BOOK OF ABSTRACTS · Paper presentation- Best Oral 11. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Endodontic Infections ..... 19 Anitha Roy and

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Jointly Organised by

Department of Microbiology St. Xavier’s College for Women, Aluva

[email protected]

&

Kerala State Council for Science Technology and environment, Thiruvananthpuram

CHAIRPERSON

Sr. Reethamma V.A. Principal CHIEF EDITOR Dr. Aneymol V.S. Assistant Prof. Microbiology ASSOCIATE EDITOR Ruby M. Pillai Assistant Prof. Microbiology Editorial Board

Dr. K. Manjusha Dr. Linda Louis Sr. Betcy Maria K.J. Ms. Rekha R. Ms. Shyamala M.P. Ms. Maya Mathew

ABOUT THE CONFERENCE

The two day International conference

on Immune response in Health and

Disease, offers a scope to discover and

conquer new horizons in immune

responses, Health and Disease. The

scientific spread has been designed to

include vast dimensions of autoimmune

diseases. The scientific spread has been

designed to include vast dimensions of

autoimmune diseases, cancer biology,

immune disorders, transplantation

biology, Ayurveda and holistic approach

to health.

ABOUT BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

The conference aims to provide

an excellent platform for

established as well as budding

scientists and biologists, to

imbibe and interact with

experts in this field. This Book

of Abstracts is based on the

paper presentations during the

international conference. It

includes the abstracts of various

invited talks, best paper oral, best

paper poster competition and

general paper presentations.

Keynote Address

Dr. T. Thomas Philip

M.Sc. (Calicut); PhD (Guelph); PDF (Guelph); PDF (British Columbia) Retired Principal and Former Head,

Department of Zoology and the Biotechnology Division Union Christian College, Aluva, Kerala, India

Immunology is currently in a most exciting phase. Not only is the pace of research spectacular, but also the quantum of information acquired of the interconnections between the immune system and other organ systems, the biological rhythms, and the environment, is massive. This has been due to a remarkable, world-wide effort enlisting medical researchers of various specializations, physiologists, psychologists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Immune responses are no longer regarded as mere defense mechanisms against intruders, but are increasingly understood as powerful mechanisms helping the individual organism to maintain homeostasis, and enabling the species to survive. The immune system listens to and responds to signals emanating from both within and without. It is amazing how much has been elucidated of this cross-talk in the last two decades. I believe that we are fortunate to be alive and active during these exciting times.

The organizers of the present Seminar have creditably brought together eminent scientists not only from different regions of India but also from various other countries. This endeavor is aimed at inspiring young minds to take up and continue the exploration of the immune system. We have specialists with us here today of fields ranging from microbiology to nephrology to lung biology to cancer biology to holistic medicine, who will share their insights and experience during the course of this Seminar.

The field of immunology is like a lush garden. A stroll through this landscape makes us increasingly fascinated and intrigued by the marvelous intricacies and the exquisite finesse of the individual and collective

organization. For instance, we experience a growing appreciation of the fundamental function of innate immunity as the foundation of all immune responses. As a result, the pivotal role of chronic inflammation in initiating and perpetuating autoimmunity and inflammatory disorders as well as transplant rejection, hypersensitivity and cancer becomes clearer and better defined. The critical importance of the body’s commensal organism populations is another intriguing discovery. The way in which local tissue microenvironments direct immune responses, and the exquisite organization of the lymphoid organs and the lymphocyte trafficking are equally delightful and impressive.

Each of these topics by itself is complex, and the composite of all of them is no less so. Only with a sound understanding of each of these areas can one hope to follow what is really happening in the immune system of an organism which is unique with respect to its genetic makeup and epigenetic marks. Hence it is not at all surprising that as our understanding of the components deepens, we may encounter paradigm shifts in our understanding of how the immune system is impacted and modulated by them. We simply become more and more awe-stricken as the research moves forward. And this two-day International Seminar is hoped to achieve just that.

Contents

Invited Speakers - Abstracts 1. Immune Disorders: Microbiological Perspective ............................. 01 Dr. Anup Poudyal

2. Immune Mechanisms in Chronic Lung Diseases ............................... 02 Dr. Vinod Pallath

3. Immune Response to Organ Transplant .............................................. 05 Dr. Nandakumaran Ponthenkandath

4. Immunity Through Holistic Approach .................................................. 06 Dr. Sr. Ruby CTC

5. Perfect Plate for Diabetes and Weight Loss- Mediterranean to God’s Own Country .................................................. 08

Mr. James Joseph

6. Diagnostic Challenges of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Context of Indian Sub-Continent ............................................................. 09

Dr. Lok Bhahadur Shrestha

7. Gut Microbiotaand Autoimmunity ......................................................... 10 Dr. Gopal Nath

8. Optimizing the Use of Tumor Markers in A Resource Constraint Settings ...................................................................................... 14

Lamsal M, Belbase NP, Agrawal CS, Pokherel PK, Agrawal S, Shakya V. C.

9. Immune Modulation in Cancer ................................................................ 15 Dr. Wesley M. Jose

10. Clinical Aspects of Kidney Transplantation ........................................ 18 Dr. Shibu Jacob

Paper presentation- Best Oral

11. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Endodontic Infections .......... 19

Anitha Roy and R.V Geetha

12. Prognostic Significance of Phosphorylated Stat 3 and Survivin Expression in Breast Cancer ................................................... 20

Prabha Pillai and Lakshmi S.

13. Comparative Evaluation of Biological Properties of Pomegranate and Star Fruit ..................................................................... 21

Aswathy S Nair, Hana Hydrose, Ancilly Davis, Swathy Suresh and Anjana J.C.

14. A Study of Teratogenic Effect of Nano Silver in Vertebrates Using Chick Embryo as a Model ...................................... 22

Aysha Beevi C.I, Annie Mathew, Gisha Sivan and K.J Benny

15. Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Averrhoa Bilimbi ........... 23 Amitha T. R, Sabrin. K, Aswathy N. J., Aswathy. T.R,

Aswathy. C. S., Shameera. K.M, Mridula S. and Reshma M.J.

16. Development of Phyto Drug Loaded Nanoparticle Incorporated Hydrogel Nanocomposite and Their Antimicrobial Activity ................................................................................ 24

Serine R. N., Anoopa R.T., Anjana K.R., Sruthy P.S., Prasheetha P.K., Mridula S. and Reshma M. J.

17. A study on the Radioprotective Action of Carum Copticum Linn. .............................................................................................. 25

Revathy Babu, Ajaykumar K.B and Jose Padikkala.

18. Assessment of Cystatin C Level in Metabolic Syndrome ................. 26 Shrijana Shrestha, Lal Chandra, Suman Sapkota, Shankar Majhi, Prahlad Karki and Madhab Lamsal.

19. Honey as a Complementary Therapeutic Product of Honey Bees .... 27 Leena Alexander, JyotiNivas College Autonomous,

Bengaluru and Karnataka

20. A Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles ................................................................................................ 28

Thahreem Fathima, Vandhana T.M., Aiswarya Lakshmi S. and K. Manjusha

21. Isolation and Characterization of a Potent Marine Mangrove Yeast Y17 for Antimicrobial Activity ....................................... 29

Arya R. J, and K. Manjusha

22. Relative Study on Evolution of Different Haemoglobin Chains in Homo Sapiens ............................................................................. 30

Sinoy Johnson and Terrence Lobo

23. Antibacterial Activity of Various Extracts from SimaroubaGlauca and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from the Leaf Extract ............................................................................................. 31

Mariya Raju, Thara Paul, Betsy Thankachan, Harithamurali, Jincy Joy and Neeraja Vijay

Paper presentation- Best Poster

24. Novel Strategies for Management of Renal Replacement Therapy ........................................................................................................... 32

Lakshmi T. and Anitha Roy

25. Herbal Medicine ........................................................................................... 33 Dr. V. Vishnu Priya

26. The Study and Enumeration of Diverse Microflora in the Gut of Earthworm (Eoseniafetidae) ....................................................... 34

Muhsina Jaleel, Ashith V.S, Sreenath, Jaisna V.M and Anjana J.C

General Papers for presentation 27. Antimicrobial Activity of Neem Leaves and Mango Leaves ........... 35

Niveditha K., Athira M. Nair, Aswathy A., Arya Raju and Suramyamol S.S.

28. Potential of Antibacterial Metabolites from Vermiwash of Earthworm Eoseniaefetidae ................................................................. 36

Diana Andrews, Mary Rini Thomas, Jitha Balachandran, Kavya Sanil, Ramees Babu, Jamsheer K and Anjana J.C

29. Antimicrobial Activity of Henna Against Major Human ................ 36 Niveditha K., Athira M. Nair, Aswathy A., Arya Raju,

Suramyamol S.S. and Maya Mathew

30. Antimicrobial Activity of Henna Against Major Human Pathogens ........................................................................................ 37

Safareena C.V., Suha Sharafudheen, Nefla N., Prajitha K. and Farisha Landuranganduvar

31. A Study on Isolation of Fungi from Surface Water ........................... 38 Manuel Thomas and M. Thangavel

32. Consumption of Bakery Products: School Children’s Preferences and its Outcome ................................................................... 39

Resmi Devi S. R.

33. Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacterial Species from Different Crop Fields of Kerala, India .......... 40

Pooja J.A., Haneefa M.K, Foumitha C.J., Nima T.G., Sikha K.S. and Devika Ravidranath

34. Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Plants of the Family Nyctaginaceae ..................................................................... 41

Minu Elizabeth Paul and Dr. Nisha P.

35. Insecticidal Effect of Crude Extracts of Manihot Esculenta and Adenocalymma Alliaceum on the Third Instar Larvae of Oryctes Rhinoceros ...................................................... 42

Uma Surendran, Aswathi Anilkumar and ParvathySyam

36. Insecticidal Effect of Crude Extracts of ChromolaenaOdorata and AllivumSativumon the third Instar Larvae of Oryctes Rhinoceros ...................................................... 43

Uma Surendran, Parvathy Syam and Aswathi Anilkumar

37. Assessment of Microbial Quality of Ready to Drink Foods and water from a Public Health Perspective ......................... 44

Grace Baby, Simi P, Chinchu V. R, Saritha K.R, Ria Elsa Roy and Mukundan M. K.

