Boardman, J. - Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black Sea

8/12/2019 Boardman, J. - Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black Sea

1/19

Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black SeaAuthor(s): John BoardmanSource: Archaeological Reports, No. 9 (1962 - 1963), pp. 34-51Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/580967.

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2/19

GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY

ON THE

SHORES OF THE BLACK

SEA

The

Black Sea was one

of

the richest

colonising

areas

exploited

by

the Greeks

from

the later

seventh

century

on.

Their cities

have

been well

explored,

and

many

of

them

quite

well

published,

but

the

last detailed survey of the archaeological and other

evidence

which

they

offer

was

Minns's

great

Scythians

and

Greeks

published

in

I913.

Since the Revolution

Russian

archaeologists

have

paid

more attention

to

the

archaeology

of other

periods

and areas of

their

country,

but

the

Greek

cities

have not been

neglected,

and,

particularly

since

the Second World

War,

major

BULGARIA

The Greek

colony

ofApollonia

Pontica

lay

on the

island

of

St

Kiriak,

near modern

Sozopol,

but there

have

been

finds

also

on the

nearby peninsula

(Attia)

and

from Sozopol Bay itself. They include East Greek

pottery

of the

early

sixth

century,2

which lends

credi-

bility

to the foundation date

suggested by

ps.-

Skymnos,

c. 610. There

is

also

a

late archaic male

statue,

found

in

the thirties but

only

published

in

I952.3

It is

very

like the

draped

male

statue from

Tigani

in

Samos,

but headless.

The site

had

already

T Y R A 5

?

o r o m

H E R A W - E A

?r

cP?IIS

FIG.

I

excavations

have been carried on

in

many

sites,

both

old

and new. Their

work,

and

that of their

Rumanian

and

Bulgarian colleagues,

is still not

readily

accessible

to most western scholars

who are as reluctant to

learn

Eastern

European

languages

as

the easterners

have

been

to

give

detailed summaries

of their work

in

any

other

language.

The

work

of Turkish

archaeologists

on the south coast

sites is more

widely

known. This

article

attempts

to summarise

some of the more

im-

portant results of excavations and publications of

recent

years,

which

may

interest

the

Hellenist. We

proceed

clockwise,

starting

at the

Hellespont.1

yielded

the

famous

Anaxandros

stele

which,

as

Dimitrov

observed

in

1942,

is

in

fact an

amphiglyph.4

Calamis is

known to have

worked later at

Apollonia,

which

may

well have

been one of the

richest Black Sea

towns

in

its

early years.

The

pottery

from

excava-

tions on St

Kiriak

early

in

the

century

was well

distributed,

and some has

now been

published

for the

first time.5

Mesembria,

the isthmus

site at modern

Nesebur,

offers very little of its early years.6 Its cemetery has

yielded

fourth-third

century graves

but

only

since

the last war has

the

peninsula

itself been

explored

in

any

detail. Traces of

houses of the fifth

century

to

1

For

information,

offprints,

books and

photographs

I

am

indebted

to Dr A.

Peredolskaya,

Dr

V.

Skydnova,

Dr I.

Antonova,

Dr

N.

Britova,

Dr N.

Sidorova;

Prof. E.

Condurachi,

Miss

S.

Dimitriu,

Miss M.

Coja,

P. Alexandrescu

(and

it

gives

me

pleasure

to record the

gratitude

of a

party

from

Oxford,

of

which

I

was

one,

to

the Rumanian

Academy

for their

hospitality

in

1959);

Miss N. K.

Sandars,

Mrs A.

D.

Ure,

Prof.

J.

M.

Cook,

Prof. E.

Akurgal.

2

Bull.

Inst.

Arch.

Bulg.

xviii

(1952)

102

ff.

3

Ibid.

93

ft.

P

Cf. Frel

in

Studia

Antiqua

Sala-

163

f.

6

As

that in

Paris,

by

Frel,

Bull.

Inst.

Arch.

Bulg.

xxiii

(i960)

239

ff.;

including

a

double

eye-cup (240

fig. 1.3)

like

Rhoikos'

dedication at Naucratis

(Naucratis

i

pl.

7.I)

and a

Chian

stamnos

(I I2

fig.

83).

6

A

good

survey

by

Ognenova

in

BCH

lxxxiv

(1960)

221 ff.

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3/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY

ON

THE

SHORES OF

THE BLACK

SEA

35

Hellenistic

period

have

come

to

light

and

a

bothros

with

votive

pottery

and

inscribed dedications

to Zeus

and Hera.

The

greater

part

of a

Hellenistic

house,

with

one of

its

cellars,

and

a

small furnace

for

metal-

working

has

been

excavated.

RUMANIA

Rumanian

archaeologists

have been

exceptionally

active

in

the last

ten

years

and

they

have devoted

much

of their

time to

the

Greek colonial sites on their

sea-

board.

Reports

and

studies of

finds

appear quickly

and are of

a

very

high

standard.

Detailed annual

clay

berries attached

to it.

Traces

of

cloth were

noted

and,

over the

right

hand,

scraps

of inscribed

papyrus

which are

still

being

treated

but

may

remain

illegible.

Tomi too

is

largely

hidden

by

modern

Costanza.

Its

history

is

still best

studied

in its

inscriptions8

and

the

literary

sources,

and

the

predominant

finds

in

and

near the

city

are

from tombs of the Roman and

later

periods.

Sporadic

finds

in recent

years

include

Chian

amphorae

of

the

first

half

of

the

fifth

century

B.C.

and there remains

hope

of further

finds

from the

early

Greek

city.

Attention has

naturally

been

concentrated

on

the

0)

0

IT

ol9

THmEL

us

Rou

FIG.

2

reports

can

be found

in Materiale

si

Cercetdri

arheologice

(with

summaries

in

French)

and

various studies

in

Dacia as

well

as

other

periodicals

and

monographs

like Histria

i

(1954).

Callatis

is

effectively

hidden

by

modern

Mangalia

and

hitherto

only

the

cemetery

area

north

and north-

west

of

the

town

had

been

explored

and fourth-

century

and

Hellenistic

graves

excavated.

Rebuilding

within

the town

in

1959-6o0

gave

the

opportunity

for

more

detailed

study

of the

ancient

city.

A

cemetery

area

immediately

north

of

the

ancient

city

wall

yielded

several

tombs,

of

considerably

differing types,

including

contracted burials in pit-graves, child

burial

in

amphorae,

stone-built

and

tile

graves,

and

cremation

pits.

The

finds

are

largely

of

the fourth

to

second

centuries

B.C.

and

include

Attic

red-figure

pottery,

alabastra,

gilt

clay

reliefs

and

figurines.

