Book Verdadero

7/21/2019 Book Verdadero

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INTRODUCTION This booklet is designed to revise and consolidate grammarpoints; these can be practiced in my booklet.

The practice material includes a wide range of topics tore ect both everyday languages use and the kinds of subjects learners might be studying in schools or colleges.

Many Learners are likely to use English to learn another

subject during their education and the hoice of te!t tries tore ect this fact. "ome te!ts contain information whichlearners should #nd interesting or challenging.


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MODAL VERBS Can

Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:

talk about possibility and ability

make requests

ask for or give permission

Estructure of can :

The basic structure for can is:

subject + auxiliary verbcan

+ main verb

The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive !infinitive ithout to ".

subjectauxiliary verbcan main verb

+ # can play tennis.

$ %e cannot play tennis.

can't


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subjectauxiliary verbcan main verb

& Can you play tennis&

'otice that:

Can is invariable. There is only one form: can

The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive .

The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive !infinitive ithout to ". We cannot

say:I can to play tennis.

Use of can

can for possibility and ability

We use can to talk about hat is possible, hat e are able or free to do:

(he can drive a car.

)ohn can speak (panish.

# cannot hear you. !# can't hear you."

Can you hear me&

'ormally, e use can for the present. *ut it is possible to use can hen emake present decisions about future ability.

. Can you help me ith my home ork& !present"*. (orry. # m busy today. *ut # can help you tomorro . !future"

Can for requests and orders

We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not areal question $ e do not really ant to kno if the person is able to dosomething, e ant them to do it- The use of can in this ay is informal!mainly bet een friends and family":

Can you make a cup of coffee, please.


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Can you put the T on.

Can you come here a minute.

Can you be quiet-

can for permission

We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:

. Can # smoke in this room&*. /ou can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.

dd can or can't to the follo ing sentences.

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Example: /ou can speak 0nglish.

1. 1onkeys talk.

2. 2igs fly.

3. # play the piano., but 3ory can t.

. /ou go on vacation. #t s too expensive.

!. # borro some money&

". # don t kno the ans er. you tell me&

#. Tony come tonight, he s too busy.

$. )im makes great food. %e cook really ell.

%. 0xcuse me, e see the movie.


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1&. #t s too noisy. We study ell.

ANSWER KEY 4. can t

5. can t

6. can

7. can t

8. 3an

9. 3an

. can t

;. can


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COULD

Could is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to:

talk about past possibility or ability make requests

tructure of could

subject + auxiliary verbcould

+ main verb

The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive !infinitive ithout to ".

subjectauxiliary verbcould main verb

+ 1y grandmother could s im.

$ (he could not alk.

couldn't


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subjectauxiliary verbcould main verb

& Could your grandmother s im&

'otice that:

Could is invariable. There is only one form: could The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive .

The main verb is al ays the bare infinitive !infinitive ithout to ". We cannotsay: I could to play tennis.

Use of could

could for past possibility or ability

We use could to talk about hat as possible in the past, hat e ere ableor free to do:

# could s im hen # as 8 years old. 1y grandmother could speak seven languages.

When e arrived home, e could not open the door. !... couldn't openthe door."

Could you understand hat he as saying&

We use ( !positive" and couldn't !negative" for general ability in the past. *uthen e talk about one special occasion in the past, e use be able

to !positive" and couldn't !negative". >ook at these examples:


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2. (t's nine. +y sister be -avin) -er bat-. (t's almostcertain.

3. eter )ive you a pay rise before t-e end of t-isyear/ if -e *anted to.

. (t's incredible 0 (t's impossible t-at s-e -ave doneit 0

!. ( ,no* t-at -e intended to )o but -e -ave stayed.er-aps -e's still -ere.

". (t's an order 0 ou )o ri)-t no* 0

#. +y c-ildren do t-e *as-in) up/ ( as, t-em to do

t-at.

$. er-aps/ -e -ave -eard. e did not -an) up t-ep-one 0

%. ob's car -as bro,en do*n: -e )o to *or,.

1&. 4obody's *aitin) for us/ so *e to -urry

ANSWER KEY COULD


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C5U67C5U67C5U67C5U67C5U67C5U67

C5U67

C5U67

BE ABLE TO

lthough e look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. #t is simply theverb be plus an adjective !able" follo ed by the infinitive. We look at be ableto here because e sometimes use it instead of can and could .

We use be able to :

to talk about ability

tructure of be able to

The basic structure for be able to is:

subject + be + able + to$infinitive

subjectmain verbbe

adjectiveable to8infinitive

+ # am able to drive.

$ (he is not able to drive.


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subjectmain verbbe

adjectiveable to8infinitive

isn't

& 9re you able to drive&

'otice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

# *as able to drive...

# *ill be able to drive...

# -ave been able to drive...

'otice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

# ould like to be able to speak 3hinese.

Use of be able toBe able to is '?T a modal auxiliary verb. We include it here for convenience,because it is often used like @can@ and @could@, hich are modal auxiliaryverbs.

be able to for ability


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We use be able to to express ability. @ ble@ is an adjective meaning: havingthe po er, skill or means to do something. #f e say @# am able to s im@, it islike saying @# can s im@. We sometimes use be able to instead of @can@ or@could@ for ability. Be able to is possible in all tenses $ but @can@ is possibleonly in the present and @could@ is possible only in the past for ability. #naddition, @can@ and @could@ have no infinitive form. (o e use be able to hen

e ant to use other tenses or the infinitive. >ook at these examples:

# -ave been able to s im since # as five. !present perfect"

/ou *ill be able to speak perfect 0nglish very soon. !future simple"

# ould like to be able to fly an airplane. !infinitive"

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Complete *it- 'can' or 'be able to'.

1. 9s, -im/ -e s-ould -elp you.


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2. ( -ardly believe it.

3. ('m sorry ( *on't come.

. -e -as everyt-in) money buy.

!. ('ve not sleep very *ell recently.

". 7on't s-out/ ( -ear you very *ell.

#. o* you possibly ima)ine t-at

$. ;ill -e continue -is journey

%. ('m loc,ed in0 ( )et out0

1&. 5nce ('ve passed my test ('ll -ire a car. 11. +y

mot-er play t-e piano very *ell.

12. ?ortunately/ -e open t-e door before t-e car fell into t-esea.

13. -e *as an excellent player . -e beat anybody.

1 . @-ey -ad a spare ,ey so t-ey start t-e car.

ANSWER KEY


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1. 9s, -im/ -e s-ould be able to -elp you.2. ( can -ardly believe it.3. ('m sorry ( *on't be able to come.

. -e -as everyt-in) money can buy.!. ('ve not been able to sleep very *ell recently.

". 7on't s-out/ ( can -ear you very *ell.#. o* can you possibly ima)ine t-at$. ;ill -e be able to continue -is journey%. ('m loc,ed in0 ( can't )et out01&. 5nce ('ve passed my test ('ll be able to -ire a car.11. +ymot-er could play t-e piano very *ell.12. ?ortunately/ -e *as able to open t-e door before t-e carfell into t-e sea.13. -e *as an excellent player . -e could beat anybody.

1 . @-ey -ad a spare ,ey so t-ey *ere able to start t-e car.

+5796 A 7E7UC@(54 < BE E4@>

We use modal verbs to say ho sure e are about something.

4 must

We use must hen e feel sure that something is true because thereAs very strongevidence.


