Baker 1901

7/21/2019 Baker 1901

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7/21/2019 Baker 1901


THESIS

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


7/21/2019 Baker 1901


THE SI S •

T R E E

STU DI E S •

Michigan Agrj.cul tural College.

1 9 0

Hug h

P

B a k e

r

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TH.l::SIS

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TREESTUDIES

o

'rhe purpose for which this thesis was under-

taken was to make a thorough and careful study

of the time of the leafing and flowering 0four

native Michigan trees, as found on the College

campus, and to compare the resul ta .with sir:lilar

studies made in previous years. Lnc

Lcten

t.a

Ll.y ,

also, to give a much needed familiarity

'iri

th tile

f'arrriLies and genera of the trees.

As far as poesLbLe, average LndividuaI trees

were selected for obRervations, and all data ob-

tained ~lring the season were ta~pn from the same

trees. Whlle the characteristics of the indlvj.dual

tree are glven, rather than of the species as a

whole, yet thiR method seems a valuable one from

the fact that it eliminates all variations wnLcn

rm.gh t be due to differences of soil and exposure.

In the attached Calendar of Trees and Shrubs,

the observations covering the years of 1885, 1886,

alvl 1887 wer-e taken ±'ro2TIables published by

L

Dal ley l ll Bulletin No. 31, of the Michi~an

II • , < - -

EXIJeril'ent Station. In

w

r tt.Lng of the nata

wm .cn

was t~:en in regard to the falling of leaves,

~J

Bal ley says' It ts , of r;onrse, LmposLbLe

1 11'. ' •

to fix an exact date upon whLch the leaves of any

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- 2-

plant begin to fall. An occasional leaf may fall

at any time. TIle f'j_rst falling of the leaves de-

signates

t

he day when the tir-s

t

conspicuous fall,

Cll;'f; to the rnat.ur-i ty of the leaf, took place. In

tile Lnstance of the oaks , v.hic h usua lly hoLd a por-

tion of tlleir leaves d'JTing the wint er , no date has

been fixed to designate tIle entire bareness of

tIle branches. Usually, the last leaves to dis-

appear from most trees are

t

hose on the hig~,or or

younger shoots. These shoots mature last.

This Calendar of Trees and Shrubs forms a

basis for a comparatlve study of plant life, as

:r'epresented among the trees on the Campus, but v,-tII

only be of much value as these observations can be

compared FIt.h r - tmilar observations taken in other

places.

In the theSis proper, the families of trees

and shrubs are arranged accorcUng to Sudworth Is

Check Lis t of' the Forest Trees of the United states,

Ifnue of' November, 1898. A large part of the

botanical descrtptions and notes in regard to the

dtstribution of' the sT,ecies were adapted from

Sargent Is Flora of North A J rer-Lca, Also, marry

no

t

es were

t

aken from Emerson

I

s Trees and Shrubs

of Massachusetts.

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3

Only trees nat Lve to this vicinity have been

described at any length. Manyvery interesting

s.rruos and foreign trees are grol'Ting upon the campus ,

but it would be LmpoeaLbl e to vrrite of' even a part

of them in a thesis of this kind.

A Herbarium, eontaining specimens of' nearly

all the trees and

shr-ubs

on the College campus,

acco.,l)anies this thesis, and .-rill be found in the

Horticnl

t

ur-a l Depa::etInent.

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4

Family PINACEAE.

Genus PINUS. Linn.

Pinus at

r-obus ,

Linn.

White Ftne.

Leaves in 5-leave~ clusters, slender, glaucous,

3 or 4 inches in length. Cone:--lfrOI714 to 6 Lncnes

long.

A

t

r ee under favorable c

onrttt

Lons gro~':ing to

height of 100 or 120 ft~et, ni th < 3 t.runk from 3 to

4 feet in diameter; exceptiolally to a height of

250 feet, wi t.h a trunk 6 t'ce t in diameter.

The Vrhi

t

e PinG ranges f::c'omHewfoundland

westwar-t to Valley of wtnnepeg river; sout.hwar d it

extends tnrough the nortlwrn states to 'lo'lthern

Pennsylvania ano ~i011thern shore of Laxe 11i~higan,

t.hence tnr-ougn central Iowa and along Alleghany

mountains to Kentucky, Tennesee and Georgia. SOl.1e-

t

Lmes on sandy drift it, forms nearly pure forests,

lnlt more often is found in groves, a faw acres in

extent, scat tared thorugh forests of clecidllouS-

leaved trees.

ThG ~Oocl is light, 80ft, not strong, close,

straight-grained, very resinous, easily uorkerl and

takes a good polish. The specific gravity of dry

rood is 0.3854, a cubic foot weighing 24.02 pounds.

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5

cone truc tton and cabinet building.

A

nuruoe

r or fine s:.)eciDens of this tree are

gror:ing on t.he Camf>us. T..e soil seems well adapted

to them, and wher-e they are allowed free develop-

ment are t.he moat beautiful. Pines we have, though

in grot'ving thus freely are of no value as timber.

Genus PINUS, Linn.

Pinus resinosa, Aiton.

(P. rubra, Michx.)

Red Pine. Norway Pine.

Leave« in 2-leaved clusters, slender, dark

gr,,:::en, 5 to 6 inches in length. Cones ovate-con-

ical, from 2 to 2 1/4 inches long, their scales

sl~ghtly thickened, unarmed.

This tree usually grows 70 or 80 fe9t high,

with a t8.11 straight trunk 2 or 3 feet in diameter,

occasionally attaining a height of 150 feet, vith

a t~lnk 5 foet th~ough and stout spreading more or

less lJendulous branches which in youth cLot.he the

stem to the ground.

The Norway Pine grows on light sandy loam

or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves, rarely

Dare t.han a t'ew hundred acres in extent, scattered

through forests of ot.ner- pines or deciduous-leaved

trees. Runges from Nova Scotia to shores of the

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and Ne' , 'or k . FDom Ma8sachuset t s i t e xt ends

t h r o Penns y l vani a, Cent r al Mi c hi gan, W s c ons i n and

~HJ ' nes ot a.

The ' , ' oods l i gh 1 : har d,

arid

r at her c l os e-

gr ai ned. The Sl ) ec j . f i c gl ' av i t y i s 0. 4854, a cubi c

f oot wei ghi ng 30. 25 pounds . La rge l y us ed i n c on-

s t r n c t i on of br i dges and. l J l 1. i l c l i ng~)Ed f or pi l e s ,

mas t s and Vpar s . I n c ul t i vat i on t he Red Pi ne gr ows

Bl 1t one good t r ee of t hi s s pec

res

a s f ound

on

t.he

Campus . Thi s i s young, har dy, and i s gr owi ng

ver y r a l ) i r Uy. I t c ompar es ver y wel l , h e r e,

w

i

t h

t he Aus t r i an Pi ne, I ' o r or nament al pur pos es .

Genus PI NUS, L i nn.

Pi nus (1 .1var

i

c a t a, Du Mont .

( P. Banks i ana, Lam~r t ) .

<- Tac l \ .i ne. Sc r ub Pi ne.

Leaves i n c l us t er s of 2, s t out , f al c at e ,

di ver gent , dar k gr ay- gr een, f r om 3/ 4 t o 1 1/ 4 i nches

i n l engt h. Cones obl ong- c oni c al , obl i que, 1l S1J 8. 11y

er e c t , i nc u rved. , f r om I t t o 2 i nches l ong, t , l l ei r

s c al eS f ur ni s hed wi t h m nut e i ncur ved of t en deci d-

uous pr i c k l es .

The J ac k Pi ne f r equent l y

gr-ows

70

t

eot hi gh,

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di aQet er , and l ong s pr eadi ng f l ex i bl e br anches

f or m ng an 01) 8n s Yl J l T I e t r i c alead.

Thi s t r ee r anges f r om Nova Scot i a t o val l ey

of t he Mackenz i e r i ver , ~her e i t i s t he onl y pi ne

t r e e; son thwar d

r-anges

t h r o Mai he, Ve

rr.on

t t o

s out her n s hor es of Lak9 Mi chi gan, and t hr ough

I ndi ana and I l l i noi s t o c ent r al I al nes ot a. Abundant

i n c ent r al l ' t c hi gan

[md

' i sc ons i n, c ove rdng gr eat

ba~r Bf i t r a c t s of l and.

The wood i s l i ght , s of t , not s t r or g and c l os e-

gr ai ned. The s pec i f t c gr av i t y of dr y wood i s

o

.476, a c ubi c f oot wei ghi ng 29.67 pounds . s ome-

t kns s us ed f or r ai l r oad t i es and pos t s , l ar gel y

f or l at h ar.d f or r ' ue , I n nor t her n Mi c hi gan, W s -

c ons i n and Mi nnes ot a i t f o r n s a val uabl e nur s e

t r ee f or t he Red Pi ne.

1 1 . number of J ac k Pi nes have been pl ant ed on

t i l e gr ounds

ll1J.t

ar e s t i l l o f s mal l s i z e. The s andy

s oi l of t hi s ne.i ghbo r hood s eems t o agr ee ' i i ith t hem

we l I , and i t i s pr obabl e t hat t hey y i l l at t ai n a

l ar ge s i z e.

Genus LARI X, Duham.

Lar i x 1ar i c i na ( Du Roi . ) Koch.

L.

Amer i c ana, Mi c hx. )

Tamar ac k . Lar c h.

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18 or 20 i nches i n di amet er .

The Tamar ahh r anges f r om near t he coas t of

Lab rador t o

«her-e

of Huds on

I

s Bay andnor t h1. <ves t r r ar d

t o Mackenz i e r i ver . So' r t h war d i t s pr eads t hr o

Canada and the nor t her n s t at es t o nor t hor n Penns yl -

vani a, I l l i noi s , i ndi ana and ce n t r al Mi nnes ot a.

The wood i s heavy, har d, ver y s t r ong, r at her

coar s e- gr ai ned, compac t and ver y dur abl e i n con-

t ac t v. ' ih t he s oi l . The s 1) ec i 1' i c gl r t 1l r v iy of dr y

wood i s 0.6236, a CUbi c f oot wei ghi ng 38.86 pounds .

La r-g o Ly us ed t ' o r , hi p t i . mber a ,

f'er.oe

pos t s , t el e-

gr aph- pol es and r ai l r l · ad t

f.os , Us

uau

Iy

i nhabi t s

l and s at ur a~ed wi t h wat er but t he t r ee gr ows bet t er

i n r i c h upl and s oi l s .

Some good s peci mens of t he Tamar ack ar e i n t he

Ar-bor e t um , and a Tamar ack BT r a ; [ pl i es j1s t nor t h

of t he Campus . A t r ee; bear i ng 1711ie cones i n p Luc e

of co non r ed cones has b . en f ound i n t hi s swamp

by

Pr Of . Wheel er .

Genus PI CEA, L i nk .

Pi c ea mar i ana, Br i t t on.

( P. ni gr a, L i nk . )

Bl ac k Spr uce.

cor-es

ovat e, i ncur ved at t he bas e per s i s t ent ,

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9

i nc hes an~ oc c as i onal l y 3 f eet i n di amet er . Of t en

s mal l and s tun t ed.

The Bl ac }\ . Spr uc e Lnha t d

t

s

spnagnum-c

ove r ea

bogs , arid s wamps and t hei r b o r der s , and

< : 1 .

t t he nor t h

a

l,o

1: 7el l - dr ai ned bo t

+om-Lande

and

t

he s l opes of

ba r r e n s t ony hi l l s . I t r anges t hr o Huds on Bay

c ount r y t o val l ey of t he: ac kenz i e r i ver . s out hwar d

t hr o Newf oundl and, eas t er n Canada and t he nor t her n

s t a t es t o Penns y l vani a and Vi r gi ni a , and wes t war d

t o cent r a l Mi nnes o t a, W s c ons i n and Mi chi gan.

The TI ood i s l i ght , Rof t , and not s t r o ng.

Tbe s pec i f i c g~av i t y of dr y wood i s

0.5272,

a cubi c

f DOt we i ghi ng 32.86 pounda , Rar el y us ed f or ot her

pur pos es t . han roanut'ac tur-e of pape r pul p.

One Bl ac k Spr uce bas managed t o ex iet on t he

campus t ho qu i t e a number ar e f ound i n t he s wamp

nor t h of t he c ol l ege. The 90i l her e s ~ems poor l y

adapt ed t o i t

ann.

i t i s not doi ng we L l ,

Genns PIOl lA L i nk .

P i c ea par r yana ( Andr e) Par r y .

( P. pl l ngens , Engel m. )

Bl ue Spr u c e.

COl l AS obl ong- c y l t ndr i c a l , t hei r s c al es r hom-

boi dal , el onga t e d, f l exwos e,

r-ounded

or

t

r unoa t e

at the er o s e apex. Br an

y

111e t s gl abr ou s . L eaves

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f ' e- ; thi gh Y;l t . h a

t

r unk r ar el y t hr ee f eet i n di ame-

t er , and i s oc c as i onal l y di v i ded i nt o 3 or 4 s t out ,

er ec t s ec onda ry s t ems .

Thi s Spr l l c e gr ows al ong t he banks of s t r eams

and on f i ' s t benches above t hem, s i ngl y or i n sma.l l

br oves . Nowher e ver y abundant , J enc r al l y s c at t er -

ed ( ' t l ongmount ai n s t r eams of Col or ado and eas t er n

Ut ah and i 1f YOYJ i ng.

The wood i s ver y l i ght , s of t , weak , and Cl 088-

gr ai ned, wi t h a s at i ny s ur f ac e. The s pec i f i c

gr av i t y i s 0. 3740, a c ubi c f oot wei ghi ng 23. 31 pounds .

A f eVJ i nt r oduc ed t r ees ar e doi ng ver y Vie

11

on trie Campus , t ho t hey a r e yet qui t e sma I l ,

Genus PI CEA, L i nk .

P i c ea c anadens i s , ( Mi l l . ) B. S. P.

( P. Al b a, L i nx , )

Whi

t

e s pr uc e ,

Cones obl ong- c y l i ndr i c al , s l ender , t hei r

s c al es r ounded, ent i r e. Br anchl et s g l.abr-oue , Leaves

bl ue- gr een, s t r ong- s mel l i ng.

A t r ee wi t h s t r ong- smel l i ng f ol i age, s omet i mes

150 f eet hi gh, wi t h a t r unk 3 or 4 f e~t i n di amet er ,

but eas t of t he Roc l <. ymount ai ns i t i s much s mal l er .

The l eave~~ ar e. cr-owded on t he uppe r s i de of t he

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The Whi t e Spr uc e i nhabi t s t he banks of

s t r eams and l akes and t he bor der s of s wamps , i n

r i c h, mOi s t , al l uv i al s oi l , ocean c l i f f s , and l es s

comnon

Lv at t he nor t h, t he r oc ky s l opes of ' 10Yl hi l l s .

I t r angns f r om Labr ador t hr o t he Huds on Bay count r y

near l y t o t he s ho r e s of t he Acc t i c Sea~ Sout hwar d

i t ext enr l s t hr o Va i ne, Ve r vont and no r t h e r n New

Yo r k, Hi c hi gEl . TIa r d Hi nnes o t a and tne Bl ack Hi l l s

of Dak o t . a.

