Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Bohr Diagrams for Atoms
Bohr Diagrams for Atoms
Showing Protons, Neutrons and Electron
Arrangements for neutral atoms of the First 20
Elements
Niels Bohr(1885 – 1962)
In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom
Niels Bohr(1885 – 1962)
In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom in which electrons are found outside the nucleus,
Niels Bohr(1885 – 1962)
In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom in which electrons are found outside the nucleus, where they occupy shells.
Period 1
Period 1
Period 2
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of Protons= 6
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of Protons= 6
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Approximate number of protons plus neutrons in the most common form of the element
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of protons + neutrons in the most common form of carbon = 12
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number ofprotons + neutrons = 12
Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons
Number ofprotons + neutrons = 12
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of Electrons in a Neutral Atom
= 6
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of Electrons in a Neutral Carbon Atom
= 6
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Number of Electrons in a Neutral Carbon Atom
= 6
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.
Period 4
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
A lower shell must be completely filled, before electrons are added to the next shell.
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 e– in a neutral atom
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 e– in a neutral atom
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 e– in a neutral atom
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 e– in a neutral atom
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
1 e– in a neutral atom
An unpaired e–
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Hydrogen
The Bohr Model for Hydrogen
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 protons1–1 = 0 neutrons
2 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 protons1–1 = 0 neutrons
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 protons4–2 = 2 neutrons
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 protons4–2 = 2 neutrons
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 protons4–2 = 2 neutrons
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 e– in a neutral atom
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 e– in a neutral atom
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
2 e– in a neutral atom
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
The Bohr Model for
Helium
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
The 1st shell is completely
filled
2 p2 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
The 1st shell is completely
filled
Helium is a Noble Gas
2 p2 n
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
Helium is a Noble Gas
2 p2 n
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Helium
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
Helium is a Noble Gas
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
Add anot
her
shel
l
Period 2
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
Add anot
her
shel
l
1 p0 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 protons1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 protons1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 protons7–3 = 0 neutrons
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 protons7–3 = 4 neutrons
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 protons7–3 = 4 neutrons
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 e– in a neutral atom
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 e– in a neutral atom
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 e– in a neutral atom
The first 2e– go into
the 1st shell
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
3 e– in a neutral atom
The 3rd e
– goes into
the 2nd shell
3 p4 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Lithium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
The Bohr Model
for Lithium
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
1 proton1–1 = 0 neutrons
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
9–4 = 5 neutrons
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
4 e– in a neutral atom
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
4 e– in a neutral atom
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
4 e– in a neutral atom
The first 2e– go into
the 1st shell
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
4 e– in a neutral atom
The 3rd and 4
th e–s go
into the 2
nd shell
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
The Bohr Model
for Berylliu
m
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
The Bohr Model
for Berylliu
m
An electron pair
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
Another Possible
Bohr Model
for Berylliu
m
4 p5 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Beryllium
Another Possible
Bohr Model
for Berylliu
m
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
11–5 = 6 neutrons
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
5 e– in a neutral atom
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
5 e– in a neutral atom
The first 2e– go into
the 1st shell
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
5 e– in a neutral atom
The 3rd and 4
th e–
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
5 e– in a neutral atom And the 5th e–
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
The Bohr Model
for Boron
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
The Bohr Model
for Boron
An e– pair
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
The Bohr Model
for Boron
An unpaired e–
5 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Boron
Another Possible
Bohr Model for
Boron
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
12–6 = 6 neutrons
Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
6 e– in a neutral atom
Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
6 e– in a neutral atom
The first 2e– go into
the 1st shell
Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
6 e– in a neutral atom
The next 4 e– go into the 2nd shell
Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Carbon
The Bohr Model
for Carbon
6 p6 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Carbon
Another Possible
Bohr Model for
Carbon
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
14–7 = 7 neutrons
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
7 e– in a neutral atom
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
7 e– in a neutral atom
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
The Bohr Model
for Nitrogen
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
1 e– pair
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
1 lone pair
7 p7 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Nitrogen
3 Unpaired e–
s
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
16–8 = 8
neutrons
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
8 e– in a neutral atom
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
8 e– in a neutral atom
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
The Bohr Model
for Oxygen
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
2 lone pairs
