Blue Carbon Stock of Mangrove Ecosystem in Nusa Penida, Bali

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Blue Carbon Stock of Mangrove Ecosystem inNusa Penida, Bali

CONFERENCE PAPER · NOVEMBER 2014

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10 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:

Mariska Kusumaningtyas

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

7 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS

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August Daulat



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Agustin Rustam

Research Institute for Mariculture, Gondol


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12th Biennial Conference of Pan Ocean Remote Sensing Conference (PORSEC 2014)

04 – 07 November 2014, Bali-Indonesia

293

BLUE CARBON STOCK OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN

NUSA PENIDA, BALI

Mariska A. Kusumaningtyas*)

, August Daulat, Devi D. Suryono, Restu Nur Afi Ati,

Terry L., Kepel, Agustin Rustam, Yusmiana P. Rahayu, Peter Mangindaan,Nasir Sudirman, and Andreas A. Hutahaean

Blue Carbon Center, Research and Development Center for Marine and Coastal Resources,

Agency of Research and Development for Marine and Fisheries,


*)E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Mangroves as one of the key component of coastal ecosystems have been widely known for its

services and its ecological and socio-economical functions. One of the important role of

mangroves is that as carbon storage. Naturally, coastal ecosystems absorbing carbondioxide(CO2) from atmosphere during photosynthesis and store it in plant tissue as biomass. Carbon

stored as biomass is known as carbon stock. A large amount of carbon are also stored in

organic-rich soil. Therefore, conservation of mangrove ecosystem could be an efective

mitigation strategy to climate change. In order to fill the uncomplete information related to

the potency of carbon storage of mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia, we conducted study with

aim to estimate carbon stock of mangrove ecosystem in Nusa Lembongan, Nusa Penida Sub-

district, Bali. Carbon stock was quantified based on the measurement of biomass using

allometric equation. Within 5 stations of study area, we found 5 species of mangroves,

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and

Xylocarpus granatum, with species density ranging from 100 to 2620 tree/ha. The total

biomass (above- and belowground tree) is 193.61 Mg/ha, while total carbon stock is 90.72

MgC/ha. From the observation using Landsat 7 ETM satellite image, the area of mangrove forest in Nusa Lembongan covering 164.57 ha. If the total carbon stocks converted into the

area, mangrove ecosystem in Nusa Lembongan could store carbon up to 14,929 Mg C.

Therefore, the estimation of CO2 absorbed is 54,792.33 Mg CO2e.

Keywords: blue carbon, Indonesia , mangrove, Nusa Penida, remote sensing

1. INTRODUCTION

Blue carbon refers to carbon sequestered

by living organisms in coastal and oceanecosystems (e.g. mangroves, saltmarshes and

seagrasses), and stored in biomass and

sediments (Nellemann et al. 2009).

Mangrove ecosystems as the key component

of coastal ecosystems have numerous

ecological and socio-economical functions

and services, such as fishing ground, as

nursery habitat for many commercial aquatic

species, protecting coastal from wave and

tsunami, as buffer for sea level rise, as

nutrient trap to reduce pollutant run off to thewater, and to support tourism (Kusmana,

1996; Bouillon et al., 2009). But the least

known role of mangrove is that as carbonstorage.

Naturally, coastal ecosystems absorb

carbondioxyde (CO2) from atmosphere

through photosynthetic process and

accumulate it in biomass of plant tissues and

in organic-rich soil. A large amount of

carbon are stored in organic-rich

soil/sediment. Mangrove ecosystems in

trophics could store carbon higher than the

other ecosystems, especially in its soil

(Kauffman and Donato, 2012; Alongi, 2014).Research by Donato et al. (2011) in

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259650328_Carbon_Cycling_and_Storage_in_Mangrove_Forests?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259650328_Carbon_Cycling_and_Storage_in_Mangrove_Forests?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==


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mangrove ecosystems of the Indo-Pasific

region showed that the area containing on

average 1,023 Mg carbon per hectare, where

the aboveground carbon pool containing on

average 159 MgC/ha. Therefore,

conservation of mangrove ecosystems couldbe an effective mitigation strategy to climate

change.

