Blood Test,Cholesterol, Diabetes Results

7/28/2019 Blood Test,Cholesterol, Diabetes Results

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Source:http://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/

Normal Blood Pressure Chart

This page displays informational graphics for blood pressure levels of healthy adults. Lower on the page you will find

normal blood pressure charts forboys, girls, men, women and pregnant adults.

Refer to this blood pressure chart to quickly get a snapshot of what healthy systolic and diastolic pressure readings look

like for your age group.
http://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/http://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/http://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/http://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#boyshttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#girlshttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#menhttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#womenhttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#pregnanthttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#pregnanthttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#womenhttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#menhttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#girlshttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/#boyshttp://bloodbeat.org/blood-pressure-chart/


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Use this blood pressure chart to check your readings and determine whether or not your readings are considered

healthy. You can also use the chart to educate yourself a bit about how to improve your blood pressure and some of the

factors that affect it.


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Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Boys

Category Systolic Range(mmHg)

Diastolic Range(mmHg)

Median Normal Sys./Dia.(mmHg)

Age 1-3 yrs. 80-95 34-48 88/42

Age 4-7 yrs. 88-101 47-59 95/53

Age 8-12 yrs. 94-110 56-64 102/60

Age 13-17 yrs. 104-122 60-70 113/65

Note: normal blood pressure for boys is a

function of age and height. Older,taller boys have normally higher blood pressure

readings.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Girls

Category Systolic Range

(mmHg)

Diastolic Range

(mmHg)

Median Normal Sys./Dia.

(mmHg)

Age 1-3 yrs. 83-93 38-51 88/45

Age 4-7 yrs. 88-99 50-59 94/55

Age 8-12 yrs. 95-109 57-64 102/61


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Age 13-17 yrs. 104-115 62-68 110/65

Note: normal blood pressure for girls is afunction of age and height. Older,taller girls have normally higher blood pressure

readings.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Men



Median NormalSys./Dia. (mmHg)

Adult Males Less than 120 Less than 80 120/80

Note: blood pressure levels slightly exceeding

these ranges may be considered normal or prehypertension.Levels exceeding 140 mmHg Systolic or 89

mmHg Diastolic are generally considered hypertensive.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Women

Category Systolic Range(mmHg) Diastolic Range(mmHg) Median NormalSys./Dia. (mmHg)

Adult Females Less than 120 Less than 80 120/80

Note: blood pressure levels slightly exceedingthese ranges may be considered normal or prehypertension.

Levels exceeding 140 mmHg Systolic or 89


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mmHg Diastolic are generally considered hypertensive.

Normal Blood Pressure Chart for Pregnant Women



Median Normal Sys./Dia.(mmHg)

Pregnant Women Less than 120 Less than 80 120/80

Note: blood pressure levels for pregnant adults

are affected by many factors. Thereare serious complications that can arise from

hypertension for pregnant women

including Enclampsia. Consult aphysician.

The information on this page was compiled in part with data provided by the American Heart Association, the Center

for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. We cannot guarantee or be held

liable for the information presented on this page. The information on this page may be inaccurate. Consult a physician

for medical advice. No advice is intended or implied on this page. This information is for general reference use only.

The blood pressure chart and informational graphics displayed on this page are copyright bloodbeat.org and may not bere-used without our express permission. Please contact us if you have any questions or feedback.
http://heart.org/http://cdc.gov/http://cdc.gov/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/index.htmhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/index.htmhttp://cdc.gov/http://cdc.gov/http://heart.org/


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Source:http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3

Diagnosis of Diabetes and PrediabetesOn this page:

What is diabetes?

What is prediabetes?

How are diabetes and prediabetes diagnosed?

Are diabetes blood test results always accurate?

Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

Who should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes?

Body Mass Index (BMI)

What steps can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes?

How is diabetes managed?

Points to Remember

Hope through Research

For More Information

Acknowledgments

What is diabetes?Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or

hyperglycemia.

Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydratessugars

and starches found in many foodsinto glucose, a form of sugar that enters the bloodstream. With the help of the hormone insulin, cells

throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Insulin is made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. As the blood

glucose level rises after a meal, the pancreas is triggered to release insulin. Within the pancreas, clusters of cells called islets contain beta cells,

which make the insulin and release it into the blood.

Diabetes develops when the body doesnt make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both. As a result, glucose builds up in the

blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body. The bodys cells are then starved of energy despite high blood glucose levels.

Over time, high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease,

blindness, dental disease, and amputations. Other complications of diabetes may include increased susceptibility to other diseases, loss of

mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#6http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#6http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#7http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#7http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#8http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#8http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#9http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#9http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#10http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#10http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#11http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#11http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#12http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#12http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#13http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#13http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#13http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#12http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#11http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#10http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#9http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#8http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#7http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#6http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#3


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Islets within the pancreas contain beta cells, which make insulin and release it into the blood.

Main Types of DiabetesThe three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes, is usually first diagnosed in children, teenagers, and young adults. In this type of diabetes,

the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin because the bodys immune system has attacked and destroyed them.

Type 2 diabetes, formerly called adultonset diabetes, is the most common type of diabetes. About 95 percent of people with diabetes have

type 2.1People can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood, but this type of diabetes is most often associated with older

age. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with excess weight, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, previous history of gestational

diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition linked to excess weight in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use

insulin properly. As a result, the body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells to be used for energy. At first, the pancreas keeps up

with the added demand by producing more insulin. But in time, the pancreas loses its ability to produce enough insulin in response to meals,

and blood glucose levels rise.

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes affects 2 to 10 percent of all

pregnancies.1

The hormones produced during pregnancy increase the amount of insulin needed to control blood glucose levels. If the body can t meet this

increased need for insulin, women can develop gestational diabetes during the late stages of pregnancy.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup1


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Although this type of diabetes usually goes away after the baby is born, women who have had gestational diabetes are more likely to develop

type 2 diabetes later in life. Research has shown that lifestyle changes and the diabetes medication, metformin, can reduce or delay the risk

of type 2 diabetes in these women. Babies born to mothers who had gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop obesit y and type 2

diabetes as they grow up.

More information about gestational diabetes is available in the booklet What I need to know about Gestational Diabetes, available online from

the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by calling 18008608747.1National Diabetes Statistics, 2011. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

website.www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspx. Updated February 2011. Accessed November 1, 2011.

Other Types of Diabetes

Many other types of diabetes exist, and a person can exhibit characteristics of more than one type. For example, in latent au toimmune diabetes in

adults, people show signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Other types of diabetes include those caused by genetic defects, diseases of the

pancreas, excess amounts of certain hormones resulting from some medical conditions, medications that reduce insulin action, chemicals that

destroy beta cells, infections, rare autoimmune disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with diabetes.

For more information about other types of diabetes, see the NDIC fact sheet Causes of Diabetes, available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by

calling 18008608747.

[Top]

What is prediabetes?Prediabetes is when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes means a person is

at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as for heart disease and stroke. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes

within 10 years.

However, modest weight loss and moderate physical activity can help people with prediabetes delay or prevent type 2 diabetes.
http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspxhttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspxhttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspxhttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.aspxhttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/


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[Top]

How are diabetes and prediabetes diagnosed?Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes and prediabetes because early in the disease type 2 diabetes may have no symptoms. All diabetes

blood tests involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. Lab analysis

of blood is needed to ensure test results are accurate. Glucose measuring devices used in a health care providers office, such as fingerstick

devices, are not accurate enough for diagnosis but may be used as a quick indicator of high blood glucose.

Testing enables health care providers to find and treat diabetes before complications occur and to find and treat prediabetes, which can delay or

prevent type 2 diabetes from developing.

