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BORDER LEGISLATIVE CONFERENCE
PHOENIX, ARIZONA DECEMBER 2006
BORDER ENVIRONMENT COOPERATION COMMISSION
• It is near the center of what is called the Casas Grandes Archaeological Zone in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, including the states of Chihuahua, Nuevo México, Colorado and Arizona.
• Agriculture development allowed the population growth and city development
• Multi-colored pottery, cotton clothes, turquoise, copper and sea shells jewelry
• Bred macaws and turkeys for penachos and other art crafts
PaquiméBorder Infrastructure 1400 A.D.
• A city about 280 km northwest of Chihuahua in a•basin on the vast high plains of northern Mexico.
• It was the most important pre-Hispanic city in northern México,
• Inhabited since 700 AD, reached its golden era and fall between XIII and XV centuries, just before the Spaniard conquest..
• Paquimeans were able to manage water sources and built a distribution systems within the city. They built channels, storage facilities, dams and a whole integrated system to ensure supply under diverse climate conditions.• They built dams and channel to control flooding and soil erosion.
PaquiméBorder Infrastructure 1400 A.D.
• Human aspiration since the dawn of civilization
• Characteristic of advanced societies, including Paquimé (Anazasi culture)
• Infrastructure liberates human beings from heavy burdens and allows time for productive activities
• Intuitively, society associates infrastructure with health• Symbol of progress and a factor of personal and social
motivation
Society and Infrastructure
Unsatisfied demands from the Border residents
137 COMMUNITIES WITH TECH ASSISTANCE 137 COMUNIDADES CON ASISTENCIA TECNICA $33.5 Million
115 CERTIFIEDPROJECTS115 PROYECTOSCERTIFICADOS$2,670 Million
135 CITIZENCOMMITTES135 COMITESCIUDADANOS
60 PROJECTSIN THE PIPELINE60 PROYECTOSEN CARTERA$1,060 Million
12
0
YEA
RS
10050 130
ACTIONS
Certified projects (BECC, 2006)
Type of project Cost (US$ million) Projects MEX USA
Water $170.36 8 1 7
Wastewater $909.36 40 18 22
Water/Wastewater $537.81 20 4 16
Sub total $1,617.53 68 23 45
$11.1 millIon in private sector investment
Infrastructure and Well-beingA MILLION DOLLARS INVESTED IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
INFRASTRUCTURE ALLOWS:
221 new jobs created
$1.7 million in tax revenue
$52.2 million in good produced by the private
sector
Border Situation (1)
• The border region has a length of 3,000 km, 100 km to the north of the U.S., and 300 km to the south in Mexico.
• Four states in the U.S. and 6 in Mexico.• Ecosystems consist of Mojave desert, Arizona-
Sonoran desert, Chihuahuan desert, semi-arid grasslands, brush, foothills, and sporadic forests with oak and pine.
• Limited precipitation, except in the eastern part of the border (from 50 to 500 mm per year.)
Situation of Water Resources
• Scarce and highly used.
• Drought with varying recurring rates.
• Limited drought response capacity by governments and society in general.
• Complicated situation due to binational basins administered according to Treaties signed in 1906 and 1944.
Hydrological entity
Water source (hm3)
Surface runoffAquifer
recharge TOTAL
I – Baja California 3,012 1,411 4,423
II – Northwest 5,459 2,754 8,203
VI - Río Bravo 7,212 5,265 12,477
Water volume resulting from precipitation
Demographic situation
• The 100 km Mexican border has an approximate population of 5,500,000 people in 38 municipalities.
• In the United States the population is approximately 6,500,000 people living in 48 counties and 26 cities with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
• In the Mexican border region, population is expected to reach 11,470,000 inhabitants, and 9,400,000 inhabitants for the U.S. side of the border by the year 2025.
(Surface water runoff + Aquifer recharge)
Population
I - Baja California 1,318
II - Northwest 3,294
VI - Río Bravo 1,212
Average water availability per capita (m3/capita/year)
Coverage and consumption (BECC, 2006)
• The water, wastewater collection, and wastewater treatment coverage for 63 communities in the 300 km Mexican border region with a population over 10,000 are 97, 88, and 70%, respectively.