Indonesia is known to have the largest

mangrove area in the world with its highest

mangrove diversity. Up to 101 mangrove

species found in Indonesia (Kusmana, 1996).

Mangrove forests could be found along

Indonesia coastlines. But unfortunately,

according to FAO, the area of mangrove

forests in Indonesia showed trend of

decreasing. In the year 1980, mangrove areain Indonesia was estimated 4.25 million ha,

and declining to 2.93 million in the year

2000 (FAO, 2002). Land conversion was

thought to be the main caused of the

decreasing of mangrove area in Indonesia

(FAO, 2007).

The island of Bali has an area of

3067.71 ha of mangrove forest, with the

three largest mangrove areas were found in

Tanjung Benoa and Serangan Island, West

Bali National Park, and Nusa Lembongan

(Widagti et. al. 2011). Nusa Lembongan is

one of the three main islands of Nusa Penida

Sub District. The two other islands are Nusa

Penida itself and Nusa Ceningan. According

to The Nature Conservation (in Welly et al.

2010), the area of mangrove forest in Nusa

Penida Sub District was estimated 230 ha,

and there were 13 species of mangrove found

in Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. To

protect its natural diversity, through theRegulation of Klungkung Regent (Peraturan

Bupati Klungkung) Number 12 Year 2010,

which then appointed through the Regulation

of Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

(Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan)

Number 24/KEPMENKP/ 2014, Nusa

Penida water was established as Marine

Protected Area (MPA), where mangrove

ecosystems in Nusa Lembongan and Nusa

Ceningan became one of its conservation

target. Considering the potencies and the

threats faced by mangrove ecosystems in

Nusa Lembongan, and in order to fill the

uncomplete information related to carbon

stock of mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia,

we conducted study with aim to estimate

carbon stock of mangrove ecosystem in NusaLembongan, Nusa Penida Sub-district, Bali.

2. METHOD

2.1 Study Site

Nusa Penida Sub District is located in

Klungkung District, Bali Province, and

consist of three main islands; Nusa Penida,

Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan.

Mangrove forests only found in Nusa

Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. Researchwas conducted in mangrove forest of Nusa

Lembongan, located in Jungut Batu village.

Mangroves in Nusa Lembongan grew

naturally and some of those were planted by

people. Data collection was undertaken on

29 April – 03 May 2014, in five stations

along the shoreline (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of study site in Nusa Lembongan, NusaPenida District, Bali

The information of an exact area of

mangrove forest in Nusa Lembongan isneeded to estimate the potency of total

ecosystem carbon stocks. The whole area of

mangrove forest was estimated with GIS

technology using Landsat 7 ETM satellite

image. By the time we conducted research,

the area of mangrove forest in Nusa

Lembongan covering 164.57 ha. The area is

likely to decline from previous years.

According to Widagti et al. (2011), from

year 2007 to 2009 mangrove area in Nusa

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233540887_CHANGES_IN_DENSITY_OF_MANGROVE_FOREST_IN_NUSA_LEMBONGAN_BALI?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233540887_CHANGES_IN_DENSITY_OF_MANGROVE_FOREST_IN_NUSA_LEMBONGAN_BALI?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233540887_CHANGES_IN_DENSITY_OF_MANGROVE_FOREST_IN_NUSA_LEMBONGAN_BALI?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233540887_CHANGES_IN_DENSITY_OF_MANGROVE_FOREST_IN_NUSA_LEMBONGAN_BALI?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-3b4ee0a5-46e8-4043-9774-74a0b9806a6d&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MzQyNzQ1NztBUzoyOTE5NTQ4MDcwNjY2MjVAMTQ0NjYxODg1ODE1MQ==


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Lembongan was decreased by 47.09 ha, from

253.85 ha to 206.76 ha.