38. Developments in Stem Cell Technology: Moral, Ethical and Patenting Concerns ............................................................................. 45

Rujitha Shenoy and Stonshia Braun

39. Screening and Optimization of Biosurfactant Production by the Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria ................................................. 46

Gisha Elizabeth Koshy and Elza John

40. Antagonstic Effect of Trichodermaviride Against Plant Pathogenic Fungus Phytophthoracapsici ............................................. 47

Sreelakshmi Rajesh and Nisha P.

41. Angiosperms of Iringole Kavu, Permbavoor, Ernakulam District, Kerala .............................................................................................. 48

Jithasree Jayaram and Nisha P.

42. Green Audit- A Case Study of St Xavier’s Colege for Women, Aluva ............................................................................................................................. 49

Athira Venugopal, Archa Vijay, Unnimaya V. B., Lamiya K. K. and Naiji Josephine A. J.

43. Larvicidal Properties of Plant Species in the Control of Mosquito Larvae ........................................................................................... 50

Akshaya K.A.,Gayathri K., Safna Kareem, Arunima P.S. and Aswathy C.S.

44. Habitat Preference of Reptiles in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats ............................................................................................... 51

Anju B Kanjirakkattu, Dilmol Varghese, Gigi K Joseph and K V Vinod

45. A Study on the Habitat Preference of Spiders in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala ................................................................................. 52

Aswathy S, P.C. Mary, Gigi K. Joseph and Vinod K. V.

46. Antibacterial Activity of Various Extracts from Annona Muricata L and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Leaf Extract ..................................................................................................... 53

Laveena M. L., Anita Punnoose, Anjusha Soman, Manjusree A.S., Shani P. X., Anjitha Gopinath,and Lakshmi Govind A. G.

About KSCSTE activities ..................................................................................... 54

Book of Abstracts

International Conference on Immune Response in Health and Disease 24th & 25th January 2017 1

IMMUNE DISORDERS: MICROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Dr. Anup Poudyal, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science, Nepal

With the advent of technologies and our experience in clinical medicine, we had uncovered various phenomena that lie behind different clinical ailments that were previously undefined and thought to be the consequences of sin or bad omen.

Yes indeed we now know that the tiny microbes, invisible to our naked eye are the culprit behind simplest of boils to gravest of life threatening infections. The more we came to know about their potentials, the more we are linking them with various pathophysiologies that explain the disease process behind many public health related problems, one amongst the many, immune-disorders.

Immune disorders are caused by a variety of factors, may that be physical, chemical, hereditary or the matter of our concern, microbiological. It is now known and efficiently prevented and treated, the occurrence of acute rheumatic fever that may lead to rheumatic heart disease, crippling the life of the diseased. The devastation brought about by HIV infection and co-infection by impairing immune homeostasis is still not fully under the control of advancement in medical science. These are only a few and clearly defined examples of immune disorders encountered in our daily practice, a lot more yet to be uncovered. Except for a few stances like monoclonal antibodies, specific treatment is still at large and only symptomatic and supportive approaches are the basis of current treatment guidelines. Use of steroids and other immunosuppressants, though beneficiary, are not devoid of undesired effects.

So, as a clinical microbiologist, I would like to emphasize on the need of extensive study and researches to uncover the true microbial etiologies behind immune disorders that would help to design and implement various diagnostic, preventive and treatment strategies for the benefit of mankind.

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2 International Conference on Immune Response in Health and Disease 24th & 25th January 2017

IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES

Dr. Vinod Pallath, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Medical Education and Research Development Unit,

Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Chronic Lung Diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer are the predominant chronic lung diseases that have significantly emerged as global health concerns. A perturbed respiratory structure inefficient in performing the normal respiratory function is the result of the pathophysiological changes caused by chronic lung diseases. Among the pathophysiological changes, the immune mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic lung disease remains to be fully elucidated. Among the infectious causes of the persistent lung diseases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection still remains to be the most important health problem to be tackled. The attempt in this session is to understand the role of immune mechanisms in pathogenesis and restriction of these diseases.

Immune mechanism in a non-communicable chronic lung disease: Asthma An increased responsiveness of the respiratory epithelium to a diversity of

stimuli manifesting as narrowing of the air passages, dyspnea and wheezing defines asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. World Health Organization estimates that approximately 235 million people suffer from asthma, which is a common disease among children. Most asthma-related deaths occur in low- and lower-middle income countries. Asthma is the result of a persistent inflammation of the airways. As stated in the definition, it is an increased responsiveness of the respiratory epithelium. An exaggerated immune response termed as hypersensitivity or allergy to inhaled ‘allergens’ is considered central to the development of symptoms. The effects of this immune response resulting in asthma, is due to an interaction among the inflammatory cells (mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes), inflammatory mediators and cytokines. These responses are predominantly part of adaptive immune system. Emerging evidences also indicate towards the role of innate immune system in chronic retention of these manifestations. Acute respiratory

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viral infections during early years of life are shown to be triggering an immune axis of Interleukin 33 (IL-33) and IL-13, resulting in an increase in mucous secretion later in life, which in an attempt to protect the airway will cause more difficulties for the host.

Immune mechanisms in a persistent communicable lung infection: Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are approximately 9 million active cases reported annually worldwide. One third of world’s population is estimated to be infected with the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among these infected individuals only 5 to 10% will develop active tuberculosis.

Transmission of M. tuberculosis is through airborne droplet nuclei released during coughs of an infected individual. A large majority of the inhaled bacilli are trapped in the upper airways and expelled by ciliary mucosa. A small fraction reaches the alveoli. The influx of phagocytic cells including the resident alveolar macrophages and recruited neutrophils characterizes the early host response. These cells along with dendritic cells can become infected by the organism and their response to the infection leads to the formation and secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines. The outcome of this initial events is determined by the balance of lipid mediators such as prostalglandin E2 (induces apoptosis) or lipoxin A4 (induces necrosis) within the infected macrophages. The apoptotic cells can be further phagocytosed or efferocytosed by dendritic cells and macrophages. These events lead to the stimulation of adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune response involving the Th1 lymphocyte leads to the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ, resulting in the production of microbicidal factors and control of the infection. The Th1 response also orchestrates the formation of granulomas which are the most characteristic feature of tuberculosis. In the event of necrosis gaining the upper hand, one probable outcome is escape and multiplication of the bacterium, which are further phagoscytosed by the alveolar macrophages.

The above mentioned events represents the development of two host responses to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The macrophage activating response, resulting in development of activated macrophages

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capable of killing the ingested bacilli and a tissue damaging response (the Delayed Type Hypersensitivity: DTH) destroying non activated macrophages that contain multiplying bacilli. Although both these responses are capable of destroying the organism, the outcome of infection is determined by the balance between these responses.

The evidences also point to the fact that the nonspecific innate immune response by macrophage is in reality a partially pathogen-specific innate immune response, affecting the subsequent events. Along with these responses, specific regulatory pathways (involving IL-10 and regulatory T cells) that normally serve to limit the host induced immune pathology, may inadvertently promote pathogen persistence.

Concluding remarks:

Humans are blessed with an effective and efficient immune system, capable of tackling any possible threat to the existence of the species. Such a capable and powerful system also inadvertently and logically cause damage to the host. The more we understand the immune system and host pathogen interactions, the more we realizethe fact thatmajority of defenses the host orchestrates to prevent the invasion of pathogens are also responsible for the bulk of damages caused and the manifestations produced.

Further reading:

1. Manzanillo, P. S., Shiloh, M. U., Portnoy, D. A., & Cox, J. S. (2012). Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages. Cell Host & Microbe, 11(5), 469–480.

2. Dey, B., Dey, R. J., Cheung, L. S., Pokkali, S., Guo, H., Lee, J.-H., &Bishai, W. R. (2015). A bacterial cyclic dinucleotide activates the cytosolic surveillance pathway and mediates innate resistance to tuberculosis. Nature Medicine, 21(4), 401–406.

3. Blischak, J. D., Tailleux, L., Mitrano, A., Barreiro, L. B., & Gilad, Y. (2015). Mycobacterial infection induces a specific human innate immune response. Scientific Reports, 5, 16882.

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IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ORGAN TRANSPLANT

Dr. Nandakumaran Ponthenkandath, MBBS, DA, MD (Pune), MD (USA). ABA Certified Anesthesiologist,

5615, Ritz Way, Fair Oaks, CA 95628 USA ([email protected])301 385 1098(USA)

Permanent malfunction on of an organ system can be rectified by transplanting vital organs such as heart, lungs, liver, kidney or pancreas from a matching donor. Transplantation is also the act of transferring cells, tissues or appendages from one site to another in the same individual or from a donor. The draconian barrier to organ transplant is the recipient's own immune system which recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and initiates a cascade of responses leading to "rejection". Clear understanding of clinical events prior to rejection is of paramount importance for an early diagnosis and initiate treatment interventions to save the organ. Knowledge of immune system's quirky response to transplantation helps in the research and development of drugs, diagnostics and treatment modalities. Immunology, clinical stages of rejection, immunosuppressants and future therapies will be discussed.

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IMMUNITY THROUGH HOLISTIC APPROACH

Dr. Sr. Ruby CTC, Ph. D in Counselling Psychology

Prasanthi Counselling Centre, Edapally, Cochin, Kerala

Introduction Our physical and psychic immune systems are interconnected. It is hard to

separate one from the other, and in fact best results are obtained by working on health on both levels: physical and psychological. This paper is an attempt to acknowledge this interconnectedness and it suggest a holisticapproachto enhance mental immunity by defining the dynamism of defence mechanisms and stress and inoculating it with Donald Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training.

Concept of Psycho-immunity Like the body’s immune system there is also an immune system in the

mind which is known as psycho-immunity or mental immunity. It is the protection layer of the mind which provides the strength to an individual to fight against stress, fear, insecurity, inferiority and other negative thoughts and establish the mental balance. The dimensions of psycho-immunity mainly include self-esteem, adjustment, emotional maturity and good memories. Psycho-immunity level will be according to the level of the balance among them and higher the level of psycho-immunity, better would be mental health.

Holistic approaches to enhance psycho-immunity

• Defence mechanism Defence mechanism is an automatic reaction of the body against disease-causing organisms. Psychologically speaking it is a mental process initiated unconsciously to avoid experiencing conflict or anxiety.

• Stress Stress is the physiological and psychological strain and it is a multi-systemic. It intensifies when we fail to use healthy copying strategies or defence mechanisms.

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• Stress inoculation –Donald Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training Stress Inoculation Training is a cognitive-behavioural approach providing people with added psychological immunity against the effects of stress through a program of managed successful exposure to stressful situations. The approach was developed by Donald Meichenbaum.

