those treaties didn’t work!) Expansionism of Germany, Japan and Italy (Nations feared for their own security.) Appeasement : giving Hitler territory didn’t stop him from taking more… France and Great Britain declare war after the German

invasion of Poland. Nationalism (each country wants to be the best) Isolationism & pacificism in both Europe and the US (no desire for another costly war)

Major Events of WWII: (1939-1945) German invasion of Poland (sparks the beginning of WWII) Fall of France (fell to Nazi Germany) Battle of Britain German invasion of the Soviet Union Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (brings the US into WWII) D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe) Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

MAJOR LEADERS DURING WWII Franklin D. Roosevelt—U.S President Harry Truman—U.S. President after death of President Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower—U.S. general in charge of European forces Douglas MacArthur—U.S. general in charge of Pacific forces George Marshall—U.S. general in charge of equipping both forces Winston Churchill—British prime minister Joseph Stalin—Soviet dictator Adolph Hitler—Nazi dictator of Germany Hideki Tojo—Japanese general Hirohito—Emperor of Japan

THE HOLOCAUST & Other GENOCIDAL MOVEMENTS 12b

Genocide: The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political or religious group

Why did the Holocaust occur?o Totalitarianism combined with nationalism (German aggression and racism)o Defeat in World War I : Germans were mad and wanted revenge- wealthy Jewish merchants were seen as participants in the

democratic government and a cause of the problem. o Hitler blamed the Jews for starting the depression.o Hitler’s belief in the master race- no one but the finest Aryan examples should surviveo History of anti-Semitism (This is not the first time that the Jews were blamed for problems)o Final solution —Extermination camps, gas chambers

Examples of other genocidesThere are MANY other examples of Genocide but here are a few the State of Virginia wants you to know: Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire, 1915 (Ottoman Turks killed Armenian Christians) Pol Pot in Cambodia murdered the educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities after the

Vietnam War, 1976 Tribal warfare in Rwanda : Tutsi minority murdered by Hutu, 1994 Former Yugoslavia : Muslims and Croats (Catholic Croatians) by Bosnian Serbs in civil war that breaks the country into pieces,

1990s Great Purge Stalin’s genocidal campaign against any who opposed him (peasants, government & military leaders and members of

the elite in the Soviet Union), 1930s

SOL 12: World War II11

Results of WWII 12cAllied Powers win, Axis Powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) are defeated. Loss of Empires Establishment of two SUPERPOWERS: the US and the USSR War crimes trials are held in Nuremberg, Germany to prosecute Nazis Europe is “divided” by the Iron Curtain—a “line” between the Communist East and Democratic West

How did Allies promote reconstruction of Europe? 12c Marshall Plan (economic aid to Western European nations)

What were the international organizations created after WWII? 12c Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - defensive alliance of Western nations Warsaw Pact (defensive alliance of Eastern nations) United Nations is formed to replace the weak League of Nations

Rather than demand reparations from defeated powers, the US helped to rebuild Germany and Japan.

Efforts for reconstruction of Germany 12c Germany and the city of Berlin is divided into four parts. Each part is given to a major power… one to US one to France, one to

Great Britain, and one to the USSR. The USSR makes a communist state of their part (East Germany), the others join theirs together (West Germany)

Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin Emergence of West Germany as economic power in postwar Europe

Efforts for the reconstruction of Japan 12cAfter dropping the atomic bomb, the United States took steps to help the people of Japan. Military troops occupied Japan, led by General MacArthur (formerly the General in charge of the Pacific Forces in WWII) Democracy and economic development- government was replaced with a democracy, economic assistance to rebuild was given Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities- Japan was not allowed to be a military power. In return the US would

guarantee Japanese security. With US assistance, Japan becomes a dominant economic power in Asia

At the end of WWII, there were only two major powers in the world, the US and the USSR. This competition between the ideas of capitalism and communism created the COLD WAR.

WEST EASTPolitics Democracy Dictatorship Economics Capitalism (free enterprise) CommunismLeader United States Soviet Union (USSR)Alliances NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Warsaw Pact

The United Nations was formed to prevent future wars, promote diplomacy, and guarantee the right of self government.