Any one of the following tests can be used for diagnosis:*

an A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test

a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test

an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

*Not all tests are recommended for diagnosing all types of diabetes. See the individual test descriptions for details.

Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes during a regular health checkup. If the RPG

measures 200 micrograms per deciliter or above, and the individual also shows symptoms of diabetes, then a health care provider may diagnosediabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes include

increased urination

increased thirst

unexplained weight loss

Other symptoms can include fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger, and sores that do not heal.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star1http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#top


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Any test used to diagnose diabetes requires confirmation with a second measurement unless clear symptoms of diabetes exist.

The following table provides the blood test levels for diagnosis of diabetes for nonpregnant adults and diagnosis of prediabetes.

Source: Adapted from American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Supp 1):S12, table 2.

A1C Test

The A1C test is used to detect type 2 diabetes and prediabetes but is not recommended for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes.

The A1C test is a blood test that reflects the average of a persons blood glucose levels over the past 3 months and does not show daily

fluctuations. The A1C test is more convenient for patients than the traditional glucose tests because it does not require fasting and can be

performed at any time of the day.

The A1C test result is reported as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher a persons blood glucose levels have been. A normal A1C

level is below 5.7 percent.

An A1C of 5.7 to 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. People diagnosed with prediabetes may be retested in 1 year. People with an A1C below 5.7

percent maystill be at risk for diabetes, depending on the presence of other characteristics that put them at risk, also known as risk factors. People

with an A1C above 6.0 percent should be considered at very high risk of developing diabetes. A level of 6.5 percent or above means a person has

diabetes.

Laboratory analysis. When the A1C test is used for diagnosis, the blood sample must be sent to a laboratory using a method that is certified by

the NGSP to ensure the results are standardized. Blood samples analyzed in a health care providers office, known as point-of-care tests, are not

standardized for diagnosing diabetes.


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Abnormal results. The A1C test can be unreliable for diagnosing or monitoring diabetes in people with certain conditions known to interfere with

the results. Interference should be suspected when A1C results seem very different from the results of a blood glucose test. People of African,

Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian descent or people with family members with sickle cell anemia or a thalassemia are particularly at risk ofinterference.

However, not all of the A1C tests are unreliable for people with these diseases. The NGSP provides information about which A1C tests are

appropriate to use for specific types of interference and details on any problems with the A1C test atwww.ngsp.org .

False A1C test results may also occur in people with other problems that affect their blood or hemoglobin such as chronic kidney disease, liver

disease, or anemia.

More information about limitations of the A1C test and different forms of sickle cell anemia is available in the NDIC booklet For People of African,

Mediterranean, or Southeast Asian Heritage: Important Information about Diabetes Blood Tests, available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by

calling 18008608747.

Changes in Diagnostic Testing

In the past, the A1C test was used to monitor blood glucose levels but not for diagnosis. The A1C test has now been standardized, and in 2009,

an international expert committee recommended it be used for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.

2

More information about the A1C test is available in the NDIC fact sheet The A1C Test and Diabetes, available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by

calling 18008608747.2The International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes

Care.2009;32(7):13271334.

Fasting Plasma Glucose Test

The FPG test is used to detect diabetes and prediabetes. The FPG test has been the most common test used for diagnosing diabetes because it

is more convenient than the OGTT and less expensive. The FPG test measures blood glucose in a person who has fasted for at least 8 hours and

is most reliable when given in the morning.

People with a fasting glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL have impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or prediabetes. A level of 126 mg/dL or above,

confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means a person has diabetes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

The OGTT can be used to diagnose diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Research has shown that the OGTT is more sensitive than

the FPG test, but it is less convenient to administer. When used to test for diabetes or prediabetes, the OGTT measures blood glucose after a

person fasts for at least 8 hours and 2 hours after the person drinks a liquid containing 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water.

If the 2-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dL, the person has a type of prediabetes called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If

confirmed by a second test, a 2-hour glucose level of 200 mg/dL or above means a person has diabetes.