The wood i s l i ght , s of t , not s t r ong, and

s t r ai gl 1t - gr ai ned ~i t h a smoot h s ur f ace. Tl 1e ~pe c i f i c

i , ~r av i y i s 0.4051, a cubi c f oot we i . ghtng 25. 25

pounds . I t i s l a r gel y us ed f or paper pul p, t ho

i t i s pr o bab l y t he onl y s pr l l c e cut i n l ar ge quant i -

t i es t or l umber 0

SOE1C~year s ago a number of ' Whi t e SI J r uc es wer e

pl ant ed eas t of t he Agr i c ul t ur al Labor at or y, and

t hes e a1' e doi ng f ul l y as 1, 7el l as any of t he pl an t ed

I T or wav Sl ) r nces .

Genus TSUGA, Car r o

Ts uga c anadens i s , ( L i nn. ) Car r .

Hem ock .

Cones ovat e- obl ong, pe~l nc ul at e, t hei r s cal es

or bi c ul ar - obl ong, near l y as wi r l . eas l ong.

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The Hem ock r anges f r om Nova Scot i a

west war-d t hr o Ont ar i o t a eas t er n Mi nnesot a,

s out hwar d i t r anges t hr o t he nor t her n s t at es

t o Del awar e, sout her n Mi chi gan and cent r al

W s cons i n and al ong Appal ac hi an mount ai ns t o

Al abama. Of t en an i nhabi t ant of r oc ky r i dges

ar.d

i s s c at t er ed

t.hr-o

upl and f or es t s of Vhi t e

Pi ne and dec i duous - l eaved t r ees

o

The Hood i s l i ght , s of t , not s t r ong,

b r i t t l e, c o a r s e, c r ooked- gr ai ned, di f f i c ul t t o

wor k , l i abl e t o

w

md=ahake ani s pl i nt er , and not

dur abl e when expos ed t ot he ai r . The s pec i f i c

gr av i t y i s 0. 4239, a cub i . c r ' ) Qt wei ghi ng 26. 42

pouno. s, T l J . enne r ba r k i s l a rgel y us ed f or t an-

ni ng l eat her . s omewha

t

manuf ac t u r ed i nt o coar s e

Lumbe r f ' or

01

1

t s i de f i nj _ sh of bui l di ngs .

The Hem ock does not s eem t o t hr i ve as wel l

h e r e as i t c l oes f ar t her nor t h. Per haps due t o

poor expos ur e and poor s andy s oi l .

Genus ABI ES, Duham.

Abi es bal s amea, Mi l l ~r .

A A@er i c ana, Pr ov. )

Bal s am F i r o Bal m of Gi l ead F i r .

Br ac t s of t he cone- s c al es obl ong, emar gi nat e

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shor t=pcd nt ed and occasionally emarginate, and on

fertile bv.anches acute or acuminate.

A tree, 50 or 60 feet high, with. a trunk

usually from 12 to 18 inches in diameter, but oc-

casionally 80 feet tall, vIi th a trunz 30 inches

in diameter.

This Fir ranges from Labrador to shores of

Hudrion Is Bay and. thro Manitoba. sout.nward thr-o

Newfoundland, NewEngland am thro northern New

York, Michigan and Minnesota to northeastern Iowa.

Alsothro Maine to Pennsylvania to soutnwee

t

er-n Vir-

ginia. In the northern states gr-ows on low swampy

ground, and on vie 11 drained hillsides with S:oruces,

Hemlocks, Pines, Beeches, ard Birches.

The wood.is very light, soft, not strong,

coarse-grained, am l_erishable. The specLf'Lc

gravity is 0.3819, a cubic foot v eighing 23.80

pounds. Occastona11y j. t Ls manufactured int 0 cheap

Lumbe , From the bark is made the Canadian Balsam.

The Firs on the campus seem to be grol'Tirg very

slowly and are rRtl1er unhealthy. A large Silver

Fir, Abies pecttinata, stands west of the parade

grounds and is doing fully as vre Ll, as the native

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Genus TAXODI UM, Ri c h.

Taxodi um di s t i c hum, ( L i nn)

Ri.ch.

Bal d Cypr es s .

Ant her - c e l l s us ual l y 4 or 5. L eaves di mor phi c .

A t r ee, wi t h t a l l l obe~ gr a~l al l y t aper i ng

t r u n k , r a r e l y 12 and gener al l y 4 or 5 f eet i n

di amet er , above t he abr upt l y en l

ar-ged ,

8

t r ongl y

bu t t r e s s e d and usual l y hol l ow bas e, and oc c as i onal y -

l y 150 f Get hi gh.

The Bal d Cypr es s Lnhao its r t ver =s wamps , us ual -

l y s ubmer ged

dur-i

ng s ever al mont hs of t he year , l ow

s a t u r at ed banks of s t r eams and wet d. epr es s i ons of

s and bar r ens . I t r anges f r om De~J a r e t o F l or i da

and wes t war d t o Texas , t hr o L oui s i ana, A r k ans as

t o Hi s s our i . E as t wa r d t o Mi s s i s s i ppi and Tannesee,

Kent u cky, I l l i noi s and I ndi ana.

The wood i s l i ght and s of t , c l os e, s t r ai ght -

gr a i ned, not s t r ong, ea l i l ywo r k od , dur abl e i n c on-

t ac t ~7i t h t he s oi l . The r : ; pec i f t cgr av i t y i s 0. 4543,

a c ubi c f oot wei ghi ng 28. 31 pounds . Used f or r ai l -

r o a d t i es , p o s t s and f ences , and f or doo r s , sashes

and r af t er s of gl as s hous es .

Genus THUGA, L i nn.

Thuga oc c i dent al i s , L i nn.

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of t en l obed and but t r es s ed t r unk , occas ionar . l v

6 a l

t

hous ua

l.'Iv

not mor e t han 2 or 3 f eet i n di amet e r ,

c f tc n di v i di ng i nt o 2 or 3 s t out upr i ght s ec onda r y

s t ems .

The Ar bor v i t ae r anges f r om Nova Scot i a t hr o

Quebec and ont ar i o t o mout h of s as kat c hewan r i ver .

s outnwar-d

f r om New Hamps hi r e t hr o N e'N Yor k , Pennsyl -

vani a, c e n t r a l Mi c hi gan, nor t her n I l l i noi s and c en-

t r al Hi n~1e o s t a and al ong Al 1egl 1eny mount ai ns t o

s out l 1er n Vi r gi n i a. F r equer : t l y s pr eads over gr e a t

ar eas of s pr i ngy s wamp- l and or oc c upi es t he r oc ky

banks of s t r eams .

Tho Hood i s l i ght , e or ' t, b r i t t l e, and

r-a

t he r

c o a r s e- gr ai ned, ver y dur abl e i n c ont ac t Y i i t h t he

s oi l . The s pec i f i c gr av i t y i s 0. 3164, a c ubi c f oot

r r ei ghi ng 19. 72 pounds . Us ed l ar gel y f or f enc e

p o s t s , t i e s , s hi ngl es and r ai l s .

Many Ar bor v i t ae ar e g

row.i.ng

her e and O1) . rs o i l

and c l i mat e s e em wel l adapt ed t o t hem. A number

of hor t i c ul t u r al var i et i es of ' t hi s s pec i es have

been pl ant ed and ar e doi ng exc eedi ngl y wel l .

Genus CUPRESSUS~ L i nn.

( Chamaec ypa~i s , Bpach. )

Cupr e s s us t hy oi des , L i nn.

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A f r agr ant t r ee, 70 or 80 f eet i n hei ght , wi t h

a t al l t r unk us ual l y about 2 but oc cas i onal l y

3 or 4 f eet i n di amet er add s l ender hor i z ont al

br anc hes

wrn

ch f or m a na+r-ow s pi r e- l i k e head.

The \ , Tr ~ie Cedar i nhabi t

8

t he c ol d s wamps of t he

At l ant i c and Gul f coas t pl ai ns

w n

ic h ar e us ual l y

Lrmer-sed dur L r . g s ever al mont hs of ' t he year . F r e-

~l ent l y dens e pur e f or es t at t he nor t h or at t he

s out h m ngl i ng wi t h t he Bal d c ypr es s . I t r anges

f r om Mai ne t o F l or i da and wes t war d t o Mi s s i s s i ppi .

The wood i s l i g~t , s o f t , not s t r ong, c l os e- gr a i n-

ed, eas i l y wor ked, and ver y dl I Tabl e i n c ont ac t wi t h

t he s oi l . I t s eas ons r apt dl y and per f e c t l y

w

ithou t

war pi ng or c hec k i ng. The s pec i f i c gr a v i t ' i s 0. 3322,

a c ubi c f oot wei ghi ng 20. 70 pounds . L a r gel y us ed

i n boat - bui l c l i n g and cooper age : f i nd or t . e

Legr-aph

and f ence pos t s and t i es and s hi ngl es .

Our s oi l i s t oo nr y and s andy f or t he pr oper

gr owt h of t he Whi t e Cedar and t he f ew t r ees gr owi ng

on t he Oampus ar e not t l l r i v i ng as t hey Vl oul d i n

a mor e moi s t and f er t i l e s oi l .

Genus J UNI PERUS, L i nn.

J uni per us Vi r gi ni ana, L i nn.

Red Cedar , Sav i n.

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-17-

Thi s eedar i s a t r ee, oc c as i onal l y 100 f eet

t a l l , l ' l ih a l ong s t r ai ght t r unk 3 or 4 f eet i n

d i amet er

wrn

c h i s of t en l obed and ec cent r i c , and

f r e~l ent l y bu t t r es s ed t owar d t he baRe. Usual l y

much smal l er , ave ragi ng 40 or 50 f e bt hi gh.

The Red Cedar i s t he l ~r ges t and mos t val uabl e

of t he Amer i c an J uni per s and i s t he mos t wi del y

di s t r i but ed coni f e rous t r ~e of Nor t h Amer i c a.

I t

r-anges

f r om Nova Sc ot i a c ou

thwar-d

t o F l or i da,

wes t war d t o t he Dakot as , c e n t r al Nebr a s ka and

Kans as , t he I ni dan Ter r i t or y and Texas . I n Nebr as ka

and Kans as i t gr ows us ual l y on dr y s ands t one r i ver

bl uf ' f s .

The wood i s l i ght , s of t , c oar s e- gr ai ned,

br i t t l e, and not s t r ong. I t i s eas i l y wor ked and

e x t r emel y dur ab L e i n cont ac t wi t h t . he acd L, T1J . e

s pec i f i c gr av i t y of dr y

wood

i s

0.4826,

a cubi c

f oot v J ei ghi ng

30.70

pounds . La rge l y us ed f er pos t s ,

s i l l s , r ai l r oad- t i e s , and f or c abi net mak i . ng and

penc i l s .

The Banl <: . sf t he Red Cedar r i ver , i n many pl ac es ,

ar e c over ed wi t h t hi s t r e e, and i t s eems t o be doi ng

we l l i n ot her dr y pl aces on t he Campus .

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-18-

Family JUGLANDACF.AE.

Genus JUGLANS,Linn.

Juglans cinerea, Linn.

Butternut. Oilnut.

Leaflets 11 to

17

oblong-lanceolate. Fruit

oblong, acute, racemose; nut 4-ribbed at the sutures,

deeply sculptured into thin ragged plates, 2-celled

at the base.

The Butternut is occasionally 100 feet high,

~'ri

t

h a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter,

ard sometimes free of branches for half its height

often

but more rlividing, 15 or 20 feet above the ground,

into numer-ous stout Laraba ,

Thj_8tree prefers rich moist soil near banks

of streams and on low rocky hills. It ranges from

Ne': Brunswick thro Ontario to eastern Dakotas and

southeastern Nebrasxa , southward

t.rrro

northern

states to Delavrare, l'IIissouri, and northeastern Arkan-

sas and northern Georgio. and Alabama.

The wood is light, soft, not strong, rather

coarse-grained, easily worked and takes a good

polish. The si')ecj_fic gravity all dry wood is

0.4086, a cub

i

c foot r:eighing 25.46 pounds. The

wood is largely used r'or furniture and interior

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- 19-

Genus , J UGLANS, L I nn.

J ugl ans nj . er a, L i nn.

Bl ac k Wal nut .

L eaf ' l c t s 15 t o 23, ovat e l anceol at e. Fmui t

usna l l . v gl obos e, s ol i t ar y or i n pai r s ; nut gl obos e,

denpl y and l ongi t.ud.ir.at I v r i dged, 4- c el

1

, ec i at t he

base.

Thi s t r e e f r equent l y gr ows 100 f eet hi gh,

oc cas i ona l l y 150 f eet hi gh, wi t h a s t r a i ght t r unk

o f t en c l ear of branches f or 50 or 60 f eet , and 4

t o 6 f eet i n di amet er .

T I l e B1ac k Wal nut i s di s t r i but ed f r om wes t er n

Mas s achus et t s

t.hr

ough s ou t . her n Mi c hi gan and

Mi nnes o t a t o c e n t r a l and nl Dr t her n Nebr as I c a a ' t d

eas t er n Kans as . sout hwar d t hr o F l or i da, Al abama,

Mi s s i s s i ppi and Texas . I t i nhabi t s r i c h bot t om

l ands

ann

f er t i l e hi l l s i des .

The wood i s heavy, har d, s t r ong, r at her c oar s e-

gr a i ned, eas i l y wo r ke d and ver y dur abl e i n c ont ac t

wi t h t l 1e s oi l . The s pec i f i c gr av i t y of dr y wood

i s 0. 6115, a c ub ic : Coot wei ghi ng 38. 11 pounds .

I t i s us ed i n c abi net mak i ng, f or i n t e r i or f i ni s h

and f or c o f f ' i ns and guns t oc k s , Nut s ar e of : 'c om-

mcr-c

i

a l val ue.

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- 20-

Genus HI CORI A, Ra f .

Ri c or i a m ni ma( Mar sh ) Br i t t o n.

( CEt r ya amar a, Nut t a l l )

Bi t t er nut . Swamp Hi c kor y .

L eaf 1- et s 5 t o 9, Lanc eo L a

t

e t o obl ong- I anc eol at e.

F r ui t 4- v l i nged f r om t he apex near l y t o t he m <l dl e;

m t ovat e or obl ong, of t en br oader t han l ong, t h i n

nhel l ed; ke r nel bi t t er . Vi nt er b108 br i ght yel l ow.

A t r ee, of t en 100 f eet hi gh, ~i t h a t al l s t r ai ght

t r unk 2 t o 3 f eet i n di amet er , and s t out s pr eadi ng

l i mbs whi c h f or m a br oad hands ome head of s l ender

r at her s t i f f upr i ght br anches .

The Bi

t.t

errnrt r anges f r om s out ner-n Mai ne Vl es t -

war d t hr o Ont ar i o , c en t r a l Mi c hi gan al l d Mi nne s o t a

t o <ou't.heas t.er-n Neb raska, eas t er n Kans as and t he

I ndi an Ter r i t or y. Sout hwar d t o F l or i da and Texas .