Containment : Represent the US policy. It refers to the effort to stop the spread of Communism, introduced by President Truman. Satellite Nation : Soviet attempt to run the governments in all of the countries of the Warsaw Pact. These small countries were

called Satellites because they orbited the USSR... Iron Curtain —the “dividing line” between Communism & Democracy in Europe (coined by Churchill) Yalta Conference —prior to end of WWII where Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill (the Big Three) met to discuss Europe’s post war

plan Deterrence—The idea of stockpiling nuclear weapons and threatening massive retaliation if attacked

SOL 13 a, b The Cold War

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Cold War around the world: Modern conflicts and issues

Soviet Union & Eastern Europe: Conference among World Powers during WWII YALTA – produced Soviet Control of East Europe (Satellite Nations) Divided Europe into East and West- “iron curtain” that no one could get through no communications, no trespassing! Germany had a wall to divide east and West Berlin (limited movement out of East Germany) Breakup of the USSR occurs under Gorbachev’s rule Germany is reunified (1989- Berlin wall falls)China China is divided into two nations after the Chinese Civil War

Chiang Kai-shek—also known as Jiang Jieshi, leads the Nationalists and is forced to retreat to Taiwan Mao Tse-tung—also known as Mao Zedong, leads the Communists and wins control of Mainland China

Conflict continues today between Taiwan & China Communist China participates in the Korean Conflict and supplies the Communist North KoreansVietnam Vietnam was a French colony and French Imperialism played a role in the Vietnam War North Vietnam is led by Communist Ho Chi Minh Vietnam is divided between the Communists and Non-Communists US enters Vietnam to contain communism from spreading but eventually withdraws from the war Vietnam is a reunited communist country today

Africa Nations gain the right to self-determination (self-governing) as a result of the UN charter The region experiences both peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII There is pride in African cultures and heritage (nationalism) and a growing resentment toward imperial rule (imperialism) and

economic exploitation (mercantilism) There is an influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War and this spills into the colonies Great Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal lose their African colonies West Africa has a peaceful transition to independence Algeria has a VIOLENT revolt in their quest for independence from France Kenya - experiences a violent struggle for independence from Britain (led by Kenyatta) South Africa experiences apartheid (policy of segregation based on race) Nelson Mandela—President

Asia: Indian sub-continent/ British India/ India

Leader of India’s independence movement is Ghandi – who uses the policies of passive resistance and civil disobedience to end British rule in India

After independence, India then begins to divide itself over religious differences (Hindu vs. Muslim) Creation of Pakistan (former West Pakistan) Creation of Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) and Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)

Middle East: Mandates established after WWI by the League of Nations The mandates were granted independence after WWII but this resulted in conflicts in this region due to religious differences French Mandates (Syria & Lebanon) British Mandates (Jordan & Palestine—of which a part became independent as the State of Israel)

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SOL 14 a, b, c Independence Movements

Refugees: people who flee a country due to reasons such as religious persecution or political pressure (an issue in international conflicts)Migration: movement of population (Guest workers migrate to European cities_

Ethnic & religious conflicts Middle East (Israeli/ Palestinian Conflict) Northern Ireland (Protestants vs. Catholics) Balkans- nationalism resurges and produces a civil war (1990’s) Africa Asia

Impact of new technologies Widespread but unequal access to computers and instant

communications (not all have access) Genetic engineering and bioethics (new technologies lead to

arguments over how to use it)

Environmental challenges Pollution Loss of habitat Ozone depletion

Contrasts between developed vs. developing nations Geographic location of these nations (developed primarily in Northern Hemisphere, developing primarily in Southern

Hemisphere) Economic conditions (developed nations have stronger economies, developing nations have weak economies) Social conditions (Developed nations have high literacy rates and widespread access to health care. Developing nations do not.) Population size & rate of growth (Developed nations have lower rates of population growth)

Relationship between economic and political freedomFree market economies produce rising standards of living and an expanding middle class, which produces growing demands for political freedoms and individual rights. Recent examples include: Taiwan South Korea

Economic interdependence Role of rapid transportation, communication & computer networks (more global communication now) Many multinational corporations (corporations providing services in more than one country) Changing role of international boundaries (boundaries shift due to conflict or agreements) Regions integrate for more economic power such as the European Union Trade agreements such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) and WTO (World Trade Organization) are created in

order to increase economic strength International organizations such as the UN (United Nations) and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) are created in order to

strengthen ties around the world

SOL 16 Contemporary political issues

Social challenges Poverty Poor health Illiteracy Famine Migration

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