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He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. We donAt knohere he lives but eAre sure itAs not far a ay.

Come inside and get warm you must be freezing out there.

You re a zookeeper! "hat must be very interesting.

'otice that must is follo ed by an infinitive ithout BtoA.

5 might, may, could

We use might, may or could to say that e think something is possible but eArenot sure.

#id you hear that! I think there might be a burglar downstairs. (heAs notsure thereAs a burglar but she thinks itAs possible.

$e ll try to get there early but we may arrive late if there s a lot of traffic.

#on t put it up there. It could fall off and hit someone.

1ight, may and could are also follo ed by an infinitive ithout BtoA.

6 canAt

We use canAt hen e feel sure something is not true.

It can t be a burglar. %ll the doors and windows are locked. %e doesnAt knoitAs not a burglar but he feels sure itAs not.

It can t be far away now. $e ve been driving for hours. $here s the map!

&eally! He has to work on Christmas #ay! He can t feel very happy aboutthat.

>ike the other verbs, canAt is follo ed by an infinitive ithout BtoA.

Cemember that all of these modal verbs D must, might, may, could and canAt haveother uses. These are covered in another section.

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Choose one word to complete each sentence - must, might or can't. Remember - Englishpeople often use must or can'twith exclamation marks

1. Sarah ne er stops talking about Ste e. She be in lo e with him!

". #ou hate English food - it's delicious!

$. %om be working toda& - (ust saw him at the g&m.

). %om be working toda&, but can't remember.

*. #ou drank $ bottles of wine+ #ou feel so sick!

. rank's uite good at grammar. /e know the answer for this uestion.

0. #ou studied this for $ &ears at uni ersit&! #ou know the answer!

. #ou (ust slept for 1" hours! #ou be tired again alread&!

2. She alwa&s gets me a present, but this &ear she didn't. She ha e forgottenthat it's m& birthda&.


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ANSWER KEY Choose one word to complete each sentence - must, might or can't . Remember -English people often use must or can't with exclamation marks 3!!!4.

1. Sarah ne er stops talking about Ste e. She C56 be in lo e with him!

". #ou 78S% hate English food - it's delicious!

$. %om 78S% be working toda& - (ust saw him at the g&m.

). %om 78S% be working toda&, but can't remember.

*. #ou drank $ bottles of wine+ #ou 78S% feel so sick!

. rank's uite good at grammar. /e C56 know the answer for this uestion.

0. #ou studied this for $ &ears at uni ersit&! #ou 7 9/% know the answer!

. #ou (ust slept for 1" hours! #ou 78S% be tired again alread&!

2. She alwa&s gets me a present, but this &ear she didn't. She C56 ha e forgottenthat it's m& birthda&.

@BUC@UBE 5? HAVE TO

Have to is often grouped ith modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but infact it is not a modal verb. #t is not even an auxiliary verb. #n the haveto structure, @have@ is a main verb .


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The basic structure for have to is:

subject + auxiliary verb + have + to$infinitive

>ook at these examples in the 2resent (imple tense:

subject auxiliary verbmain verbhave to8infinitive

+ (he -as to ork.

$ # do not -ave to see the doctor.

& Eid you -ave to go to school&

Use of have to

#n general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have

to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external po er !for example, the>a or school rules". Have to is objective . >ook at these examples:

#n France, you -ave to drive on the right. #n 0ngland, most schoolchildren -ave to ear a uniform.

)ohn -as to ear a tie at ork.

#n each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject s opinion or idea.The obligation comes from outside.

We can use have to in all tenses , and also ith modal auxiliaries. Weconjugate it just like any other main verb. %ere are some examples:

subjectauxiliaryverb

main verbhave to8infinitive


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ast imple # -ad to ork yesterday.

resentimple

# -ave to ork today.

?uture imple # ill -ave to ork tomorro .

resentContinuous

(he is -avin) to ait.

resenterfect

We have -ad to change the time.

modal may They may -ave to do it again.

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Use the correct modal to complete each sentence..

2. %ew drivers must take a test in order to get a driver3s license.

They have no choice.

4. $+ Do you ha e to go to work today5 /+ %o6 ( don3t because it3s

"unday.

7. 8ohn has !ot to #nish the report 9uickly because the deadline

is today at : pm.

:. $+ 8ennifer lost her passport. get a new one5 /+ %o6

she . "he found it in her purse.

. (3m sorry6 Mom. ( call you back later. My cell phone

battery is dying.


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ANSWER

KEY 4. *"E T0E ''E T M -$L T M&LETE E$ 0 "E%TE% E. 2. %ew drivers must take a test in order to get a driver3s license. They

have no choice.

4. $+ Do you ha e to go to work today5 /+ %o6 ( don3t because it3s

"unday.7. 8ohn has !ot to #nish the report 9uickly because the deadline is

today at : pm.

:. $+ 8ennifer lost her passport. D"d she ha e to get a new one5 /+ %o6

she d"dn#t . "he found it in her purse.

. (3m sorry6 Mom. ( ha e to call you back later. My cell phone battery is

dying.


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El verbo 'ought to' es igual al 'should' y expresa una obligacin dbil. Signica debera,tendra que.

Estructura armativa: Sujeto + ought + to + "verbo principal en innitivo".Nota: a diferencia de los otros "modal verbs" " ought" s lleva "to" an tes del verbo principalen innitivo

Ejemplo: We o ught to tell him Deberamos co ntrselo.

Estructura pregunta: Muy F ormal: "Ought" + sujeto + to + verbo en innitivo + ?Informal: Do/Does+ sujeto + think + pronombre personal + ought + to + verbo en innitivo+ ?

Ejemplo: Ought he to write a letter? Debera l escribir una carta?

Estructura negacin: Igual que ocurre con las p reguntas, no es habitual negar con "Ought

por considerarse muy formal.

Ejemplo: We ought not go there No deberamos ir all

1) Armative Examples

The ight attendant ought to tell to the passenger when the plane will take off The tourist class ought to be like the rst class The pilot ought to alert to stewardess w hen an accident occurs The package t our ought to b e t he next week

2) Negative Examples

The airfare ought not to increase The travel agency ought not to be responsible for the loss of objects i n the plane passenger ought not to carry t heir backpacker Pets o ught not to b e in the p assenger cabin

3) Q uestions

O ught the p assenger to carry pets t o the c abin? Ought the pilot to take off the plane now ? Ought the copilot to be in the cabin so early? Ought the soldier to take the control of the plane ?

4) Examples ( modal + have)


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We ought to have listened to the guard They o ught to have repaired the aeroplane The stewardess o ught to h ave read the book o f instructions t o the passengers F light Captain ought to have notied the problem with the wings o f the aeroplane

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Fill in should, shouldnt or ought in the following sentences as in the example.

He shouldnt encourage such bad behavior.

You _____ get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.

The house _ _____ b e r eady to m ove into b y next month. Its al most nished.

Ron ________ to improve his a ttitude. If he d oesnt, he might get red.

________ I get your jacket? It

You ________ put your feet on the table. Its n ot polite.