I t i nl whi t G 10YI we t woods near t . ne bor der s of

s t r eams and s wamps or hi gh r ol l i ng upl ands .

The wood i s heavy, har d, s t r o n g, t ough and

c l os e- gr ai ned. Tl:e s peo if i c gr av i t y of dr y wood

i s 0. 7552, a c ubi c f oot wei ghi ng 47. 06 pounds .

L ar gel y us ed f or hoops , ox- yokes , and f i l el .

I t c r ov s mer e r api dl y i n c ut

ti

va t i on t han any of

t he ot her Hi c kor i e s , wi t h t he exc ept i on of t he Pec an.

Onl y a f ey] good Bi t t er nut s ar e grovri.ng on t he

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- 21-

Genus BI COHI A, Haf .

Bi c o r i a ovat a ( Mi l l . ) Br i t t on.

( Car ya al ba Nat ~al l . )

Shag- b a r k Hi c kor y .

L eaf l et s 5 o r 7, obovat e t o obl ong- l anc eo l at e,

c i l i at e on t he mar gi ns . Fmui t gl obos e, depr e s sed

at t he apex ; nut ovat e, mor e or l es s f l at t ened,

4- angl ed, pal e or near l y whi t e.

A t r ee, of t en 70 t o 90 f eet hi gh, occae tona t l v

180

f eet hi gh YTit h a t al l s t r ai ght c o I umna r s haf t

3 or 4 f eet i n di amet er , i n t he f or es t of t en f r ee

of br anches f or 50 or 60 f eet f r om t he gr ound.

Thj s t r ee r - angen f r om s out her n Mai ne t o l Zal l ey

of St . L awr ence Ri ver and al ong nor t her n s hor es of

Lakes

Er i e and Ont a r i o ,

t.hr

o cent r a l Mi c hi gan and

Mi m . 8s ot a and s out heas t er n Neb r a s k a. sout.hwa.rc t hr o

New Yor k , Del awar e t o F l or i da, Al abama and Mi s s i s s -

i ppi t o c ent r a l Kans as and Texas . Us ual l y f ound

gr oYT i ng on l ow hi l l s or i n t he nl i l f f i ghbor hoodf

s wamps or s t r eams .

The wood i s heavy , ver y har d and s t r o n g,

t ough, c l os e- gr ai ned,

am

f l ex i bl e. T l 1e s pec i f i c

gr av i t y of dr y wood i s 0. ~372, a c ubi c f oot

? ei ghi ng 42. 17 pounds . The nut s ar e hi c kor y nut s

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- 22-

Our s oi l i s w: : ; l l adap

t

ed t o t he Shagbar k

and we have a l a r ge number of t hes e f i ne

Hi c kor i es . A f ew pec ul i ar var i et i es have been

f ound.

Genus HI CORI A, Ra f o

Hi c or i a l ac i ni os a, ( Mi c hx. ) Sar gent .

( Car ya s ul c at a, Nut t al l ) .

Ki ng Nut . ' Bi g S~el l bar k .

Leaf l et s 5 t o 9, obovat e or obl ong- l anceol at e,

pube rul ous on t.he Lower: suf'f'ac e , F l t l ui obl ong,

depr es s ed at t he apex ; nut t.rn c k - wa L l ed , r i dged or

angl ed, dul l

wh.i

t . e

The Ki ng Nut i s dJ s t r i but ed f r om I owa s out h-

war d t hr o Mi s s our i , Ar kans as , ea s t er n Kans as , and

I ndi an Ter r i t or y ; eas t war d t hr o s out her n I l l i noi s ,

I ndi ana, t o c ent r a l Tennes ee, ~es t er n and cent r al

New Yor k and eas t e r n Pennsyl vani a. I t i nhabi t s

r i c h deep bot t om- l ands whi c h ar e u s ua

L'ly

i nunda t ed

dl I T i ng s ever al weeks of ever y year . I t gr ows wi t h

t he s wamp Whi t e Oak , Tupel o, Red Mapl e, Red As h

and s wamp cot t onwood.

The wO' j d i s heavy and ver y har d, s t r ong and

t ough, c l os e- gr ai ned and ver y f l ex i bl e. The s pec i f i c

gr-av it y of dr y wood i s 0. 8108, a cubi c f oot wei gh-

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 23-

ar e f ound tn t he Ar bor et um, wher-e t hey have not

f r u t t e d. as yet .

Genus HI CORI A, Raf .

Ht c o r t a gl abr a ( Mi l l . ) Br i t t on.

( c ar ' ya por c i na, Nut t al l ) .

P i gnut Hj _ c l <. or y

Leaf l et s 5 t o 7 obl ong or obovat e- l anceol at e,

gl obr ous or

v

t

L l

oue=pubes cer r t , F r ut t pyr i f or m or

gl obos e; husk us ual l y t hi n; nut obl ong, oval 0: 0

gl obos e, t h i c b or t hi n s hel l ed; ker nel s weet or

s l i ght l y bi t t e r .

The Pi gm t i nhabi t s dr y r i dges and hi l l s i des ,

a: r : di s di s t r i but ed f r om Mai ne t I l r o Ont ar i o and s out h-

er n Mt chi gan t o s out heas t er n Nebr as ka and s out hwar d

t o F l or i da, Al abama and Mi s s i s s i ppi ; wes t war d t hr o

Mt s s our i , A rkansas t o eas t er n Kans as , I ndi an Ter ±i -

t or y an} Texas . I t i s ext r emel y common i n al l t he

n o r t her n s t a t e s .

The Vl ood i s heavy, ha rd, ver y s t r ong and t ough,

f l e xi bl e and c l os e- gr ai ned. The sDec i f i c g rav i t y

of dr y

wood

i s 0. 8217,

a

cubi c f oot r r ei ghi ng

51. 21 pounds . com m e r c ta l Iv not di s t i ngu. i s hed f r om

\ 700d of s he11bar l c and i s us ed f or s ame

pur-pos

es ,

'I'he

Pi gnut Hi ckor y i s , al s o, r at her r ar e on

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- 24-

Fanily SALICACEAE.

Gemls SALIX, Linn.

Salix amygdaloides, Anderss.

Peach Willow. Alnond VTilloVl.

Le~ves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, aCl~i-

nate, pale and. gla:bous on the lower snrface, long-

s t.aIkod ,

A tree, sometimes 60 or 70 feet in height with

a eingl e straight or sligl1tly inclining trunk

rarely more than 2 feet in diameter; or usually

much smaller.

Tl.... Peach WilloVl inhab h.ts

t

he banks of streams

and ranges from neighborhood of Montreal and New

Yo.rk to Valley of Upper saskatchewan, sout.nwar-d to

Ohio and Missouri and westward over the great plains

and thro the Rocky Mountains from Texas to Oregon

and Washington. It i8 the commonarborescent

Willovl along t.he banks of t.he rivers v . n ich flow

eastward from the Rocky Mountains, ar.d in all the

central mountain region of the continent.

T:t.ewood is light, soft, not st:ro ng,

and close-grained. The spefu fic gravity of dry

weed is 0.4509, a cubic foot weighing

28 10

pounds 0

The Peach VTillm'l is nothing more than a shrubby

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- 25-

Genus SAL I X, L i nn.

Sal i x Bebbi ana, s ar gent .

( s . r o s t r a t a, Ri c h. )

Bebb1s wi l l ow.

Leaves obl ong, obovat e or obl ong- el l i p t i c a l ,

cons pi c uous l y r et i c ul at e- venul o se, dul l gr een on

t he U1T; . - - - eru r f ac e, gl J l 1COUSor s

i

Lver v whi t e and

pubes cerrt on t he l ower .

A bus hy t r ee, occas i onal l y 25 f eet i n hei ght ,

\ - . ' ih a sncr-t t r unk 6 or 8 i nches Ln di amet er ; or ,

us ual l y much Rl Bl l e r and of t en s hr ubby i n nab I t ,

Tht s W l l oy i nhabi t s

t.lie

bor der s of s t r eams ,

l akes and s wamps , dr y hi l l s i des , open Vl oods , and

f or es t mar gi ns , 11sual l y s el ec t i ng moi s t r i ch s oi l .

One of t he commoneat and mos t gener al l y di s t r i bu t ed

W l l ows i n Br i t i s h Amer i c a, r angi ng f r om t he val l ey

of t h e s t . L awr ence t o t ~J . eAr c t i c Ci r c l e .

common

i n al l t he nor t h = r-n s t at es , i t r anges sout.nwar-d t o

Penns y l vani a and wes t war d t o k i I D1es ot a, and i s

s c at t er ed t hr o t he Rocky Mount ai n r egi ons f r om

I daho t o wes t er n Nebr as ka.

J us t a s hr-ub i n t hi s l o c a l i t y ; good apec Lmena

ar e gr o~i ng i n t he Bot an i c al ga rden.


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- 26-

or l anc eol at e , gl ~ous or s i l ver y - whi t e on t he l ower

s ur f ac e.

A t r ee, r ar el y exc eedi ng 20 f eet i n hei ght wi t h

a t r unk about a f oot i n di amet er ; or , mor e of t en

snrubbv ,

wi t h numer ous t a11 w' c r aggl j : ng s t ems 0

Sal i x di s col or i s a c o. nmon i nhabi t ant of moas

t

meadows , and t he banks of ' s t r eams and Lakes , and

i s di s t r i but ed f r om Nova Scot i a t o Mani t oba and

s out hwar d t o Del awar e, s out her n I ndi ana, I l l i noi s

and Mi s s ou r i .

The ~ood i s l i ght , s o f t , and c l os e- gr ai ned.

The s pe c i f i c gr av i t y i s 0. 4261, a c l i l i i cf oot

wei ghi ng 26. 55 pounds .

A common 1[ i l l 01; 7

T j _

t h us , gr c 1, i pgal ong

r i ver banks and i n mar s hy pl ac es .


Sal i x ni gr a, Mar s hal l .

Bl ack V, r i l l ow.

L oaves nar r owl y l ance al at e , l ong- poi nt ed,

of t en f a l c at e, gr een on bot hs ur f ac es , gl abr ous

at mat u r i t y .

A t r ee, oc c as i onal l y 120 f eet i n hei ght VI it h

a t r unk 3 f eet i n di amet er , or , us ual l y 30 or 40

f eet

hi gh, Vi it h

t.runk s

whi ch ar e

of t en

c l us t er ed.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 27-

al ong t he nor t her n s ho r e s of L akes Hur on and

s uper t o r , aovt

nwar-d

t o F l or i da, wes t war d t o eas t -

er n Dakot as , Nebr as ka, Kans as , and t he I ndi an

Ter ~i t o r y and t hr o Texas , New Mexi c o, and Ar i z ol m.

I t i s

t

ae l ar ges t and mos t conc p.i c uous na

t

i ve wt l -

lovr of eas t er n Nor t h Amer i c a am i s mos t abundant

i n t he bas i n of t he Mi s Si s s i ppi Ri ver .

The <Hood I s l i ght , s o f t , weak , and c l os G- gr ai n-

ed, and c hec ks badl y t n dr y i ng. The s pec i f i c gr av-

t t y i s 0. 4456, a c ubi c f oot wei ght ng 27. 77 pounds .

Bar I c i s of t en USGd as a t oni c i n t he t r eat ment of

f ever s .

' 1' 111ss t he Lar-g es

t

W l l o VI wh ich i s nat i ve

her e. I t c onf i nes i t el f t o l ow bot t om- l a nds

s out h of t he c ol l ege.


Sal i x l uc i da, Muhl .

Shi ni ng W l l ov l .

L eaves l anceol at e, l onG- poi nt ed, c or i ac eous ,

dar k gr een and l us t r ous , t hei r pet i ol es gl andul ar .

A bushy t r ee, oc c as i onal l y 20 or 25 f eet hi gh,

vli t h a s hor t t r unk 6 or 8 i nches i n di amet er ; or

us ual l y s mal l er and s hr ubby i n habi t .

Sal i x l uc i da, whi c h i nhab i t s t he banks of

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- 28-

s out hwar d t o Pennsy l vani a and wes t war d t o ea s t e r n

Nebr as ka.

The s hi ni ng W l l ow does not bec ome t r d e-

l j _ ke he r e, but g r o v r s onl y as a s nr ub ,

Genus POPULUS, L i nn.

Popul us t . remu l oadee , Mi c hx .

AS1) en, Qual : : . i ngs p

0

Leaves ovat e, or s em - or bi c ul ar , s hor t - poi nt ed,

s l i g h t l y c or dat e or t r uncat e at t he bas e, f i nel y

s er r at e; pet i o l e s el ongat ed, c ompr es s ed.

A

ti-ee ,

o f t e n 100 f eet i n he i ght , wi t h a t r unk

whi ch oc c as i onal l y i s al mos t 3 f eet t h r o u gh near

t he gr ound but i n gen1r al i s not mor e t han 18 or

20 i nc hes i n d i amet er , and pr e s er ves i t s s i z e wi t h

l i t t l e di m nut i on f or 50 f eet or mor e.

The ASDen, wh i c h i s t he mos t wi del y di s t r i but -

ed t r e e of Uor t h Amer i c a, r ang es f r om Labr ador

nor t hwes t er l y t o t he Val l ey of t he Yukon Ri ver

i n Al as ka, s out hwar d t hr o n o r t h e r n s t at es t o

Eenns y l vani a, nor t heas t e r n Mi ~s our i and s out her n

Hebr aska and t hr o al l t he mount ai n r egi ons of t he

Wes t . I n t he nor t her n s t at es i t pr ef er s r at her

mo i

srt

s andy s oi l and gr avel l y hi 11s i des and

g r ows bes t near bor der s of s wamps and open f or es t

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-29-

In the EJast it is la::egoly used in manufacture of

pnper-pv.lp. In

t

he Vest it Ls occasionally used

for floori~g and fuel.

The great value of the Aspen lies in the power

of its small seeds, supported fly their long hatns

and wafted far and near by the wind to germinate

qut ck

l.y

in Goil which fire has rendered infertile

and

t

n the ability of the seedling plants to grow

rapidly in exposed situations.

Numbers of

t.I;e

Aspen line the bank of the Red

Cedar River, and grow back up onto the sandy soil,

s omcwha t.

Genus POPULUS,Linn.

Populus grandidentata, Michx.

Poplar. Lar~e Tooth Aspen.

Leavps broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, coated

at first,

L'Lk

e

t

hebude ,

VIi

th

hoar-y

tomentum.

Petioles elongated, laterally compressed.

A tree, often 60 or 70 f'ee

t

in heLgh

t, w

i

t.h

a trunk occasionally 2 feet in diameter; or, general-

ly

smal Ler-

and usually not more than

30

or

40

feet

tall.

The Poplar, rrhich is a commoninhabitant of

tho f'lref3t, usually selecting rich moist sandy soil

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-30-

mounta tns t o Nor t h Car ol i na, a nd we s

twar-d

t o

Eent ucky and Tennes s e.

The vood i s l i ght , s of t , and coar s e- gr ai ned,

ou t not s t r ong. The s pec i f i c gr avi t y i s

0.4632,

a cubi c f oot wc

i.gru.ng

28. 87 pounds . J - l F l . r gey us ed

i n t he Eas t f or paper - pul p and i s occas i onal l y

us ed f or wooden war e and t u r n e r y .