One

remarkable

tomb

complex

(Fig.

2),

of

which

the

principal

burials

are

fourth-century

in

date,

comprises

a

rectangular

stone

monument

(12

X

6

m.)

enclosing

three cremation

pits,

and

a stone-lined

cist within

an

oval

tumulus

(I3"5

x

14-2

m.)

outlined

with

stone slabs

(Fig.

3).

The

body

wore

what

is

de-

scribed

as a bone

coronet

with

bronze

leaves

and

gilt

FIG.

3.

most

important

and

accessible

of

the

Greek

towns,

Istros

(Roman

Histria).

Excavations

since

1914

had

uncovered

much of

its later

architecture

and

history

but

the

layout

and

buildings

of

the Greek

colony

remained

obscure.

The

very appearance

of

Istros

7

Dacia

v

(1961)

275

ff.

8

Ibid.

233

ff.



4/19

36

J.

BOARDMAN

in

the

early

days

of

the

colony

is still

not clear.

The site

is now

virtually

cut

off

from the

sea

by

a series

of mudbanks

and

lagoons.

Originally

it

may

have

been

a

peninsula

site of

the

type

favoured

by

the

Greeks,

or

perhaps

no

more

than a low

hill

in

the

coastal

plain

(Fig.

4).

Beneath

the Roman-

Byzantine

citadel

occupying

the

low

hill

which

must

always

have

been

the

heart

of the

city,

the excavators

have

come

upon

the foundations

of

a

small

temple

(Fig. 5),

dated

by

finds of Chian

amphorae

of the

early

fifth

century

which

were buried

complete

and

in-

verted

beneath

its floor.

There

are

Ionic architectural

pieces

of

the first

half

of the

fifth

century

from

the

general

area.

Fig.

6

shows

part

of an Ionic

anta

capital.

The

temple

is

thought

to

be

of

Aphrodite.

From

it

(or possibly

its predecessor, for there are also sixth-

century

votives

of

pottery

and

figurines)

< I

.-CroR

z

LAKE

SINOE

TUMeULUS

O----.

._.

~:?f O

2~0 Ito r

FIG.

4

FIG.

5

is

a

fragmentary

Gorgoneion

antefix

in

clay.

The

classical temple was overlaid by a Doric one of the

Hellenistic

period,

dedicated

(Fig.

7)

to the

Thracian

Megas

Theos

by

a Thasian

resident

in

Istros.Y

Clearer

evidence

for

occupation

of

the Greek

period

is

found

at a

point

(Sector

X)

nearly

I

km.

west of

the

temple

site,

near

a

probable

ancient

anchorage

where

at least three

levels of

occupation

are

distinguished,

the last

bearing

signs

of

a

violent

destruction

by

fire,

associated

by

the excavators

with

the

ravages

of

the

Scythians

after

the Persians

had

retired. The

houses

were

of the

simplest,

with

wattle and

daub

walls,

and

they lay

outside

the sixth-

FIG. 6

9

Cf.

BCH

lxxxiii

(1959)

455

ff-



5/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SHORES OF

THE

BLACK

SEA

37

FIG.

7

century circuit wall. Across Sector X ran a Hellen-

istic

ditch

and traces

of the defence wall which ac-

companied

it. Of the same

period

are

deep

founda-

tions,

cut

for houses

and

filled

with neat

alternating

layers

of

clay

and

crushed

rubble. These

would

have

stabilised

the construction

in

a

low-lying,

perhaps

marshy

area,

and

similar measures have

been

observed

at

Olbia,

in

S. Russia.

Between Sector

X and

the

'acropolis',

in

Sector

Z,

traces

have

been

found of

the archaic and

fifth-century

circuit

walls.

Hellenistic floors

paved

with

amphora

feet

(Fig.

8)

are an unusual feature here.

From

the

later Hellenistic

period

on this area

lay

outside

the

circuit

and

was used

as a

cemetery.

The

city

area

was

to

shrink

yet

farther,

and the

shortest,

best

preserved

circuit is Roman, of the fourth

century

A.D.

and

later.

North

of

the

site,

beyond

the

present-day

Lake

Sino6,

lies a

large cemetery

of tumuli.

One

of

the

largest (xvi,

'Belvedere')1o

was

40

m.

across

and of

the

Roman

period,

but

it

lay

over

five

other small

tumuli

of

the

sixth to fourth centuries B.c.

The funeral

pyres,

collective

tombs,

the interment

of

horses

and,

FIG. 8

apparently, human sacrifices, shows that these are

'Thracian'

burials,

but the burial

goods

include

many

Attic and East Greek

vases,

purchased

by

the

local

notables from the Greek

colony.

The earliest

pottery

does not

carry

the

history

of

Istros

appreciably

earlier than

6oo

B.c."

The sixth-

century

vases are rich in

quality

and

variety, including

good

Attic of the middle of the

century

on

(Fig.

9),

Rhodian Wild Goat

vases,

unidentified

black-figure

(Fig.

xo),

Chian

(including

the base

of an

early

chalice

of

seventh-century type)

and Fikellura.

Notable

among

the

Fikellura vases

is

one

with a

satyr

and maenad on

either

side,

drawn

with some

incised detail

(Fig.

ii),

and

fragments

with

centaurs.'2

There

are

many

archaic Chian

wine

amphorae; very

little

Corinthian;

and there seems to have been local

production

of a

bucchero-type pottery

in

Ionian

shapes.

An

archaic

pithos

from Sector

X has relief

decoration of

stamped

(or

rolled)

guilloche

on raised

bands,

of

a

type

met

in

the

Cyclades.I3

Part of the

torso of a

mid-sixth

century

kouros

(Fig.

12)

can

be

added to the few

pieces

of archaic

sculpture

from

the

Black

Sea

cities.14

Other

sculpture

from Istros

is

largely

votive

statuettes

and reliefs of later date.

A

small

number

of

good

late Hellenistic

terracottas

(as Fig.

13),

and a

kiln,

found

in

Sector

X,

offer evidence

for local

workshops

10

Dacia

iii

(1959) 143

ff.

11

A

useful

survey

of the

early

levels

by

Condurachi

in

Griechische tddte

(ed.

Irmscher

and

Schelov,

1961) I

ff.;

and

cf.

Pippidi,

BCH

lxxxii

(1958)

335

ff.

Alexandrescu has

published

fragments (Studii

Classice v

(1962)

49 ff.)

from

earlier

excavations

which he describes as late or sub-geometric, but they seem not

unlike

the linear-decorated

parts

of

fourth-century

or

even later

vases.