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PERFECT PLATE FOR DIABETES AND WEIGHT LOSS- MEDITERRANEAN TO GOD’S OWN COUNTRY

Mr. James Joseph, Founder Jackfruit365.com, Director, God’s Own Food Solutions Private Ltd

For 60 years since its founding, Kerala took pride as the number one State

in the country on life expectancy, receiving praise from world renowned global health expert, professor Hans Rosling. Prof Rosling puts Kerala ahead of Washington DC on Human Health Index at a fraction of per capita income. However lifestyle diseases like Diabetes is now in the order of an epidemic in the state reducing the life expectancy of our adult population above the age group of 30. For the first time Kerala lost out its number one position on life expectancy to Jammu and Kashmir due to an alarming drop in life expectancy after the age of 30 compared to J&K as per 2010-14 census Data. Root cause of our problem with Diabetes and Lifestyle diseases is the rapid increase of starch in our diet over the past 60 years through rice, wheat, and tubers like cassava. Through years of policy interventions we were able to make starch more affordable but the over correction is now hurting our health than helping it. In order for Kerala to get back and retain our number one position in life expectancy, we have to cut back our starch consumption from half a plate to a quarter as recommended by American Diabetes Association and increase consumption of our grossly under utilised unripe fruits, vegetables and legumes.

This paper will scientifically explain why one of Kerala’s oldest traditions of eating unripe jackfruit as a meal is the perfect plate for Diabetes and Weigh-loss. Author will present results from the first glycemic research conducted on unripe jackfruits from Kerala at Sydney University. The paper will also present a global parallel between the Mediterranean Diet, now considered as the perfect plate for Diabetes and Weight-loss, and our God’s Own Plate through a 40000 year old early man migration and human settlement.

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DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN CONTEXT OF INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT

Dr. Lok Behadur Shrestha Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology

B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) also known as kala-azar is endemic in eastern- central terai of Nepal, Bihar in India and Bangladesh that accounts for more than 90% of global burden in the world. These regions are also known as domestic heart land of visceral leishmaniasis. The disease is caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected female sandflies. Currently, VL elimination programme is running in these regions that are based on the early detection, case treatment and vector control. The early case detection is based on the antibody-based test called as rk39, which suffers to distinguish between present and past infection. However, other diagnostic tests like microscopy, culture and PCR are available but each test has several challenges for the case detection in context of running elimination programme. Therefore, diagnostic challenges are huge hurdle to achieve the goal of elimination strategies in Indian subcontinent.

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GUT MICROBIOTA AND AUTOIMMUNITY

Dr. Gopal Nath, M.D., Ph.D., F.AM.S Professor of Microbiology,

Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005

The human microbiota is the entire collection of microorganisms living on the surface and inside our body. Consequently, we have two genomes, one inherited from our parents and the other acquired, i.e., the microbiome. This concept is the basis of the definition of humans as “superorganisms”. The most important difference between these two genomes is that, while the inherited genome remains almost stable during lifetime, the microbiome is extremely dynamic and can be influenced by a number of factors, among which age, diet and hormonal cycles, travel, therapies, and illness.

Humans are born sterile and microbial colonization begins immediately at birth. The establishment of the infant microbiota appears to be mainly influenced by the type of delivery and the subsequent feeding practices. In addition, a number of studies have identified a high intra-individual variability in the infant microbiota composition, especially during the first year of life; it assumes a more adult-like pattern when the host reaches 3 years of life. A longitudinal microbiome analysis, carried out on different biological samples collected from the same healthy adults at different time points, has shown not only the presence of specific microbial signatures in the body sites evaluated, but also a great intra-individual variability over time. Only in the human colon does microbial cell density exceed 1011 cells/g contents, being equivalent to 1–2 kg of body weight. In addition, it has been estimated that the human gut microbiome accounts for more than 5 million different genes, which is too big as compared to 30,000 genes of humans. It is now known that over 1,000 different species colonize the human gut, all of which belong to a small number of phyla. Remarkably, given this high inter-individual variability in the gut microbiota composition, a core gut microbiome, shared by healthy adults, has been identified, which suggests that it plays a role in the maintenance of health status. To date, a number of functions have been associated to the core microbiome including:

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i) Polysaccharide digestion, ii) Immune system development, iii) Defence against infections, iv) Synthesis of vitamins, v) Fat storage, vi) Angiogenesis regulation, vii) Behaviour development.

Interestingly, genes encoded by the human core microbiome encode proteins required for host survival, but not present in the human genome, this finding led to the definition of the microbiome as “our forgotten organ”. Immune system development is somehow regulated and modified by the micro biota of an individual in both ways; beneficial as well as harmful. Autoimmune diseases have registered an alarming increase worldwide since the end of the Second World War. This pandemic includes more than 80 autoimmune disorders and increases in both the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes. It is far more commonly found in women and is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in female children and women of all age groups. Symptoms involve many medical specialties and can affect all body organs. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors (including infections), and gut dysbiosisplay major roles in the development of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity develops over time, and preclinical autoimmunity precedes clinical disease by many years and can be detected in the peripheral blood in the form of circulating autoantibodies. Initially, symptoms of autoimmune disorders are vague and include fatigue, low-grade fever, muscle and joint aches, and malaise. They usually progress and become debilitating with significant morbidity. Factors such as genetics, the environment, infections, and the gut microbiota all play a role in the mediation of autoimmune disorders. There have been tremendous recent advances in our understanding of the interplay of these factors. It is clear that the gut microbiota has a profound and long-term effect starting at birth on the host immune system. It is also evident that it plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases both inside and outside the gut. Mechan isms hypothesized to be involved in the breakdown of tolerance may be:

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Failure to delete auto reactive lymphocytes Central tolerance failure Peripheral tolerance failure Molecular mimicry Abnormal presentation of self antigens Aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules Coupling of self and nonself antigens Overproduction of self antigens Disclosure of cryptic T-cell epitopes Release of sequestered self antigens Epitope spreading Polyclonal lymphocyte activation

Microbiome plays a role in the maintenance of a healthy state in adulthood. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome could lead to pathological dysbiosis, and have been related to an increasing number of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. With the increase in knowledge about gut microbiome functions, it is becoming increasingly more possible to develop novel diagnostic, prognostic and, most important, therapeutic strategies based on microbiome manipulation. There are still questions that remain to be answered: does the immune system shape the gut microbiota or vice-versa? This complex and dynamic symbiosis needs further elucidation and may help in determining the outcome of autoimmune diseases in patients. Antigen mimicry may be one of the most important mechanisms leading to autoimmunity. However, other mechanisms like abnormal presentation of self antigens, coupling of self and nonself antigens, epitope spreading and polyclonal lymphocyte activation deserve to be explored in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. If we can pin point the causative aetiology in terms of infectious agent/s as we could do in cases of rheumatic heart disease, will help the clinicians to assist the patient by being aware of the triggers of autoimmune disorders and monitoring immune and autoimmune markers in the peripheral blood, thereby being able to take preventive measures to hopefully avert the progression towards an autoimmune disease. In this way our Indian

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conventional medicine system of Ayurveda becomes extremely relevant where emphasis is given on Aahar (Food, can change the composition of gut floora), Vihar (Exercise, effects the bicro biome) and Vichar (thought process, effects the immune response) to deal with problem of autoimmunity. Moreover, if single pathogen is proved to be the culprit, they can be eradicated by specific therapy such as bacteriophage therapy leading to the cure of that autoimmune disease.

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OPTIMIZING THE USE OF TUMOR MARKERS IN A RESOURCE CONSTRAINT SETTINGS

Lamsal M, Belbase NP, Agrawal CS, Pokherel PK, Agrawal S and Shakya VC. Corresponding address: Department of Biochemistry, BP Koirala Institute of

Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, [email protected] ; [email protected]

The occurrence and development of tumor and its metastatization to cancer involves the interplay between the genetic build up and the environmental factors. Tumor markers constitute chemically diverse biomolecules such as glycoproteins, enzymes, nuclear proteins, hormones, receptors , nucleic acids etc., which are endogenously produced by the proliferating cells that has attained some degree of autonomy. Detection and estimation of tumor markers in the body fluids has importance in the diagnosis, staging and management of tumors, more so in the earlier stage of tumorogenesis. Therefore, such markers should possess higher sensitivity and speficity to discriminate between tumors and normal cells and tissues for its clinical applications and overall acceptability. However, not many tumor markers fulfill these criteria.

Globally, prostatic cancer and breast cancers have been recognized as the major causes of mortality and morbidity due to cancers in males and females respectively. The importance of measuring PSA, a serine protease in blood of males aged over 50 years and high risk population has been advocated due to its advantage in detection of prostatic tumor at the earlier stages and better interventional outcome in lowering the mortality. However, PSA screening in low and middle risk population still remains without any consensus.

Our study revealed that at a cutoff of 4.0ng/dL, PSA exhibits higher sensitivity with positive predictive values of 19% in detecting adenocarcinoma prostate. If combined with DRE and TRUCET biopsy, PSA would perform better as an ideal tumor marker in population screening. Hence, combining the laboratory values of tumor markers with imaging modalities would be better option than relying on the tumor makers alone. Therefore, a judicious choice of using tumor markers in a resource constraint setting is advocated taking into consideration the technical aspects of the test and also the socio-demographic set up for its acceptability and affordability.

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IMMUNE MODULATION IN CANCER

Dr. Wesley M. Jose Associate Professor

Medical Oncology and Hematology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi

Immunity in general parlance suggests body’s inherent ability to fend off invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and preventing a state of disease. On the other hand an overzealous immune system is understood to harm ones own body (also referred to as autoimmunity) leading to diseases like lupus and other rheumatologic disorders. However to a large extent the role of immune system in relation to non-infectious and non-autoimmune conditions especially malignancies are rarely understood.

The past few decades have witnessed ever expanding knowledge regarding the effect of immune dysfunction in occurrence and progression of cancer. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a classical example to prove connect between malignancy and a disrupted immune system. A poorly functioning immunity in AIDS allows initiation, promotion and progression of several malignancies like Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer which have now come to be termed as AIDS defining cancers.

There are three important concepts related to immune function viz. immune surveillance, immune tolerance and immune escape.

• Immune Surveillance is the natural mechanism which detects and destroys not just invasive disease causing organisms but also the host cells which attain a malignant phenotype. Every individual in their lifetime have the potential to produce abnormally multiplying cells leading to cancer. Immune surveillance provides the means of keeping it under check. This process involves both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.