2.2 Data Collection

Method for mangrove measurement and

data collection were adopted from Bengen

(2001) and Kauffman & Donato (2012). In

each station, transect was lied along 100 m

from shoreline perpendicular to mangroveforest. Square plots sized 10 x 10 m were set

along the transect, with interval distance of

each plot was 10 m (total 5 plots).

Mangroves found within the plots were

identified, the number of trees were counted,

and diameter at breast height (dbh) of each

tree was measured. The measurement of dbhwas performed to estimate above- and

belowground tree biomass of mangroves

using allometric equations. Samples of

stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits from each

mangrove species were collected for carbon

and nitrogen (CN) consentration analysis

using CN analizer (LECO) with truSpec

methodology, in Bogor AgricultureUniversity.

2.3 Data Analysis

The value of biomass (above- and

belowground tree) were quantified using

allometric equation. Allometric equations

used in this research were adopted from

Kauffman & Donato (2012) who had

compiled the allometric equations for

biomass from many sources (Table 1).

Table 1 Allometric equations used in this study

Species group Equations Sources Data origin

Allometric equation for aboveground biomass

B. gymnorhiza B= 0.0754D2.505

*ρModified from Cole et al. 1999,

Kauffman and Cole 2010Micronesia

R. apiculata B= 0.043D2.63

Amira, 2008 Indonesia R. mucronata B= 0.1282D

2.60Fromard et al., 1998 Frech Guinea

S. alba B= 0.3841D2.101

*ρModified from Cole et al., 1999,

Kauffman and Cole 2010Micronesia

X. granatum B= 0.1832D2.21

Tarlan, 2008 Indonesia

Allometric equation for belowground biomass

General equation B=0.199*ρ0.899

D2.22 Komiyama et al., 2005 Thailand &

Indonesia

Note: B= biomass (kg); D= diameter at breast height (cm); ρ= wood density (g.cm-3)Source: (Kauffman and Donato, 2012).

Allometric equations for each species

were selected considering geographic origin.

But if there is no allometric equation for

certain species, then general equation which

built by Komiyama et.al. (2005) was used. In

this study, above ground biomass were

quantified using species specific allometric

equation, while below ground biomass using

general equation, because very few

allometric equation for below ground tree

biomass exist.

To obtain the value of carbon stocks,

biomass then multiplied by carbon

consentration of each species. To calculate

above ground carbon, carbon consentration

of stem samples were used, while root

samples were used to calculate below ground

carbon. To estimate the consentration of CO2


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absorbed (CO2 equivalents), carbon stocks

were multiplied by 3.67. This is the rasio

between molecular weight relative of CO2compound (44) with molecular weight of

atom C (12). Species density of mangroves

were also measured using the equationbelow:

Di = ni/ ADi : Density of species i

ni : Total number of trees of

species i

A : Total sampling area

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Mangrove Species and Density

From the observation within 5 stations of mangrove ecosystems in Nusa Lembongan,

we found five species of mangrove,

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Rhizophora

apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata,

Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus granatum.

According to TNC ( In Welly et al. 2010),

there are 13 species of mangroves found both

in Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan.

Those 13 mangrove species are Bruguiera

gymnorhiza, Rhyzophora apiculata,

Rhyzophora mucronata, Rhyzophora stylosa,

Avicennia lanata, Avicennia alba, Avicennia

marina, Sonneratia alba, Lumnitzera

racemosa, Ceriops tagal, Xylocarpus

molluccensis, Xylocarpus granatum and

Excocaria agalloca. In this study, R.

apiculata were found in all stations. This

may because species R. apiculata is more

well-adapted than the other species in this

area. On the other hand, species X. granatum

only found in one station (station 3). Station3 was located a little further from shoreline

into mangrove forest. Xylocarpus granatum

usually grow in an area near the land, and

stagnate only when tide is high. Mangrove

species found in Nusa Lembongan are shown

below in Table 2.

