Body Tissues and Membranes

Chapter 4

Lesson 1Body Tissues

Do NowOctober 27, 2014

What are tissues?

Name 3 different types of tissues in our bodies.

Tissues

Tissue Specialized cells of similar

structures that perform common functions

1. Epithelial – covers and lines body surfaces and organs

2. Connective – binds and supports body parts

3. Muscular – contracts for voluntary and involuntary movements

4. Nervous – responds to stimuli

Epithelial Tissue

Tightly packed

External:

Protects from drying out Protects from injury Protects from infection

Internal: protection and special jobs

Lines respiratory tract Sweeps out toxins with cilia

Epithelial Tissue

Simple squamous – single layer of flattened cells, found in areas where simple diffusion occurs

Stratified squamous – many cell layers, plays a protective role

Simple cuboidal – single layer of cube-shaped cells attached to a basement membrane, found in glands, also covers the ovaries and lines kidney tubules

Stratified cuboidal – found lining the larger ducts of glands, has two layers

Epithelial Cells

Simple columnar – cells that are longer than they are wide, modified to perform particular functions, known for lining digestive organs

Pseudostratified columnar – appears to be layer, but true layers don’t exist, each cell touches basement membrane, tapered and narrow at one end

Transitional – changes is response to tension, found in lining of urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

Connective Tissue

Functions:

Binds structures

Support

Protection

Fill space

Produce blood cells

Store fat

Classifications:

Fibrous

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Connective Tissue

Fibrous

Loose – lies between other tissues or between organs Ex. Adipose tissue (store fat)

Dense – contain thick bundles of collagen fibers Ex. Tendons, ligaments

Connective Tissue

Cartilage – solid yet flexible, lack direct blood supply, heals very slowly

Three types Hyaline – most common, strong and durable, yet

flexible found in nose, end of long bones and ribs, supporting

rings of trachea

Elastic – more flexible than hyaline Found in framework of outer ear

Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers, absorbs shock and reduces friction between joints

Connective Tissue

Bone – most rigid connective tissue

Compact bone – outer portion of long bone, many cylindrical-shaped units called osteons

Spongy bone – numerous bony bars and plates, lighter, but designed for strength

Connective Tissue

Blood – composed of formed elements suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma

Types of formed elements Red blood cells – carry oxygen

White blood cells – aid in fighting infection

Platelets – important for initiating blood clotting

Nervous Tissue

Location:

Brain

Spinal cord

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Functions:

Detect and respond to stimuli

Send messages through neurons

Neuron

Neuroglia

Support and nourish neurons

Make up half of the brain

Outnumber neurons 9:1

Brain Neuroglia

Microglia: engulf bacteria and cell debris

Astrocytes: nutrients, hormone (growth factor) which may cure parkinsons

Oligodendrocytes: form myelin

Ependymal cells: line hollow cavities of the brain

In class assignment

Tissues Coloring worksheet (both sides)

Lesson 2Examining Muscle Tissue

Do Now

Take out homework from Monday night & Tissues Lab

Read pg. 70 Medical Focus: “Necrotizing Fasciitis”

Answer the following questions:

What causes Necrotizing Fasciitis?

What is necrotizing?

What are the symptoms?

What can you do to prevent this condition?

Muscular Tissue

Contractile

Muscle fibers: proteins that slide across each other to contract/relax and create movement

Actin – Thin filament Myosin – Thick filament

Skeletal Muscle

Functions:

Voluntary

Attaches tendons and ligaments to bone

Muscle contractions = shorten

Muscle relaxation = lengthen

Characteristics:

Striated (striped)

Long

Cylindrical shaped

Multinucleated

Smooth Muscle

Functions:

Involuntary

Found in hollow organs

Ex: stomach, esophagus, bladder, intestines

Characteristics:

Non-striated

Spindle shaped

Multinucleated

Cardiac Muscle

Functions:

Involuntary

Contracts to pump blood within the heart and blood vessels

Characteristics:

Striated

Branched, look like one large muscle

Single nuclei

Extracellular Junction

Tight Junction: impermeable barrier (epithelial tissue)

Stomach, intestine, kidney, bladder

Gap Junction: allows small molecules

Heart for synchronization

Adhesion Junction: don’t touch, held together by filaments

Cervix to allow opening without tearing during childbirth

Content Check

Match each type of extracellular junction to its function:

1. Adhesion junction

2. Tight junction

3. Gap junction

a) Allows ions and small molecules to pass between cells

b) Prevent adjacent cells from tearing apart

c) Forms an impermeable barrier

In class Assignment

Muscle Cell Lab – Finish for homework

Lesson 3Glands/Cancer/Membranes

Do Now

Read pg. 76 Medical Focus: “Cancer – The Traitor Inside”

Answer the following questions

1. How does the reading characterize cancer?

2. How are cancers classified and briefly explain their classification?

3. What are types of treatments for cancer?

In class assignment

Watch video MD Anderson “What is Cancer?”

what is cancer?

GlandsCells which produce a product

Exocrine

Release products outside of the body

Ex: sweat, mammary

Endocrine

Release products internally

Promote homeostasis

Made up of epithelial tissues

Ex: thyroid, adrenal, testes, ovaries, pancreas, parathyroid

Membranes

Functions:

Line internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside

Line body cavities

Types:

Mucous

Serous

Synovial

Meninges

Cutaneous

Mucous Membranes

Functions:

Line interior walls of organs that open to the outside of the body

Protect from bacteria and viruses

Examples:

Digestive

Respiratory

Excretory

reproductive

Serous Membranes

Functions:

Line cavities

Cover organs

Epithelial tissue

Examples:

Pleurae: line lungs

Pericardium: covers heart

Peritoneum: lines abdomen

Synovial Membranes

Functions:

Line free moving joint cavities

Examples:

Ball and socket

Hinge

Pivot

Gliding

Saddle

Meninges Cutaneous

Protect brain and spinal cord

Skin

Outer covering of the body

Keratin

Epithelial tissue

Content Check

Match each type of membrane to its function:

1. Synovial membrane

2. Cutaneous membrane

3. Mucous membrane

a) Forms outer covering of the body

b) Lines walls of organs that open to the outside of the body

c) Lines the interior of a joint capsule

C

B

A

Homework

Text pg. 81 “Study Questions” # 10-11

Lesson 4Review

Do Now

Chapter 4 Review Sheet