An East

Greek

vase-painter

was called

Istrokles

in

the

mid-

seventh

century.

This

argues familiarity

with

the Danube

(Istros)

by

this

date

(J.

M.

Cook,

BSA

53-54 (1958-59)

I6;

Greeks

n

Ionia

and

the East

53

fig. 12).

R.

M.

Cook,

ap.

Roebuck,

Ionic

Trade

and Colonisation

18

n.

113, points

out that

there was

an Istros

in

East

Greece.

But the name is

Thracian not

Greek

(according

to

Detschev,

Die thrak.

Sprachreste),

o this too

should

derive

from some

knowledge

of

the Black

Sea;

and

cf.

Hesiod,

Th.

339-

12

Valuable studies

of the

pottery by

Dimitriu and

Coja

in

Dacia

ii

(1958)

69

ff.;

and cf.

Histria

i

363

ff.

13

Mat. Cerc. vi

(i959)

283, fig.7,

and

Stud.

si

Cerc.de

Ist.

veche

ix

(1958)

275

ff.

figs.

I,

2.

14

Dacia v

(1961)

185

ff.

for

sculpture

from

Istros.



6/19

38 J.

BOARDMAN

.......I

.........:

.. .......

..

i:::;

): :-i

:

i:

S.?

:i? iii

::;2:

i:::i:;:::

FIG. 9

i

F

.

.

1

"

.T:

W

F~c.

FI

.XI

I

.

I



7/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY

ON THE

SHORES OF THE BLACK

SEA

39

and

perhaps

the artisans'

quarter

of the

period.15

Fig.

x4

shows

an unusual

lead

weight

of

the

city,

Hellenistic

in

date.'16

Istros

lies

just

south

of the modern delta of

the

Danube,

at a

point

whence the main stream

of

the

FIG.

13

great

river

can

be

easily

reached

where it is

running

north.

On

the

inland

route,

some

20o

km. west

of

Istros,

a native

village

excavated at Tariverde17

has

yielded

clear

signs

of

very

close contacts with

the

Greeks

of Istros

in

the

early years

of the

colony.

The

-- T

y .,.I ~

1~

I\

1,\1

/

I O

C

B

\1

-i~\\

t

..~

~1?I

Ui~n~

~U~z?'

'

1.1li11

? \L'I

1;1'

FIG.

14

East Greek

and Attic

pottery

carry

this back to

at

least the second

quarter

of the sixth

century.

Fig. 15

shows

part

of the interior

of a

cup, probably

not

Attic.18

Much farther

off,

at

Barbosi,

near

where

the

Danube turns

east to the

sea,

late

sixth-century

FIG.

15

Greek

pottery

had

been

reported.

Just

north

of

Istros,

at

Zmeica,

there

seems

to

have

been a

similar

emporium

of

the

Hellenistic

period.

RUSSIA

Most

of the

important

Greek

sites

have

been

the

scene

of

renewed

excavations

by

Soviet

archaeolo-

gists,

and no

little

work had

to

be done

to

repair

the

ravages

of

war at

many places.

Excavations

have

been

carefully

planned,

conducted

and

published.

One feature of the

publication

is the

attention

paid

to earlier

work on

the

sites,

and the

attempt

to

cor-

relate all the available

archaeological

evidence.

This

has

involved

much

publication

and

some re-

publication

of

important

earlier

finds.

(Repetitive

reports,

and

essays

barely

rewritten

for

another

publication,

are

unhappy

characteristics

of western

archaeology

also.)

Another

feature

is the time

devoted

to the

domestic

architecture

and

settlements

in

the

Greek

cities,

not

simply

their

temples,

agora

and

walls. And

finally,

good

reconnaissance

and

excavation

have

identified

a

number

of

minor

sites

and

yielded

some

evidence

about

the

relationship

of

Greeks with

the native

population.

All

this constitutes

what

is

perhaps

the

most

important

concerted

operation

of

recent

years

in

the

archaeology

of

the

Greek world.

Excavations on

Greek

colonial

sites are

reported

in

various

Russian

periodicals.

Materiali

i

issle-

dovaniya

po archeologii

SSSR

(Materials

and

Researches;

abbrev.

Mat. Res.

here),

published

by

the

Moscow

Academy

of

Sciences,

appears

irregularly

but

often,

and

sometimes

part

or all

of one

volume is

devoted

to a

single

site. The

most

important

other

periodicals

are

the

Moscow and

Kiev

Short

Communications

(Kratkie

soobscheniya;

two

series),

Review

of

Ancient

History

(Vestnik

drevny

storii)

and

Sovetskayaarchaeologiya.

Other

monographs

appear

regularly,

and a

valuable

15

Dacia

v

(I961) 213

ff.

16

Dacia ii

(1958) 453

fig.

2.

1

Mat.

Cerc.

v

(1957)

77 ff-;

v

(1958)

318

if.;

vii

(1960)

273

ff-

18

BCHlxxxii

(1958) 349 fig.

20

(reversed).



8/19

40

J.

BOARDMAN

rYAA

r n y L m C - K I

XALOS Lt

POR F

P C u

P d A V A

VY

C f t ? o V A

r t ~ c O P O

HIGMSONESO

FIG. I6

survey, by

subjects,

not

sites,

was edited

by

Gaidu-

kevich and

Maximova

in

Antichnie

goroda

Severnogo

Prichernomoriya

(I955).

Antichnie Gorod

(ed.

Boltun-

ova,

1963)

has

essays

on

different

sites.19

These are

all

in

Russian and

summaries

in

any

other

languages

are

exceptional.

The westerner with

little

or no

Russian

may

turn to Belin

de Ballu's

L'Histoire

des

colonies

grecques

du

littoral nord de

la

Mer

noire

(Paris,

I960),

which is a

bibliography

of

works

published

from

1940

to

1957,

but its

summaries

of

archaeological

matters

are often

very

vague.

Of

greater

service is

Bibliotheca

Classica

Orientalis,

published

in

Berlin

every

two

months,

with

long

summaries

in

German

of

Russian

and other East

European

books

and

periodicals

on

all

classical

subjects.

Here summaries

are sometimes

slow to

appear,

and the

coverage

of

archaeological

periodicals

is not

complete.

Some briefer

reports

FIG.

17

19

On

Beresan,

Tyras,

Olbia,

Kalos

Limen, Chersonesos,

Phanagoria, Kepoi

and Tanais. This book

appeared

after this

article

was

written.



9/19

GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY

ON

THE

SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA

41

FIG.

18

appear

in

Historia

and

works on

inscriptions

are

reviewed

by

the Roberts

in REG.