ANSWER KEYS:

1. should

2. should

3. ought

4. shall

5. shouldnt


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THE PASSIVE: PRESENT PERFECT

El tiempo "Present Per e!t" de la o# pasi a responde a la pregunta$ "%hat has

&een done'" ( )*u+ se ha he!ho' o %hat has &een &eing done' ( )*u+ se haestado ha!iendo'

1. Present

The !ar is ,ashed

The !ar is &eing ,ashed

The !ar has &een ,ashed

The !ar has &een &eing ,ashed

3. Past

The !ar ,as ,ashed

The !ar ,as &eing ,ashed

The !ar had &een ,ashed

The !ar had &een &eing ,ashed

5. -uture

The !ar ,ill &e ,ashed

The !ar ,ill &e &eing ,ashed

The !ar ,ill ha e &een ,ashed

The !ar ,ill ha e &een &eing ,ashed

. -uture /going to0

The !ar is going to &e ,ashed

The !ar is going to &e &eing ,ashed


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. -uture per e!t /going to0

The !ar is going to ha e &een ,ashed

The !ar is going to ha e &een &eing ,ashed

. -uture in past

The !ar ,as going to &e ,ashed

The !ar ,as going to &e &eing ,ashed

1 . -uture per e!t in past

The !ar ,as going to ha e &een ,ashed

The !ar ,as going to ha e &een &eing ,ashed

11. Conditional

The !ar ,ould &e ,ashed

The !ar ,ould &e &eing ,ashed 12. Conditional per e!t

The !ar ,ould ha e &een ,ashed

The !ar ,ould ha e &een &eing ,ashed

13. Modals

The !ar /!an !ould ...0 &e ,ashed

The !ar /!an !ould ...0 &e &eing ,ashed 14. Modals ha e

The !ar /!an !ould ...0 ha e &een ,ashed

The !ar /!an ...0 ha e &een &eing ,ashed


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Tenses 6 Continuous Tenses

%hat has &een done' 6 )*u+ se ha he!ho'

7 house has &een &uilt.

8e ha !onstruido una !asa 9 :na !asa ha sido !onstruida

The ,hole !it; has &een destro;ed &; the earthda por el terremoto.

? !an@t get in. These doors ha e &een lo!=edA

Bo puedo entrar. Estas puertas han sido !erradas !on lla eA

Those ,indo,s ha e not &een !losed ;et.

7


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8e ha estado !onstru;endo una !asa 9 :na !asa ha estado siendo !onstruida

M; mother has &een &eing treated &; the same do!tors or ;ears.

M; madre ha estado siendo tratada por los mismos m+di!os durante aHos.

8tri!ter and stri!ter measures ha e &een &eing ta=en to redu!e !rime in the !it;.

8he han estado tomando medidas !ada e# mIs estri!tas para redu!ir el delitoen la !iudad.

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ut t-e follo*in) sentences into passive voice.

4. %as the surgeon performed the operation&

&

5. >ionel has signed the contract..

6. ?ur salesmen have sold all the carpets.

.7. Gookeepers have captured the lion in the forest.

.8. Er. 2hillips have treated all the patients.

.9. %ave the customers paid you&

&. 0verybody has celebrated )oana s birthday.

.

ANSWER KEY


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1. as the operation &een per ormed &; the surgeon2. as the !ontra!t &een signed &; Lionel3. 7ll the !arpets ha e &een sold &; our salesmen

4. The lion has &een !aptured &; the #oo=eepers in the orest5. 7ll the patients ha e &een treated &; Jr. PhillipsK. a e ;ou &een paid &; the !ustomers

. Foana@s &irthda; has &een !ele&rated &; e er;&od;

PAST PERFECT

-orming Past Per e!t Passi e

7 irmati e -orm O& e!t had &een er&3 /past parti!iple0

*uestion -orm ad o& e!t &een er&3 /past parti!iple0 '

8omething had &een done &; someone &e ore sometime in the past.

7!ti e $ The &ra e men had de ended the !it;.

Passi e$ The !it; had &een de ended &; the &ra e men.

7!ti e $ The little girl had &ro=en the ,indo,.

Passi e$ The ,indo, had &een &ro=en &; the little girl.

7!ti e $ ad Joroth; sol ed the pro&lems'

Passi e$ ad the pro&lems &een sol ed &; Joroth;.

7!ti e $ Those prisoners had ro&&ed i e &an=s.

Passi e$ -i e &an=s had &een ro&&ed &; those prisoners.


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ut t-e follo*in) sentences into passive voice.

4. Er. Cichard had saved (ilvia s life.8il"ia@s li e had &een sa"ed &; Jr. Mi!hard

.5. The mericans had discovered another planet.

.6. %ospital staff hadn t accepted the injured man.

.7. )erry had received the check just in time.

.8. )im had received an anonymous gift.

.9. Who had designed the plan of that villa&

&

. Firefighters had put out the fire successfully..

ANSWER KEY 1. 8il ia@s li e had &een sa ed &; Jr. i!hard

2. 7nother planet had &een dis!o ered &; The 7meri!ans

3. The in ured man hadn@t &een a!!epted &; the hospital sta

4. The !he!= had &een re!ei ed &; Ferr; ust in time

5. 7n anon;mous gi t had &een re!ei ed &; Fim. Phillips

K. N; ,hom had the illa &een designed

. The ire had &een put out su!!ess ull; &; the ire ighters

A BIT

%e use a bit /of 0 or bits /of 0 to re er to


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Do they need a bit of help with their luggage? /or some help 0

There were bits of glass everywhere. /or pieces of glass 0

Have you lost a bit of weight? /or some weight? 0

The storm had broken the fence into bits . /meaning into small pie!es0

A bit or bits o ten ha e deli&eratel; ague and in ormal meanings$

I ve given him a few bits of advice.

These ,ords !an also so ten the meaning so that a statement is not too dire!t$

!earing those shoes is a bit of a problem for her" I m afraid.

%e also use a bit to modi ; ad e!ti es or as an ad er&. ?t is more in ormalthan a little $

They had got a bit tired working in the garden.

#an you wait a bit for us? !e re in heavy traffic.

A bit is also used to modi ; !omparati e ad e!ti es and !omparati edeterminers$

The climate in $ew %ealand was a bit nicer than we had e&pected.

o,e er a bit and a bit of are not normall; used to modi ; !omparati ead e!ti es &e ore nouns$

It was a bit more entertaining than the last play we saw.

Bot$ a &it more entertaining pla;. or a &it more o entertaining pla;.

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)*LL %$ME+

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1. How stars are there on the Ameri an !"a#$

%. sa"t is ne essar& to oo' S(a#hetti.

). Ha*e &o+ #ot (ets$ No I ,+st ha*e a Chih+ah+a.

-. He s(en s mone& on CDs.

/. 0an& (eo("e tho+#ht this was a o a o+t nothin#.

2. I wish she wo+" n3t ome: she3s one too .

4. It3s har er than I ha tho+#ht.

5. ro(s o! "emon an e +se!+" to "ean win ows.

6. (eo("e e"ie*e that there are on"& s"a# hea(s in the north o!Fran e: it3s not tr+e7

18. How s(a e o+" e +se !or or#ani orn rather than !ortrans#eni ro(s$


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ANSWER KEY

1. o* many stars are t-ere on t-e 9merican fla)2. a little salt is necessary to coo, pa)-etti.3. ave you )ot many pets 4o ( just -ave a C-i-ua-ua.

. e spends a lot of money on C7s.!. +any people t-ou)-t t-is *as muc- ado about not-in).". ( *is- s-e *ouldn't come: s-e's one too many .#. (t's muc- -arder t-an ( -ad t-ou)-t.$. a fe* drops of lemon can be useful to clean *indo*s.%. many people believe t-at t-ere are only sla) -eaps in t-enort- of ?rance: it's not true0

1&. o* muc- space could be used for or)anic corn rat-er t-anfor trans)enic crops

6E4@ 5?