Table 2 Mangrove species found in Nusa Lembongan

Species Station

1 2 3 4 5

B. gymnorhiza Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ

R. apiculata Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ R. mucronata Ѵ Ѵ Ѵ

S. alba Ѵ Ѵ

X. granatum Ѵ

The density of mangrove species at the

study sites ranging between 100 - 2620

tree/ha (Table 3). The lowest density was

species B. gymnorhiza at station 1 and the

highest density was R. mucronata in station

5. Over five stations, station 1, 4 and 5 which

were located directly face the sea, the highest

density was species R.mucronata. While

station 2 and 3 which were located further

into the forest, the highest density was

R.apiculata, followed by B.gymnorhiza.

Table 3 Mangrove density (Di) (tree/ha)

SpeciesStation

1 2 3 4 5

B. gymnorhiza 100 1750 1250

R. apiculata 400 2025 1780 700 700

R. mucronata 1867 1480 2620

S. alba 200 200

X. granatum 150

Total 2367 3975 3380 2180 3320

Diameter of trees (dbh) were quite

varied ranging from 3.18 to 71.34 cm, with

an average 9.92±5.86 cm. Trees with the

smallest diameter found in stations 1, 3 and 4

nearly from all species found, B.gymnorhyza, R. apiculata, R. mucronata and

X. granatum (3.18 cm), while the largest was

found at station 3 of species R. apiculata

(71.34 cm). For most forestry surveys, only

trees with dbh >10 cm measured, because

smaller trees have unsignificant proportion

of total ecosystem carbon stocks. But in

mangrove forests, smaller trees could

dominate the composition of mangrove

stands, so it would be important to measure

all trees (Kauffman & Donato, 2012).


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297

3.2 Total Biomass and Carbon Stock

From the calculation using allometric

equations, the aboveground biomass per

station at study site are ranging from 51.45 to

265.22 Mg/ha, while belowground biomass

are ranging from 35.37 – 121.23 Mg/ha. The

lowest biomass measured was at station 1

and the highest was at station 5 (Table 4).

The value of biomass are strongly influenced

by diameter of tree (dbh) and tree density.

Carbon stocks of each species are

determined by its carbon consentration.

Stems samples from all species that were

used for carbon analysis were collected from

study site in Nusa Lembongan, except for

species X.granatum using sample from otherstudy site (Lembeh, Bitung). Carbon

consentration of B.gymnorhiza is 51.39%,

R.mucronata is 52,51%, R.apiculata is

51.36%, S.alba is 55.27%, and X.granatum is

45.99%. Meanwhile, carbon consentration of

root for belowground carbon were not

analysed. Generally, carbon consentration of

root is lower than the aboveground

component. Jaramillo et al., 2003 ( InKauffman & Donato, 2012) reported that

carbon consentration of root in tropical forest

are 36-42 %. But the defensible defaults

value for root carbon consentration is 39%.

The aboveground carbon stocks in this study

are ranging from 26.93 – 140.33 MgC/ha,

while belowground carbon stocks are 13.79 –

47.28 MgC/ha.

Table 4 shows the total value of biomass

and total carbon stocks in study site. Total

biomass (above- and belowground tree) is193.61 Mg/ha, and total carbon stock is

90.72 MgC/ha.

Table 4 Biomass and carbon stocks in study site.

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Total average

Agb (Mg/ha) 51.45 79.77 106.33 70.85 265.22 114.73

Bgb (Mg/ha) 35.37 103.20 97.45 37.19 121.23 78.89

Biomass total (Mg/ha) 86.82 182.97 203.77 108.05 386.45 193.61

Ag C (MgC/ha) 26.93 40.84 54.21 37.45 140.33 59.95

Bg C (MgC/ha) 13.79 40.25 38.01 14.50 47.28 30.77

Carbon total (Mg C/ha) 40.72 81.09 92.22 51.96 187.61 90.72Note: Agb = Aboveground biomass; Bgb = Belowground biomass

Ag C = Aboveground carbon; Bg C = Belowground carbon

If the total carbon stocks converted into

total area of mangrove forest in Nusa

Lembongan (covering 164.57 ha), then the

potency of carbon storage by mangrove

ecosystems in Nusa Lembongan could reach

up to 14,929 Mg C. With those value of

carbon stocks, the estimation of CO2absorbed by mangrove ecosystems (CO2equivalents) are 54,792.33 Mg CO2e.