Thi s Popl ar iR t he mon t common t r ee of the

Genus i n t hi s v i c i ni t y . Gr ows ver y pi l l ent i f ul l y

i n t he Oak f or es t s nor t h of t he Col l ege and al ong

t he r i ver - banks s out . n,

Genus POPULUS, L i nn.

Po pu I ua bal s am f er a, J - l i nn.

Ba l s am. Ba l m of Gi l ead.

Leaves ovat e, l anc eol at e, ac ut e or acum -

nat e, dar k gr een and l us t r ou s on t he upper s ur f ace,

pa Le and of t en f er r ugi neous on t he Lowe r ,

A t r ee, of t en 100 f eet i n hei ght , ~i t h a t al l

t r unk 6 or 7 I D' eeti n c l i amet er ; or , s mal l e r t owar d

t he s out her n l i m t s of i t s

r-ange

and usual l y

not mor e t han 60 or 70 f eet t al l .

The nal s am i s di s t r i but ed f r om t he Val l ey

of t he Mackenz i e r i ver and t he Al as kan coas t s out h-

war-d tc, nor t her n NeVl Engl and, N81JJ Yo r k , Cent r al

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 31-

dated bot

t

orn-Tano.s of' rivers and swampborders.

TIle Food is ligil t, soft, not strong, and

close-grained. The specific gravity is 0. 3635,

0. cubic foot Yieighing 22. 65 pounds. I t is larGely

narte into paper-pulp, and in nor-t.ner-nMichigan

is manuract.ured into paI

In

and smal

pacxing=caee s ,

The only speciuen of this tree we have is found

in the Arboretum, wher-e it grows to a large size.

The variety, candicans, has been introduced and

grows very rapidly and well. This variety differs

from t~,-e corrroon form in its more Sl):r'eading brancl1-

es, forming a broader add. more olJen head and

t.n

its broader cordate leaves which are mer-e coarsely

serrate, with gland.-ti~ped t2eth.

Genus POPULUS,Linn.

Populus deltoidea, Marshf1.1l.

P.

monilifera, Aiton.)

cottonrrood.

Leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, usually abrul')t-

ly acmTIinate, coarsely crenate, petioles laterally

compressed. A tree, aomet.irnes 100 feet in height,

1

7

1ith a trunk occas i

ona.t

tv 7 or 8 feet in

o

La.neter ,

dididing often 20 or 30 feet above the ground

into several massive limbs

~7~ll

c11spread gradually.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


3

to Florida,ani westwa

rrt

to the base of

t

he Rocky

mountains from AlbGl'ta to ncr

tner-n

Newl-,{exico.

The cottonwood is the largest and one of the

most abundant trees along

t.rie

streams betweenthe

Appalachian and t~e Rocky mountains.

The Toad is light, soft, and not strong,

altho close-grained. The specific gravity is

0. 3889, a cubic foot weighing 24.24 pounds.

warping badly in rlrying and ext rerne tv difficult

to season, it is nov uc;ed only in the manufacture

of paper-pulp, for cheap pacl::ing cases and for

r'ue

l ,

In

t'.e

United S

t.a t

es , no ot.hc r tree has been

so generally planted on tne plains and

pr-a

Lriea

east of

t

he Rocleymountains.

Tll8 Cott om-roodgr ows very rapidly and well

her-e , Avury l;:-irge apec Lmert gr-ows just east of

Abbot nall.

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- 33-

Fam l y Bet ul ac eae.

Genus BETULA, L i nn.

Bet ul a papyr i f e r a, Ma r s h.

( B. papyr acea, Ai t on) .

Canoe Bi r c h. Paper Bi r c h.

St r obi l es c y l i nc l r i c a l , e l onga t ed, pendu l ous ,

l ong- s t al ked. St am nat e ament s c l us t er ed or i n

pai r s . L eaves ov a t e, c uneat e, or r ounded at t he bas e,

dul l dar k gr e e n.

A t r ee, us ua l l y

60

or

70,

or , on t he l I Dr t hwest

coas t , oc cas i onal l y 120 f eet t al l , wi t h a t r unk f r om

2 t o 3 f eet i n di amet er .

The Oanoe Bi r c h i s one of t he mos t wi r t e l y r t i s -

t r i but ed t r ees of Nor t h Amer i c a, r angi ng f r om

Labr ador t o t he s hor es of Huds on Ray a] ~ t o t he val -

l ey of t he Yukon Ri ver i n Al as k a. s out

rrsar-d

i t

r anges t hr o al l t he f or es t r egi on of t he Dom ni on

of Canada, a r r ~ t h r o t he nor t her n s t at es t o Long

I s l and, Penns y l vani a, c ent r al Mi c hi gan and Mi nne s o t a,

n o r t her n Nebr as ka, and t he Bl ac k Hi l l s of Dakot as ,

and nor

tnwar-d

t o Mont ana and Was hi ngt on. I t i nahbi t s

r ion 1. 7oodys l opes and t he bor der s of s t r eams , l akes

and svramps , · ' T ih i n t he Ar c t i c Ci r c l e i t becomes

s mal l and c r o oked. Gr ows ~os t l y s i n~1y or i n gr oups .

The wood i s L f . gr t , s t r ong, har d, t ough, and

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 34-

in making of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in the

manur'act.ur-e of I)aper-pulp, and r'o.r fuel e

This tree is not na

t

rve itt the College but

8. number of trees have been planted and they are

doing very melle

A fine tree C8.nbe seen just southwest of

tile

Chomical Laboratory.

Genus BETULA,Linn.

Betula nigra, Linn.

B rubra, Hichx.)

Red Birch. River Birch.

strobiles cylindrical, oblong, erect. Leaves

r-homoio-ovat.e , acute at bothends, lustrous on the

u:')per surface, pal e ar.d pubescent on the lower.

A tree, 80 or 90 fnet in he i.gh t, 1]'.rih a trunk

wh.ich often divides, 15 or 20 feet above the ground,

into 2 or 3 slig}ltly diverging Lf.nbs .and is some-

times 5 fent in diameter. In old age it forms an

irregular and picturesque crown. Often the Red

Birch sends up from the ground a clump of sever~l

sT,;a11spreading stems forming a low bushy tree. It

in...rmbis the banks of streams, ponds and swamps,

gr'owarg in deep rich soil 1,711ichs oft en inundated

for sever-al vTceks at a

t

tne , Ranges tr omMassa-

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-35-

W s cons i n and Ohi o . At i G i t s l a r ges t s i z e i n

damp s em t r opi c a l l ovr - l ands of F l or i da, Al abama

a d Texas .

The wood i s l i g~t , r at her har d, s t r ong, and

c l os e- gr ai ned. The cpec i f i c gr av i t y i s

0. 5762,

a

cubic r'oot

' we i ghi ng

35.91

pounds . Muc h us ed i n man-

u f a c t u r e of f ur ni t u r e , nooden- war e, and i n t ur ner y .

Thi s i s t ~: e onl y aemf =aqua t t o Bi r c h.

TI'le

onl y t r ees of t hi s s pec i es on t he Campus

ar e f ound i n t he Ar bor et um,

wher-e

t l l ey s eem t o be

~oi ng f ai r l y wel l .

Genus BETULA, L i nn.

Be t ul a l ut ea, Mi chx .

( B. excel s a, Pur s h. )

Ye

L'Lot.

Bi r c h. Gr ay Bi r c h.

S t r o b i l es Obl ong- ovoi d, s es s i l e or s hor t - s t al k -

ed. L eaves o va t e, Ob l ong- ovat e, cuneat e, or s l i ght -

l y hear t - s haped at t he bas e. Dar l c yo L l

ovr

or s i l ver y

gr ay , s Li.gh tLy ar omat i c .

A t r e e, oc cas i onal l y

100

f eet i n hei ght , wi t h

a t r unk 3 or 4

t'e

et i n d

i

ame

t

ar , or , near t he c oas t

and i t s nor t hnr n and s out her n l i m t s , m ch s mal l er

and of t en not mor e t han

20

or

30

f eet t al l .

The Ye

Ll.ow

Bi r c h W11i

r

; h L s one af t he l a r s e s t

dec i duous - l eaved t r ees of t he f or es t s of nor-tneent er n

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 36-

to

Del m7ar e: U1cl a l ong Al l eghany mour.t.af.na t o 11i gh

pe aks of Nor t h Ca r ol i na and Tennes ee,

and

t o nor t h-

er n Mi nne s o t a. Us ual l y i nhabi t R moi s t upl ands ,

gr o~i ng i n r i c h s oi l .

T : w

t

r ee i s one 0· [ t he mos t va Luab Le t i mber -

t r ees of t he nor t h. The wood i s heovy , v e r y s t r o n g,

h a r d, and c L o se=g r-aLned Vi it . h a s at i ny s ur f ac e.

TIle SI ec i f i c gr av i t y i s 0. 6553, a c ub ic l oot wei gh-

i ng 40. 84 pounde , L ar g e

Ly

us ed i n t he r.anuract.ur-e

of f ur n i t u r e , or t . ut

t

on and t as s el mou L de , and

ma t c h boxes and f or f uel .

Thi s t r ee r equ i r es 10V t emper a t u r e and abun-

dant moi nt 1l . r et o devel op i t s beaut y .

Thi s Bi r c h, a l s o , i s f ound onl y i n t he Ar bor -

e t um, t ho good. t . r e e s gr ow f ' out h o f ' t he Col l ege.

Genus OSTRYA, SCop.

Os t r ya Vi r gi ni ana, ( Mi l l . ) Koc h.

( C8. f Oi nus Os t r ya, L i nn)

I

r-onwood ,

Hop Hornbeam.

L eaves obl ong- l anc eol at e, aCl ~i nat e or ac ut e

at

t he

apex ,

A

t r ee,

oc c as i onal l y

50 or

60 f eet

i n

hei ght ,

VI it h a s hor t t r u n k

2

f eet i n

( Hamet er ,

but

us ual l y

not mor e t han 20 or 30 f eet t a l l , ~ it h a t r unk f r om

12 t o 18 i nc hes t hi c k .

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 37-

Mapl es , and ot her l ar ge t r e e s ann i s di s t r i but ed

f ~om Cape Br r et o : n

I

e

l and · ' : . l ~' ' ' oal l ey of s t . L awr ence

r i ver t o nor t hAr n k i nnes ot a, t he Bl ac k Hi l l s of

Dakot as , ea s t er n ar d nor t her n Nebr a s k a and Kansas ,

s

out.hwar

d t o

F Lo

r-Lda and Texas . The

t

r-ee . , r ows

w.i

t h

compar-a

t t ve r aYJ i c i i

ty ,

i s V( j l ~y

ha rrtv

and i n not

eas i l y def ac ed by i ns ec t s or f ungal di s e as e s .

The ' T oodi n heavy, v e r y

a t

r o r g and har d, t ough,

exceedi ngl y c l os e- g r a i ned, dur abl e i n c ont ac t Y i t h

t he s oi l and t akes a r ar e po l i s h. The s pec i f i c

gr av i t y i s 0. 8284, a cubi c ~aot wei ghi ng 51. 62

pounds . Used f or f ence pont s , l ever s , mal l et s and

handl es of t ool s .

The Col l e~e woods and t he

Oak

~oods nor t h of

t he c ol l e ge ar e l i t er al l y f i l ~ed ~i t h t hi s t r e e,

vhi c h oc cas i onal l y gr ows t o a l ar ge s i z e. Many

good t r ees ar e s t a ndi ng on t he c ampus .

Genus

CA~~ MUS,

L i nn.

Car pi nus Car o l i ni ana, VTal t er .

( C. Ane r i c ana, Mi c hx. )

Bl ue Beech. Hor nbeam.

I nvol uc r es of f ~' uit uS1' . al l y 3- 1obed, and c oar s e-

l y t oot hed on one mar gi n. L eaves ovat e- o bl o ng,

s h a r pl y s er r at e.

A bl F , l : yt r e· , r ar el y

40

f eAt i n hei ght , wi t h

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 38-

sLender spre adi.ng terns.

Carr)inns Caroliniana .inhabats the borders of

tre.'~s and swamps, gro~-ing uaua L'l.y in dee:p mo

i

at

r~ch soil. It ranges from Quebec to Ghores of

Georgian Bay, south~ard to Florida, westward to

northern Minnesota, eastern N~'raska and Kansas,

t~e Indian Territory and Texas. It grows to largest

size on west slo:pe of Alleghany mOlUltains.

The wood is heavy, very strong, hard, and

close-grained. Tite epecLf'Lc gravity is O. 728G,

a cubic foot weighing 45.41 pounds. SOlllatir. esused

for levers, hAndles of tools, add othcr small arti-

clA~-;•

As 1; ih the Ironwood so ~ ith the

1 3

lue Beech,

a1though :perhaps not quite

GO

abundarrt and f'ewer

spec unens are found on the Campus. I t is seldom

more than a shrub in this locality.·

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 39-

Fam l y FAGAC}i ; AE.

Genus F AGUS, L L i . : 1.

Fagns Amer i c ana, Sweet .

( F . f er ~gi nea, Ai t . )

( F . at : r ' o}mni c ea ( Ma r s h. )

sudt.n , )

Beech.

Lobes of t he cal yx o~ tje s t Rm nat e ~l o~e r s

s hor t and r ounded. Le : : 1 / e8bl ong- o v a t e, c oar s el y

dent at e, s er r at e, dec i duous .

A t r ee, l l GFnl l y

70

or

80

f eet , but under

f avor abl e condi t i ons oc c as i onal l y 120 f eet i n

hei ght • W t h a t r unk 3 or

'1

f eet i n o. iame t e r - .

When c r owded i n t he f or es t t he Beech gr ows t al l but

when t he ' , r anc : 1es hav e r oom f or f r ee l at er al

g rovrth , i t i f - ;s hor t , s t ur r ted , ar«t t he s hor t t runk

(U v-. :i

des i nt o numer ous L t nbs ,

Al t ho l e s c ommon t han s ever al of t he Oaks ,

t he Pe1ch i s one of t he mos t ui del y di s t r i but ed

t r ees of eas t er n Nor t h Amer i c a. I t i nhabi t s t he

r i c h Goi l of upl a nds a' d mount ai n s l o~es , wher e i t

o. rt . on f or ms nea r l y I j Ur e f or es t s . I t s r ange i s

t hr o s out her n Canada t o nor - t ner n W s cOi I Ri n and

s out . nwa r - d t o F l o r i da and t hr o I l l i noi s nd Mi s sour i

t o Texas .

The y: or , c i s har r t , t ough, ver y c l os e- gr ai ned,

and t akes a f i ne pol i s h; i t i s not r l ur abl e i n c on-

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 40-

0.6883,

a cubic I OOtvleighing

42.89

pounus ,

Lar;'sely used in r anuf act.ur-e of chal rs 1

1

t

FL10e as s,

hanCl.Ciesof tools and for fuel.

The Beech is the t~ee of all trees in this

nieghborhood. Some of the finest trees on the Campus

are :Beeches. In the College woods it is dying out

badly and in the future viill pro'bably be rep}_aced

by ot.hor trees.