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These expressions have similar meanings to the determiners muc-/many and most , but the grammar is not quite the same. 5f is used afterthese expressions even before nouns ith no determiner.

3ompare:

lenty of s-ops open on (unday mornings. !'?T 2lenty shops H" +any s-ops open on (unday mornings. !'?T 1any of shops H"

There is not a lot of rice left. !'?T There is not a lot rice left."

There is not muc- rice left. !'?T There is not much of rice left."

A "ot o! an "ots o!

These are rather informal. There is not much difference bet een a lotof and lots of. They are both used mainly before singular uncountable andplural nouns, and before pronouns. When a lot of=lots of is used before aplural subject, the verb is plural.

9 lot of my friends live abroad. 6ots of time is needed to learn a language.

P"ent& o!

lenty of means Benough and moreA. #t is used before singular uncountableand plural nouns.

There is plenty of time. lenty of s-ops accept credit cards.

A "ar#e amo+nt o!9 a #reat ea" o! an a "ar#e n+m er o!

These expressions are rather formal. 9 lar)e amount of and a )reat dealof are generally used before uncountable nouns.

(he has spent a )reat deal of time in 0urope.

9 lar)e number of is used before plural nouns. The follo ing verb is plural.

9 lar)e number of issues still need to be addressed.

&LE%T@ ) &'$ T( E


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)*LL %$ME+

,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

C/::SE %/E R 9/% 7:;5< =ER>

1. %here are plent& of tomatoes in the fridge. #ou

bu& an&.

". t's a hospital. #ou

smoke.

$. /e had been working for more than 11 hours. /e

be tired after such hard work. /e

prefer to get some rest.

). speak 5rabicfluentl& when was a child and we li ed in 7orocco. >ut after we mo ed back toCanada, had er& little exposure to the language and forgot almost e er&thing

knew as a child. 6ow, (ust sa& a few things in the language.

*. %he teacher said we read this book for our own pleasure as it is

optional. >ut we read it if we don't want to.

. &ou stand on &our head for more than a minute+ 6o,

.

0. f &ou want to learn to speak English fluentl&, &ou to work hard.

. %ake an umbrella. t rain later.

2. #ou lea e small ob(ects l&ing around . Such ob(ects

be swallowed b& children.


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1?.

11. @eople walk on grass.

1". ;ri ers stop when the traffic lights are red.

1$. ask a uestion+ #es, of course.

1). #ou take &our umbrella. t is not raining.

1*. &ou speak talian+ 6o, .


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ANSWER KEY C-oose t-e ri)-t modal verb

4. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. /ou needn't buy any.5. #t s a hospital. /ou mustn't smoke.

6. %e had been orking for more than 44 hours. %e must be tired after suchhaed ork. %e may prefer to get some rest.

7. # could speak rabic fluently hen # as a child and e lived in 1orocco. *utafter e moved back to 3anada, # had very little exposure to the languageand forgot almost everything # kne as a child. 'o , # can just say a fethings in the language.

8. The teacher said e can read this book for our o n pleasure as it isoptional. *ut e can read it if e don t ant to.

9. Can you stand on your head for more than a minute& 'o, # can't .

. #f you ant to learn to speak 0nglish fluently, you need to ork hard. .

;. Take an umbrella. #t mi)-t rain later.


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45. +ay # ask a question& /es, of course.

46. /ou needn't take your umbrella. #t is not raining.

47. Can you speak #talian& 'o, # can't .

96@ 5U A @ 5U

4. used as conjunctions

/ou use although or though to introduce a subordinate clause in hich you mentionsomething that contrasts ith hat you are saying in the main clause. Though isnot used in very formal 0nglish.

# can t play the piano, although # took lessons for years.

#t asn t my decision, though # think # agree ith it.

/ou can put even in front of though for emphasis.

(he ore a coat, even though it as a very hot day.

Eon t put even in front of although.

*e 3areful-

When a sentence begins ith although or though, don t use but or yet tointroduce the main clause. Eon t say, for example, lthough he as late, yet hestopped to buy a sand ich . /ou say lthough he as late, he stopped to buy asand ich .

lthough he as 0nglish, he spoke fluent French.

Though he hadn t stopped orking all day, he asn t tired.

*e 3areful-


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Eon t use although or though in front of a noun phrase. Eon t say, for example,lthough his hard ork, he failed his exam . /ou say #n spite of his hard ork, he

failed his exam or Eespite his hard ork, he failed his exam .

#n spite of poor health, my father as al ays cheerful.

Eespite her confidence, 3indy as uncertain hat to do next.

5. though used as an adverb

Though is sometimes an adverb. /ou use it hen you are making a statement thatcontrasts ith hat you have just said. /ou usually put though after the first phrasein the sentence.

Fortunately though, this is a story ith a happy ending.

For Cyan, though, it as a busy year.

#n conversation, you can also put though at the end of a sentence.

# can t stay. # ll have a coffee though.

lthough is never an adverb.

Ce rite the sentences belo ith the connectors given in

brackets.


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$LT0 *,0 &'$ T( E

)*LL %$ME+

,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

!making contrasts"

Althou h 1 !neutral"I ven though !more emphatic"I Thou h

!less formal" he had a sprained ankle !or he had

sprained his ankle(his ankle was sprained ", he went

out for a walk.

!n "#$te o% ( De"#$te having a sprained ankle(having

sprained his ankle) he went out for a walk.

!n "#$te o% ( De"#$te & his sprained ankle) he went out for a

walk.

!n "#$te o% ( De"#$te his ankle being sprained) he went out

for a walk.

He had a sprained ankle) but he went out for a walk.

He had a sprained ankle(He had sprained his ankle(His

ankle was sprained. Ho eve( !neutral"I )eve(thele""

!formal"I )onethele"" 3 !formal"I All the "ame !less

formal"I *et !less formal"I St$ll !less formal"I Even "o

!less formal", he went out for a walk .

He had a sprained ankle(He had sprained his ankle(His

ankle was sprained. He went out for a walk) thou h

!informal"I -o*ever I nevert-eless I all t-e same I nonet-eless .
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a #t as sno ing heavily, but they ent on climbing. !despite"

b %e is very poor, but he is happy. !although"

c Eespite being caught driving dangerously, he as not fined.

!all the same"

d The sea as very rough. (till, they ent sailing. !in spite of"

e # kno you donAt love meJ but, even so, #All marry you.

!even though"

ANSWER KEY a Despite 1 being snowing heavily, they went on climbing/Despite theheavy snow, they went on climbing/Despite the fact (that) it wassnowing heavily, they went on climbing.

b Although he is very poor, he is happy

c He was caught driving dangerously. All the same, he was not fined

d n spite of the sea being very rough, they went sailing/ n spite ofthe rough sea, they went sailing/ n spite of the fact (that) the seawas very rough, they went sailing

e !ven though ( "now) you don#t love me, #ll marry you

IN SPITE OF DESPITE ALTHOU;H

?n spite o despite and although are all used to sho, a !ontrast &ut there are di eren!es inthe stru!tures used ,ith them.

?n spite o 9 despite

7 ter in spite o and despite ,e use a noun or a pronoun.