Nearly in all station, the above ground

biomass and carbon are likely higher than

below ground tree, which can be seen in

Figure 2 below. The exception is in station 2

where below ground biomass is higher.

Station 2 was dominated by species

R.apiculata and B.gymnorhiza. Usually,aboveground biomass and carbon are higher

than belowground tree. The exception in

station 2 could means that the root of those

two species were large that influenced the

high value of below ground biomass and

carbon. Moreover, pneumatophores of

several species such as Avicennia, Bruguiera

and Sonneratia can be significant structure

and biomass, unlike the prop roots on

Rhizophora, these tree parts can not included

in the allometric equations of biomass for

trees (using dbh) (Kauffman & Donato,

2012). But the problem for this is that there

is only a few allometric equation for

belowground biomass that exist.


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Figure 2. Graphics of biomass

stocks (below) in each statio

3.3 Biomass and Car

SpeciesTotal biomass and c

could be seen in graphi

(Figure 3).

Figure 3. The proportion of

(AgB) and carbon (AgC),

(Bgb) and carbon (BgC), acarbon.

12th Biennial Conference of Pan Ocean Remote Sen

04 – 0

(above) and carbon

.

on Stocks per

arbon per species

pie-chart below

boveground biomass

elowground biomass

nd total biomass and

Species with the

biomass and carbon st

while the lowest is X.g

hand, species with the

biomass and carbon st

and the lowest is X.g total biomass and carb

belowground tree

R.mucronata, then

B.gymnorhiza, R.api

X.granatum, respective

However, if comp

value of aboveground

stocks per standing tr

the highest value is

B.gymnorhiza (Figure

eventhough the s B.gymnorhiza in the s

larger, but the highest

the area is more infl

density of species R.mu

Figure 4. Graphics showiaboveground biomass (a

per standing tree.

B.gymnorhiza

0.053 MgC/tree

S.alba

0.014 MgC/tree

X.granatu

0.003 MgC/tr

B.gymnorhiza

0.103 Mg/tree

S.alba

0.025 Mg/tree

X.granatu

0.006 Mg/tr

Biomass (Mg/tree)

sing Conference (PORSEC 2014)

November 2014, Bali-Indonesia

298

highest aboveground

ocks is R.mucronata,

ranatum. On the other

highest belowground

ocks is B.gymnorhiza

anatum. The highest n stocks (above- and

is from species

followed by

ulata, S.alba, and

ly.

ared to the average

biomass and carbon

e from each species,

come from species

4). This means that

ize of mangrove tudy site were likely

total carbon stocks in

uenced by the high

cronata.

ng the average value of bove) and carbon (below)

R.mucronata

0.029 MgC/tree

R.apiculata

0.015 MgC/tree

ee

R.mucronata

0.055 Mg/tree

R.apiculata

0.029 Mg/tree

ee


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299

4. CONCLUSION

There are five species of mangroves found

in the study site of mangrove forest in Nusa

Lembongan. Those are Bruguiera

gymnorhiza, Rhizophora apiculata,

Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and

Xylocarpus granatum, with tree diameter

ranging from 3.18 to 71.34 cm, and tree

density are ranging from 100 - 2620 tree/ha.

The total biomass (above and below ground

tree) is 193.61 Mg/ha, while total carbon

stock is 90.72 MgC/ha. If converted into

total area, then the potency of carbon stocks

of mangrove ecosystems in Nusa

Lembongan could reach 14,929 Mg C, with

the CO2e value is 54,792.33 Mg CO2e.

Acknowledgments

This project was funded by Research and

Development Center for Marine and Coastal

Resources, Agency of Research and

Development for Marine and Fisheries,

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries,

year 2013.

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Blue Carbon Stock of Mangrove Ecosystem in Nusa Penida, Bali