For works

in western

languages

there

is

Mongait's

Archaeology

n

the U.S.S.R.

of which an

English

edition

was

published

in

Moscow

in

1959.

The

new transla-

tion

published

by Penguin

Books

in

196I

is revised

but

abridged

and lacks

the fuller

indexes and

maps.

Finally,

Danoff's contributions to

Pauly-Wissowa,

RE

suppl.

vol.

ix.

(1962)

866-1175

on

'Pontos

Euxeinos'

should be

mentioned.

Finds

of

early

Greek

objects

in

places

outside the

Greek cities have

been charted

by

Onajko

in

Sov.

Arch.

1960.

2

25

ff. He lists six sites

with seventh-

century

Greek

pottery

near

the

Middle

Dniepr

and

Don,

but none

of it is

appreciably

earlier than the

earliest from

Olbia

or

Berezan.

From

Nemirov,

some

150

miles

from

Kiev and

over

300

miles from the

mouth

of the

Bug,

is

a vase of local

manufacture

inscribed

in Greek

adZE

~te.20

The

grave

group

found

many years

ago

at

Krivoroshie,

250

miles from

the sea between

the

Donetz

and

the

Don,

has been

republished by Mantsevich in Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg.

xxii

(1959)

57

iff

In includes the

upper

part

of

a

Wild

Goat

style

oenochoe,

in

the

shape

of a ram's

head

(Fig. 17).

A vase of

this

type,

with a

bull's

head,

was

found

recently

at

Emporio

in Chios in a

late

seventh-century

context

(Arch.

Reports

1955 36

fig.

2).

Part

of another Chian bull's head vase

(Fig.

I8)

is

from

Choperskie,

over

Ioo

miles farther

inland

than Krivoroshie.21

20

Soy.

Arch.

1959.

I

259-61;

for other finds there cf. AA

19i

I

230,

235

f.;

1912 378.

21

IGAIMK

1935

94

fig-.

25.

In the

Museum

of Novocherkassk.

FIG.

19



10/19

42

J.

BOARDMAN

.,.?..

..

~?.:?.:

''

'

-s'?

- .r ?I r-

.r.

I

?(.(?

'

?. I?

?'. ?~

.,:

; r'

'''

'\ f?

'r rL

?.?. i' -.?

''

\\ ?\='

r~ ..

.. .??

hZ -- .?

"- 3~4A.

?~ ? I

?r?

r

r.

r

I )

C

?:I F

LL?~ZIY YJC~

cL~Li.

crC

I

'?. \i

ccci~

r

r*ll

=:

?? ?.?.~ ~=2121' C

re

r

. 1

? ,Z r

??r?~G'~ :r ...

i

?? 's

~31 /rr

'I

,? .I'.

' ?"

II '?

I?'?

~J 'I

?.

s

II i. '"

rl,; ~:::

I

?? '? ' rrr c

\

'. r

? c j

. r ?~'

t .r

,I(rle

r

( ( )(I((~( r7.

I

((1

' '

;????

I r

II 1'((~ 1~11

''

It

.?,i;c"

~?

-:3.'???'

-? ?-

FIG. 20

General accounts of

Greco-Scythian

art

cannot be

mentioned

here,

but Maximova's

study22

of

a silver

rhyton

(Fig. 19)

from

the

early

find

at

Kelermes,

of

the

same school as

the

famous

Kelermes

mirror23

(first

half of the sixth

century)

should be noted.

They

carry

scenes of a

winged goddess

with

griffins (Fig. 2o),

a

centaur,

a hero

fighting

a

lion,

a

mounted

Scythian

and

geese.24

Tyras

stands at the mouth of

the river of the same

name

(now

Dniestr).25

The ancient

city

is concealed

beneath the remblai

formed at the

time of the con-

struction of the Akerman

fortress,

and excavations

have yielded remains largely of its later history,

although something

of

the

layout

of the Hellenistic

town can

be

made

out. The

published

finds are

no

earlier than the fourth

century

but

sixth-century

pottery

has

been

reported.

The

Odessos

which stood

to the west

of the

estuary

of the

Borysthenes (Dniepr)

has

long

been

thought

to

lie near the mouth of

the

Tiligoul

(cf.

RE,

s.v.)

and

excavations have

now uncovered

part

of a

major

site

on

the

left bank

of that river.

The island

(?

once a

peninsula)

Berezan

in

the

Bug/

Dniepr

estuary

has

generally

been

regarded

as

the

site of the first Greek settlement

in this

area,

before

the

foundation at Olbia.

It has

yet

to

yield anything

appreciably earlier than the earliest finds at Olbia

and seems

to have been abandoned

by

the Greeks

early

in the fifth

century.

Post-war

excavations

have revealed

more

of the

sixth-century

town,

including

a

pit-dwelling

of a

type

met on native

sites

of this

period.

The site is

the source

for much of

the

earliest

Greek

pottery

from South

Russia.

Skydnova

has

studied

the

Chian

and Rhodian

vases,26

none

of

them

obviously

earlier than

the end of

the seventh

century.

There is

good

Attic

black-figure

of

the

first

half of

the

sixth

century,

and a

surprising

import

is

an Eretrian

black-figure

vase

(Fig.

21)

of

the

mid-

century.27

Other

important

recent

publications

of

its

early pottery

are in Mat.

Res.

50

and

Fabricius,

Arch. Karta i.

Olbia.

Sir Ellis Minns reviewed

the work

done

at

Olbia since the

appearance

of

his

Scythians

and Greeks

(1913)

in

JHS

lxv

(1945)

109-12,

with a

plan

of

the

site and references to

publications.

Recent work has

been devoted

to the

Upper

Town,

its

Agora

and

houses,

most of which are

Hellenistic

or of

the Christ-

ian

era,

and

to the

repair

of

war-damage,

since

the

site had been robbed

for defence

works and

the

local

museum ransacked. Articles

in

Mat.

Res.

50

discuss

various

aspects

of

the site

and

its

history.

In the

Agora

monumental altars of

the

fifth and

third

centuries have been

uncovered,

as

well as

the founda-

tions of a

large

peripteral temple

and

a

large public

building.

An

early fifth-century

dedication

(on

a

late

black-figure

palmette

cup)

names

Apollo

Delphinios

(AdAptvto)

and

a

votive

deposit

of his

sanctuary

was

found

in

1955.

In the

town

basement-storerooms

of classical date were identified and a start has been

made on

the detailed

study

of

the architecture

of

the

houses.

A

regular grid-plan

of roads

seems

to

have

been established

in

part

of

the

town,

north

of

the

Agora, by

about

500.