!e en'oyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.Despite having all the necessary (ualifications" they didn t offer me the 'ob.
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emem&er that the gerund / 6ing orm0 is the noun orm o a er&.

The onl; di eren!e &et,een in s(ite o! and es(ite is the of .

Despite of the bad weather" there was a large crowd at the match.

A"tho+#h

7 ter a"tho+#h ,e use a su& e!t and a er&.

!e en'oyed our camping holiday although it rained every day. Although he worked very hard" he didn t manage to pass the e&am.The holiday was great although the hotel wasn t very nice.

%e !an use in s(ite o! and es(ite ,ith a su& e!t and er& i ,e in!lude the eDpressionthe fact that .

In spite of the fact that he worked very hard" he didn t manage to pass the e&am.Despite the fact that he worked very hard" he didn t manage to pass the e&am.

E*en tho+#h

E*en tho+#h is a slightl; stronger orm o although.

!e decided to buy the house even though we didn t really have enough money.)ou keep making that stupid noise even though I ve asked you to stop three times.

Li=e a"tho+#h e*en tho+#h is ollo,ed &; a su& e!t and a er&.


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"&(TE &'$ T( E

)*LL %$ME+,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

Amaking contrastsB

However 4 hard/ No matter how hard (more formal) you try, youwill never be able to do it.

Even though / Even if you try hard, you will never be able todo it.

It does not matter how hard you try, you will never be ableto do it.

Although you try hard, you will never be able to do it.

Much (adverb) as / though I loved him, I had to leave him.

Although I loved him a lot, I had to leave him.

Angry (adjective) as / though I was, I did not tell themanything.

Although I was angry, I did not tell them anything.

Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly

believe in the American dream, as it evo es the things they would li e to have. Despite this , it is just a dream.

Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly believe in the American dream, as it evo es the things they would li e to have. For all that , it is just a dream.

a Although she was terrible ill, she did not stay in bed. ( ll though)b t does not matter how much money you give him, he will not Accept. (even though)c Although it is fast, won#t buy it. (fast as)d Despite my admiration for him, recognise that he is a bit selfish. ($uch as)e !veryone is worried about the scandal% but, in spite of all its implications, thin" it#ll do us some good. (for all)
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ANSWER KEY

a ll though she was, she did not stay in bed

b !ven though you give him a lot of money, he will not accept

c &ast as it is, will not buy it

d $uch as admire him, recogni'e that he is a bit selfish

e !veryone is worried about the scandal% but, for all itsimplications, thin" it will do us some good.

Celative 3lauses

0xercises and tests on relative clauses

We use relative clauses to give additional information about something ithoutstarting another sentence. *y combining sentences ith a relative clause, your textbecomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain ords.

%o to Form Celative 3lauses >evel

#magine, a girl is talking to Tom. /ou ant to kno ho she is and ask a friendhether he kno s her. /ou could say:

girl is talking to Tom. Eo you kno the girl&

That sounds rather complicated, doesn t it& #t ould be easier ith a relative

clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. (tart ith the mostimportant thing D you ant to kno ho the girl is.

Eo you kno the girl H&


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s your friend cannot kno hich girl you are talking about, you need to put in theadditional information D the girl is talking to Tom. Kse Lthe girlM only in the firstpart of the sentence, in the second part replace it ith the relative pronoun !forpeople, use the relative pronoun L hoM". (o the final sentence is:

Eo you kno the girl ho is talking to Tom&Celative 2ronouns >evel

relative pronoun use example

ho subject or object pronoun for people # told you about the oman ho livesnext door.

hich subject or object pronoun for animals and things Eo you see the cat hichis lying on the roof&

hich referring to a hole sentence %e couldnAt read hich surprised me.

hosepossession for people animals and things Eo you kno the boy hosemother is a nurse&

homobject pronoun for people, especially in non$defining relative clauses !indefining relative clauses e colloquially prefer ho" # as invited by theprofessor hom # met at the conference.

that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relativeclauses ! ho or hich are also possible" # donAt like the table that stands in the

kitchen.

(ubject 2ronoun or ?bject 2ronoun&

(ubject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms $ ho, hich,that are used for subject and object pronouns. /ou can, ho ever, distinguish themas follo s:

#f the relative pronoun is follo ed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject

pronoun. (ubject pronouns must al ays be used.the apple hich is lying on the table

#f the relative pronoun is not follo ed by a verb !but by a noun or pronoun", therelative pronoun is an object pronoun. ?bject pronouns can be dropped in definingrelative clauses, hich are then called 3ontact 3lauses.


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the apple ! hich" Neorge lay on the table

Celative dverbs

relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. Thisoften makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in hich # bought my bike.

Q This is the shop here # bought my bike.

relative adverb meaning use example

hen inIon hich refers to a time expression the day hen e met him

here inIat hich refers to a place the place here e met him

hy for hich refers to a reason the reason hy e met him

Eefining Celative 3lauses

Eefining relative clauses !also called identifying relative clauses or restrictiverelative clauses" give detailed information defining a general term or expression.Eefining relative clauses are not put in commas.

#magine, Tom is in a room ith five girls. ?ne girl is talking to Tom and you asksomebody hether he kno s this girl. %ere the relative clause defines hich of thefive girls you mean.

Eo you kno the girl ho is talking to Tom&

Eefining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

seaman is someone ho orks on a ship.

?bject pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. !(entences ith arelative clause ithout the relative pronoun are called 3ontact 3lauses."

The boy ! hoI hom" e met yesterday is very nice.

This is the shop in hich # bought my bike.

Q This is the shop here # bought my bike.


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relative adverb meaning use example

hen inIon hich refers to a time expression the day hen e met him

here inIat hich refers to a place the place here e met him

hy for hich refers to a reason the reason hy e met him

Eefining Celative 3lauses

Eefining relative clauses !also called identifying relative clauses or restrictiverelative clauses" give detailed information defining a general term or expression.Eefining relative clauses are not put in commas.

#magine, Tom is in a room ith five girls. ?ne girl is talking to Tom and you asksomebody hether he kno s this girl. %ere the relative clause defines hich of thefive girls you mean.

Eo you kno the girl ho is talking to Tom&

Eefining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

seaman is someone ho orks on a ship.

?bject pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. !(entences ith arelative clause ithout the relative pronoun are called 3ontact 3lauses."

The boy ! hoI hom" e met yesterday is very nice.

45487E?(4(4 BE69@(DE C69U E

'on$defining relative clauses !also called non$identifying relative clauses or non$restrictive relative clauses" give additional information on something, but do notdefine it. 'on$defining relative clauses are put in commas.


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#magine, Tom is in a room ith only one girl. The t o are talking to each other andyou ask somebody hether he kno s this girl. %ere the relative clause is non$defining because in this situation it is obvious hich girl you mean.

Eo you kno the girl, ho is talking to Tom&

'ote: #n non$defining relative clauses, hoI hich may not be replaced ith that.

?bject pronouns in non$defining relative clauses must be used.

)im, hoI hom e met yesterday, is very nice.

%o to (horten Celative 3lauses&

Celative clauses ith ho, hich, that as subject pronoun can be replaced ith aparticiple. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

# told you about the oman ho lives next door. D # told you about the omanliving next door.

Eo you see the cat hich is lying on the roof& D Eo you see the cat lying on theroof&

'EL$T(1E L$*""E" &'$ T( E

)*LL %$ME+

,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

ewrite the following sentences using relative clauses.