Genus CA':JTANEA,dams.

Castanea ~entata, Bork.

c.

vesca, ~i'ld.)

(C. Americana, Raf.)

Chestnut.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, green

and glabrous on both surfaces. Nuts two or three

in the involucre, flattened.

A tree, occasionally

100

feet in height in the

forest, V ith a tall, straight colwnnar trunk 3 or

4 rr-et in clia -neter, or orten when unorowued by

t

n t d 1

00_

a snor-t trunk which in

o Her rees, eve__op1Hg - -

exceptional indtviduals attains a char;1eter of 10

or 12 feet ana 1' hich usua i.i.v dj_vides r.o

t

far above

the ground iY'to 3 or 4 stout horizontal liDbR forming

a »r oao Lowround-toPl')ed head.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-41-

Tl:e

C11estnut ranges :f:tomLaine t:_ro ;-)outh-

pastern Ontario and t'ic;higan, fl onthwar-d to Delaware,

Indiana a:-.d along Alleghany mountains to AlAbama

and Missi8si~pi and to central KAntuc~and

Tennesee. Very ccmr.on on glacial drift of the

northern states, wh ere it Grows r3.})iclly to a large

size and lives to a great age.

The 1I';00dis light, soft, not strong, coarse-

grained, liable to check and w a rp in drying, easily

c{plit and very dur-ab l e in contact v7ith the soil.

The sjJecific gravity is 0.4504, a cubic t'oo

t

vleigh-

ing 28.07

pounc.s ,

Largely

uaert

in

manut'act ur-e

of

c;hea}) fnrniture ai.d for railroad ties, fence posts

and rails. Tlle nuts are of much oonmerc

i

aI import-

ar ce ,

The only cn es tnuts now gr-owLng in thiS locali-

ty are in

t.h

e College Arboretmn. A 1'8\7 years ago

eWIne fine Lar-ge sl;eciuens were groyJing on the campus,

1·\11.t

.

ver'y severe ';'-inter ld~L1ed them all. Our

Roil is well adapted to this tree.

Genus QUERCUS,Linn.

Quercus alba, Linn.

'Nhite Oak.

obovate-oblong, obliquely, usually

Leaves

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 42-

80.

to

100

fr::et,

w i

t.h a trunk 3 or 4 f'ee

t

in diar.'lel.er.

The principal lim'O)sare stout, and, spreading

r

regularly from the stem at a broad angle and in a

sLfght ly zigzag

rianner-,

form an

oIJen

crovn or rather

slender ~igid branches. Leaves are wedge-shaped

at tl1ebase.

The Fhi te Oak ranges from l.mine thro Quebec

and Ontario; the lo~er peninsula of Michigan and

southern Minnesota to southeastern Nebraska and

Kansas, and ~wuthward to Florida and Texas.

I

t is

an inhabitant of Dandy plains and gravelly

ridges, of rich uplands, intervales, and moist bot-

tom-lands. Sometimes forms pure f'orests but oi'ten

associated 1.':i.h Hickories, the Red Oak r.nd VIllie

Ash.

This

0 0 . 1 < .

is one of the rn o st valuable and

Lmpo

t

arrt timber

tr-ee

s of North America. The

~ood is strong, ve~y heavy, hard, tough, 0108e-

grained and durable in contact rdththe Roil, altho

1

° 1

1 t . ~ ~n dI~ying T~e sl_)e01ric gravity

-80 __e 0 Cllec;\....L __ . ..L •

is

0.7470, E ,

cubl c foot rreighing 46.35 pounds.

Largely used for ship buil~ing, sonstruction and

cooperage. One of bes t woods for fLiel.

The

CE1. 111)US

r,as originnL -y covered vrith e>ak

..., -Oe

1

' 0 1 · : >

t

1

-'e Hold settlers

H

are

fores t,

uut

only C1. .L .1 -'-

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 43-

t.he soil is much dryer

t

nan Ln t

ne j)ast, du~ to

GenUGQUERCUS,Linn.

QU8J'CH8nacrocarpa, }•

Lchx ,

Bur-r-

Oak. ]\Iossy Cup Oak.

Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrate1y, pinnatifid

OJ' deeply 8imlately lobed or ~ivided usually pale

and pubescent on

th

e

lovrer surface.

This is one of the largest Oaks of eastern

North America, l'i')ing '30metinc s to a 1-1et,~)1of 160

or 170 feet, formtng a trunk 6 or 7 feet in dUm1eter

and clear of limbs for 70 or 80 feet above tile ground..

Tl~e average height of Burr Oak is not more than

80 feet and toward its northern liutt is refulced.

to a 10Vlsrrruo ,

The Purr

oak usuaLtv Lnhab

its

10VI, r Lch bot

tom-

lands, or intervales, or oD''.ettr:es in the north-

west, 10Vl dry hills. It r-anges from Ney BrunsliIick

to Manitoba in Canada and

f'r-om

Maine Vle~;tVlarn.o

the foot hills

the Rockies in Montana and to

vrestern Nebraska and central. Kansas and

s out.hwee

t

to Tennesee, Indian ~erritory and Texas. Most

f

'd genp.,rally dist:; ibut ed Oak of Nebraska.reque~loGan

and Kansas.

This Oak is one of the

mo s

valuable timber

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-4~-

close-g~ained and very r.l'lra.ble l'n t

\, can act ITith the

soil. The specific ~r8vity ,

• _ j

lS

0.7453,

a cubic root

'i.reighing 46.40 po'mds.

For

come reason this tree gr-ows but scantily

in this region and few good spec:imens can be found.

Genus QUERClJS,Linn.

Quercus prinus, Linn.

Chestnut Oak. Rock Cl1e

.t

nut Oak.

Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate-acurni-

nate, coarsely cr-enaae.lv toothed ',':itil r-ounded or

acute teeth.

A tree, usually 60 or 70,

OC'38.S

omlly 100,

feet in height,

w

ith a trunk 3 or 4, or, rarely,

6 or 7 feet in diRmeter, divided, generally,

15

or 20 t'ee

t

a; .ove the surface of the ground,

into JJlrge lir:1bs whi.ch npread into a broad rather

open irregular head.

This Oak is an Appalachian tree, and groTIs on

l1ilJ_stdes and the high rocky banks of' strem:ls in

rich and deep or in ::;oTY

1

etiE1GShaLlovr and rather

st.er-i j.e soil. It rculges tr omMaine to northern

Georgia

ar.d

Alabama. West1:' ardthro NeVIYorlc and

3Q:lt11

to Kentucky and Tenesee.

1

.. .:l t ng r~,t.h~r tough,

The ~ood is heavy, laru, s ro , .~

, d Ltno di1_

c

·f'_·-J·,{':..Ju,lto seasoD, and

e

1

,ur-

close-gralne , a_

1 ~

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 45-

TJa;rg01yused. for r'encing, railroad

'-' ties, ar.d f'or

fuel.

This Oak is much more abundant about tIle

College than the Bl'rr Oal

r

•

I~l t1

4 ,- 1e College '.'foods

c. any young Chestnuts Oaks are f-1tarting u» awl t.uey

.J.:' - \,..- -- ,

w it.h the maples and Ashes, Y'illgradudlly crowd

0' 1t t1 1 e Beech.

GelUt8QUERCUS,Linn.

Quercus rubra, Linn.

Red Oale.

Leave,s oblong-oLJovate to oblong, p.Lnnat.LfLd-:

lobed,

t~la

lobos t aper fng gr[v'Lnally from broad

bases, and

RCU

t.e

and usue.l

Iy

denta te at

t

he ends.

A tree, usually

70

or

80

feet Dr occasionally

150

f'ee

t

in height, wi th a trunk 3 or 4 foet in

diamet ez-, The bark of the trunk on young stems

a

11 .0 .

on the upper part of the limbs of large trees

is smooth and light gray.

Quercus rubra is t11e most boreal of the Oak-

trees of eas tern America. I t ge~erally :iLn;labis

rich uplands, gr-ovf.ng to a large sLze on gLacLaL

drift and the Ylell-clrain(:d nor-der s of streams and

swamps. It ranges from Nova Scotia to the divide

west of' Lake superior, sou

t

hwar'd to Tonesee and

Virginia and along m'~untains to Georgia and west-

ward to eastorn Nebraska and central Kansas. It

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 46-

'I'he wo od i 8 heavy, har-o , st.ror.g , c o a r s e- gr ai n-

ed, and l i abl e t o chec k b8~1'r i n 1Q

,) tL.J.'Ylng.

The s : J e-

oi f i c gr av

i

ty i s

0. 6621,

a cuo ic . t .

< _

IOO we

ighd

ng

41. 25

pounds . Us ed l ar gel y i n c ons t r l l c t i on and

i n manuf ac t ur e of c hea. p f ur ni t u r e.

~o Oak of t he nor t her n s t at es

gr ows mor e

r api dl y or can be mor e eas i l y t r ans pl ant ed.

The Red Oal t i s ' ver y abundan t on t he Campus

and i n t he woods about - (' 11

u -,.~

dle

uO

_ege

I n many pl ac es

i t S8el T l St o be com ng i n and t ak i ng

t

he pl ac e of

t he \ Vhi te Oak .

Genus QUERCUS, L t nn.

Quer cus c ocoi nea, Muench.

Scar l et Oak .

Leaves obl ong or obova t e, l i ght gr een and

l us t r o u s ,

de

ep Ly l obed, 1I ' 1ih br oad r ounded

s.i.nus

es ,

t he s l ender l opes c oar s el y r epanc l l y dent at e t o~ar d

t he apex ,

Thi s t r ee gr ows 70 or

80

f eet i n het gh t ,

wi t h a t r u n k f r om 2 t o 3 f eet i n di amet er and COn1-

pa r a t i vel y sma L ' l br-anches whi ch s pr ead gradual l y

an

( I . f'o

r m a r at her nar r ow open head, or us ual l y

much s mal l er .

T l - : , . ec ar l et Oak Lnhab

i

t s l i ght , c t r y and

ns al 1y s andy s oi l . I t r anges f r om Uai ne t hr o Cen-

t r a l Mi c hi gan and Ht nnes ot a t o s out heas t er n Neb-

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- 47-

Bay.

Less abundant

l'

n t'

nA

interior,

on

dry, gravolly uplands rri+h Bl

Lack

Oak,

Red

Oak and

Pignut Hickory.

The woon. i8

grained. Tl:e

heavy, har~_, an~_ t

-

s rong but coarse-

s

pecLtLo grav i ty of' dry

vro

od is

0, 7095, a cubic root neighing 42. 20 pounds.

The Autumn col ois of' the t'oLaage of 110 other

American tree are more s~lend1'd t '

>

or re fun for a

longnr tiDe their beauty.

Few Scarlet Oaks grou in this re~ion,

> and

where t:-ne.ycio brow are confounded

w

Lth the Red

and Black Oaks. A fine spec1Den stands just

northeast of Williams Hall.

Genus QUERCUS,Lmnn.

QueTcus velutina, Lam.

(Q. tinctoria, ~ichx.)

(Q. nigra, DuRo. )

Black Oak.

Yellow-l::lark Oak.

Leaves ovate or obovate , slightly or deeply

lobed, nith broad or narrovr nearly entire or den-

tate lobes, llSlU3.llypubescent on the Lower' surface.

A tree, often 70 or 80 and occasionally 150

feet in height, w Lt.h a trunk

3

or 4 feet in diameter,

am. slender lJranc11es rrhich spread gradually into

a nar-r-owopen hAad. The Black Oak inlul.bi ts dry

gravAlly 1).plands and ridges. HangeD from coast of

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- 48-

Texas.

The wood is heavy, hard, a-d strong, altho

not t ougn , coarse-grained, ano Ii_able to check in

drying. The 8~ecific g~avity is 0.7045, a miliic

foot weighing 43.90 poun~s. The in. or bark is used

Larg el y in

t.anm.ng

and filrnir,h :ls a vel Low n_ye. In

this oak

t.ne cup=s

caLes are more loosely imbricated

t.nan

in t;~e Scarlet Oak. This

0.3k

ae oms to be com-

ing into the woods north of the Colloge. A fe~

Lar-ge :==;- ocimon8are n

t

anru.ng on t.lie campus.

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Fat'1ily ULMACEAE.

Genus ULMUS,Linn.

(U. ful va, 1:ichx )

Ulmus pubes cans watt·

0

SliJ )ery

JOm.

Red

F:lr.:l.

Flower~ on short pedicels in crowded fascicles.

Fruit nak ed on the mar-gme , pubescent. Lcavo s ova

t

o-

oblong, scabrous on the

U

'l)er, pubescc:)},t on the

lower sur face. Bl.J.d-8cales co at.ed 1.I i.h rlFty br-own

hairs. Branchlet8

de

s

ti

tute of corky '::ings.

A tree, GO to 70 feet high, '.'t th

a

tr-unk oc-

caniona l tv 2 t'eot in diam.eter, and r:l)r0 8.cli g branch-

es wh i.ch

usually form a

b

ro ad open flat-topped

head.

Tlle Sli':)pe:r~y Elm is r1.istributed thro Ontario

,

to Horth Dakota and eastern Nebraska. SO'l,tJ.ward to

»te« tern T i l lorida , central Alqbarfil arid Mississippi

and Texas. }IJveryvll1el'e less COf1Yl1on.r.an t:-:.e An'3rican

EID. It inhabits banks of at

r-ean-s

and l(y\~rrocky

hillsides, ~~ere it gro~s in deep ferttle soil.

The woo~ is heavy, hard, ntrong, very 0108e-

grained,

r1

1lrc1.ble in contact

w

i

t.h the

s

o

i

L, and

easy to splj t vrn tte green. A cubic foot neighs

43. 35

pounds. Largely used for fence posts and

railroad ties, hubs of rrheels and agricultural

ir:1.-

pl.emerrt s ,

1 .

Y

Ellm

,9~rO',7Rplentifully in this

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-50-

Genus ULMUS,Linn.

U 'Irau s

AmAricana, Linn.

Fhttc :E1m.I VTater Elm.

Floriers on long drooping lJedicels. FJ~uit

glah)rO'lS, ciliate on t.hemar-g ins . Lea e~-' obovate-

oblong to oval, u9ually smooth on the upper,

soft-pubescent on t.ae 10VIer surface. Burt scales

glabrous. Branch1ets destitu~e of corky ~ings.

A tree, 80Deti~eR 100 to 120 feet hiJh, ~ith

a tall trunk 6 to 11 feet in rUul1eter, frequently

enlf1l'.;cd at

t:18

base into great buttresses.

The Villito Elm r-ange. fl'0i'1 Ne1 lfoundland \'lest-

ward to

no

r-t.he.rn shores of

L8.~:c

Slxl)erior

and

t

he

eas t.ern base of the Rocky I'ountains sont11ward to

Florida and westward to Black Hills of Dakota,

western Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory

and Texas. It p:ref01'8 bottom-lands, intorvalos

a:1'l 101.7ricn l1ills and gr-ows on barnes of streams 1.7ih

Box-elder, Green Ash and the cottonwood.