Some

of

the finer

town

houses

have

good

ashlar

walls,

others

are

of

mudbrick.

An

interesting

feature

is the

damp-course

foundations

of

ashes and

clay

which recalls

the measures

for

land

reclamation

or consolidation at

Istros

(see

above).

The traces of

a

fortification

wall on

the

west are

now

22

In

Gr.

Stddte

(above,

n.

i1)

60

ff.,

pls.

23, 24, 27-29,

and

Sovy.

Arch.

1956

215

ff.

23

Gr. Stddte

35

ff., pl.

20o;

Rostovtseff,

Iranians

and Greeks

pl.

6.

24

Some

scenes

copied

in

Cook,

Greeks

n lonia

and the East

53

fig. 13;

and cf.

Radet,

Cybdbde'

9 fig.

25.

25

Athenian Tribute

Lists

(ATL)

i

557

f.

places

Tyras

farther

upstream

but

the Akerman

site

has

yielded

plenty

of

Tyras

coins.

The

equation

of

Tyras

with

Ophioussa,

made

by

Pliny

and

Stephanus,

is contested

(Soy.

Arch.

1959.

2

6o

ff.).

26

Soy.

Arch.

I957-4

I28 ff.;

I960.2

153

ff.

(fig.

I3.3--?

early

Attic

black-figure; fig.

14

is a Chian

storage

jar).

27

Soobsch.

Erm.

xvi

(I959)

48

f.



11/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY

ON THE

SHORES OF THE

BLACK

SEA

43

thought

to

be of the fifth

century

(cf.

Hdt. iv

78.4).

There

are said

to be

signs

of an extensive disaster in

the

city

followed

by

rebuilding,

in the late fourth

century.

Contracted burials

of the sixth-fourth

centuries

found in the cemeteries

of Olbia

(and

Chersonesos)

are identified as of

Scythians living

in

the Greek

towns

(cf.

Hdt. iv

78.5-79.2); grave goods,

like

vases,

are

Greek,

but

weapons

are

of

Scythian

sought

out,

and

in

Mat.

Res.

50

154

ff. a

useful

conspectus

is

given

of finds

there

in

the

Scythian

animal

style.

In

Soobsch.

Erm.

xii

(1957)

48

ff.

important

earlier

finds

of Attic

pottery

are

published,

including

some

Sophilean fragments.

An

unusual

bone

ring,

with a female

portrait

head as

device,

was

found

in

1948

and dated

to

the

third

century by

Maximova

(Sov.

Arch.

28

(1958) 248-55).

The

FIG. 21

types.

These

finds

are

largely

from a

cemetery

in

the

north-east

quarter

of the later

town.

Architectural

and

sculpture

finds

published

in

Sov.

Arch.

29/30 248

ff.

include

a late archaic

volute

fragment

which is

thought

to

be the acroterion

of an

altar,

the

shoulder of

an archaic kore and

archaic

terracottas. Studies of the

fourth-century

and Hellen-

istic

terracottas

have

suggested

that most were

im-

ported

from

Asia

Minor and that

the

only

local school

was

influenced

by Scythian

motifs. The

native

element

in

Olbia

has

naturally

been

particularly

development

and

dating

of the cast bronze

coins of

Olbia have

been

discussed

by Furmanskaj

(Kratkie

Kiev

1954.

3

6o

ff.)

in

the

light

of new

finds. Since

some

were

found at

Berezan,

which seems

to have been

abandoned

in

the

early

fifth

century,

the

issue

may

begin

as

early

as

500.

Attention has been

paid

to

sites near Olbia where

the

population

seems

to

have

been

at

least

in

part

Greek,

from as

early

as

the end of the

sixth

century.

One of

these,

at

Sirokaya

balka,

just

south of

Olbia,

yields

evidence for close relations with the

Greek



12/19

44

J.

BOARDMAN

colony

from

its earliest

years.

These

settlements

include native

pit-houses

as

well as

mudbrick

and

stone structures of Greek

type.

Kerkinitis

(Eupatoria)

was the most

noteworthy

Greek

city

in

the

West

Crimea.28

Excavations there

have shown that the

native site which

preceded

the

Greek foundation was

in

close touch with

the Greek

colonies,

to

judge

from the

pottery,

which

goes

back

to the later sixth

century.

Some

have

suggested

that

Kerkinitis was

in

fact founded as a

Greek

colony

before

its resettlement from

Chersonesos

in

the fourth

century.

Its fortification wall

was built

in

the Hellenistic

period; part

of a

round tower

has been excavated.

There have been several

excavations of

Scythian

sites

and burials

in

this

area,

and much of

the Hellenistic

art

of the

Greek

cities on this

coast is

seen to be semi-

barbaric.

Kalos

Limen,

named

in

three Chersonesos

inscrip-

tions,

is located

by

Russian

archaeologists 65

km.

north of Kerkinitis.

It

is a

smaller,

later

site,

but a

nearby Scythian

tumulus has

produced,

it is

said,

sixth-

century Greek pottery. The town itself was founded

around

3oo-one

of

several

settled from

Chersonesos.

Chersonesos,

near

Sevastopol,

is

the

subject

of

studies

published

in

Mat.

Res.

34.

Excavations

continue on the

site,

which is another of those

at

which

the

relationship

with the local

population-Taurians

and

Scythians-can

be studied

in

some detail.

The

colony

seems to

have taken the

place

of a

Taurian

settlement,

and a fifth-fourth

century

cemetery

includes

40 (out

of

150)

contracted

burials,

which are

thought

to

be

of

native

Taurians

living

beside the

Greeks. The

cemetery

area was later

incorporated

within the town.

The

earliest

Greek finds are of the

end of the sixth

century.

These

suggest

that the

site

was

a Milesian

settlement before its new

foundation

from Herakleia Pontika

towards

the

end

of

the fifth

century.

A late

classical fortress wall has been

dated

by

finds of

red-figure,

and a

theatre,

whose

earliest

period

seems to

be of the third

century

B.C.

has been

excavated-the

first

to be found

in

any

of the

Black

Sea cities.

In the Hellenistic

town one house was found to

cover

an

area of some

150

sq.

m.,

including

apebble-

paved

court. It

had

a

cellar

cut

in

the rock while

one of the

larger

rooms had

a

central stone altar and a

hearth in the corner. Its storeroom was well stocked

with

amphorae

and

fishing gear.

Another house was

supplied

with

oval

vats

which

contained

traces of

colouring

matter and

may

have been

a

dyeing

establishment. The

pre-war

find of

a

Hellenistic

pebble

mosaic

showing

two women

bathing

is

now

published,

in

Mat.