1 Examples: (defining people)

!he girl is very attractive. "ou were chatting her up #ast night.

!he girl ( that/whom ) you were chatting up last night is very attractive. (ob*ect)

!he couple are stin ing rich. They are sitting beside the loudspea ers.


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!he couple who/that are sitting beside the loudspea er are stin ing rich. (sub*ect)

!he man is my boss. His wife is fanning herself with the newspaper.

!he man whose wife is fanning herself with the newspaper is my boss. (possessive)

+e place the relative clause after its antecedent 1 .As you can see in the e amples above, we have replaced the words her, they and his with the appropriate relative form. -bserve that her is an ob*ect pronoun% they , a sub*ect one% his ,

possessive ad*ective.

n the first case, we need an ob*ect relative pronoun whom (rather formal)/ thatin the second a sub*ect relative pronoun who/that in the third, a possessive relative determiner whose .

a he hooligans are dangerous criminals. hey were arrested last ight.

b he boy wets the bed. He lives ne t door.

c he boy had a crush on her. His overcoat is filthy.

d he woman is a diver. Her hair is wavy.

e he spinster wants to marry eagerly. 0ou met her three days

Ago.

2 Examples: (defining things and animals) She bought a bungalow. It was very e$pensive.

She bought a bungalow which/that was very e$pensive. (sub*ect)

!he bungalow ( which/that ) she bought was very e$pensive. (ob*ect)

She lives in a semi%detached house. She inherited it from her

parents.

She lives in a semi%detached house ( which/that 4) she inherited from her parents. (ob*ect)

&e lives in a detached house. Its garden loo s terrific. &e l ives in a detached house the gar en of which loo sterrific. (possessive)
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&e lives in a detached house whose garden loo s terrific. (possessive)

oth which (more formal) and that can act as sub*ects and as ob*ects, but that is preferred after indefinite pronouns, superlatives and ordinal numbers

I didn't understand everything. &e said it at the conference hall.

I didn't understand everything ( that ) he said at theconference hall. (ob*ect)

&e wants to tell you something. It is very important. &e wants to tell you something that is very important . (sub*ect)

As for the possessive relative of which 7 , it is a much better alternative in formal situations than whose for inanimate things.

oth whose and of which can be used for animals, but whose is probably commoner

&e saw a dog. Its tail had been cut off.

&e saw a dog whose tail had been cut off ! /&e saw a dog the tail of which had been cut off.

a he spaghetti tasted delicious. +e ate it yesterday.

b he salad tasted great. 0ou dressed it with homemade vinegar and olive oil.

c He wants to catch the rabbit. his rabbit eats the vegetables n his garden.

d his is the most interesting story. 0ou have never told me such An interesting story.

e he car belongs to $r 2ones. ts bonnet has a few dents.

3 Examples: (defining with prepositions)

!he person is uite adamant about letting people smo e in his car. I was tal ing to him last night.

!he person ( that/whom ) I was tal ing to last night is uite adamant about letting people smo e in his car.

!he person to whom I was tal ing last night is uite adamant
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about letting people smo e in his car.

!he bus bro e down. I was on the "us .

!he bus ( which/that ) I was on bro e down.

!he bus on which I was bro e down.

+e normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause, and the relative pronoun may be omitted. n a very formal conte t, we can put the preposition before the relative pronoun. n this case, the relative pronoun can never be removed, and whom (for people) and which (for things or animals) must be used. 3nfortunately, this sounds aw"ward at times or is impossible

!he girl was very fit and healthy. e encouraged her to go on .

!he girl ( whom/that ) we encouraged to go on was very fit and healthy.

( ot !he girl on whom we encouraged to go was very fit and healthy , because on is not a preposition here, but an adverb.)

!he girl, who was very fit and heathy, was encouraged to go on. (&or the use of commas, see the ne t sections.)

!hese are the documents. I came across them in the living room drawer last night.

!hese are the documents ( which/that ) I came across in the living room drawer last night . ( Come across is considered as one word, since the meaning changes if we omit 4across#.

5onse6uently, 4across# should not be separated from 4come#. However, there are cases in which this is possible I found the person for whom I was loo ing . one the less, this sounds too &ormal and is avoided in speech.)

a he table was very anti6ue. +e were sitting at that table.

b he criminal was ta"en to gaol. 7he was robbed by him.

c he woman was the wife of a very important politician. He had an affair with her.

d he 8 programme is off. told you about it yesterday.

e his is the spade. was loo"ing for it.


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ANSWER KEY REL !"#E CL $%E%

a he hooligans who 1 were arrested last night are dangerouscriminals

b he boy who lives ne t door wets the bed c he boy whose overcoat is filthy had a crush on her d he woman whose hair is wavy is a diver e he spinster (whom/that) you met three days ago wants to marryeagerly.

a he spaghetti (which/that) we ate yesterday tasted delicious

b he salad (which/that) you dressed with homemade vinegar andolive oil tasted greatc He wants to catch the rabbit which/that eats the vegetables inhis gardend his is the most interesting story (that) you have ever toldme e he car the bonnet of which/whose bonnet has a few dentsbelongs to $r 2ones

a he table (which/that) we were sitting at/at which we weresitting/where we were sitting was very anti6ue

b he criminal (whom/that) she was robbed by/by whom she wasrobbed was ta"en to goal he woman (whom/that) he had an affairwith/with whom he had an affair was the wife of a very importantpolitician

d he 8 programme (which/that) tal"ed you about yesterday/aboutwhich tal"ed you yesterday is off e his is the

spade (which/that) was loo"ing for/for which was loo"ing
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Re"ati*e "a+ses < non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses

Re"ati*e "a+ses add eDtra in ormation to a senten!e &; de ining a noun. The; are usuall;di ided into t,o t;pes R e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses and non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses .

Non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses

Loo= at this senten!e.

*y grandfather" who is +," goes swimming every day.

,ho is is a non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+se . ?t adds eDtra in ormation to the senten!e. ?,e ta=e the !lause out o the senten!e the senten!e still has the same meaning.

Loo= at some more eDamples.

The film" which stars Tom #arter" is released on -riday..

*y eldest son" whose work takes him all over the world" is in Hong ong at themoment.

The car" which can reach speeds of over /00km1ph" costs over 2300"000.

Non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses .

De!inin# or non< e!inin#$

emem&er that e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses are used to add important in ormation. Thesenten!e ,ould ha e a di erent meaning ,ithout the e!inin# re"ati*e "a+se .

I m going to wear the skirt that I bought in 4ondon. The de ining relati e !lause tellsus ,hi!h s=irt.

The skirt" which is a lovely dark blue colour" only cost 560. The non6de iningrelati e !lause doesnt tell us ,hi!h s=irt R it gi es us more in ormation a&out thes=irt.

Non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses !an use most relati e pronouns /,hi!h ,hose et! 0 &utthe; CAN=T use that and the relati e pronoun !an ne er &e omitted.

The film" that stars Tom #arter" is released on -riday.

Non< e!inin# re"ati*e "a+ses are more o ten used in ,ritten English than in spo=enEnglish. Sou !an tell that a !lause is non6de ining &e!ause it is separated &; !ommas atea!h end o the !lause.


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% %C-E)(%(%, 'EL$T(1E L$*"E"&'$ T( E

)*LL %$ME+

,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

REPLACE THAT >ITH >HO OR >HICH.