• Immune tolerance is the reason for immune system to function well and not cause harm to self. For immunity to detect abnormal activity, the cells should exhibit antigens that are not found in the normal cells.

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• Immune Escape is the mechanism employed by the tumor cells to escape immune-mediated destruction by the expressing immunosuppressive factors.

The host immune system being manipulated to destroy tumor cells to ones advantage had its beginning in the early 1970’s with the discovery of dendritic cells which were found to be involved in antigen processing and presenting it to the cell surface for further effect by T cells. This was followed by a barrage of clinically relevant achievements in field of immunotherapy starting from use of BCG in urinary bladder cancer to now anti PD1 drug Nivolumab in Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

The present strategies of immunotherapy include use of cytokines (interleukin 2; interferon alpha), cell based therapies (vaccines; adoptive cellular therapy); immune checkpoint blockade (anti CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies, anti PD1 and anti PDL1 antibody). Cytokines and majority cell based therapies primarily work by stimulating the host immune system and has become a success story in treatment of skin cancer called melanoma. Adoptive cell therapy exploits the antitumor properties of the lymphocytes whereas immune check point inhibitors aims at breaking the tumor induced tolerance among tumor-specific T-cells.

In spite of the simple-sounding concept of using the host immunity to control malignancy, the responses to treatment were never predictable. The initial studies reported very low and short lasting response rates to treatment in unselected population. The observation of differential responses in patients treated with immunotherapy lead to the question of whether certain biomarkers would predict the treatment outcomes in malignant conditions. Studies evaluating immunotherapy biomarkers have identified mutational load, lymphocyte infiltrates, PDL-1 expression, genetic profiling as some of the predictive biomarkers.

Single agent treatments as well as combinations of immunomodulatory antibodies with each other and with conventional chemotherapy regimens have yielded good response rates and provided a decent progression free survival. The initial studies of immunotherapy concentrated on melanoma but have now

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over the years expanded to include prostate, breast, lung and renal cancer. Some of the drugs already available in the clinic today include Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab.

Major disadvantages of immunotherapy include severe immune related systemic toxicity, narrow window of efficacy and high cost of therapy.

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CLINICAL ASPECTS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

Dr. Shibu Jacob, Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore

Kidney transplantation represents the epitome of immune system manipulation in medical science. Non communicable diseases are on the rise in India and so is the prevalence of patients with kidney failure. The best option of treatment is transplantation. Both live and deceased donor transplants happen currently. Immunological assessment of the recipient prior to transplantation holds the key for a successful outcome both in the short term and long term. Cross match identifies the suitable donor. It is an antigen antibody reaction with multiple sophisticated methods of performing it for best results. Rejection is the immunological reaction that causes a catastrophic graft kidney failure in transplant patients. There are multiple medications available that tweak the immune system to prevent this dreaded outcome based on our evolving understanding of human immunity. Immunology holds the key for future of transplant medicine.

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PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS ISOLATED FROM ENDODONTIC

INFECTIONS

Anitha Roy1* and R.V Geetha2

1Assistant Profesor & Research Scholar Department of Pharmacology 2Assistant Profesor & Research Scholar Department of Microbiology

Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai-77

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most prevalent bacteria found in endodontic infections and are frequently isolated from root filled canals. Virulence factors of E. faecalis play a key role in its pathogenicity. Some of its most important factors are adherence, aggregation formation, enterolysin etc. This study focuses on the characterizing the genes encoding for virulence which would be useful in determining its role in dental infections. To detect the presence of genes encoding virulence factors in E. faecalis strains isolated from endodontic infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification

A total of 40 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were collected from patients undergoing endodontic treatment. The isolates were subjected to conventional tests and confirmed. Phenotypic characterization was done by dectetion of haemolytic and gelatinase activity. For Genotypic characterization DNA was extracted, quantified and identified Spectrophotometrically and Electrophoretically. The following genes efaA (endocarditis associated antigen), ace (collagen binding protein) and esp (enterococcal surface protein), were amplified by PCR amplification technique, using specific primer and conditions. Haemolytic activity was found only in 4 out of 40 isolates (10%) and Gelatinase activity was found in 7 (17.5%). The results of PCR for virulence gene screening showed that out of 40 isolates 32 showed amplification of efa A (80%), 28 (70%) showed amplification of ace gene and 25 (62.5%) showed amplification of esp gene. So we can conclude that there may be a correlation between virulence factors detected and pathogenicity of E. faecalis.

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PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PHOSPHORYLATED STAT3 AND SURVIVIN EXPRESSION IN BREAST CANCER

Prabha Pillai1 and Lakshmi S2

1Department of Zoology, NSS Hindu College, Changanacherry. 2Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. In

India, it is the second most common cancer in women after cervical cancer. Understanding the molecular basis of breast cancer and increasing each patient’s chance of survival is important. Transcription factors are incongruously activated in breast tumors. Among these are Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) which serves as both cytoplasmic signal transducers and transcription activators controlling gene expression. Apoptosis is a conserved genetic program essential for the development and homeostasis of the immune system. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that is frequently expressed in tumors. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of primary breast tumor samples and normal breast tissues revealed an elevated expression of STAT3 and Survivin at the mRNA level and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and Survivin at the protein level expression in breast tumor samples. Expression of p-STAT3 at the protein level was strongly associated with clinic opathological features of breast cancer patients such as patient’s age, parity, metastatic lymph nodes and histology grade. Survivin demonstrated strong positive associations with tumor stage and tumor grade. Further, p-STAT3 significantly associated with Survivin in breast tumor samples. Expression of p-STAT3 and Survivin at the protein level demonstrated an inverse association with overall survival of cancer patients. Therefore, p-STAT3 along with its downstream target, Survivin may be used as molecular marker to predict poor prognosis in breast cancer.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE AND STAR FRUIT

Aswathy S Nair1, Hana Hydrose1, Ancilly Davis1, Swathy Suresh1 and Anjana J.C2

1MSc. Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and 2Assistant Professor, Department of Bioscience

SNGIST Arts and Science College, Manakkapady, N. Paravur, Kerala Email : [email protected]

The search of biologically active compounds from plants has been of great interest to scientists looking for new sources of useful drugs against infectious diseases. In the present study, total phenolics, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of pomegranate peel and star fruit were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu, 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and well diffusion methods, respectively, and compared among the accessions. The natural products have been evaluated as sources of antimicrobial agents with efficacies against a variety of microorganisms. The phytochemical screening were also done. The total phenolic content, flavanoids and ellagic acid was estimated. The further characterization of the extracts by thin layer chromatography and GCMs were performed to elucidate the active principle in the extract. Thus these findings support the improvement and the selection for obtaining natural products with well-defined biological properties.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antioxidant, phenolic content, thin layer chromatography.

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A STUDY OF TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF NANO SILVER IN VERTEBRATES USING CHICK EMBRYO AS A MODEL

Aysha Beevi C.I, Annie Mathew1, Gisha Sivan2, and K.J Benny3 1Final year Bsc Zoology St. Albert’s college

2Assistant professor department of zoology 3Associate professor &head of the department of zoology

*corresponding author, St. Albert’s college Ernakulam

Recently nanotechnology has revolutionized the technological progress and is predicted to be one of the key technologies of the 21st century. An increasingly common application is the use of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial coatings. Many textiles, keyboards, wound dressings, and biomedical devices now contain silver nanoparticles that continuously release a low level of silver ions to provide protection against bacteria. It is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical applications and in consumer goods. In the present investigation an attempt was made to study the teratogenic effect of nano silver in the developing chick embryo. Control and nano silver treated eggs were incubated for 7 days. 48 hour, 72 hour, 6 days and 7 day old chick embryos were dissected out; micrometric measurement of different parts of the embryo treated with nano silver and control were taken and compared. A considerable decline in the growth was observed in embryos treated with nano silver. This result obtained from the present study shows that the nano silver has a significant effect in the development of chick. If it is not judiciously used it can cause serious problems to the living world and will become a potential threat to the environment.

Key words: Nano silver,teratology

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAF EXTRACT OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI

Amitha T. R, Sabrin K, Aswathy N. J., Aswathy. T. R, Aswathy C. S, Shameera K.M, Mridula S. and Reshma M.J.

Department of biosciences, SNGIST Arts and Science College, N.paravur

In the present study the antimicrobial of crude aqueous extracts of leaves of Averrhoa bilimbi were studied. Antimicrobial activity was tested against three important pathogenic bacteria including both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and three fungi. The bacteria used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coliand Klebsiellasp. Disc diffusion technique was used for invitro antibacterial and antifungal screening. Here streptomycin disc (10mcg /disc) was used as standard for antibacterial study. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against most of the bacterial strains. The tested fungi were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum. The extracts showed moderate to good antifungal activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were also determined. The present study showed the presence of several bioactive secondary metabolites that singly or in combination may be responsible for the defense mechanism against microorganisms. For the development of antimicrobial agents, plants are important resources of potentially useful structures, because they are available, thus cost-effective, therefore in vitro antimicrobial activity assay is the preliminary step towards this goal.

Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Averrhoa bilimbi, Disc diffusion technique

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DEVELOPMENT OF PHYTO DRUG LOADED NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED HYDROGEL NANOCOMPOSITE AND THEIR

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Serine R.N., Anoopa R.T., Anjana K.R., Sruthy P.S., Prasheetha P.K., Mridula S. and Reshma M.J.

Department of Biosciences, SNGIST Arts and Science College, N. Paravur

Polymer nanocomposites represent an important stake in scientific research

and offer a combination of properties with respect to single components. The present work deals with nanocomposite hydrogels obtained from alginate, a biobased polymer, which is employed as a biocompatible matrix for the encapsulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Alginate nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained through crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2). The effect of the encapsulation of AgNPs within alginate hydrogels on their porous structure and the AgNP dispersion was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy. The release studies of phytodrug was done for a 24 hour interval. Finally, nanocompositealginate hydrogels were found to be effective against various bacteria and fungi. Therefore, the present work proposes a nanocomposite alginate hydrogel as an antimicrobial topical applicant in dermatological field.

Keywords: Alginate, Silver nanoparticles, Nanocomposite

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A STUDY ON THE RADIOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF CARUM COPTICUM LINN.