Res.

34 (Fig.

22).

It is

in

a

residential

area,

mainly

of

two-house

insulae

(Fig.

23),

in

the north of

the town.

Early

Hellenistic

farm

28

On the

problems

of the location of

Kerkinitis

at

Eupatoria

see A TL

i

496

f.

Burn,

The

Lyric

Age

of

Greece

15,

suggests

that

Herodotus'

Kerkinitis was

Berezan,

but

the

Greek settlement

at

Berezan

seems not to

have

survived the

early

fifth

century,

while

Kerkinitis,

from its

coins,

did.

FIG. 22



13/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE

SHORES OF THE

BLACK SEA

45

houses

on the

peninsula

site

have been

discovered

and

the

property

of one

kleros

estimated at

over

700

acres;

its

produce-wheat,

wine

and

timber.

A

whole wine

installation which was

excavated,

with its

presses,

vats and

cellars,

is

of

the

early

Roman

period.

There

was a local

pottery producing

wine

amphorae

in

the

Hellenistic

period.

The

amphora stamps

of the

astynomoi

have

been

studied as well as the

local

tile

stamps

of the

same date. The

pottery

industry

at

Chersonesos

seems to

have

been

particularly

active

in

the

third

century

B.C.

Other

studies of finds at

Chersonesos

draw

attention to the

jewellery

finds in

tombs there and the

evidence for the cult of

Herakles.

In the East Crimea and

the Taman

peninsula

work

has

proceeded apace

on the

already

partly explored

colonial

sites,

as

Panticapaeum

and

Phanagoria,

but

the

identity

and

early

importance

of other

subsidiary

foundations

has

now been

established.

Excavations

on

nearly

all

the

Greek

sites have shown that

they

were

CELLAR

COURT

cour

,N

A

SM.

FIG.

23

founded

on

pre-existing

native

settlements. Gener-

ally

the finds of

the first

centuries of the Greek

towns

have been

slight,

except

for

pottery,

but the

prosperity

of the

Bosporan Kingdom

in the

Hellenistic

period

has been well

demonstrated

by

the

well-appointed

houses

and factories which have

been

uncovered.

These,

and their successors

of

the

Roman

period,

offer a vivid

picture

of the

vigorous

commercial life

fostered

by

the Greeks in

the

Black

Sea. The vine

was

cultured to

good

effect,

wineries have been

found

and

whole series of

locally-made

wine

amphorae

recog-

nised.29 Tanning and dyeing are attested and

especially

the

fisheries which

are

represented

by

the

pickling

vats

in

which

the Kerch

herring

and

tunny

were

prepared

for

export

to the

Aegean.

Panticapaeum

(Kerch)

on

the

western shore of

the

Cimmerian

Bosporus

had

been the

scene of

early

excavations,

and the

Greek and

native

cemetery

sites had been

well

explored.

The same

areas

have

been studied further in

recent

years

and

attention

has

been

paid

also

to

the

subsidiary

foundations

at

Myrmekion,

Tiritaka,

etc.

In

Panticapaeum

excavations have

been

conducted

mainly

on

the north and

seaward sides

of

Mt Mithra-

dates,

the town

acropolis.

The

site

had

suffered from

wartime

trenching,

and in works of

reconstruction

the

opportunity

was taken to

explore

more of the

town

area.

The most

important

reports

of the work

done

0

/Octf

FIG. 24

appear

in

Mat.

Res.

56

and

103.

The earliest

pottery

from

the site now

published

includes East

Greek

fragments

of the earlier

part

of the sixth

century,30

Rhodian and Chian.

Much more of the monumental architecture of

the

town has been uncovered.

This includes

mouldings

from various

Ionic

buildings, ranging

from the

late

sixth

century

to

Roman in date. An archaic

base31

with fluted torus and

triple

scotia in the

spira (Fig. 24)

most resembles a

type

found in

Chios,32

and

other

architectural

styles

of that island are reflected

in

a

late classical ovolo

fragment (Fig.

25)

carved

with

elaborated lotus and palmette.33 In the Hellenistic

period

the

slopes

of the town were terraced

for

larger

FIG. 25

houses.

To

the

north-east

of Mt

Mithradates a

pre-

Greek,

'Cimmerian'

settlement has

been

identified,

and is

thought

to

have served as an

emporium

for

the

Greeks before

the

colony

was

founded.

The

nearby

cemetery

contains

elaborate

tumulus

burials,

richly

29

A valuable

conspectus

of

imported

and

local

wine

amphorae

from the area is to

be

found in

Mat.

Res.

83.

30

A

fragment

with

a

dog,

first

published

as late

seventh-

century,

is

recognised

by

Sidorova

as

later, Fikellura,

Mat. Res.

103

125

fig. 9.I.

31

Mat. Res.

56

30

fig.

16"

I.

32

Cf.

Antiquaries

Journal

xxxix

(1959) 174-

33

Mat.

Res.

103

22

fig. 13.

Cf.

AntJ (last

note)

189

ff.,

and

note that another

moulding

of

this

style

has been found

at

Olbia.



14/19

46

J.

BOARDMAN

FIG.

26

FIG.

27

furnished,

especially

in the fourth-third

centuries

B.C.

The stone-built

burial chambers seem to

copy

native

constructions,

more often of

wood,

such as are

found

in

the Kuban tumuli.

Of the

rich finds of

pottery published

in Mat.

Res.

56

and

103

we

may pick

out the

early

sixth-century

East Greek

jug (Fig. 26)

with a wine

jar

drawn

uponits shoulder

(56

183,

fig.

1.1;

103

1o9,

fig.

2),

and

the

fragment

of an

East

Greek

black-figure

vase

(56

188

fig.

3.14;

our

Fig. 27)

with a

vintage

scene,

from

a

FIG.

28

school

(or

artist)

whose

work is

found also in

Etruria

and

Egypt,34

as well as

other fine

black-figure

(Clazomenian). The plainer pottery which was

made

in

Panticapaeum

and

Phanagoria

from

their

earliest

days

has

been

carefully

studied

by

Kruglikova.

The limestone

head of a

warrior,

found in

1946,

is

attributed

to

a

local

workshop;

it

is

apparently

fifth-

century.

Other

sculptures

from the

Bosporan

area

are also

now taken to

be from local

schools

working

in

a

style

which

is

seen to

reflect

something

of the

native

tradition,

but since there

was no real

native tradition

for this

type

of work it

should

perhaps

rather be

34

On

the Ricci

hydria

and the

Oxford Karnak

vase

(JHS

lxxviii

(1958)

pls.