7 soldier is someone that ,or=s in the arm;. 6 7 soldier is someone ,or=s inthe arm;.

7 student is a person that goes to s!hool. 6 7 student is a person goes tos!hool.

7n ostri!h is a &ird that !annot l;. 6 7n ostri!h is a &ird !annot l;.

7 !oo= is someone that ma=es meals at a restaurant. 6 7 !oo= is someonema=es meals at a restaurant.

7 tire is a thing that ;ou !an ind on a ,heel. 6 7 tire is a thing ;ou !an ind ona ,heel.

7 sti!= is a pie!e o ,ood that is long and thing. 6 7 sti!= is a pie!e o ,ood islong and thing.


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ANSWER KEY RE&L CE !' ! ("!' (') )R ('"C'*

7 soldier is someone that ,or=s in the arm;. 6 7 soldier is someone ,or=s inthe arm;.

ight$ who

7 student is a person that goes to s!hool. 6 7 student is a person goes tos!hool.

ight$ who

7n ostri!h is a &ird that !annot l;. 6 7n ostri!h is a &ird !annot l;.

ight$ whi h

7 !oo= is someone that ma=es meals at a restaurant. 6 7 !oo= is someonema=es meals at a restaurant.

ight$ who

7 tire is a thing that ;ou !an ind on a ,heel. 6 7 tire is a thing ;ou !an ind ona ,heel.

ight$ whi h

7 sti!= is a pie!e o ,ood that is long and thing. 6 7 sti!= is a pie!e o ,ood is


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long and thing.

ight$ whi h

PRI0ER CONDICIONAL < ?T@PE I

8e orma !on i simple present simple uture. 8e emplea !uando una situa!i n es realo posi&le$ ? it rains toda; ?@ll sta; at home..

? !lause Main !lause

? Present tense ,ill 9 !an 9 ma; 9 must er&

? it rains toda; ?@ll sta; at home

? it rains toda; ?@ll sta; at home.

8i llue e ho; me o de&es usar ropa a&rigada.

? he doesn@t do his home,or= he !an not go to the part;.

8i +l no ha!e su tarea no puede ir a la iesta.

? she doesn@t !all ;ou ;ou !an !all her.

8i ella no te llama t puedes llamarla.


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? ;ou ,or= hard ;ou ma; &e!ome a millonaire someda;.

8i tra&a as duro puede a.

? ;ou spend more than ;ou earn ;ou@ll &e!ome a poor man.

8i gastas mIs de lo


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#f clause 1ain clause

#f + 2ast (imple ould I could I might + verb

#f # on the lottery, # ould travel around the orld.

#f # on the lottery, # ould travel around the orld.

(i ganara la loterRa, viajarRa por todo el mundo.

#f # ere in *raSil, # ould go to Cio de )aneiro.

(i yo estuviese en *rasil, irRa a CRo de )aneiro.

#f # ere you, # ould buy that car.

(i yo fuese tQ, comprarRa ese auto.

#f he ere in my place, he ouldn t do this.

(i Pl estuviese en mi lugar, no harRa esto.

#f # had more money, # ould buy a nice apartment.

(i yo tuviese m s dinero, me comprarRa un lindo apartamento.

#f she had more time, she ould travel more often.

(i ella tuviera m s tiempo, viajarRa m s a menudo.

#f it ere not raining, e could go out.

(i no estuviese lloviendo, podrRamos salir.

#f e didn t have to ork today, e could have a picnic.

(i no tuviPsemos que trabajar hoy, podrRamos tener un picnic.

#f they on the lottery, they ouldn t ork any more.

(i ellos ganaran la loterRa, no trabajarRan m s.

#f # sa her, # ould ask her out.

(i la viera, la invitarRa a salir.

#f you ent to *raSil, you ouldn t ant to come back.


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(i fueras a *raSil, no querrRas regresar.

#f they spoke (panish, e ould understand them.

(i ellos hablasen espaUol, los entenderRamos.

#f he didn t live by the river, he couldn t go fishing.

(i el no viviera cerca del rRo, no podrRa ir a pescar.

#f # didn t ant to go, # ould tell you.

(i no quisiera ir, te lo dirRa.

#f they orked for that company, they might have better salaries.

(i ellos trabajaran para esa compaURa, podrRan tener mejores sueldos.

#f she rote a book, it ould be a best$seller.

(i ella escribiese un libro, serRa un best$seller.

@ (B7 C547(@(5496 8

Third 3onditional, tambiPn $Type ###$ Cefiere a una situaciOn hipotPtica del pasado yse forma segQn la estructura : if + past perfect + conditional perfect. #f clause

1ain clause

#f + 2ast 2erfect tense ouldIcouldImight + have + past participle

#f # had on the lottery, # ould have traveled around the orld.

#f # had on the lottery, # ould have traveled around the orld.

(i yo hubiera ganado la loterRa, habrRa viajado por todo el mundo.

#f # had seen him, # ould have told him about you.

(i lo hubiese visto, le habrRa contado acerca de ti.

#f # had kno n the ans er, # ould have raised my hand.


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(i hubiese sabido la respuesta, habrRa levantado mi mano.

#f she had come on (aturday, # ould have seen her.

(i ella hubiese venido el s bado, la habrRa visto.

#f they had left earlier, they ould have arrived on time.

(i ellos hubiesen salido m s temprano, habrRan llegado a tiempo.

#f e had studied harder, e might have passed the test.

(i hubiPsemos estudiado m s duro, podrRamos haber aprobado la prueba.

#f you had gone to *raSil, you ould have had lots of fun.

(i tu hubieses ido a *rasil, habrRas tenido mucha diversiOn.

#f # hadn t been so busy, # could have helped you.

(i no hubiese estado tan ocupado, te podrRa haber ayudado.

#f you had phoned me, # ould have kno n you ere here.

(i tu me hubieses telefoneado, habrRa sabido que estabas aquR.

#f they had invited us, e ould have accepted at once.

(i ellos nos hubiesen invitado, habrRamos aceptado de inmediato.

#f she had explained me the problem, # ould have understood it.

(i ella me hubiese explicado el problema, lo habrRa entendido.

#f # hadn t forgotten his number, # ould have phoned him.

(i no hubiese olvidado su nQmero, lo habrRa llamado.

#f it hadn t rained, e ould have gone fishing.

(i no hubiese llovido, habrRamos ido a pescar.

#f my sister had been here, she ould have enjoyed this.

(i mi hermana hubiese estado aquR, habrRa disfrutado esto.

#f they hadn t drunk so much last night, they ouldn t have felt sick today.


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(i no hubiesen tomado tanto anoche, no se habrRan sentido enfermos hoy.

#f he had orked more, he could have saved more money.

(i Pl hubiese trabajado m s, podrRa haver ahorrado m s dinero.

%-(T( %$L &'$ T( E

)*LL %$ME+

,'$-E $%- "E T( %+

&$! !'E #ER+% " +R C-E!% " !) %$"! +LE .)R *

1 Examples: (universal facts and habits if 0present *resh mil goes sour if you #eep it for a long time. If/ henever I enter the house in muddy shoes, my wife (Always) shouts at me.

a f $r 9er"ins (catch) someone napping, he always (ma"e) them do twenty press:ups.

b f you (put) a bloc" of ice in the sun, it (melt).

c f she (be) sad, she usually (listen) to 5at 7tevens.

d f the roads (be) wet, it (be) more dangerous to drive on them.

e f it (rain), we never (go) for a ramble.