Revathy Babu1, Ajaykumar K.B2 and Jose Padikkala2. 1Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Sree Sankara College, Kalady

2 Department of Plant Biotechnology, Amala Cancer Centre, Trissur

Cancer is a disorder in which several molecular changes are involved to initiate normal cells to form cancerous cells. According to estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2012 there were 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths worldwide. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.7 million new cancer cases. The most commonly used modalities of cancer are chemotherapy and radiotherapy. But these therapies are not devoid of disturbing side effects. Hence, the search is still on to find novel drugs that can act as chemoprotectors/ radioprotectors which will serve as powerful immune as well as antioxidant enhancing drugs. The present study reports for the first time the radioprotective activity of 70% methanolic extract of Carum copticum seed, against γ - irradiation induced radioprotective animal models. The administration of C. Copticum seeds extract (50mg/kg b. wt and 100 mg/kg b. wt) significantly reduced the γ radiation induced damage in a dose dependent manner. The phytochemical screening of the plant showed the presence of terpenes and polyphenols. So in the present study it can be concluded that the radio-protective activity of C. copticum is due to the presence of these compounds and its antioxidant effects.

Key Words: Cancer, Radioprotective, Carrum copticum, γ radiation.

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ASSESSMENT OF CYSTATIN C LEVEL IN METABOLIC SYNDROME

*Shrijana Shrestha, Lal Chandra, Suman Sapkota, Shankar Majhi, Prahlad Karki and Madhab Lamsal.

*Correspondence address: Assistant professor, Department of Biochemistry, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Science, Nepal

Email: [email protected]

Objectives: Serum Cystatin-C is an emerging potential biomarker for detecting the earlier state of renal damage. Recent studies have proposed links between metabolic syndrome and renal damage. In this study, we investigated the association of Cystatin-C levels with components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional hospital based study, we included 50 patients (twenty three females and twenty seven males) with the metabolic syndrome and 50 healthy controls after taking their informed consent. Metabolic syndrome was defined using WHO (1999 criteria). Serum Cystatin-C was estimated by Immuno-turbidimetric assay using Accent 200 Biochemical Analyzer. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), urinary creatinine was measured by cobas c311 Roche-Hitachi chemistry analyzer. Microalbumin was assayed by Solid phase immunometric assay by NycoCard® analyzer. Anthropometric measurements like waist circumference, weight, height, blood pressure was taken. Waist to hip ratio, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Normally distributed data determined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Nonparametric test of Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Among all the components of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, (rs=0.229 p=0.022) urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) (rs=0.244 p=0.015), and microalbumin (rs=0. 236 p=0. 018) levels were positively correlated with Cystatin-C level in the patient with metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Cystatin-C level was raised in metabolic syndrome patients.Its level is significantly/positively correlated with hypertension and microalbuminuria among the components of metabolic syndrome. Keywords: Cystatin-C; metabolic syndrome; microalbumin

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HONEY AS A COMPLEMENTARY THERAPEUTIC PRODUCT OF HONEY BEES

Leena Alexander1 and Thilagavathy Daniel2 1Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka

2Retired Professor, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Tamil Nadu

The fresh unprocessed honey samples gathered from various eco-habitats of Karnataka were categorized into unifloral honey samples from the plains and hills and multifloral honey samples from the plains, hills and forests. These honey samples varied in their colour, aroma and chemical composition. The quantitative tests for the total polyphenolic and total flavonoid content of these honey samples revealed that all the samples contained polyphenols in varying amounts; it was observed that the multifloral honey from the forests had higher content of polyphenols than the other honey types. It ranged from 15.42±0.821 to 98.23±0.25 mg/g RE. However, the total flavonoid content was found in much lower quantity than the polyphenolic content, it ranged from2.06±0.121 to 34.26±0.651 mg/g RE.

The honey samples showed a linear concentration dependent activity of neutralizing the nitric oxide free radicals and a strong positive correlation existed between the radical scavenging activity of honey and their total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. The results of the antimicrobial activity of the honey samples showed that the Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was less susceptible to the antimicrobial activity of honey than the Gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The present investigation on the 25 honey samples undertaken to re-evaluate the efficacy of honey shows that honey can be used as a complementary therapeutic product.

Key words: unifloral, multifloral, antioxidant, antimicrobial and complementary

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A STUDY ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COBALT FERRITE NANOPARTICLES

Thahreem Fathima1, Vandhana T.M.1, Aiswarya Lakshmi.S1 and K. Manjusha2*

1 Department of Zoology,St. Xavier’s College for Women, Aluva *2 Corresponding author Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College for

Women, Aluva, E-mail:[email protected]

Nanotechnology is a key area of research in modern material science. This technology is capable of providing applications that range from innovative fabric compounds to sophisticated medicinal techniques. Studies on the antimicrobial property of nanoparticles have gained importance in the recent studies by medical researchers, due to the interest towards particles of nanometer scale and an increase in antibiotic resistance among microbes. It has become important to find substitutes which can act against the pathogens without disturbing the immunological status of human body. The nanoparticles used in this study are those of cobalt ferrite oxide as such and in their silver doped form. These particles were synthesized and provided by the Department of Physics, St. Xavier’s College for Women. These nanoparticles are considered important because of past experiments done in antibacterial studies and taking into account their magnetic properties. In this work, the antibacterial activity of ferrite nanoparticles against Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens were investigated using well-diffusion method. The preliminary investigations suggest that the silver doped ferrite nanoparticles were more efficient than the un-doped particles in inhibiting bacteria. Silver doped ferrite nanoparticles were effective against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Water was found to be ideal medium of dispersion. It clear from this study that, silver doped cobalt ferrite NP holds great promise as antibacterial agent and scope of being employed in therapy as they are also suited for targeted drug delivery.

Keywords: cobalt ferrite nanoparticles; silver nanoparticles; antibacterial activity; well diffusion method.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A POTENT MARINE MANGROVE YEAST Y17 FOR ANTIMICROBIAL

ACTIVITY

Arya R. J, K. Manjusha*

Dept of Microbiology ,St. Xavier’s college for Women Aluva. * Corresponding author

Mangroves are a unique ecosystem. This marine habitat is unparalleled by

virtue of harbouring multifarious, flora and fauna. Even though there has been considerable research on marine bacteria, studies on marine yeasts are limited. Yeasts as a eukaryotic microbe, is of importance for its nutritional quality and bioactivity. The antagonistic property of yeast has been put to use in various food and beverage processing industries as well as in agriculture as natural bio-control agents. The present study was focused on the isolation, characterization of yeasts with antimicrobial activity. For the study sediment samples were collected from mangrove areas of Vyppin. Isolation of yeasts was done on Malt-yeast-glucose-peptone agar (Wickerham’s Media) supplemented with 200 mg/l chloramphenicol. Identification of the isolates up to generic level was done based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The growth of the isolates at various pH, temperature and salinity was also investigated. The screening for bioactive compounds revealed that, the yeast strain Y17 was capable of producing hydrolytic enzyme lipase and also exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria. The detection of antibacterial activity using disc diffusion showed that the yeast isolate was capable of inhibiting the test strains of E. coli, Staphylococcus and Bacillus sp. The culture was further studied using well diffusion method. Molecular identification of the potent isolate based on ITS region revealed that isolate Y 17 was Candida tropicalis. From this study it can be concluded that marine yeasts of mangroves are a promising source of bioactive compounds. Of course, further studies are required before they can be used industrially.

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RELATIVE STUDY ON EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT HAEMOGLOBIN CHAINS IN HOMO SAPIENS

Sinoy Johnson1 and Vincent Terrence Rebello2* Final year BSc Zoology, St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam.

Associate Professor, St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam. *2 Correspondence e-mail: [email protected]

In most vertebrates, haemoglobin (Hb), the iron-containing oxygen-

transport metalloprotein, is a hetero-tetramer composed of two dissimilar globin chains, the alpha and beta chains. In addition, haemoglobin is found to exist in other forms by substituting these typical globin subunits with modified residues. In the present investigation, the peptide sequences of ten different globin chains present in human beings (Homo sapiens), namely, the Alpha, Beta, Gamma 1, Gamma 2, Delta, Epsilon, Mu, theta, Zeta and Myoglobin chains were considered for analysis. The multiple amino acid sequences obtained from NCBI and UniProt databases were analysed using the ALIGN tool to determine similar and variant regions. A phylogenetic tree was illustrated which depicts the relation among variants. The study reveals that the alpha and beta chains, being the most stable forms, have experienced divergent evolution to form the other six variants, which allow them to take up different functions producing other haemoglobin molecules. The ancestral haemoglobin chain has undergone functional divergence to form two broad groups of globin chains – the alpha and beta like chains. It can also be inferred that, these globins share a common ancestry with molecules like myoglobin. Advanced studies in this area may open possibilities in the diagnosis and treatment of haemoglobin associated diseases like Thalassemia and Sickle cell anaemia at the molecular level. Furthermore, the sequence of ancestral globin could be deduced by the method of maximum likelihood. This creates the possibility of resurrecting the ancestral globin molecule by molecular modelling, spreading the exposure for studies on evolutionary past.

Key words: Homo sapiens, Haemoglobin, Globin subunits, divergent evolution, NCBI, UniProt, ALIGN, Phylogenetic tree.

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS FROM SIMAROUBA GLAUCA AND SYNTHESIS OF SILVER

NANOPARTICLES FROM THE LEAF EXTRACT

Mariya Raju, Thara Paul, Betsy Thankachan, Haritha murali, Jincy Joy and Neeraja Vijay

Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College for Women, Aluva, Kerala

Simaroubaglauca has a long history in herbal medicine in many countries. It is one the important herbal drugs used against dysentery hence its bark is also known as dysentery bark. The bark and leaf extracts of Simarouba is well known for its different types of pharmacological properties such as hemostatic, anti–helminthic, anti-parasitic, anti-dysenteric, anti-pyretic, and anti-cancerous. The bark is used to cure fever, malaria, stomach and bowl disorders, haemorrahages, ameobiasis, as well as leaf ,fruit pulp and seeds are possessing medicinal properties such as analgesic, anti-microbial, anti- viral, stomachic tonic and vermifuse. The crude ethanol and methanol extracts from dried leaves and bark of Simaroubaglauca were tested for their inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Psuedomonas aeruginosa. Screening for anti-bacterial activity using disc diffusion assay showed the inhibition against entire tested microoorganisms. Nanotechnology is emerging as a rapidly growing field with its application in science and technology for the purpose of manufacturing new materials at nano scale level. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of AgNO3nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant of Simaroubaglauca. They were synthesized by mixing aqueous extracts and 1mm of AgNO3, the formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing colour changes and it was confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometer, SEM,XRD the result of various techniques confirmed the presence of AgNO3 nanoparticles.