[Top]
http://www.ngsp.org/http://www.ngsp.org/http://www.ngsp.org/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup2http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/disclaimer.aspxhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup2http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.ngsp.org/


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Are diabetes blood test results always accurate?All laboratory test results can vary from day to day and from test to test. Results can vary

within the person being tested.A persons blood glucose levels normally move up and down depending on meals, exercise, sickness, andstress.

between different tests. Each test measures blood glucose levels in a different way.

within the same test. Even when the same blood sample is repeatedly measured in the same laboratory, the results may vary due to small

changes in temperature, equipment, or sample handling.

Although all these tests can be used to indicate diabetes, in some people one test will indicate a diagnosis of diabetes when another test does not.

People with differing test results may be in an early stage of the disease, where blood glucose levels have not risen high enough to show on every

test.

Health care providers take all these variations into account when considering test results and repeat laboratory tests for confirmation. Diabetes

develops over time, so even with variations in test results, health care providers can tell when overal l blood glucose levels are becoming too high.

More information about variation among diabetes blood test results is available in the NDIC publication The A1C Test and Diabetes, available

atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by calling 18008608747.[Top]

Diagnosis of Gestational DiabetesHealth care providers test for gestational diabetes using the OGTT. Women may be tested during their first visit to the health care provider after

becoming pregnant or between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy depending on their risk factors and symptoms. Women found to have diabetes at the

first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Defining Safe Blood Glucose Levels for Pregnancy

Many studies have shown that gestational diabetes can cause complications for the mother and baby. An international, multicenter s tudy, the

Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, showed that the higher a pregnant womans blood glucose is, the higher her risk

of pregnancy complications. The HAPO researchers found that pregnancy complications can occur at blood glucose levels that were once

considered to be normal.

Based on the results of the HAPO study, new guidelines for diagnosis of gestational diabetes were recommended by the International Association

of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups in 2011. So far, the new guidelines have been adopted by the American Diabetes Association

(ADA)3but not by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)

4or other medical organizations. Researchers estimate these

new guidelines, if widely adopted, will increase the proportion of pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes to nearly 18 percent.5

Both ADA and ACOG guidelines for using the OGTT in diagnosing gestational diabetes are shown in the following tables.3American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(Supp 1):S11S63.
http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup5http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/


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4Committee on Obstetric Practice, Committee Opinion No. 504, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Screening and diagnosis of

gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;118:751753.5

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy studygroups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:676682.

Recommendations for Testing Pregnant Women for Diabetes

Time of testing ACOG ADA

At first visit during

pregnancyNo recommendation

Test women with risk factors for diabetes using

standard testing for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Women found to have diabetes at this time should be

diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, not gestational

diabetes.

At 24 to 28 weeks

of pregnancy

Test women for diabetes based on their history, risk factors, or a 50-

gram, 1-hour, nonfasting, glucose challenge testa modified OGTT.

If score is 130140 mg/dL, test again with fasting, 100-gram, 3-hour

OGTT.*

Test all women for diabetes who are not already

diagnosed, using a fasting, 75-gram, 2-hour OGTT.*

*See OGTT Levels for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes for blood glucose levels.

OGTT Levels for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

Time of Sample CollectionACOG Levels**,4(mg/dL) ADA Levels

3(mg/dL)

100-gram Glucose Drink 75-gram Glucose Drink

Fasting, before drinking glucose 95 or above 92 or above

1 hour after drinking glucose 180 or above 180 or above

2 hours after drinking glucose 155 or above 153 or above

3 hours after drinking glucose 140 or above Not used

Requirements for Diagnosis TWO or more of the above levels must be met ONE or more of the above levels must be met

**Carpenter and Coustan Conversion, some labs use different numbers.

More information about treating gestational diabetes is available in the NDIC publicationWhat I need to know about Gestational Diabetes,

available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by calling 18008608747.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/index.aspxhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/index.aspxhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/index.aspxhttp://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/index.aspxhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#sup3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star3http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star2


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[Top]

Who should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes?