I, 2a;

and cf. now AA

1962

759

ff.,

figs.

11,

12).

Note the

characteristic

way

of

showing

the

vine.



15/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE

SHORES OF THE

BLACK SEA

47

regarded

as

unusual,

provincial

Greek.

Especial

attention has been

paid

to the

certainly

local

vogue

for

anthropomorphic

stelae

in the

Hellenistic

period,

and to the local

production

of bone

plaques

and

statuettes.

A fine

head

of

a woman

(Fig.

28),

in

island

marble,

was

found

in

1949,

and

part

of

a

large

relief

showing

a

griffin (1954)

is dated to

the

fourth

century.

The

terracottas

of

Panticapaeum

and

Phanagoria

are

discussed

by Kobylina

in

a mono-

graph

of

1961.

An

unusual bronze

fragment (Fig.

LO

?Ilz

Ar

FIG.

29

29)

from a

stand or

handle bears a late sixth century

dedication to

Ephesian

Artemis

,2XNAPTEMIE1EX2

(Vestnik

I960.3

i30). S6n

is taken to

be a

name.

Myrmekion

ies

to the

east of

Panticapaeum,

looking

south

along

the

straits.

It has

been the

scene

of

joint

Polish-Russian

excavations which are described

by

Michalowski

in

Myrmeki

i, ii,

and earlier finds are

reviewed in

Mat. Res.

25.

A

fifth-century

fortification

wall has

been

traced,

covering part

of the earlier

cemetery.

The earliest finds are

of

the

end of

the

sixth

century.

Hellenistic

wineries

and

fish-salting

stations

have been identified. A

nearby

vineyard

estate,

with its

workshops

and

installations,

has been

thoroughly investigated.

It is of the

second-first

centuries B.C.

FIG.

30

FIG.

31

Tiritaka,

some

io

km.

south of

Panticapaeum,

appears

to have been

an

important

fishing

centre in

its later

Greek

and Roman

periods.

Sixth-century

houses are

reported

and

fifth-century

and

Hellenistic

fortifications. The earliest

finds,

now

published,

suggest

that Tikritaka was

founded

well before

550.

Mat. Res.

25

includes

various

essays

on

the site and

publishes

the

pre-war

finds.

These include some

fine

East

Greek

pottery,

as well as some

most unusual

fragments

which

appear

to

be

orientalising

(227

fig.

1.2-8)

and a

fragment

with an

inscription.

The

for-

mer

(from

a

dinos)

may

be related

to Aeolic versions

of

the

canonic East Greek Wild Goat

style

vases,

and

seem to have

something

in

common

with

Phyrgian

painted

wares

of the sixth

century.

Work

at

Nymphaeum

is

described in Mat. Res.

69

and

there is an

important

monograph by

Chydyak,

Is

Istorii

Nympheya

(I962).

The most

important

recent finds have been in the sanctuary areas on the

acropolis (Aphrodite

and

Kabeiroi)

and the

lower

terrace

of the town in

the southern

quarter

near the

ancient harbour

(Demeter).

The shrines

of Demeter

and

Aphrodite

were founded

in the

early years

of the

colony,

in

the sixth

century

to

judge

from

the

votives.

The

Aphrodite

sanctuary

was of unusual

plan.

Four-roomed

in

the first

phase,

then three-roomed

with

hearth-altars.

The

distinctive

offerings identify

the

deity

as well

as an

assemblage

of cult

objects.

The

finds

in

the Demeter

sanctuary

include

good

East Greek and Attic

pottery.

For the

Kabeiroi

a

small

apsidal temple (5

X

14'3 m.)

of

fifth-century



16/19

48

J.

BOARDMAN

FIG.

32

date

(Fig. 30)

succeeded an archaic

temple,

and

near

by

were

large

votive

deposits

of the

early

sixth

to fourth centuries.

The architectural

terracottas

of

the

Kabeiroi and Demeter

temples

seem

to

have

been

imported

from

Sinope

in

the

fifth

century.35

They

are

in

the form

of double

rosettes,

with

blossoms

(Fig.

31)

or female

heads

at

the

centre. All

the

sanctuaries

were

destroyed

in the fourth

century,

possibly

on the

occasion

of

Leukon's

expedition against

Theodosia.

Later,

the

city

wall ran

over the

sanctuary

area.

In

the town

the stone-built houses of the

Greeks

overlie the

foundation

pits

of the huts

occupied by

the

natives

immediately

(it

is

assumed)

before

their

arrival. Fifth-fourth

century

houses were

cleared on

the

acropolis (Fig. 32,

with a

cistern).

Skydnova

has

distinguished

a

group

of archaic

vases,

found

only

in the Demeter

sanctuary

at

Nymphaeum,36

which

may

be of local manufacture

(fragments

in

Fig.

33).

The

shapes

are East

Greek,

and the

linear

decoration is

derived

from

that of the

simpler

East

Greek

vases,

with floral elaboration of the

common

'moustaches' motif and a fondness for groups of tear-

shaped

blobs.

The

style

is

close

to that of vases

from

Olynthus,

of

Robinson's

pre-Persian

Group

III,37

and

there

may

be some connexion

between these

provincial

wares.

The earliest

pottery

from the

site

now includes

mid-sixth-century

Attic

black-figure.38

Theodosia. A

little

more

has been done

in

the

fifth-

century

levels

of the

town,

which

appears

to

have been

founded on a native site.

Sixth-century

finds include

some

Attic

black-figure

of

the

second

quarter

of

the

century

(ABV

81

no.

7)

and

suggest

either settlement

35

On

the

importance

of the short route across

from

Sinope

see

Maximova

in

Klio

xxxvii

(1959)

IOI

ff.

36

Kratkie

Ukrain.

(I957)

73-75;

Archeologiya

(1958)100

ff.

37

Olynthus

v

pls. 25-41, 45.22;

xiii

pls.

1-3,

6-Io;

and

a

column crater from Phanai in Chios, ADelt ii (i916)

204

fig. 23.

38

Soobsch. rm.

1956

45

f.

FIG.

33



17/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY ON

THE SHORES

OF

THE

BLACK SEA

49

FIG.

36

Fia.

34

F13

.

35

Fie.

37



18/19

50

J.

BOARDMAN

by

other Greeks

(Milesians

from

Panticapaeum)

before

the

Megarian

settlement

from

Herakleia,

or

(just

as

probable)

close

relations

between

the

natives

and

the Milesian

cities

in the

straits.

Phanagoria

was

the

principal

Greek

city

on the

east

side

of

the straits. Excavations

there

have

been

summarised

in Mat. Res.

19

and

57.

Recent

work

FIG.