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NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Lakshmi T. and Anitha Roy* Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacology,

Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai.

End stage renal disease, is the last stage of kidney disease and it is life threatening and often cause fatal complications, like cardiovascular disease. End stage renal disease is a growing public health issue with prominent increase and prevalence in developed & developing countries with high rates of morbidity and mortality. It worsens the quality of life. The life expectancy of these patients is up to four to five years. Interleukin -6 is a major factor responsible for the mortality in ESRD patients. Treatment cost for renal replacement therapy in End stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is too high annually. Strategies are developed to overcome to minimize the medical expenditure. Novel innovative Strategies were developed for End stage renal disease (ESRD) includes Wearable kidney, Nanotechnology, Regenerative medicine. This poster focuses on the different advanced strategies like Transplantation of Bioengineered kidney, Kidney regeneration and cell replacement, Wearable kidney –Dialysis machine, Continuous dialysis therapy at home. In conclusion, Cell therapy shall provide a promising hope for management of chronic renal failure. It also replaces the lifelong hemodialysis & hemofiltration.

Keywords: End stage renal disease, Renal replacement, Therapy, Transplantation, Hemodialysis.

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HERBAL MEDICINE

Dr. V. Vishnu Priya Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College &

Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai – 600 077.

Herbal medicine, also known as herbalism, is a medical system based on the use of plants or plant extracts that may be eaten or applied to the skin. Since ancient times, herbal medicine has been used by many different cultures throughout the world to treat illness and to assist bodily functions. Herbs are also used in many traditions as a preventive action to boost immune function and promote general wellbeing before any disease occurs and restore thee bodies’ health and function. WHO estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal medicines are one type of dietary supplemants. They are sold as tablets, capsules, powders, teas, extracts, and fresh or dried plants. The most common ways on how herbal medicine are taken are as Decoctions are made by boiling barks, roots and berries to extract the active ingredients. Tinctures, Infusions are made like teas, Infused Oils, Creams are made from herbs. Garlic, ginger regulate cholesterol and blood pressure levels, common cold and flu, boost body circulation. Gingko - most commonly used to improve memory. Ginseng - used to boost the immune system and decrease fatigue. also used for lungs conditions and reduce blood pressure. Lavender - aromatic oil, and can be used to treat exhaustion to headaches, indigestion to depression Chamomile - herb used for indigestion, stress relief, anxiety, and insomnia. The use of herbal remedies is more prevalent in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma and various diseases. Multiple factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education and social class are also shown to have association with prevalence of herbal remedies use.

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THE STUDY AND ENUMERATION OF DIVERSE MICROFLORA IN THE GUT OF EARTHWORM (Eosenia fetidae)

Muhsina Jaleel1, Ashith V.S1, Sreenath1, Jaisna V.M1 and Anjana J.C2 1BSc. Microbiology, Department of Bioscience and 2Assistant Professor,

Department of Bioscience SNGIST Arts and Science College, Manakkapady, N.Paravur, Kerala

Email : [email protected]

Earthworms belonging to Phylum Annelida, Class Chaetopoda, and Order Oligochaeta occupy a unique position in animal kingdom. These invertebrate animal models provide phenomenal alternatives for research. In the present study, the distribution of microorganisms in the gut of earthworm, Eosenia fetidae was performed. The vermibeds were prepared with cow dung and pre-decomposed leaf litter. The population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were determined in the gut regions (foregut, midgut and hindgut) of earthworm E. fetidae. The predominant microorganisms found in the foregut, midgut and hindgut were bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi respectively. It was observed that there are variations in the population of microorganisms in the foregut, midgut and hindgut. This report shows the distribution of various microorganisms in the gut regions and how it favors the animal to have a healthy life in the environment. Earthworms promises to provide cheaper solutions to several social, economic and environmental problems of human society. The earthworms have a much wider scope of application that is no longer limited to ecology, but most importantly includes immunology and medical field.

Keywords: Earthworm, environment, gut, microorganisms, vermibed.

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NEEM LEAVES AND MANGO LEAVES

Niveditha K., Athira M. Nair*, Aswathy A., Arya Raju and Suramyamol S.S. M.Sc. Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College for Women,

Aluva, Kerala. *[email protected]

The uses of medicinal plants have a long history throughout the world and herbal preparation, includes herbal extracts can be found in the pharmacopeias of numerous countries in recent years there has been resistance of interest on herbal remedies worldwide, partly because of the realization that the modern medicine is not capable of providing cure all solution against human diseases and that the presence of unwanted side effects is almost unavoidable. Natural compounds contain in medicinal plants can provide unique therapeutic properties with minimal or no undesirable side effects.

Mango leaves and neem leaves have both phytochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activities. When compare these two plants neem got higher antimicrobial effects. Screening of medicinal plants for bioactive compounds leads to development of less expensive new antimicrobial agents with improved safety and efficacy. In the present study we compared the antimicrobial efficacy of Acalypha indica and Mangifera indica. The study was designed to investigate the comparative anti-microbial activity of different extracts of neem and mango leaves extracted against Human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

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POTENTIAL OF ANTIBACTERIAL METABOLITES FROM VERMIWASH OF EARTHWORM Eoseniae fetidae

Diana Andrews1, Mary Rini Thomas1, Jitha Balachandran1, Kavya Sanil1, Ramees Babu1, Jamsheer K1 and Anjana J.C2

1MSc. Microbiology, Department of Bioscience and 2Assistant Professor, Department of Bioscience

SNGIST Arts and Science College, Manakkapady, N.Paravur, Kerala

Actinomycetes are unparalleled sources of bio-active metabolites including antibiotics, plantgrowth factors, and other substances. Actinomycetes are screened from different unexplored habitats, which may prove to be the important sources of potent molecules.The need for increased exploration of previously unexplored habitatsfor new actinomycete taxa has become a major focus in the search for the next generation of pharmaceutical agents.The present studies dealt with the isolation of the actinomycetes from the vermiwash of the earthworm, Eoseniaefetidaeand were identified using slide culture technique, Gram staining and various biochemical tests. The isolates showed activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in primary screening by perpendicular streak method. The secondary screening by agar cup assay was also performed. The isolates possessing antibacterial activity were grown in starch casein nitrate broth fermentation medium. The filtrate was subjected for solvent extraction method to recover antibacterial metabolites in pure form and was further analyzed by thin layer chromatography and GCMS. Thus the study was aimed to screen actinomycetes from the earthworm castings with the ultimate objective of discovering novel bioactive compounds and further research should be carried out for elucidating and characterizing these active compounds. Keywords: Actinomycetes, antibacterial metabolites, Eoseniaefetidae, thin

layerChromatography

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Book of Abstracts


ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HENNA AGAINST MAJOR HUMAN PATHOGENS

Safareena C.V., Suha Sharafudheen, Nefla N., Prajitha K. and Farisha Landuranganduvar


Lawsonia inermis is a branched shrub or small tree, cultivated for its leaves although stem bark, roots, flowers and seeds are used in traditional medicine. The leaf samples of henna was collected from a garden in Kaloor, Kerala. The screening of antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis leaves in extracts of ethanol and water was studied against Gram positive (Bacillus, Staphylococcus) and Gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella) which were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests. About 12.5% and 50% of henna extraction was made. Antimicrobial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method using MHA medium. After 24hr incubations, inhibition zones were obtained only for Klebsiella and the resulting zones were measured. Both the concentration of the plant extract was compared with to a standard antibiotic, Chloramphenicol. With increasing concentration of the henna extract, inhibition zones were also found to increase. These results confirm the antibacterial role of henna leaves and its possibility for use in therapeutics as an alternative to other unnatural antimicrobial agents to which microbes have gained resistance to.

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A STUDY ON ISOLATION OF FUNGI FROM SURFACE WATER

Manuel Thomas1*and M. Thangavel2 1*. Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 2. Department of Microbiology, Sree Narayana Guru College, K.G. Chavadi

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India PIN 641 105 * Consortium & Training Academy for Biosciences (CTAB), Manarcadu P.O.,

Kottayam, Kerala, India PIN 686 019. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

The presence of fungi in water was least studied and mycological quality of water is still in infancy. Fungal diseases are emerging globally and waterborne transmission routes are well reported from several countries. The present study is an attempt to study the presence of fungi among selected well, wetland and pond water samples in Central Travancore region in Kerala. Fourteen species of fungi were isolated from the collected 30 water samples tested. Genus Aspergillus(3 species) was more diverse followed by Fusarium and Mucor (2 species each). The wetland water was more prone to fungal presence (9 species) followed by pond water (8 species) and well water (4 species). The results suggest that water has fungi holding and transmission potential which poses health hazards, as the population of individuals with immunomalignancies is on the rise in the society. Introduction of ‘Mycological water quality’ as a water quality parameter is urgently needed to address the issue, eventhough the relevance of waterborne fungi for water quality and human health is poorly understood. As fungi can influence the water quality in various ways, the mycobiota of water, especially drinking water should be dealt seriously with proper awareness and policy formations.

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CONSUMPTION OF BAKERY PRODUCTS: SCHOOL CHILDREN’S PREFERENCES AND ITS OUTCOME

Resmi Devi S.R. Assistant Professor, Naipunnya School of Management, Cherthala, Alappuzha

Email id:[email protected] <

The present project aims to analyze the threats present in the consumption

of bakery products in school children and to find out the awareness level of their parents about its health impacts. The area selected for this study is schoolchildren belonging to standard I to V and their family members in Alappuzha district. Personal interview was conducted with parents, teachers and students, observation check list was filled up to collect information regarding the consumption. Body mass index of the students were noted down. The study showed that majority of the students consumed bakery products regularly, at their interval time in school. In most cases the students were introduced bakery products by their parents. The reason for consuming bakery products were easy availability, variety and taste. Majority of the parents were unaware of the health hazards of the bakery products. Once made aware of the hazards they were willing to change. The emphasis should be more on strategies to raise the awareness level of parents. The school management should be made vigilant to develop good food habits in students.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIAL SPECIES FROM DIFFERENT CROP

FIELDS OF KERALA, INDIA

Pooja J. A., Haneefa M. K, Foumitha C. J., Nima T. G., Sikha K. S. and Devika Ravidranath

Department of Bioscience, SNGIST Arts and Science College, Manakkappady, Karumalloor P.O., Ernakulam – 683 520

Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients required in optimum amount for proper growth and productivity of plants.It plays important role in physiological activities like photosynthesis, celldivison and development of good root system. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms play an important role in supplementing phosphorus to the plants, allowing a sustainable use of phosphate fertilizers. Microorganisms are involved in a range of process that affect the transformation of soil Phosphorus (P) and thus are integral component of the soil 'P' cycle. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms not only provide phosphorous to the plant but also at the same time provide growth-promoting substances like hormones, vitamins, and amino acids. The inoculation of PSB in biofertilzer formulations significantly increases the plant growth (shoot length, root length, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, and biomass), available P content in soil as well as its uptake. In this study soil samples for isolation of Phosphate solubilizing bacterial strains (PSB) were collected from Tomato, Banana, Bamboo and Paddyfield rhizosphere soils. Different PSB were isolated on Pikovskaya’s agar medium forming clear halozone.The isolated samples were confirmed by morphological, microscopic and biochemical evaluation. The molecular identification of organism was attained by 16s rDNA method. The bacterial DNA was isolated and the DNA bands were identified using Agarose gel electrophoresis. Isolated DNA sample was amplified using PCR technique and the amplified PCR product was sequenced by automated DNA sequencing method. The sequence information generated from the sample DNA was submitted to the BLAST program for the similarity searches in NCBI gen bank database.