Adults, pregnant women, children, and teens should be tested for diabetes and prediabetes according to their risk factors.Adults

Anyone age 45 or older should consider getting tested for diabetes or prediabetes. Testing is strongly recommended for people older than age 45

who are overweight or obese. People younger than 45 should consider testing if they are overweight or obese***and have one or more of the

following risk factors:

physical inactivity

parent, brother, or sister with diabetes

family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American

history of giving birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds

history of gestational diabetes

high blood pressure140/90 mmHg or higheror being diagnosed with high blood pressure

high-density lipoprotein, or HDL, cholesterolgood cholesterollevel below 35 mg/dL or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS

prediabetesan A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent; an FPG test result of 100125 mg/dL, indicating IFG; or a 2-hour OGTT result of 140199

mg/dL, indicating IGT

acanthosis nigricans, a condition associated with insulin resistance and characterized by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits

history of cardiovascular diseasedisease affecting the heart and blood vessels

***The Body Mass Index chartcan be used to find out whether someone is normal weight, overweight, or obese.

In addition to weight, the location of excess fat on the body can be important. A waist measurement of 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or

more for women is linked to insulin resistance and increases a persons risk for type 2 diabetes. This is true even if a pers ons body mass index

(BMI) falls within the normal range.

How to Measure the Waist

To measure the waist, a person should

place a tape measure around the bare abdomen just above the hip bone

make sure the tape is snug but isnt digging into the skin and is parallel to the floor

relax, exhale, and measure
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#tophttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/bmi_tbl_508.pdfhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/bmi_tbl_508.pdfhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/bmi_tbl_508.pdfhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/bmi_tbl_508.pdfhttp://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#star4http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/#top


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Source:www.cdc.gov

If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Health care providers may recommend more frequent testing

depending on initial results and risk status. People whose test results indicate they have prediabetes may be tested again in 1 year and should

take steps to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Pregnant Women

All pregnant women with risk factors for type 2 diabetes should be tested using standard diabetes blood tests during their first visit to the health

care provider during pregnancy to see if they had undiagnosed diabetes before becoming pregnant. After that, pregnant women should be tested

for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of their pregnancy using the OGTT.

Women who develop gestational diabetes should also have follow-up testing 6 to 12 weeks after the baby is born to find out if they have type 2diabetes or prediabetes. If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Blood glucose tests, rather than the

A1C test, should be used for testing within 12 weeks of delivery.

Children and Teens

Type 2 diabetes has become increasingly common in children and teens. Children are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and should be

tested if they are

overweight or obese and have other risk factors, such as a family history of diabetes
http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/


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older than age 10 or have already gone through puberty

[Top]

Body Mass Index (BMI)Body mass index is a measurement of body weight relative to height for adults age 20 or older. To use the chart

find the persons height in the left-hand column

move across the row to find the number closest to the persons weight

find the number at the top of that column

The number at the top of the column is the persons BMI. The words above the BMI number indicate whether the person is normal weight,

overweight, or obese. People who are overweight or obese should consider talking with a health care provider about ways to lo se weight and

reduce the risk of diabetes.

The BMI has certain limitations. The BMI may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have a muscular build and under estimate body fat

in older adults and others who have lost muscle.

The BMI for children and teens must be determined based on age, height, weight, and sex. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) has information about BMI in children and teens, including a BMI calculator, at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi. The CDC website also hasa BMI calculator for adults.

A BMI calculator from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is available atwww.nhlbisupport.com/bmi. The NIH also has a free smartphone app

for calculating BMI. People can search My BMI Calculator on their phone to find the app. The app also provides links to information about steps

people can take to bring their BMI into a healthy range.