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2 Example: (imperatives if 0present ,Don$t o it if you feel/are feeling tired.

Ta#e it easy if you on$t want to have another relapse.

+e do not mention the sub*ect before the main verb in mperative sentences. &or more details about imperative 7entences,

a (not drive) if you (be) drun". 0ou could have an accident.b (not tell) her if you (not want) to.c f you (not be) busy, (help) me.d (not eat) it if you (be) full.e (not add) fuel to the flames if you (not want ) to have a row with your wife.

3 Example: (possible, probable or real if 0present , 0will infiniti e )

If you follow my advice, you will not have any trouble with the !reasury.

a f you (present) your proposal, we (see) what we can do about it.b f we (put) off the meeting now, when it (be) held again;c f you (let) me down again, no longer (rely) on you.d f you (brea") your promise, you (suffer) for it.e +e (give) them a call if we (decide) to pay them a visit.

4 Example: If a person smo#es heavily, he or she can get lung cancer.

n place of will , other modal verbs are possible.

a He needn#t come if he (have) many things to do.b f we (tell) them the whole truth now, they may forgive us.c +e must leave now if we (want) to get there before dar".d f the weather (not improve), we should (or 4ought to#) stay at home.e +e had better tell her everything if she (as") us.

5 Examples:

If you have finishe with your housewor , we can go to the theatre.

If this washing machine is not still wor#ing properly after all the money we have spent fi$ing it, we $ "etter buy a new one.

If you have "een running for over an hour, it is not surprising that you should be tired out.


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If everything goes well, I $ll have finishe by noon.

If I haven$t retire earlier, I $ll have "een wor#ing for the same company for twenty years in +ovember.

If we on$t start now, we $ll still "e wor#ing at five o'cloc .

ote that apart from the simple present and the future simple ( will infiniti e ), we can have other verb forms.

a f it (not snow) now, (show) you round town.b f you (not finish) yet, you#d better stay at home and finish it.c f you (come) tomorrow at midday, (coo") the dinner. 5an you come a bit later;d f you (study) 5hinese for five years, you should at least spea" it.e f my memory (not deceive) me, we (be) married for forty:five years in $ay.

ANSWER KEY 1 a catches% ma"es b put% melts 1 c is% listens d are% is e rains% go

2 a Do not 2 drive% are b Do not tell% do not want c are not% help d Donot eat% are e Do not add% do not want

3 a present% will/shall see b put% will it be c let% will/shall nolonger rely d brea"% will suffer e will/shall give% decide

4 a has b tell c want d does not improve e as"s

5 a is not snowing% will show b have not finished c come% will/shallbe coo"ing d have been studying/have studied e does not deceive me%will/shall have been married.
http://www.polseguera.org/advanced_english_grammar/conditional_sentences_key.php#go1http://www.polseguera.org/advanced_english_grammar/conditional_sentences_key.php#go2http://www.polseguera.org/advanced_english_grammar/conditional_sentences_key.php#go1http://www.polseguera.org/advanced_english_grammar/conditional_sentences_key.php#go2


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&0'$"$L 1E'/"

&hrasal verbs are usually twoCword phrases consisting of verb D adverbor verb D preposition. Think of them as you would any other Englishvocabulary. "tudy them as you come across them6 rather than trying tomemori e many at once. *se the list below as a reference guide whenyou #nd an e!pression that you don3t recogni e. The e!amples will helpyou understand the meanings. (f you think of each phrasal verb as aseparate verb with a speci#c meaning6 you will be able to remember itmore easily. Like many other verbs6 phrasal verbs often have more thanone meaning.

2. $ phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates ameaning diFerent from the original verb.

E!ample+

( ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run D into G meet

0e ran away when he was 2 . run D away G leave home4. "ome phrasal verbs are intransitive. $n intransitive verb cannot befollowed by an object.

E!ample+

0e suddenly showed up. Hshow upH cannot take an object


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7. "ome phrasal verbs are transitive. $ transitive verb can be followed byan object.

E!ample+

( made up the story. HstoryH is the object of Hmake upH

:. "ome transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed

between the verb and the preposition. (n this &hrasal 1erb -ictionary6separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a I between the verb andthe preposition J adverb.

E!ample+

( talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.

"he looked the phone number up.

$%RASA& 'ER(S $RACTICE

)U&& NA*E+

,RADE AND SECTION+2. omplete the #rst part of the phrasal verbs. *se each verb only once.

aB 8ane and ( want toKKKKK. up smoking.

bB ould you KKKKKKK. me up at < o3clock5

cB e mustKKKKKK.. up or we will miss the bus.

dB an youKKKKKKKKKK.. me up at the station5

eB (n many countries6 the pupils have to KKK.. up when the teacher

enters the classCroom.

fB ( usually have toKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK up at half past si!.

gB ( must KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. up my room today.


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4. omplete the #rst part of the phrasal verbs. *se each verb only once.

aB &leaseKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. on your coat6 it3s coldoutside.

bB -o you mind if ( KKKKKKKKKKK on the telly5 ( want to watch thenews.

cB E!cuse me. here can ( KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. onthe shirt5

dB an (KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK onreading now5

eB (f you don3tKKKKKKKKKKKK on the train now6 it will leave withoutyou.

ANSWER KEY 2. omplete the #rst part of the phrasal verbs. *se each verb only once.

aB .8ane and ( want to give up smoking.

bB ould you wake me up at < o3clock5

cB e must hurry up or we will miss the bus.

dB an you pick me up at the station5

eB (n many countries6 the pupils have to stand up when the teacher entersthe classCroom.


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fB ( usually have to get up at half past si!.

gB ( must tidy up my room today.

4. omplete the #rst part of the phrasal verbs. *se each verb only once.

aB &lease put on your coat6 it3s cold outside.bB -o you mind if ( turn on the telly5 ( want to watch the news.

cB E!cuse me. here can ( try on the shirt5

dB an ( carry on reading now5

eB (f you don3t get on the train now6 it will leave without you.

Summary This booklet is to encourage student s to see grammarused more realistically and in more interesting ways. Thetopics covered in the e!ercises can be used as a startingpoint for a lesson6 as a subject for discussion6 and as a


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means of 0elping to build students3 vocabulary in usefulareas.

The intention in general is that language should have afamiliar conte!t and that learners should have somethingto use language for.

ithin each unit6 e!ercises range in di culty. (t allowslearners to build up their con#dence with the simpler6more familiar tasks before moving onto the more

hallenging ones later in the unit.

*#*>#?NC 2%/

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIpresent$perfect

http:II .englishclub.comIgrammarI modal $verbs

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIprepersim$preperproIexercises

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIprepersim$ preperproIexercises& ex=5
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-


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https:IIlearnenglish.britishcouncil.orgIesIgrammar$reference

http:II .perfect$english$grammar.comIpast$simple$past

0xercise$4.html

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIsimpas$pasper

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIsimpas$pasperIexercises

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIpast$perfect$ progressiveIexercises

http:II .tolearnenglish.comIexercisesIexercise$english$5Iexercise$english$9; 7.php

http:II .learnenglish$online.comIgrammarIfutureperfect.html

http:II .englishtenses.comItensesIfutureVperfectVcontinuous

http:II .ego7u.comIenIcram$upIgrammarIphrasal$verbs
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