Tile 1.';·oDds rieavv , hard, strong, tcugh , dif-(i-

cult to split and rather coarse-grained. A c':bic

foot

wei

ghs 40.55 :pounds. It is largely

us

ed for

~ubs of wheels, flooring and cooperage.

O

l

'-~t~

.al1d80il seom particularly adapted

ur C l:.'u,e ~-

t t

t ~1:) .i

t l'

co) one of tlH~ COLLlonef;ttrees

)0 llS ree ctlJi.'

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


Ulnll8 r acemosa , Thor:las.

Rock E Im , DoT El

_l\.

:J

m .

Flowers on long drooping pedicels. Fruit hir-

sut e , Leav e-i obova te to oblong-oval, smoc t.h on

the

upper , s

ott

pubeac

errt on

t

he

Lowe

r fnn·~'ace.

PUC_

eoaLes

pube

ru Lous . Branches

oft

en fllrnjJ'lJJ.erl

The Rook Elm is a tree, 80 to 100 f a thigh,

w it.h a t.r

unk

o

ocan i.onaLl.v L :: S fe*'t

Ln ri-' ame

ter

~l

rt

l;1 ..L. .• .Lc L_t·, J , ,10 ,

stout, fOpreading limbs -::hich form a narrow r'ound-

tOP:Ded head.

Tl1is tree

r-ange«

from Qnebed and Ontario o th-

warrl t.n ro NeVIHampshire, Vermont a.nd westv;arrl.. thro

N

err York and DOl~thern l,11clligan to northeas tern ?'Jeb-

r-aska ,

aon

t.hccn Lipsouri and middle Tennessee. It

~refers dry gravelly uplands or lou heavy clay soil

or rocky slopes and river cliffS.

'J:11e,'[ood is

neavv ,

hard, very strong and tough,

close-grained anrl.. takes a good polish. A cubic

foot ~eighs 45. 20 pounds. It i8 used for railroad

ties, bridge ti~)ers and sills of large buildings

and in manufacture of' agricultnral j_lJpJf;wents.

A

few pIanted speci~ens are gro~ing very ~ell

on the campus .

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- 52-

Lenves ovat e t o ovat ' ~- l anceol at e, ~) ~l ~l r pl . ynd

coar qel y s er r at e. F r ui t l ar ge.

A t r ee, s omet i mes

130

f eot hi gh, r r i t h a s t r ai ght

s l ender t r unk 2 t o 3 f eet i n di amet er . Of t en

f r ee of

br-anches

f or

70

or

80

f eet . Usual l y

much s nal l er . s t out s pr eadi ng, r i dged or f r eq' . . 1ent -

l y pendul ous br anches , ' . · , ' : l i c hf o r m a hands ome round-

The Hac kber r y i s exceedi ~gl y r ar e and l oc al

.i.n Canada. I n the Ur.I t ed s t at es i t r 81\ : e8f r om

Mas Rac l ms et t s t o nor t . hweet

er-n

Nebr a s k a, n' ) r t h

Dal {ot a, s out ner-n I daho, eas t . e n VTas ht ngt on and

Or egon and t he mount ai ns of Nevada and Ne~ kext OQ.

Son t hwar d t o F l or i da and t o Mi c ' s our i , eas t er n Kan-

s as , I n~i Cl n Ter ~i t o r y and Texas . I t i s r a r e i n

t he eas t er n s t at es and abundant i n t he m ddl e s t at es .

~he wood i s heavy, r at her s of t , not ~~r ong,

Cl l d c o ar s e- gr ai ned. A c ubi c : f oot 1: r ei ehs4[ ·.41

pounds . I t i s l a rge l y us ed f I Dr f enc i ng and f or

l i g11t f ur n i t u r e. The t r ee gr oVl s r api dl y under

var i ed c ondi t i ons of c l i mat e and s oi l .

J us t a t r ee her e and t er e ar e f ound i n t hi s

nei ghbor hood, and t hose s eem t o l - : . i dehems el ves

avav on t he 1' i

ver=bo

t

t oms . So, - 18ver y

Lar-ge

t r ees

gr ow on t hese bot t oms .

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-53-

Family MOHACJ:i~AE.

Genus

w n s

L'irm,

Eorus .runr-a , Linn.

Tied Vulberry.

LeaveR ovate, ~mooth or scab-_a,te on t'

1-le ulJ)er,

coated '.7ith pale pubescence on

t

he Lowez- eur-f'ace ,

Frui t 01)10ng, clark :;)u:>'ple.

Tht s

ts

a tree,

60

to

70

foet

high , .',-j.

th a

Cl11

+t

trunk rarely exceeding 3 or 4 feet in

o.Lam-

et er, and stout spr ead

i

r-g smooth branches '::hi Cl1

:form a clmse nr-cad r-ound=t opped shrrpely head.

The Red Mulberry ranges from Massachusetts

tl1ro He': York , ont.az-f.o

R Y 1 C 1 .

cen

t

rn I Lichigan to sOllth-

east.orn

1 1

cbr-aska , Kansas and. sout.nwar'd to Florida

and Texas. It Lnnabit.a t'le rich soils of Ltervale

Innds

pr ~

loa hills.

')lIle

rI000_

is lig:1t, soft, not strong, r<1t~lOr

t.oiign ,

coarse-gratnecl and - c'Jryn.ur8.ble when in COl1-

tact with the soil. The svecific gravity of d~y

'FlOod

is 0.5898,

8.

cub.l c root I reighing 36.75 pounde ,

l ~uchused for Bencing, t'

- I

coonel'arre

e s an,-,_ J. -'

b •

Along the river-bot~oms and in the College

1 [00ds

are gJ'O':.'iEg quite a numbor of' healthy,

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- G4-

Family MAG1ifOLIACEA~.

Genus MAGNOLIA,Linn.

Flower-r)ud enclosed in 8

e

t.Lpu

Lar-

cadJ:l.COUS

Flowers perfect, solitary, t .

1

rr:: ll1a ;

sepals

3;

petals

G

to

12,

in series of

3

s; anthers

introrse; p1stils inciefini te, iI~brica ted on an

eloggated receptacle. Carpels ctrupaceons-baccate,

'l)eT8j,stent,

operu

ng on tl .. ,- t

re naox 8 . . J rn a

t.ur-I

ty • Seeds

drupaceous.

Tlle genus Magnolia j.fj cnnfined to eastern North

Amer-i.ca ,

southern Hexico and

eaa

t

er-n

and

aou

t

h

er-n

Asia. Seventy species are

kriown ,

with six in North

America.

Magnolia a

oumi.na

ta, Lj_nn.

cucuinber=t.r-ee 0

t.eaves deci0JJ,ouS, ovate or Rub-cordate. rmui t

glafirous. Young shoots and wint~r buds densely

pubescent.

A

taU

slender tree,

60

to

90

fe;t in

n

eigh

t,

vri

t.h a trunk tllrf)e or four feet in a.inmeter. 'rhe

young branchee are brj,.;l1t red-brown, tllrntnr.:; gray

d~ring t~eir third season. This tree is distributed

from western Ne~ York thro srnlthern Ontario to

southern Illinois, sQuthYJarci to southern Alabama

and west of lLi~)sissippi rtver in Arkansas.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 55-

ar Le, tho not of much

inpo,.'t

anc

e ,

t~lnks are sometimes U.8erl._'()r '

':;a-:,er pipes

a110

troughs.

B'lt

on

e

[;oocl

s'[loci,-'

(;11 or t.hi

s

tr-oe -;a )''''''()' ll' rvtr

. ,,-.

v ,,_,)

~.L , •• ,

on the Campus, ann. t>at s t.nnrs just ea st of the

Chemical Laboratory.

l71h· t .'

J.

l~j r-e

e

a

s hard:1

and

gr-ows

welL,

Genus LIRIODENDHOH,inn.

Flov cr-bud enclosed in a two-valved f',tj_l)ular

C'l(l~COUS spathe. Flovlers 'perfect, solitary, term-

nial; sepals 3; petals 6; in two rows; anthers

ex

tz-or-se ,

pistils inclifini te, imbricated. calrpels

samaraeform, indehi~3Cent, deciduous tr -orn the

receptacle at maturity.

This genus has only a single species, round

in eastern North America and v e~::;tern China.

Liriodandron tulipifera, Linn.

Tulip-tree. White-wood,

\Vint

8:'

IJuds are dark red covered \7ith glaucous

bloom. In favored localities this tree grows from

150

to

190

feet high.'

The Tulip-tree ranges from Rhode Island, thro

vermont to~ out.h phore of Lake }achigan, southward

to northern Florida and Mississippi, Rnd westward

in Hi;sollri and Arkansas. No vi tally destruct

1

ve

t

' tree 1.-

j-

l':i easily

insects are known to prey on De . v

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


; : ; 6

Und~r f avor abl e c i r c uDs t a nces i t g r o~s r api dl y

So~e o~ t he l ar ges t t r ees i n t hi s v i c i ni t y

ar e Tul i p t r e e s . A t r ee s t ands her e and t her e, TI el l

' 1bove t he o t.hrr- t r e es , and i s ver y b eaut.Lf'u I - . : l l en

i nl ) l o~: ; s om. The t r ees on t . he Campus gr e' \ l i n t.ne

or i gi nal Oak f or es t and now, s el dom r epr oduce t.riem-

s 8l ves .

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- [ ; 7 -

Family LAURACEAE.

GenltS

SASSAFRAS,Hnes nn~ Eb8rm.

Sassafras sassafras, Karsten.

A tree, occa8ional~y 80 or 90 felt high TIith

a trunk c;om~ti;neb nearly 6 feet in riiaLlcter, and

short, stout, more or less contorted branches wm ch

spread atmos

t

at l~ight angles tr-om the

t

runk ,

formj_Y1,g

nar-r-ow

usua l

Ly

fl3.t-top~)ed head.

The Sap,safras is (Hstributecl from Hassachu-

setts

t.hr-o

ve

rmorrt ,

Ontario, central liicllignn t.uro

southeastern Iowa to eastern Kansas and t.he Indian

Ter:::'itory. sout.nwar-d to Florida and Texas. It

r

ound

i8 1lp.l.Jal

1

_yn rich sandy \'Tell-drained loam.

the ROll; it is aromatic and dull oranGe broTIn in

color. A cubic I.'oot we.i.gns

31.42

pounds. It is

largely used for t'ence posts and

r-a

i.Ls , ancl f'or

light boats.

~'hi8 tree

i13

quite commonand gr(}1;7s,occa:=-;ioYl-

~'ly +0 ~I' } YP size in thiS Vicinity.

..\...l.........-,o,, A I... ·C)J --

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- 58-

Fanily HAMAMELIDACEAE.

oenus LIQUIDAMBAR,Linn.

Lj-q1l.id.ambarstyraoiflua, Linn.

Leaves deeply 5 to 7-1obed, Lustr-oue, a et.r-a

i.grit

trunk 4 or 5 f'eet in diameter. FIO'.'Jers aPl)Oar f 'om

March to the end of May, TIh8n tho leaves are

more than half grown.

The L'iquadambar- ranges

t

r-o rn

connecticut to

Missouri, and :'.lOuthward to Florida, thence thro

Arkansas, Lndian Ter:~itory and eastern Texas. It

prefers r

t

ch river bot tom-lands wheee it gr-owa 1 lj_ th

Red 1'laples, Tupelo, and white Ash.

The wood is ~eavy, hard, straight and 0108e-

grained, altho not st~ong. It is difficult to

season and warps easily. Used. principally for ~ave-

merit and t'r-u

i

t boxes.

T11is is an introdueed tree in this region,

and only one small s-)ecimen gro'.78 on t.no Campus.

Thjs seems thrifty and strong.

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59

Fa~ily PLATANACEAE.

Genu' PLATANUS,

Linn.

Platanus occidentalis, Linn.

Sycamore. B,ltton7~Tood.

Leaves broadly ovate, obscurely

3

to 5-1obed,

t'l.e lobes usually serrulate-tootheo., truncate 02:'

rarely Yledge-s:laped at tile bace , :{ead of frui t

uaua

LIv solitary.

A tree, occasionally 140 to 1~0 feet high, ~ith

a trunk so~,,·tiYle8 10 or 11 feet in diD.Y:1etcr, ',bove

its abruptly emlarged base. o.r

t

on eli

v

Ld.ed Lear tr.e

g

round in to several large secondary trunks. The

large truncs a+e us'ual Ly hoLlow to a considerable

height abov e tile ground.

The

svcamor-e

inhabits the 1)order8 of s t.r-eams

and 18.1::.esand rich no t

t

orn-Landa , It ranges f::,:,om

NeV E::.rnpHhire

wes tnar-d

to eastern Nebraska and

Kansas, sout:r117arclto Florida, central Al~bama 2.nd

The specific gravity of the dry wood is

o .5678,

a

cubic

t'o

ot weighing 35.39 pounds. It

is used t'or tobaoco boxes, ox-yo}(8sand f ur

rti

ture,

and

8oriietil lc~Sfor intfrior t'inish.

Many large syoa.nore trees s t.anrt about the Cam-

pus, tho they seem to be gradllally disa.LJpearing.

SOL10

very t'Lne specj_:Ilens can

be se8n along the

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-60-

Family ROSACEAE.

Genus PRUNUS,

1in_1..

Prun' .lS serotina, ~hrh.

Dil~ Dlack Cherry. RlliDCherTY.

Calyx-lobes ners

i

et.ent .

( <

bl

- Ov - 0~one

ong-obovate.

Leaves oblong to lanceolate-ob.'_.ong,

11

1 ~.::;u.a

;\T grad-

ually acuminate.

A tree, viJ.th bitter ar-oma tic bark and leaves.

s

ome

t

u.r-s

a

t

t.at

mnc a hc

i

gh

t

of

100 f'e

e

t

l

t

h

,,' , 1,,'

l

.J_

a

stout

s

tratznt trunk

4

or

5 f'co

t

i

n

-'l'

t

' l ~tl8.1neer.

The ~loITers appear nhon the leaves are about half

grown.

The

RV1l1

Cherry is dittri'uuted t'r-omNova scotia

sou

t.hv.az-d

t.hro t.he eastern states to Florida

and westwar-d to the valley of' the I.:if;si sippi in

the Dakotas and to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the

Indian Territory and Texas. Alon~ t~e mountain

ran;08 in NewMexico nnd Arizona to central and

South Arcer.ica . It u ;nally grorrs in rich moist ao

i

L

r:ith the vr.nite Oak, Blue Ash, suga r' 1'[aple anrt the

Hickories. I t is one of tlle most valuable t.Lmoe'r

trees of the American forest.

The ~ood is lig~t, strong and rather hard,

~ith a close straight grain and a satiny Bufface.

Light -, :' ('o,:'nr red, r;tth thin yellow sap-wood.

A cubic foot of the dry wood we

i

ghs

36.28

i)Ounds.

Itt:J the beht -:'ood in AL1erica for cabinet l'1al<.ing

and interior finish.

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- 61-

Only a f 8W~ood BlackC~er~ios

:;:roriil1t;;on

t.h

e

CarJpus but many can be t'ounn in t ':e Oak 'Hoods

north and east. As th tl

0 ier trees are cut out

the great taJ.l cher-r ies p,eemto . . : 3 , 1 e and

~ . 1 clisa-,pear.