Body Mass Index Table

Table 1 of 2

Normal Overweight Obese

BMI 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Height(inches)

Body Weight (pounds)

58 91 96 100 105 110 115 119 124 129 134 138 143 148 153 158 162 167

59 94 99 104 109 114 119 124 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 173

60 97 102 107 112 118 123 128 133 138 143 148 153 158 163 168 174 179

61 100 106 111 116 122 127 132 137 143 148 153 158 164 169 174 180 185
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Table 1 of 2

Normal Overweight Obese

BMI 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Height

(inches)Body Weight (pounds)

62 104 109 115 120 126 131 136 142 147 153 158 164 169 175 180 186 191

63 107 113 118 124 130 135 141 146 152 158 163 169 175 180 186 191 197

64 110 116 122 128 134 140 145 151 157 163 169 174 180 186 192 197 204

65 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 192 198 204 210

66 118 124 130 136 142 148 155 161 167 173 179 186 192 198 04 210 216

67 121 127 134 140 146 153 159 166 172 178 185 191 198 204 11 217 223

68 125 131 138 144 151 158 164 171 177 184 190 197 203 210 16 223 23069 128 135 142 149 155 162 169 176 182 189 196 203 209 216 23 230 236

70 132 139 146 153 160 167 174 181 188 195 202 209 216 222 29 236 243

71 136 143 150 157 165 172 179 186 193 200 208 215 222 229 36 243 250

72 140 147 154 162 169 177 184 191 199 206 213 221 228 235 42 250 258

73 144 151 159 166 174 182 189 197 204 212 219 227 235 242 50 257 265

74 148 155 163 171 179 186 194 202 210 218 225 233 241 249 56 264 272

75 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240 248 256 64 272 279

76 156 164 172 180 189 197 205 213 221 230 238 246 254 263 71 279 287

Table 2 of 2

Obese Extreme Obesity

BMI 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Height



19/33

Table 2 of 2

Obese Extreme Obesity

BMI 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Height


58 172 177 181 186 191 196 201 205 210 215 220 224 229 234 39 244 248 253 258

59 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 212 217 222 227 232 237 242 47 252 257 262 267

60 184 189 194 199 204 209 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 55 261 266 271 276

61 190 195 201 206 211 217 222 227 232 238 243 248 254 259 64 269 275 280 285

62 196 202 207 213 218 224 229 235 240 246 251 256 262 267 73 278 284 289 295

63 203 208 214 220 225 231 237 242 248 254 259 265 270 278 82 287 293 299 304

64 209 215 221 227 232 238 244 250 256 262 267 273 279 285 91 296 302 308 31465 216 222 228 234 240 246 252 258 264 270 276 282 288 294 00 306 312 318 324

66 223 229 235 241 247 253 260 266 272 278 284 291 297 303 09 315 322 328 334

67 230 236 242 249 255 261 268 274 280 287 293 299 306 312 19 325 331 338 344

68 236 243 249 256 262 269 276 282 289 295 302 308 315 322 28 335 341 348 354

69 243 250 257 263 270 277 284 291 297 304 311 318 324 331 38 345 351 358 365

70 250 257 264 271 278 285 292 299 306 313 320 327 334 341 48 355 362 369 376

71 257 265 272 279 286 293 301 308 315 322 329 338 343 351 58 365 372 379 386

72 265 272 279 287 294 302 309 316 324 331 338 346 353 361 68 375 383 390 397

73 272 280 288 295 302 310 318 325 333 340 348 355 363 371 78 386 393 401 408

74 280 287 295 303 311 319 326 334 342 350 358 365 373 381 89 396 404 412 420

75 287 295 303 311 319 327 335 343 351 359 367 375 383 391 99 407 415 423 431

76 295 304 312 320 328 336 344 353 361 369 377 385 394 402 10 418 426 435 443

For a printer-friendly version of this table, use the pdf. (PDF, 100 KB)*

[Top]

What steps can delay or prevent type 2 diabetes?
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A major research study, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), proved that people with prediabetes were able to sharply reduce their risk of

developing diabetes during the study by losing 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through dietary changes and increased physical activity.