• The total consumption of the surveyed communities totals 9,700 hm3. The average water consumption per capita is 254 L/capita/day
• According to CNA (2004), the annual agricultural consumption in the 300 km Mexican border is approximately 16,338 hm3 to irrigate 850,000 hectares. The main crops in the region include cotton and grains.
Hydraulic region
Uses Baja California Northwest Río Bravo
Agricultural
Surface water 1721 3363 4160
Groundwater 1397 2316 3380
Subtotal 3118 5679 7539
Industrial
Surface water 67.3 0.4 66.6
Groundwater 216.3 51.1 250
Subtotal 284 52 317
Public
Surface water 102.5 607.5 545.6
Groundwater 313.5 269.3 635.5
Subtotal 416 877 1181
TOTAL 3818 6608 9037
Water use by sector (in million m3)
WaterSew er
Wastew aterTreatment
1995
2005
96
86
80
9170
310
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Co
ve
rag
e (
%)
Evolution of Infrastructure (Mx)
STATE Water Wastewater Treatment TOTAL
Baja California 27.7 77.7 28.1 134
Sonora 20.8 49.1 87.1 157
Chihuahua 31.8 63.4 84.3 180
Coahuila 17.2 43.5 96.1 157
Nuevo León 16.0 30.0 3.0 49
Tamaulipas 23.4 50.6 70.1 144
TOTAL 137 314 369 820
Required Investment in Environmental Infrastructure
(300 km) [US$ millions]
Water Problems on the Mexican Border (1)
Physical aspects
Operational issues
Strategic issues
Social issues
Legal issues
Water Problems (2)
• Physical aspects– Water shortages (climate cycles, global warming,
international treaties)– Lack of adequate water, wastewater collection and
treatment services– Lack of source diversification– Unnecessary waste and inefficient use of water
resources (low level of reuse, water losses)– Damage to ecosystems caused by the monopolization
by humans and lack of understanding of the benefits resulting from healthy ecosystems.
Water Problems (3)
Operational issues (1)
– Lack of adequate management in urban and rural utilities
– Lack of adequate budget– Lack of staff continuity and lack of proper
training in technical, administrative and planning issues
– Lack of performance measurement mechanisms (certification, benchmarking)
Water Problems (4)
Strategic issues(2)
– Lack of master planning and public involvement (diagnostics, alternative analysis, proposals)
– Centralized water management– Limited financial resources, lack of funding
diversification, and lack of programs that allow utility sustainability
– Lack of institutional strength in strategic institutions (strengthen CNA, BECC, NADB) and lack of coordination between the institutions.
– Lack of information for decision-making purposes.
Water Problems (5)
Social issues• Lack of public participation
– Limited feedback from social organizations (BECC public participation committees)
– Lack of commitment of just payment for services– Lack of environmental education as it relates to water
conservation• Partisanship of water resources
– Use of water resources as a tool for partisanship– Populist policies for water management
• Special interests– Use of water resources as a tool to satisfy group interests– Lack of agreements among users and lack of adequate
markets for water reuse
Water Problems (6)
Legal aspects– Deficient legal framework– Lack of regulations regarding strategic
management.– Weak enforcement– Lack of definition of responsabilities at the
three levels of government– Lack of transparency
Border Water Vision
The border region will have an adequate drinking water supply to meet its user’s needs: cities, agriculture, and ecosystems, through an effort that takes into account the regional hydraulic limits and the need to conserve water and protect its sources for the benefit of present and future generations.
1. Adequate drinking water coverage of sufficient quality and availability, will be in place
2. Adequate conservation practices will be in place in urban and rural utilities as well as in the agriculture sector.
3. Water sources (surface water and ground water) will be adequately protected from pollution and excessive withdrawal
Water
1. Effective water management practices
Drinking water
1. Adequate sewer coverage, wastewater treatment and sludge management will be in place.
2. There will be a significant increase in reuse practices in urban and rural areas.
3. Water rights management is improved through the increased exchange of treated wastewater.
Wastewater
2. Effective wastewater
management practices
Wastewater
StrategySTRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
Adequate water supply to satisfy user’s needs: cities, agriculture, and ecosystems.
Adequate water management to guarantee sustainability of water sources and pollution
prevention
CROSS CUTTING POLICIES
Binational and multidisciplinary managementAgreement between sectors and shared
responsibilityTransparency and public participation