FRl'lily LEGUHINOSEE.

Genus CEHCIS, Linn.

Flov;eTs fasciclGi )1 :iJacemose; calyx cliscifer-

ous, shortly turbinate, 5-toothed, the short, broad

teeth imbrico.ted in aestivation; corolla, sub-

papilionaceous, t.l;e uppe r l')et:: tlthe smallest,

ins~rted within the ot~ers; ovary many-ovuled.

Legume cOrJl)ressed, narro,:r-\finged on

t

ne

ventral suture. Leaves simple.

Cercis canadensis, Linn.

Red Bud. Judas Tree.

Flowers in seqsile cluster~. Leaves ovate,

acute, cordate, or truncatr-J:tt the base.

11 .

small tree,

D

ometiroes

4 0

or

50

tect high,

w it.h a ~;traight tI'unk usually separating, 10 or

12 feet from the ground, into Rtont branches

wh

i

ch form an ul)right or often a vlide flat head.

The Judas Tree is widely distributed from

1

.d 1 .'J estv, ardo 110rt:i.ern AlAbama

NewJersey to F 01'1 a,

and Missi fdPpi, and not:thwes t

1

.7ard to Missouri,

It grorrs

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6

T~ lenood is heavy , hard , 1 1 .

1[, .

a t io nc C ve: Y a

t

r

or.g ,

and rather cOArse-gral'ned. TIle ' ~,

~ ~.;J)eClllC ;~ avity of

absolutely dry .••moel is

0 .6~G3 '

v

,ann.. a

cubic root

weighs 39.65 pounds , VThil

~

tlie Tood i8 'not of

much Lmpor t.arioe cornuercially the tree is much

used 1'or or-nament aj

purposes.

The Hed Bud is onl.v 8. tqll 8:1rub here and anly

a few s~)emir1(mf'~ar e t'ound on

t

he Campus. A few

in the Arboretum and ono in the Botanical Garden

make np

the number.

Genlls GLEDITSIA, Linn.

Flowers reg;ular, polygamous by abortion;

calyx campanulate, disci1'erous,

3

to

5

lobed;

petals 3 or

5,

t

mbr-t.cat.cd

in aestivation, ovary

subae setLe , 2 or ;·18.nyovul.ed . Legume inclehiscent

or tll1rdily 2-valved. Leaves abruptly pinnate

or b i.pl nna.t e ,

Gleditsia triacanthos, Linn.

Honey Locust.

Legl.D:lelinear-oblong, elongated, uany-seeded,

1

Ip '~Ehiscent IJeaflots lanceolate-oblong.

J U y,

lnll~ . •

A tree, growing under favorable oonditions

1'1'01115 to

140

f',et htgl1. r::runk is c:overerl pith

spines, 3 or 4 inches long, Hir.1ple or 3-forlced.

m ; t.r

t.ocust 'Y > ..Lf1l '1o:'Ofl f'l'oEl

rresT,\'j'n rIo'ie of

1ne noney ; ..) ,.

Alleghany mountains in pe~nyslvnnia tl:ro sontl1ern

Ontario

8;1(1

central

chigan to eaf:~t8rn Kansas and

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 63-

.

.

.

If':SllJl>l

c,j ct Texas. I~ in:18.bits +:le borders of

streams and tntcrvale lands, grr ::ing 1.7ih Black

vValnut, Sl1ellbark Riot.ory, Red EIL1, .....,ue Ash,

Boxelder and Kent.ucky Coff'ee Tree.

'1']le nood if~ hard, strong, o Loeo=gr-n Lned , ',nd

VA~y~)rable tn contact with the soil. COI T. only

used t'or fence posts, railf3 and :1l1tJS of VIheems.

It can be propa1ated from seed and is free from

diseases ar.d ar.t.ack s of insects.

Only one Honey Locust is gJ'o·.-rir.g

no.u-

the

College, and t.ha t just north or the Arboretum.

A few trees of' this s'oecies are grov:ing about

half way to Lan~ing.

Genus GYHNOCLfCUS,

Lam,

1 f'€, .'.:118 turgid or oompr-e s sed, '. oody, 2-val v ed ,

r.oave» une quaLl.y bipinr .8.te ,

GYinnocladus dioicus (1.) Koch.

(G. ca:nadensis, Lam.)

Kentucky Coffee Tree.

. 1 1ea·veo) 14-15 pi}1nate,

Inflorescence tcrma.na . --

tae 10VJ8st pinnae reduced to eirnp.Le leaflets, the

t

'ne~s to 7

+0

13-folio1ate.

~, v

tre

e

gr,(),·,'i

ng from 75 to 110 fe..;t high and

A .I •• •. - w. - - ~

usna

L'Ly

separating 10 or 15 foet f:.pomthe

~round into 3 or 4 principal divisions.

o

The coffee Tree is distributed from western

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 64-

eas

t

er-n Nebraska and Kansas rl •..

,C,

a ....,l s out.hwes

t

er-n Arl\:-

arsas and 'wut:lward

t

0

Te·11ne O ee. '

I

T,

if]

0 18

of

-v

the raeBt of tho forett trees of eastern ~orth L

lands.

The ~ood is

heavy,

not

ve~y h

rd, tro~g,

coarse-grained, l~ahle to c~eck in ~~ying and very

durab

Le

in contact wi

t.h

t

ne c;oil. U8e~ largely

in cabinet making and for f811Ce

PO')

ts and rails.

Tlle Ker.t.ucky Coffee Tree is quite abundan

t

along

the river-bottoms Routh of the ~ollege and a few

good trees are grorying in sheltered positions

on the Carrlpus. The trees a:n

s

eom to

1- 8

Y'..ung

ant .rea

l t:l

y •

Genu.s CL1l.DRASTIS,

Eaf.

Flo7ren3 in

a.ap

Le tormnial

»am

c

i

ee : calyx

5-toothed, the teeth iE11F'icaed in aestivntion;

corolla l)al)ilio$l,.'1CeOllS;~)t

ameris

d.istinct, ovary

stipitnte, mary-ovuled. Legur18linear-COl~'-~)ressed,

t

' .1 rle

1 l'

scent LecRvesune

n

u2.11y.pimla te,

ar(tl_y \,l, 1_, • ~~

destitnte of stipules.

Cladrastis lutea, Koch.

C.

tinctoria, Raf.)

Yello~ pood. Virgilia.

A

·cree

to

2

feet

in

diaLleter,

u'mally

r'li-

trunk

£'ro1,1

1

.,

Gtems.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 65-

but

SO'Jn

bcco.ae gJabroHs.

7 '1 :( 1 .,

1eav

os

t l'

ht

. 'U \Ok)

,'lrn a

)1'lg

yellow rather late in t'_~_eA tu umn, <:oli;etilrl~before

faIling.

The

Ye

Llow

Hood

is one of the rarest

an-t

most

looal of

t ho

trees of eastern }lo~.t·_nAr .

. ..lerloa.

I t

is found only in Ken t.uokv ,Tonnesee rln....

:?f:tr ts

of

North CaIDolina, ~lere it grows ~ith the Black

We,lnut, Fhite Ash, White Oak and Tulip Tree. It

j.~ hardy 8.S far north RS Neri England and Ontario.

The

w

ood i

co

heavy, very har-t , strong,

2.'lrl c.Loac--

grained, with a smooth surface. The specific grav-

.;tv

of aosolutely dry wood is 0.6278,

R

cubic t'oot

woi

ghLng 39.12 pounds. Used i'or fuel and occasion-

ally for gun-ntoclcs.

onov

erv fine ;'l )8cil.18nof this tree gr-ows on

t1F3 Cai;1PUS

jlJ.c:t

no

r tn of the Union Li tArary Build-

ing. Th:Ls Hsually

b1.O:)~-)O.1S

only about o~ eVAry

thro; years, but in fRv\jrab1e years, once in t1 70

years.

Genus ROBPTIA, Linn.

Flowers in drooping axi1J.ary racemes, calyx 5-1obed,

the 11 Operlobes sUb-connate; s

t.andarvt

1art;;A :reflexed,

1

t.l

n

t.he

wl '

nas

or keel,' ovary stipulate,

barely ongAr .Da

.1 0

J d

L

Agu;:18linear, 2-va1ved. Leaves uneQ'.~al.ly

r;lany ovu.e •

pinnate.

. N , r t h

AhlAricani

4

s~ec~es are found

The genus lD -

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 6G-

upon

Robinia,

wn

i

ch

iR al (0 ef'

r'ec

t.ed

by

t'unga

l

diseases 0

Robinia pseulacacia, Linn.

Locust.

I~12.ckLccus

t .

FloV7ern

wh

it e, in Blender loose racemes. Leg1.1.ne

smooth. Branc::es naked.

A t.r-ee , 70

to

80

f-)et in

h oLgh

t ,

w

it.h

a

trunk

~ or 4 feet in ~ia~eter.

Tl1eLocust ranges from

Penriay

Lvarrla to northern

Georgia, and 118,,; beCO TBwidely naturalized in most

of

the ter:ri tory of

t.he

Unit eel states east 0 the

Hocl>:ymount af.ns ,

I t occurs in granDs in t.nc :~'o:re8 ,

gro',-,'ing

r,

t.h Hickory, Walnut, Ash, and 'Vhite

oak •

This tree is one of the most

v

aLuabLe timber trees

of

the

Araer

Lcan

t'or

ee

t .

TIle

wood

is heavy, exceedingly

hard and r~t1'Ollg, close-grained,

a

nd very

rturab

ie in

cont

act ',':ith the Roil. I

t

is largely used. in ~111ip-

building and for all kin~s of posts.

ThiR Locust is @lite plentiful in this region

and. m e

ny good

s

peci.nena are grm7ing about the Campus.

It seldom grows to a Iar~e size here.

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-67-

Family ACERACEAE.

Genus ACER, Linn.

F'10~7er8regular, dioe:oiously or monoeciously

polygamous, rarely perfect, or rl.ioecj.ons; calyx gcmer3.l1y

5-parted, the lobes i~)ricated in aestivation; petals

usuat tv 5; ovary ?-ct~lled; ovules 2 in each cell,

aaccnrtt ng. Frl.li t a r1.oulJlesamara.

The genus is made up of 60 or 70 species, nearly

half of ','1111chelong to China and Japan. Hine Sl)ecies

occur in

H

orth America, 5 of

whi

ch belong

to

the Atlantic

and 2

t o

the Pacific region.

Acer snccharum, Marsh.

( A. ba

rba tum, 1,;j.chx.)

Sugar Lap.le . Hard Ma:ole.

FlovJerc; in nearly sessile

umbe.t-u nce ccr-ymbs ,

apetalous. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed.

The SlIgar Maple is a tree 1 '0 to 120 feet in

height, w it.h a trunk 3 or 4 t'ee t in diameter. It

is one o

t

the

mort \I t

dely and ger.erally cU[:;tributed

trees of eas tern North A,lCricft. '1'he nor-thorn limi t

is Nev.rfoundland; it ext ends nout

nwar-d

trrro

Canada and the n')rtInrl1 states to northern Georgia

and wes~ern Florida. ~estward to Great Lakes,

Pinnesota

ann

eas tern Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. It

gro~s on rlch uplands with Ashes, Hickories, ~nlite

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- : 38-

light

)1'0::.'11

tinb -ed '.' i

t

h d

e., •

value, and is ~l8ed :l1UChin ship-butlding, j.nterior

finish and for ~lrnl'tllI·p. T' t t~

ne rees are a l,acl:edl

1

Y

num ez-ou 8

insec ts.

TIle Sugar Maple is orie of our most common

t

r

er.a

ana grows to a v~r -' t'

e

y

gOOI L

Slze on

n8

sanc'l.y soil

of the Campus.

I n the 1,' 0 - : - : . - l . , Q , . , ',i'011.·I-,

. :

e

t'

aILeze

'~Ct ',,,. J ,) - b,

ly in

tl:f;

Oo1h~ge woods , it is graclualJ.y taking the

place of the Beeches and ~hite Oaks.

The BLack Sngar liapJ.e is a variety of this

tree rrh.ich 100kG very much IH:e

t

he Sugar Maple.

P}'of. WIF:elAr dis

t

Lngu

ts.he

s it by t.he way in which

the Lcavos droop at the e(lges. For all pur-poaes it is

the sane as the Sugar Maple.

Genus ACER, Linn.

AceI' saccharinum, Linn.

(A. dasycarpum, Ehr.)

Silver Naple. Soft Maple.

Flowers sessile in axillary fascicles;

ovary and young fruit tomcntose. Leaves aeeply 5-10bed.

A tree 90 to 1:;0 feet high, r i th a trunk 3 or 4

feet in aiamster. The Silver Maple ranges from

Nev Brunr\~Ticlc SO'ltl1ward thro the United states to

western Florida. Wesi11lmrclto eastern Dakota, Nebraska

and

t.l.o

valley of the Blue Hiver in Kansas. It gr ows on

~c~andybanks of clear B+r-eams,

1;1~L

th WilloYIS and Red Birch.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 69-

The t r ee gr ows r upi dl y even on dr y s oi l but on

d~y

and

el evat ed gr ound br anches beco~e br i t t l e and habi t i s l oos e

and unat ~r a ct i ve.

Thi s t r ee i s ver y abundant al ong t he r i v er - bot t oms

iC ::O H

t n of ' t . he i : ol l e ge and, a l ao , on t he Campus . Our Lf.gh t

' wi l encour ages i t s g r owt . h,

Genus ACER, L i nn.

Acer r ubr um, L i nn.

Red r J apl e.

F l ower s pedi c el l at e i n ax i l l ar y f as c i c l es , o va r y

and young f r ui t gl abr ou s . L eaves 3 t o 5- 10bed.

TLo Reel Mapl e t s a Gl ender t r ee,

80

t o

120

f eet hi gh, ' . ' : ihl l pr i ght br anches ' : 711i c 11s ual l y f or m

a r at her na r r o ~ head.

A ver y cQ( ' onl y di s t r i b ut ed t r ee r angi ng f r o m

NeVi Br unsv: i c l <.souahwar-t t . h o t he L f nit ed s

t

at . ee t o Pl o r i -

da; wes t war d t o ea s t e r n Dakot a, Nebr a s k a, I ndi an

Te r r i t ur y and Texas . I t oc c ur s p: t : i nc i pal l y al o I l g ' ( l or d e r s

of s t r eams or i n l ow wet s wamps .

The wood i s ver y har d, c l os e- gr ai ned, eas i l y wor ked,

a~d not ve~y s t r ong. L i ght br o~n i n c ol or , of t en t i nged

l ' [ ~. t hed, r r i t b 8. r-raoo t . h s at i ny sur-t'ace . I t i s us ed

i n t he -anur'ao t ur e of cheap f nr ni t . ure and f or gun- s t o c k S.

The Red Hapl e i s l es s pl ent .i t ' u tnan t he ot her

l ' l apl es on t . he Campus , t ho mor e abundant i n t he wcod. s

about .

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-70-

Genus AC]~E,Linn.