Study participants followed a low-fat, low-calorie diet and engaged in regular physical activity, such as walking briskly five times a week for 30minutes. These strategies worked well for both men and women in all racial and ethnic groups, but were especially effective for participants age 60

and older. A follow-up study, the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), showed losing weight and being physically active

provide lasting results. Ten years after the DPP, modest weight loss delayed onset of type 2 diabetes by an average of 4 years.

The diabetes medication metformin also lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes, especially those who are younger and

heavier and women who have had gestational diabetes. The DPPOS showed that metformin delayed type 2 diabetes by 2 years. People at high

risk should ask their health care provider if they should take metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes. Metformin is a medication that makes insulin

work better and can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

More information about insulin resistance, the DPP, or how to lower risk for type 2 diabetes is available in the following NDIC publications:

Am I at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes?

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes

These publications are available atwww.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by calling 18008608747. Additional information about the DPP, funded

under NIH clinical trial number NCT00004992, and the DPPOS, funded under NIH clinical trial number NCT00038727, can be found

atwww.bsc.gwu.edu/dpp .

As part of its Small Steps, Big Rewards campaign, the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) offers several booklets about preventing

type 2 diabetes, including information about setting goals, tracking progress, implementing a walking program, and finding additional resources.

These materials are available atwww.ndep.nih.govor by calling the NDEP at 1888693NDEP (18886936337).

[Top]

How is diabetes managed?People can manage their diabetes with meal planning, physical activity, and if needed, medications. Additional information about taking care of

type 1 or type 2 diabetes is available in the publications

What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines

What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes

Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2

These NDIC publications are available at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.govor by calling 18008608747.

[Top]

Points to Remember
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Tests used for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes include the A1C testfor type 2 diabetes and prediabetesthe fasting plasma glucose

(FPG) test, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to

diagnose diabetes when symptoms are present during a regular health checkup. Anyone age 45 or older should consider getting tested for diabetes or prediabetes. People younger than 45 should consider testing if they are

overweight or obese and have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes.

If results of testing are normal, testing should be repeated at least every 3 years. Health care providers may recommend more frequent

testing depending on initial results and risk status.

People whose test results indicate they have prediabetes may be tested again in 1 year and should take steps to prevent or delay type 2

diabetes.

Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years.

Modest weight loss and moderate physical activity can help people with prediabetes delay or prevent type 2 diabetes.


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Source:

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Blood test results have specific meaning to knowledgeable and qualified medical personnel. What is thenormal range of each part of my Blood test? What is the normal maximum and normal minimum result ineach part of a Blood test? For instance, what id the normal range of uric acid? What is the normal whiteBlood cell count? Blood test results, made possible by the taking of Blood for laboratory testing, are one ofthe most important tools that your doctor uses in evaluating your health status. Blood tests are fast andalmost painless. It is important to realize that your Blood test result may be outside of what is called the'normal range' for many reasons. Remember that Blood test results are always best interpreted by a Bloodprofessional or doctor who is familiar with your Blood test history, over time. Blood tests, including variousBlood chemistry and hematology 'Blood tests' offered by most test labs, represent an economical way bywhich quality information about a patient's physical condition, at the time of the Blood testing, can be madeavailable to the physician. These Blood test results, after review and interpretation by a qualified Bloodprofessional, play an important part in an overall diagnosis. Blood test results are important in detecting anddiagnosing Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test with Rare Blood types. Blood test results arecompared and measured in 'normal ranges' for a given population group and individual. Low cost Blood
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tests, discount Blood testing and even free Blood tests are available and listed in your local community. BloodTest Results, Blood test.

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A large number of laboratory Blood tests are widely available. Many Blood tests are specialized to focus ona particular disease or group of diseases. Many different Blood tests are used commonly in many specialtiesand in general practice. Discount Blood testing Bloodmobile.Blood Test Results, Blood test.