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PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PLANTS OF THE FAMILY NYCTAGINACEAE

Minu Elizabeth Paul and Nisha P. Department of Botany,St Xavier’s College For Women Aluva

Phytochemicals are naturally occuring bioactive compounds that are found in plants, including the medicinal plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, roots and fibers. They act as a defense system against diseases or more accurately protect plants against diseases. Phytochemical techniques plays a significant role in searching resources and raw materials and for pharmaceutical industry. The medicinal values of the plants lie in bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce definite physiological actions on the human and animal body. Some of the most important bioactive phytochemical constituents are the glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, essential oils and phenolic compounds. Preliminary Phytochemical analysis are helpful in finding and locating chemical components which are source of pharmacologically active principles. Mostly herbal plants used in traditional medicine consist of wide range of bioactive compounds that can be used as alternative therapeutic tools for the prevention or treatment of many contagious diseases.

The aim of present study is to investigate the phytochemicals which is present in the leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa which is perennial creeping weed and stem bark of Bougainvillea spectabilis which is a woody thorny shrub. Present study revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, phytosterols etc.

Keywords: Phytochemical, Boerhaavia diffusa, Bougainvillea spectabilis

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INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF MANIHOT ESCULENTA AND ADENOCALYMMA ALLIACEUM ON THE

THIRD INSTAR LARVAE OF ORYCTES RHINOCEROS

Uma Surendran, Aswathi Anilkumar and Parvathy Syam Department of Zoology, Baselius College, Kottayam


Oryctes rhinoceros, known as rhinoceros beetle is one of the major pests of coconut, Cocos nucifera, severely damaging the central spindle, spathe and tender shoot. Due to its wide distribution, the species Oryctes rhinoceros is the most important and studied pest of coconut. In the present study, an attempt has been made to compare the effect of crude extracts of Manihot esculenta and Adenocalymma alliaceum in the management of Oryctes rhinoceros. 30%, 50%, 75% and 100% solutions of both Manihot esculenta and Adenocalymma alliaceum were prepared. Among the two extracts Manihot esculenta produced maximum death in its 100% concentration compared with 90% mortality caused by Adenocalymma alliaceum at its 100% extract concentrations. The use of plants and plant parts as insecticides will benefit our agricultural sector. They are not only of low cost, but have no environmental impact in terms of insecticidal hazard. Therefore, the findings of the current experiments strongly support the use and exploration of plants and plant parts in pest management practices.

Key words: Manihot esculenta, Adenocalymma alliaceum, Oryctes rhinoceros, bio pesticide

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Book of Abstracts


INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA AND ALLIVUM SATIVUMON THE

THIRD INSTAR LARVAE OF ORYCTES RHINOCEROS

Uma Surendran, Parvathy Syam and Aswathi Anilkumar Department of Zoology, Baselius College, Kottayam


The Asiatic rhinoceros beetle or coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) is a species belonging to the Scarabaeidae family. O. rhinoceros is one of the most damaging insects to palms in Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is one of the major pests of coconut, Cocos nucifera. Adults eat the leaves and burrow into the crown, stunting plant development. Due to its wide distribution, the species O. rhinoceros is the most important and studied pest of coconut. In the present study, an attempt has been made to compare the effect of crude extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odorata) and Allivum sativumin the management of O. rhinoceros. Crude extracts of C. odorata and A. sativum {30%, 50%, 75% and 100%] was thoroughly mixed with cow dung and fed to third instar larvae of O. rhinoceros .At 100 % a maximum mortality of 100% and 90% was observed for C. odorata and A. sativum respectively . Botanical products are useful tools in many pest management programmes because they are effective and specifically target plant’s natural enemies. Therefore, the findings of the current experiments strongly support the use and exploration of plants and plant parts in pest management practices.

Key words: Chromolaena odorata, Allivum sativum, Oryctes rhinoceros, bio pesticide

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ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL QUALITY OF READY TO DRINK FOODS AND WATER FROM A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

Grace Baby, Simi P, Chinchu V.R, Saritha K.R, Ria Elsa Roy and Dr. Mukundan M.K.

Food Quality Monitoring Laboratory, Council for Food Research and Development, Government of Kerala, Perinjottakkal P.O, Pathanamthitta Dist.,

Kerala-689692

Now a days with Food Safety Standards Act & its Rules & Regulations 2016, food safety and quality are important health, social and economic issue. Presence of certain pathogens in foods is a key factor for assessing the quality and safety of any food. A study was carried out to evaluate the quality and safety of food items collected from 14 districts in Kerala from 24/02/2014 to 29/09/2016. The food categories selected for this study are Ready to drink foods and water. To assess the microbial quality of Ready to Drink foods the parameters analysed are Salmonella, Total Plate Count, E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Total Plate count, Coliforms and E.coli were tested for water. Total 132 Ready to Drink foods and 41 water samples were analysed. Among these 37.12% (49 Nos) Ready to Drink foods and 85.37% (31Nos) water samples were found to be defective due to the presence of Salmonella or exceeding the tolerance limits of E.coli, Coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus or Total Plate Count. In the light of this data the role of each parameter in food safety and the remedial measures are discussed.

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DEVELOPMENTS IN STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY: MORAL, ETHICAL AND PATENTING CONCERNS

Rujitha Shenoy and Stonshia Braun IUCIPRS, CUSAT

The pace in which technology is developing is also reflected in the medical

field too. Biotechnology has taken its leap from brewing industry to Biomedical industry. Human embryonic stem cells (ES cells), which were discovered in 1998, at the University of Wisconsin in Madison" are believed to have almost limitless potential for finding new cures for life debilitating diseases."1 Gradually greater changes occurred in the field of stem cell research and the pattern from embryonic stem cells is now replaced to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). This discovery had received Nobel Prize in the year 2006 for the tremendous effort. Stem cell therapy can answer many deficiencies in age related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Hungiston’s and Parkinson’s disease. Till now modern science couldn’t give a proper solution for this disorders which made a much greater impact in the field of research. As the technology develops in the field of biotechnology related areas, it raises ethical questions pertaining to usage of embryonic stem cells in research This paper examines the developments occurred in the field of stem cell research and moral and ethical issues involved. Whether stem cells are eligible for patents? Whether the patenting of these new emerging technologies is a boon to the society is the central issue that needs to address in this context. In this context, analysis of patenting trends in various jurisdictions like Europe and United states will be done as well as regulations for stem cell research. Also, in India the legal issues involved in patenting as well as regulations for stem cell research will be analyzed.

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1 Audreyar. Chapman et al., American Association for the Advancement of Science &Institute for Civil Cociety, Stem

Cell Research and Applications: Monitoring the Frontiers of Biomedical Research Produced (1999).

Book of Abstracts


SCREENING AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCTION BY THE HEAVY METAL RESISTANT BACTERIA

Gisha Elizabeth Koshy and Elza John Department of Microbiology, Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms as secondary metabolite. The main aim of the study was to isolate heavy metal resistant bacteria from industrial effluent and the optimization and extraction of biosurfactants from two heavy metal resistant species. The spot inoculation method determined the bacterial heavy metal resistance to copper. Heavy metal resistant isolates also showed anitibiotic sensitivity except for penicillin. Biosurfactant production was confirmed by conventional screening methods, including haemolytic activity, oil spreading technique and emulsification capacity (E24) test. Biosurfactant production by two isolates using different temperature, pH and concentration of diesel was studied. Biosurfactants were then extracted from these two isolates. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, two of the isolates were authentically identified as Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.

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ANTAGONSTIC EFFECT OF Trichoderma viride AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGUS Phytophthora capsici

Sreelakshmi Rajesh* and Nisha P** *Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Sacred Heart College,

Thevara, Ernakulam, Kerala **Department of Botany, St Xavier's College for Women, Aluva, Kerala

Antagonistic effect is the ability to inhibit the life of an organism. Certain micro organisms act as a good antagonistic agent. This property can be very well used in formulating a biocontrol agent against a natural plant pathogenic agent and would be a very good step towards green agriculture. The present study covers antagonistic effect of Trichoderma viride against plant pathogenic fungus Phytophthora capsici.

Keywords: Antagonistic effect, Trichoderma viride, Phytophthora capsici

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Book of Abstracts


ANGIOSPERMS OF IRINGOLE KAVU, PERMBAVOOR, ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA

Jithasree Jayaram1 and Nisha P.2

1Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala

2Department of Botany, St. Xaviers College for Women, Aluva Email: [email protected]

Iringole kavu, a miniature forest, is located between Kuruppampady and Preumbavoor on Aluva- Munnar road. The sacred grove also has an ancient temple dedicated to Goddess Durga situated in the middle of the forest. Iringole forest is kept under the control of the Travancore Devaswom board. The climate is hot and humid so that a very rich flora and fauna include valuable herbs and medicinal plants. Sacred groves act as an adobe for many rare, endemic, endangered species and economically important plantsof fruit bearing and medicinal properties. The angiosperm of Iringole kavu, Perumbavoor has analysed taxonomically and found around 229 angiosperms in 77 families. Thedominant family includes Fabaceae (25), Commenlinaceae (8), moraceae (8), Phyllanthaceae (8), Malvaceae(10), Apocynaceae (9), Lamiaceae (9). Thedistribution includes Indo-Pacific dominated by African and South American elements.