8 p8 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Oxygen
2 unpaired e–
s
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
19–9 = 10
neutrons
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
9 e– in a neutral atom
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
9 e– in a neutral atom
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
The Bohr Model
for Fluorine
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
3 lone pairs
9 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Fluorine
1 unpaired e–
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
20–10 = 10
neutrons
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
10 e– in a neutral atom
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
10 e– in a neutral atom
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
The Bohr Model for
Neon
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
4 lone pairs
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A stable octet
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A stable octet
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A completely filled 2nd shell
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A completely filled 2nd shell
Neon is a Noble Gas
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A completely filled 2nd shell
10 p10 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Neon
A completely filled 2nd shell
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
Add anot
her
shel
l
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
Add anot
her
shel
l
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
23–11 = 12 neutrons
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom 2e– go into the 1
st shell
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
8e– go into the 2nd shell
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
8e– go into the 2nd shell
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
2e– go inshell 1 and
8e– in shell 2
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
11 electrons in a neutral atom
Since shells 1 and 2 are
filled, th
e last e
– goes in
shell 3
11 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sodium
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Sodium
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
24–12 = 12
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
12 electrons in a neutral atom
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
12 electrons in a neutral atom
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Magnesiu
m
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
Another Possible
Bohr Model for Magnesiu
m
12 p12 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Magnesium
Period 2
Another Possible
Bohr Model for Magnesiu
m
13 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Aluminum
Period 2
27–13 = 14
13 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Aluminum
Period 2
13 electrons in a neutral atom
13 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Aluminum
Period 2
13 electrons in a neutral atom
13 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Aluminum
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Aluminum
13 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Aluminum
Period 2
Another Possible
Bohr Model for Aluminum
14 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Silicon
Period 2
28–14 = 14
14 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Silicon
Period 2
14 electrons in a neutral atom
14 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Silicon
Period 2
14 electrons in a neutral atom
14 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Silicon
Period 2
The Bohr Model for
Silicon
14 p14 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Silicon
Period 2
Another Possible
Bohr Model for
Silicon
15 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Phosphorus
Period 2
31–15 = 16
15 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Phosphorus
Period 2
15 electrons in a neutral atom
15 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Phosphorus
Period 2
15 electrons in a neutral atom
15 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Phosphorus
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Phosphoru
s
16 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sulphur
Period 2
32–16 = 16
16 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sulphur
Period 2
16 electrons in a neutral atom
16 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sulphur
Period 2
16 electrons in a neutral atom
16 p16 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Sulphur
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Sulphur
17 p18 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Chlorine
Period 2
35–17 =
18
17 p18 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Chlorine
Period 2
17 electrons in a neutral atom
17 p18 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Chlorine
Period 2
17 electrons in a neutral atom
17 p18 n
Period 1
Period 3
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Chlorine
Period 2
The Bohr Model for Chlorine
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
40–18 =
22
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
18 electrons in a neutral atom
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
18 electrons in a neutral atom
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
The Bohr Model for
Argon
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
Argon has a Stable Octet
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
The 3rd shell has
8 e–s
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
The 3rd shell has
8 e–s
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
The 3rd shell has
8 e–s
The 3rd shell is completely filled. Argon is a noble gas.
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
Period 3
The 3rd shell has
8 e–s
The 3rd shell is completely filled. Argon is a noble gas.
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
18 p22 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Argon
Period 2
19 p21 n
Period 1 1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
19 p21 n
Period 1 1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
Add another shell
Period 4
19 p21 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
40–19 = 21
19 p21 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
19 electrons in a neutral atom
19 p21 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
19 electrons in a neutral atom
19 p21 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Potassium
Period 2
Period 3
The Bohr Model for Potassium
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
40–20 = 20
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
20 electrons in a neutral atom
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
20 electrons in a neutral atom
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
The Bohr Model for Calcium
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
Another Possible
Bohr Model for
Calcium
20 p20 n
Period 1
Period 4
1st Shell holds maximum 2 e–
2nd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
3rd Shell holds maximum 8 e–
Calcium
Period 2
Period 3
Another Possible
Bohr Model for
Calcium
![1 The Nature of Electricity All Mater is Composed of Atoms Atoms are made up of: Protons [ + ] Neutrons Electrons [ - ]](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/56649e5c5503460f94b53e18/1-the-nature-of-electricity-all-mater-is-composed-of-atoms-atoms-are-made-up.jpg)
