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Blood Types/Groups
HST II
2008
Background:
• Until 1901, many patients who received blood died.
• In 1901, Landsteiner discovered human blood groups (ABO) which helped blood transfusions become safer.
• For this discovery, he earned the 1930 Nobel Prize in Medicine
Why is it important?
• Blood transfusions – blood must be compatible or death occurs
• Pregnant females – may cause problems with the baby if mother is not given shots to prevent antibody production
• Organ transplants – ABO antigens are found on most organs; rejection of organ by the body if not compatible
• Paternity testing – determines if alleged father could be true father
• Crime scene investigations – helps identify victims and suspects
Terms:
• Antibody- A special protein made by the body as a defense against foreign material that enters the body. It is uniquely designed to attack and neutralize the specific antigen that triggered the immune response.
• Antigen- Anything that causes the body to launch an immune response against that antigen through the production of antibodies.
Blood Group Systems:
• A person's ABO blood type--A, B, AB, or O--is based on the presence or absence of the A and B antigens on his red blood cells.
• Inherited from parents• ABO antigens are present at birth • Antibodies against the antigens not present
in the blood will develop within 6 months after birth and persist throughout life (i.e. Anti-A and Anti-B)
4 ABO Blood Types
• A
• B
• AB
• O
Type A
• 40% of population• Has A antigens on RBC surface• Has anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B
• 11% of population• Has B antigens on RBC surface• Has anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB
• 4% of population• Has A and B antigens on RBC surface• Has NO antibodies in plasma• Universal Recipient (can receive Type A, B,
AB, and O blood) because it has NO antibodies in the plasma
Type O
• 45% of population• Has NO antigens on the RBC surface• Has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma• Universal Donor (blood can be given to Type
A, B, AB, and O) because it has NO antigens on the RBC surface
• Can ONLY receive type O blood
Blood TypesBlood Type Antigen
(on RBC surface)
Antibodies (in plasma)
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B None
O None Anti-A and Anti-B
Genotypes (inherited blood type) /Phenotypes (what blood type it is
called)• AA and AO are both Type A blood• BB and BO are both Type B blood• AB is Type AB blood• OO is Type O blood
ABO Blood System
Rh System• Discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1937• Discovered in the Rhesus monkey
Rh + has the antigens (84% of the population)(also known as D antigen positive)
Rh – does NOT have the Rh antigens (16% of the population)(also known as D antigen negative)
Rh + can accept Rh + or Rh – bloodRh – can accept ONLY Rh - blood
• Rh – mother and Rh + father can also develop Rh problems with having children. If the mother has a baby that is Rh +, her body will develop antibodies to the Rh antigen so that a second pregnancy with a Rh + baby will result in the mother’s antibodies attacking the unborn child’s RBCs. To prevent this, a shot of Rhogam is given shortly after birth to block the development of antibodies.
General Blood Type Distribution • O Rh-positive, 38% • O Rh-negative, 7% • A Rh-positive, 34% • A Rh-negative, 6% • B Rh-positive, 9% • B Rh-negative, 2% • AB Rh-positive, 3% • AB Rh-negative, 1%Percentages of blood types vary by race; these
are avg. % for all races combined
So what happens if a person is given the wrong blood type?
• A transfusion reaction occurs!• Symptoms of transfusion reaction: chills,
fever, rash, itching, SOB (shortness of breath), nausea, nephralgia (kidney pain), hematuria (blood in urine), shock and death.
• All blood is tested for compatibility to determine that the donor blood will not react against the recipient's blood before transfusion
Rh Incompatibility
• When a Rh – person receives Rh + blood in a transfusion, the person develops antibodies against the Rh + factor (Anti-D antibodies).
• This becomes a clinical problem if they receive a second transfusion of Rh + blood.
Incompatible blood types can result in:
• Agglutination – a reaction in which red blood cells clump together
• Hemolysis- breakdown of red blood cells
• Blood is tested prior to transfusion; if agglutination or hemolysis are seen, this indicates the blood is not compatible and is not given to that patient