38

has been

devoted

to

the

Hellenistic

cemetery

and

to

parts

of the

town,

from

which

pottery

of

the

later

sixth

century

has been

recovered.

The

literary

date

for

the foundation

(by

Teians

fleeing

before

the

Persians)

is

c.

540.

Vase

fragments

published

as

'Chalcidian'

(which

would

be

unique

in this

area)

seem

more

probably

Ionian

in

origin (Mat.

Res.

19

196

fig.

6.2,

3;

57

164-67;

103

95).

Local

produc-

tion

of

architectural

terracottas

brought

an

end

to the

import

of

these

fittings

from

Sinope.

Trade

with

the

native

population

is attested

by

the rich

finds

of wine

amphorae,

the

earliest

being

Chian

and

Thasian

of

the

fifth

century,

which

have

been

made

in

a number

of

the native

fortified

towns

some

distance

off

inland,

to the south east.

Other

finds

include

(from

near

Phanagoria)

a

magnificent

marble

acroterion

(Fig.

34),

dated

to

the

fourth

century, part

of an

archaic

grave

relief

(Fig.

35),

Hellenistic

terracottas

of the

highest

quality

(the

head of

a

young

satyr,

Fig. 36)

and

the

fragment

of

a vase

stamped

with

the

device

of

a

satyr's

head

(Fig.

37),

which

recalls

the

coins

of

Pantica-

paeum,

and

the

initials

of

the

city's

name,

(DA.

Early

Hellenistic

houses

have

been

discovered

at

Patraea,

a

small

site on

the

north

side

of

the

bay

facing

Phanagoria,

and

there

is

now

sixth-century pottery

from

Kepoi,

at

the

eastern

recess

of

the

bay.

At

Hermonassa,

modern

Taman,

the

first

serious

excava-

tions have reached the sixth-century level at a depth

of over

9

m.

and

mudbrick

houses

of

the

late

sixth

century

have

been

identified.

In

Gorgippia,

modern

Anapa,

a

reconnaissance

established

the

area

of

the

city

and

position

of

its

cemetery.

There

are

superficial

indications

that it

could

have

been

an

early

settlement,

of

the

end

of

the

sixth

century.

Nearby

Sindian

towns,

which

were

absorbed

in the

Bosporan

Kingdom,

have

also

been

explored.

Many

of

the

villages

in the

Taman

peninsula

have

been

investigated.

Some

are

fortified.

There

is

imported

Greek

pottery

in several

of

them,

and

their

way

of

life seems

to

have

been

considerably

condi-

tioned

by

the

proximity

of

the Greek

colonies

although

their

simple

architecture and elaborate burial customs

remained

unaffected.

Tanais.

Knipovich

has

given

a

full account

of

the

site

on

the

Don

and

its

history

in

Tanais

(Moscow,

1944).

An

earlier

settlement,

near

Elisavetovskaya,

may

have

been

called

Tanais,

before

the

foundation

of

the

better

known

town

near

Nedvigovski.

In

the

Taganrog

Straits

underwater

exploration

has

yielded

late

seventh-century

Greek

pottery,

perhaps

from

a

pre-colonial

trading

post

(cf.

the

early

finds

up

the

Don,

above).38sa

Colchis.

The

eastern

coast

of

the

Black

Sea

has

hitherto

been

somewhat

neglected,

but

the

topography

of

the

Greek

settlements

is now

better

understood

and

the early importance of the Greek settlement at

Phasis

appreciated.

Early

coins

of

Colchis,

with

a

woman's

head

(obv.)

and

bull's

head

(rev.)

have

generally

been

put c.4oo

despite

their

obvious

archaic

appearance.

The

discovery

of

examples

with

later

sixth-century

pottery

at

Nymphaeum,

and

the

pub-

lication

of

coins

with

other

late

archaic

devices

reinforces

the

argument

from

style,39

but

it

is clear

38sa

Archaeology

vi.

93

f.

39 Vestnik

1952 238-42;

Kapanadze,

Grusinskaya

umismatika;

Lang,

Num.

Notes

and

Mon.

no.

130,

7,

doubted

the

early

date,

but

later

admitted

one

of the

other

types

(lion-minotaur),

Num.

Chron.

1957

138

f.



19/19

GREEK

ARCHAEOLOGY

ON

THE

SHORES OF

THE BLACK

SEA

51

also

that the

simpler

archaic

type,

with the woman's

and bull's heads, had a long life.40 This may have

been

the

earliest

mint for silver

coins in

the Black

Sea

area,

perhaps using

local

mineral

resources.

TURKEY

Of the

Greek sites on the south shores of

the Black

Sea

comparatively

little

is

known.

Trapezous

re-

mains to be

found beneath Trebizond. Excavations

at

Sinope

have met with

some success both

in the

peninsula

town and

in

the

cemetery

on the mainland.

The

evidence

bearing

on

the

date of the foundation

still

hardly brings

it

earlier

than

6oo.41

Pre-war

finds in

the

area are

now

published.

One is

a

superb

bronze

hydria,

with a woman's bust

at

the

upper

handle

junction, inscribed nap

hEpas

ApyEtaaEyt ov haFEO6Aov,

a

twin of the

Argive prize

hydria

in

New

York.42

Two

grave

stelae

with

two

and three

(Fig.

38)

figures

are

early

classical

in

date-early

examples

of

the

naiskos-stelae.43

In the town the

foundations of

a

Hellenistic

temple

and

altar

were

found,

together

with architectural revetments

and

mouldings

from

archaic

to

Roman

in

date,

and votives-terracottas

and

vases,

including

some

Phrygian.

For Greek

finds

in

the

Propontis

and

the

rest of

North

Turkey

the reader is referred to the article

by

J.

M. Cook

in

Arch.

Reports

or

1959-60.

40

Cf.

the

fourth-century

hoard

from

Kobyleti

with

coins

of

Sinope and Colchis, Vestnik1961.1

42

if.

41

See

Arch.

Reports or 1959-60 34,

and

Boysal

in AA

i959

8-20.

On

Greek

penetration

of the Black

Sea,

Graham

in

Bull.

Inst. Class.Stud.London

(1958) 25

ff.

42

Akurgal

and

Budde,

Vorliiuf.

Ber.

Sinope

(1956)

12

ff.;

Jeffery,

Local

Scripts

I64-

43

Akurgal

and

Budde,

pls.

6,

7; Akurgal, Zwei

Grabstelen

(Berlin

Winckelmannsprogramm

II I);

Jeffery, op.

cit.,

369.

Oxford JOHN

BOARDMAN

Documents

Boardman, J. - Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black Sea