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Book of Abstracts


GREEN AUDIT- A CASE STUDY OF ST XAVIER’S COLEGE FOR WOMEN, ALUVA

Athira Venugopal, Archa Vijay, Unnimaya V. B., Lamiya K. K., Naiji Josephine A. J. and Nisha P.

Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College for Women, Aluva

The term ‘Green Audit’ is the process of assessing the environment impact of an organization, process, project or product. Green auditing is known by another name ‘Environmental auditing’. It is a means of assessing environmental performance (Welford, 2002). It involves the systematic examination of the interactions which could be gaseous emission to air, land and water; legal constraints the effects on neighboring community; landscape and ecology. The auditing is done in a systematic approach and is conducted objectively. The auditor obtains and evaluates evidence that concerns the assertions about economic actions and events. The main objective of the auditor is to communicate the results to the interested users. The green audit practically involves energy conservation, use of renewable resources, rainwater harvesting, efforts of carbon neutrality, harzardous waste management and e-waste management. Green audit is linked to sustainable development process. Green audit and sustainable development process help to reduce the wastage and associated cost as well as increases the product quality. There is a relationship between green audit and sustainable development of any business organization. Strong green audit can help to achieve the sustainability. A well-defined framework can help to achieve the goal set by an organization. It is necessary to conduct a green audit in college campus because students become aware of the necessity to save our planet. The national and local governments take in a lot of effort for maintaining the planet green. Therefore green audit is the most efficient and ecological way to solve environmental problems.

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Book of Abstracts


LARVICIDAL PROPERTIES OF PLANT SPECIES IN THE CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE

Akshaya*, Gayathri, Safna Kareem, Arunima P. S. and Aswathy C. S. Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College for Women, Aluva, Kerala

*[email protected]

The present investigation aims at the study of the larvicidal effect of Lantana camara, piper nigrum and caesalpinia pulcherrima on mosquito larvae. The effect of 1 ml extract of lantana camara was pronounced only after 20 hrs where the mortality was 50%. It was same after 24 hrs. All larvae died after 48 hrs. In the case of 2 ml extract 10% mortality after 20 hrs half of the larvae died after one day and all the remaining died after two days. 50% of the larval death was observed after 24 hrs when 5 ml of extract was used. All of them died after 20 hrs. The effect was very slow in the case of 1 ml extract of pipernigrum. Only 30% mortality was observed after 48 hrs. The effect was shown after two hrs where the mortality was only 20% with 2 ml plant extract. The effect remained unchanged until one day. After 48 hrs 40% mortality was observed.40% and 60% mortality was observed after 24 hrs 40% mortality was observed. 40% and 60% mortality was observed after 24 hrs and 48 hrs in the case of 5 ml extract. In the case of caesalpinia pulcherrima20% mortality was observed after 24 hrs with 1 ml extract. This was doubled after 48 hrs. even after 20 hrs there was no larval death in the case of 2 ml extract . Mortality was 30% and 60% after 24 and 48 hrs respectively. But when 5 ml of the extract was used half of the larvae died in 20 hrs and there was 20% increase in the mortality after 48 hrs. All the selected plants showed larvicidal activity. Major effect was observed in Lantana camarawhere 5 ml extract killed all the larvae after 20 hrs. Mortality rate increased gradually with time.

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Book of Abstracts


HABITAT PREFERENCE OF REPTILES IN PERIYAR TIGER RESERVE, WESTERN GHATS

Anju B Kanjirakkattu, Dilmol Varghese, Gigi K. Joseph, and K. V. Vinod Department of Zoology, Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha, 686670

In reptiles, habitat preference can influence its physiology (especially thermoregulation), the availability of food resources, its exposure to predation, and its reproductive opportunities. The present study was conducted to examine the habitat preference of reptiles in Periyar Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, during February 2016. The methods used were a combination of transect, visual encounter survey and opportunistic observation. The study was carried out in six habitats namely, evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist-deciduous, grassland, vayal and riparian in the Reserve. A total of 21 species of reptiles belonging to seventeen genera and ten families were reported, comprising a total of 70 individuals. Reptilian diversity was recorded to be highest in semi-evergreen habitat. Complete evenness was exhibited by vayals. Species similarity was observed to be high in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous habitats.The presence of suitable microhabitats and the less dense canopy and seasonal leaf shedding that characterize these forests which enable adequate penetration of light and heat probably favoured the high diversity of reptiles in semi-evergreen habitat. Complete evenness exhibited by vayals can be attributed to its relatively low diversity. Though vayals exhibited low diversity, the habitat was found to support endemic reptilian fauna such as Hill Keelback. High species similarity between semi-evergreen and moist deciduous habitats can be ascribed to the similarities in canopy cover, seasonality in litter fall and availability of basking sites. For preserving the reptilian populations the prioritization of habitat and microhabitat conservation in future management strategies in the Periyar Tiger Reserve is crucial.

Key words: Western Ghats, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Reptiles, Habitat preference

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Book of Abstracts


A STUDY ON THE HABITAT PREFERENCE OF SPIDERS IN PERIYAR TIGER RESERVE, KERALA

Aswathy S., P. C. Mary, Gigi K. Joseph* and Vinod K. V. Department of Zoology, Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha, Ernakulam, Kerala, 686670

*Email: [email protected]

The distribution of species and the composition of assemblages are significantly influenced by the type of habitat and environmental conditions. Among arthropods, spiders are the most abundant predators in many terrestrial ecosystems, playing an important role in ecosystem functioning throughout habitats. The present study attempts to determine the habitat preference of spiders in Periyar Tiger Reserve. The study was conducted during February 2016 in five selected habitats namely evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous, grassland and vayal. 10X10m quadrates were used for sampling. A total of 60 species of spiders comprising 45 genera and 16 families were recorded from all the habitat types. Spiders exhibited distinct habitat preference. The moist deciduous habitat is most preferred habitat in terms of species richness and diversity with 31 species. Lowest species richness and diversity was reported in grasslands with 7 species. High evenness value was recorded in grassland while high dominance was recorded in vayal. High abundance and diversity in moist deciduous habitat is attributed to greater habitat complexity which allows a greater niche diversification and coexistence of more spider species. Distinct vegetation structure, availability of prey (insects) and the moist climatic conditions exhibited here paves a way for their survival. Limitations of these parameters together with extreme dryness in the grassland resulted in low diversity since sampling was done in during midsummer. Dominance of species Hippasa agelenoides, Hippasa greenalliae and Pardosa pseudoannulata contributed to high dominance value in vayal habitat. High similarity between semi evergreen and evergreen spider assemblages can be explained with similarity in heterogeneity of vegetation structure, availability of food resource and climatic conditions. Because of the complex interaction of various climatic factors such as the high rainfall and humidity with diverse topographical features, possesses many smaller but diverse environmental niches that can support a diverse spider fauna. Present study reveals that the reserve is a potential habitat for spiders. These findings may guide management and conservation efforts to maintain regional diversity of the spider fauna Keywords : Periyar Tiger Reserve, spiders, habitat preference

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Book of Abstracts


ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS FROM ANNONA MURICATA L AND SYNTHESIS OF SILVER

NANOPARTICLES FROM LEAF EXTRACT

Laveena M.L., Anita Punnoose, Anjusha Soman, A. S. Manjusree, Shani P.X., Anjitha Gopinath and Lakshmi Govind A.G.


All over the world the herbal medicine act as the representative of the most important fields of traditional medicine. All parts of Annona tree are used in natural medicine in the tropic including the bark, leaf, root, fruit and seeds. Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree. Generally the fruit and leaves are taken to eliminate worms, parasites, cool fever and as and astringent for diarrhoea and dysentery. The crude ethanol and methanol extracts from dried leaves and fruit of Annona muricata were tested for the inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Screening for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion assay showed the inhibition against entire tested microorganisms. Nano technology is emerging as a rapidly growing field with its application in science and technology for the purpose of manufacturing new materials at the nano scale level. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of AgNO3 nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant of Annona muricata. They were synthesized by mixing aqueous extracts and 1mM of AgNO3, the formation nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing colour changes and it was confirmed by UV –Vis spectrophotometer, SEM and XRD. The result of various techniques confirmed the presence of AgNO3 nanoparticles.

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Book of Abstracts


KERALA STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 004

Phone no.0471-2548222, 2548220,2548442 www.kscste. kerala.gov.in

KSCSTE an autonomous Institution of Govt. of Kerala is committed for the promotion of Science, Education, Research and Scientific temper in the State. KSCSTE prepares the road map for development of the State through advancements in scientific research and innovation in technologies. Achieving excellence in basic research, academia-industry interactions, strengthening indigenous technologies initiatives, and building strong infrastructure and developing a high quality science education system in the state are our targeted goals. There are Eight R&D centres under the umbrella of the Council to coordinate Research and Development activities in the specific mandated domains.

Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode Centre for Water Resources Development & Management (CWRDM), Kozhikode Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Thrissur National Transportation Planning & Research Centre (NATPAC), Thiruvananthapuram Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute for Basic Sciences (SRIBS), Kottayam Malabar Botanical Garden & Institute of Plant Sciences (MBG& IPS), Kozhikode Kerala State Centre for Assistive Technologies (KSCAT)

The major Schemes & Programmes of Council headquarters, located in the State Capital, Thiruvananthapuram are as follows:

KSCSTE FELLOWSHIPS, SCHOLARSHIPS & AWARDS KSCSTE Research Fellowships Post-Doctoral Fellowships Emeritus Scientist Scheme for senior Scientists Fellowships in Science writing & Science Communication Prathibha Scholarships for Students opting Science learning Kerala Shastra Puraskaram for eminent scientists Kerala Science Literature Award

FINANCIAL GRANT FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS

Science Research Scheme Engineering & Technology Programme Ecology & Environment Programme Individual and collaborative projects in Engineering & Environment areas Intensive programmes for Innovators of Rural Technology and Biotechnology SARD Scheme focusing activity specific areas Technology Development and Adaptation Programme

PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMMES POPULARISATION PROGRAMMES

Kerala Science Congress Back to Lab Programme for Women Vocational skill oriented reinstated training Tech Fest, Green Corps, Eco Clubs Sasthraposhini & Sasthra Bhodhini SPYTIS Project for School and College Students Patent Information Centre Scientific Management Training Rural innovators Meet

Science Popularization Programmes Support for Seminar, Symposia and Workshop National Science Day, National Technology Day,

World Environmental Day, Ozone Day etc.

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BOOK OF ABSTRACTS · Paper presentation- Best Oral 11. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Endodontic Infections ..... 19 Anitha Roy and