Acer ne~lndo, Linn.

(Ne~lndo aceroides, Moench.)

r~oxelder.

Flowers dioecious, destitute of ~otals. Leaves

pinnately or ternately divided.

A tree, somet

t.mee 50

to

70

foet high, pi th a

trunk

2 to 4 fFet in d

i

ar.o

t

e'r , ~'Lii.d

i

ng

r.oa

r tile ground into

a number of stout wide-ppreading branches. TIle

br-ancnes ,

rrllEm

they first n.PIJear, are pale green and

glabrous or :-~li,:;~~tlypubesc

errt ,

The Boxelder is one or tLe most t7idely di['ltri1mted

and in

c ~ o m e

par t.s of'

t

he country one of the commones

t

trees o

f

the North

Ainer-Lc

an forosts. It range- from Ver-

mont to Florida; north~estward ~a Winnepeg and the

eaa t.ern base of thc Rockies, sm--,-tl~7.'ar(l

hr-o

Utah to

Texas, NewMexico and Arizona. It ocmlrs on the banks

of streams and lakes an~ the larders of swamps, mingled

with WillOW, Elm and Hackberry.

TIle rrcod is light, sot

t ,

close-grained, but

Lot

V8l'Y

s+,rong. It i;:c,occasiona 11y us eo. for cheap

fnrniture and for :oaper pulp. Also a nurse tree.

This tree makes a rank growth on the light sandy

loam of this vicini tYl,J.but seldom

gr-ows

to a

Lar-go

size

(\1'

fc ::,','osa well-she,ped tree. I t is much injured by fnng~LJ.S

diseases and insects.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- ' 71-

Fawily TILIACEAE.

GenLlSTILIA, Linn.

Flm7ers in axillary or te.rm.nial cymes, regular,

perfect; sepals 5, distinct, valvate in aestivation,

hvpogvnous , decic ..1W1.J..S;)etals 5, imbricated in

aestivation, hypogvnous : s t.amcnn numerous , polyadclph-

ous or free. Fruit gLoboee , indehiscent, 1 to 2 seed.ed

o

The zenus Tilia is widely distributed in the tem-

perate regions of the northern hemisphere.It i8 repre-

sented in North America by 4 species.

Tilias grow rapidly and freely in cultivation,

flourishing in s

t

r ong rich soil; l-::ropa..rned by

graft ing or Lav

er-s

8.S '7e11 as by seed. T::8Yare

41fuject to attack of many insects.

Tilia Americana, Linn.

Le;c,ves E:;l'opnon both 'i11.rfaces, pubescent only

in the axiLe of the IJ:':'incipal veins. Pertunou Lat.e bract

11.snally t8.I~ering at the base. Fruit ovoid.

The uor tncrn liII'lits of

t

he Basswood are in

nor-t.her-n

NewETIlnSwick. It extends thence westward to shores of

La~ce811.}.;cr10rand Lake Winnepeg, southwar'd t.nro t.he

Atlantic =1tates to Virginia and along the Alleghany

mount.a

i

ne to Alabama and Georgia am west.warrt to eastern

Dakota, Vebraska and Kansas, the Indian Ter~itory and

Texas. It is one of t:18 most comnon trees in our

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 72-

The wood is l:i.g:ht -oror.'n,f8.intly tinged 'Ji th

red. A cub

i

c foot of

t

he 'ry'

.. :: J

l'

h 2( )20

n.

CO~fl

~e

g

s

o. ~

pounds. Largely used for paper pulp. Also used

in the manufacture of woorten war-e, cheap fnrni tur-e, and

parts of carriages.

A numbor- of fine Basswoode U 8 on the

campus. Many grow Along the river-bot.t.oms,

but seldom grow to a large size there. A fine

RI1ecimon stand

nor-t

nwest of'

t

'.e Phy sLcaL Laboratory.

Fanily CORNACEAE.

Genus NYSSA.

Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall.

TUDelo. Pep~eridge.

Frui t :3: , ;1 '11J., t'1e ::;one more or less eliRtinctly

ridged. Le8.ves linear-oblong to oV8.1or obovate.

A slewler tree rltllh crovJded spr-eadd.ng and _,enclulous

tough, flexible branches. 'l'l1etrunlc is of ten 100

feet high and 5 fp,et in d.ia.(leter.

The Tupelo ranges from Haine

t

nr o central

Michigan to l,:isRouri, <outhwar-d to FloTirl.a and

Texas. It freqnents the borders of swarnps , gTovving

in wet, irlliJor,:'ectly drained soil

VIi

r.h the Eln, Swamp

White Oak,

Red

l:aple, and IronvJOoa.

'}'l:e

'ITOOQ

L, heavv , sof

t ,

at.r ong, vcrv tough and dif-

ficult to wo~k and not rhlrable in contact with the soil.

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Sane very fine Pepperidges are gro~ing about bor-

de r s of s::-,)3.11onds in t.he Co11e:.;0 rroo

l

1s and a tew

on t.he bot((jom-lands aont.h of t ; · J .G College.

Family OLEACEAE.

Genus

FHAXINUS,

Linn.

Glabro11.8or ymbescent

t

r ees or arrrubs . Leaves op-

-posite,

pe

t

t

oLa

t

e . The genus is YJiclely (ij,~)t,J~il)uted

in tho t.ompor-a te regtol1s of t.ne l\Iortl1ern Hemisphere.

found in FOT'th Ancrica. The largest numb-rr of

s_,ecies occur in t.he eaa

t

er n par t or

t

r;e continent.

AlfiO, attacked by many nmc;o.l cUs(:;8.ses. 'J'he 1\.3J:128 can

be easily 'Dropa:;ated from seeds

awl

grafting

and

they

are easily and safely transplanted.

FI'axinus quadr-angu l ata, Hicl1x.

nlue Ash.

FlcnICH'Sperfect. Leaflets 5 to 9, unua I l

y

7,

ovate-mblong to li'J;.ceola

t

e , acut e, coarsely ser rate ,

Branchlets Quadrangular.

TIle Plue Ash is a slenrier t-ree, ::wmetimes

120

[ 'Jet high, YIith a t.runk 2 or 3 feet jon dj_ameter,

altho gen rally smaller and not more than

60

or

70

feet

tall. The branchlets are ltout, four-angled,

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


ani

t.rir-o

I01'Ja to

nor-trieaat er....•

A

-~'1S 'S

~-- lLLJ\..ttl Cl •

Itt

8 nowher-e

vc~ry comnon,

T~le

'.' arYl

if) heavy , hard, clo,;e-~;rained and

rather brittle. A cubic foot weighs 44.77 pounds. It

.i s

not often rlistinsnL,hed com

ar-c

i

a

Ll.y f'r

om

the other Ashes. It is vary free from disease and attack

of f.nsect s.

A large

number-

of sJi all B=,ue

Asries

are springtng

up in the College \ oods tho few are found on the campus.

These,

w.i

t.h

t~18

young Llaples, make up a large part

of t~e second growth in the eastern part of the

College woods. :wre

.rou

Ld gron if i t were not for

t.he shading 1':'11ich~l.e :Reeches give them.

Genus FRAXIHUS,Linn.

Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.

(F. sambue

i

t'oria , Linn.)

Black Ash.

Flowe~s polygamous, ~ithout calyx. Leaflets

7 to

12,

obJollE.;-Jal1ceolate, g

r-artua

Lfy

acunri

na

t

e , t. .e

lateral sessile.

A tree, occasional~y 80 to 90 feet high, ~ith a tall

trunk rarely exceeding 20 i:\C~ 18Sn diameter.

TIlts tree tnnabtts deep cold

swanrcs

and the

10N

ban.cs of streams and lakes and. ranges f'rom Newfolmdland

to Ln'.::.e

r

i:1:--:e:oegand soutl1'.' arft thro the northern at at es

to Delaware, sonthern Illinois, cGntral Missouri and Hew

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-75-

TLe ~os~ is ~eavy, , rat~or soft, not strong,

tough, coar le+-grained, r1'l.ra1Jle in contact with the

soil, Clnr

1

easily separable int a thin layers. A cubic

foot weighs 39.37

»ounns .

Lumbor Ls 1a ' e1 s d

c .1 . g ,_y

u e ..

for cabinet making ani t~e int~rior finish ~f

hOllses.

The Black Ash is qui te COLlE10nbout

P18

Col2.ege, llsuRlly on the 10rT-lnnd.s and abou

t t

he

Genus FRAXDTUS,Lin?1.

Fraxinns Ar-er-I cana , Linn.

White Ash.

Le

af'Le

t

e 5 to 9,

uriun

l Lv 7, ova

t.e

to oblong-lanceo-

late, 1110Stlyacute, pale on L1cir 10'l1Or sur-t'ace ,

The V lli

t

e Ash so

.iet.rnes

groVls to he

i

ght of

120 feet,

Vij_

t.h a tal I massive trunk 5 or 6 feet in

diame't e'r , altho 1J8URll.ymuch ema.l.Le ,

'rhis is one of

t

rie most vaLuabLe

t

tmber trees of

Torth America. It ranges fro~ Nova scotia to northern

Iiinnesota. southward .it extends to Florida, central

Alaba:Ja and IUsfiic;sippi

0

Y

T

est1;7Ct:L'd

to eastern Nebraska,

l:ansas, r n -u an Territory and Texas. Grm'ls best in

rich, rather moist soil on lo~ hills or in neighborhood

of [3treams.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 76-

implr-:;

ient.e an-t

n-_l'IlJ-_,,/.ture. T t - 1 1 -'- t

I

.J. Fl_ -_

nO J s

an

0 _

dro1'.ght

The ~l~te Ash is very abundant in ~his vicinity

an

d

;:~r01i7So a

1 .

_ arge '1lZe, Sorn e fine trees s tand just

south of Filliams I Hall. Llany young White Ashes

are springing up in the ~oods about the College.

Genus FRAXINUS,Linn.

Fraxinus

Pennev

Lvarn.ca ,

Marsh.

(F.

pubescens ,Lam. )

Red Ash.

Leaf~et8 7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate to ovate,

mostly coarsely serrate, clothed on thp,ir lower surface

like th(~ young shoots VIi th velvety pubescence.

A tree,

40

to

50

f-:;cthigh, r:i th a tr-nnk rarely

exceeding

18

to

20

in(;11OSin diameter,

mel

'\' ith

stout, upright, tr.riggy branci18s '[,'hieh ,'orm a compact

irre~llarly shaped head.

The Red Ash r-anges

from

Huw BrUnS1J'lik

t.r.r

o souther

ontario to eastern Nebraska

and

t~e Bla~k Hills of Dakota.

Srmthvrard it extends to Florida and Alabama. It inhabits

l C 'ch jn.Ol'(.)'toil near the banks of streafus and

. ) 1;7 rl j •

Lak ea ,

The wOGdis heavy, hard, rather strong,

bri t tLe a11(1.coarse-grained. A cubic foot weigha

38

ss

pounds It is not cB:j.stin

b

0-uished commer-caa

LIy

. OJ ,

o

from TIood nf White Ash.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


- 77-

good slJ(~ci:;~onsare rare.

Ge:mLSFRAXINUS,Linn.

Fraxinus Penrsylvanic8,

Var. lanceolata, sargent.

(Frnxinus vir-Ldie , Hichx.)

Green Ash.

This Ash ir-'lr1.istrilmted from Vermont t,:1ro

the A palachian region to Florida and westward to

Texas. Nor-t.hweatwar-d to tile eastern Rocky mount aLns

in Utah and Arizona.

It may be difJtinguisl:cd

~:rom

tile Red Ash by its

glabrous leaves and b:rancl1lets ar.d 'y t~18usually

more sharply serrate 1eafl@lts, - i :lj.ch

.1'0

Lue t.r-ous

and

bright green on both sn:rf'aces. The tree is ralr

8

ly

GO feet high, and r.10Btnbundant in the HissiS'3ippi

bas i.n, A cub

i

c foot at' t::.e 1,7000. -: oighs 44.35 pounds ,

In1'erior in cua l

i

t.v , it is aometLnea us e.t as a subc t.t tute

for Fhite Ash.

ThifJ tree i:~ usuallyoonf'ounded vrith the YLite Ash.

Quite a number o:f ;ood slJeciL1Gl1sgroY on the Campus,

one just west of' the Botanical Laboratory. Also, :fairly

plentiful in

.110.

'Jolle,:;o voode ,

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-78-

Family BIG~ONIAC~AE.

Genus CATALPA,SCOr).

Catalpa catalpa, Karsten.

Flo'tleTn in ~:1any-flo 7 ered C1'01[10..8(1anicles; C01'O1la

thiG,,:ly spo

tt

ed on t.he inner cur race , Fruit slender.

Le8.\T;-38lightly acumi.nat e ,

A tree, rarely 60 feet high, ':,'ith

-rt

ou

t

elongated

br.i t

t

Le br-ancr.ea which form a bro''cd head.

In rli;::;tri

'

)11tion 's1'pposed to be conf'ined to s.ua.l I

districts in Georgia, FLo'r

i

da , Alabama, and ;,liGsissi 1)1')i,

tho its harcti neas indicates an origin in

80:'} :j

colder

region.

Tll.e

':70()0

if]

S

o

tt ,

nd>d:lt rO}J,G,coarse-z;rained and

v pry (:l'.rable in contact rri t.h t.he soil. A cubic foot

we

lghs 27.88

pounds. Lar-g

oLy

used. for fe':ce posts and

rails.

A fcm years ago (lui

t

e a number' of these trees

were gr-owi.ng in ahe l tereB. places about t.he campus , but

the cold ~inter of

1898

killed them, as it did the Chest-

nuts. No'. .',nut one n:e two ar e f'ound , 'J'lle ~'oil is not

just right fo C' t.h

i

s catalpa.

Genus CATALPA,Seop.

Catalpa speciosa, Engl.

(C. bignonioides, Les.)

Hardy Catalpa.

Flouers in feu-flowered open panicles; corolla.

7/21/2019 Baker 1901


-79-

aourm.na te 0

In the forest this tree is occasi~nally

120

feet

high; rarely more than 50 .feet high in the open, ,T:Lth

a tall s

t

r-aigh

t t

runk

4

to

5

fec~t in dj_R~·1pter. Tl:e leaves

are opposite or in threes.

Tl1i~jcatalpa Lnnab ite t.he borders of st.r-ears , ponds,

and fertile bottom-lands. It ranges ~rom Illinois

t.nr

o r;outllern Indiana,

wes

t.er-n

Ke

nt.ucky

aJ.10.

Tennesee

an~ westwar~ thro Missouri ano. northeastern Arkansas.

Tlw woort Ls Itgll t, R01 t not etr-ong, coar-se-

grained, V8J7 (lurable in ooritact VIih the ;-;oil. A

cubic r'oot weighs 25.96 pounds. I t is largely

11Redfor railroad ties, fence-posts and rails.

The Eardy catalpa stands our clirr:ate very easily,

awl many -;noo_trees are gronLlg in rltfferent 3laces

about the Campus. Just HOllt.h01' the street car c~~7icn ,

~13.li

way to Lanning, tvo L'ine rowr. of these catalpas

are growing.

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Baker 1901