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Because most Blood test reference ranges (often referred to as 'normal' ranges of Blood test results) aretypically defined as the range of values of the median 95% of the healthy population, it is unlikely that agiven Blood sample, even from a healthy patient, will show "normal" values for every Blood test taken.Therefore, caution should be exercised to prevent overreaction to mild abnormalities without theinterpretation of those tests by your examining physician. Again, a Blood test, though important, is only apart of the final diagnosis of a health problem. Often, you can get your Blood tested at theBloodmobile.

Physicians rely on "Blood-work," or clinical laboratory diagnostic Blood testing to diagnose medicalconditions. From this Blood testing the medical professional then prescribes therapies and remedies, basedon those Blood tests. Blood test results reveal Blood disorders in Blood tests and also with a Blood test with

Rare Blood types. Good Blood tests make possible state-of-the-art lab procedures that can be provideddirectly to the public in private and these Blood tests can be provided affordably.

Some of the most common Blood test are: Blood Test Results, Blood test, rare Blood types, Blood disorders.

Allergy Blood TestingBlood Tests for Autoimmune Diseases
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Blood Diseases TestingCancer Detection Blood Testing

Blood Cholesterol TestDiabetes Blood TestsDNA, Paternity and Genetic TestingBlood Tests for Drug ScreeningEnvironmental Toxin Blood TestingFitness, Nutrition and Anti-AgingGastrointestinal Diseases Revealed by Blood TestsBlood Testing for Heart HealthHormones and MetabolismInfectious Disease Blood TestsKidney Disease Blood TestLiver Diseases Blood Testing

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's) Blood TestsThyroid Disease Blood Tests

In the next paragraphs we will talk about categories of these Blood tests and the results of your Blood test.Most Blood tests fall within one of two categories: screening or diagnostic.

Screening Blood tests are used to try to detect a disease when there is little or no evidence that a personhas a suspected disease. For example, measuring cholesterol levels helps to identify one of the risks ofheart disease. These screening tests are performed on people who may show no symptoms of heartdisease, as a tool for the physician to detect a potentially harmful and evolving condition. In order forscreening tests to be the most useful they must be readily available, accurate, inexpensive, pose little risk,

and cause little discomfort to the patient. Coupons for DNA and Cancer Blood tests.

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Diagnostic Blood tests are utilized when a specific disease is suspected to verify the presence and theseverity of that disease, including allergies, HIV, AIDS, Hepatitis, cancer, etc.
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What is a Blood test? Blood tests are an essential diagnostic tool. Blood is made up of different kinds ofcells and contains other compounds, including various salts and certain proteins. Blood tests reveal details

about these Blood cells and, Blood compounds, salts and proteins

The liquid portion of the tested Blood is plasma. When our Blood clots outside the body, the Blood cells andsome of the proteins in Blood turn into a solid. The remaining liquid is called serum, which can be used inchemical tests and in other Blood tests to find out how the immune system fights diseases. Doctors takeBlood samples and grow the organisms, found in Blood tests, that cause illness, to evaluate each,microscopically.

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How is a Blood test carried performed? Blood samples taken for Blood testing can be taken either froman artery. A few drops of Blood are needed, most of the time. It is often enough to take a small drop from thetip of your finger and then squeeze the Blood out for Blood testing. Most Blood tests are taken from an artery(arteries carry fresh, oxygenated Blood FROM the heart,) most often from those arteries near the elbow. Firsta tourniquet is tied around the upper arm to make the artery easy to find and take the Blood for the Bloodtest.

The place where the injection is to take place is then made sterile and then a hollow needle is put into theartery. The needle will be attached either to a Blood test sample bottle or to a syringe where the plunger ispulled back to create low negative pressure. When the needed amount of Blood for testing has beenremoved from the artery, the needle is removed. The area is then re-cleaned and pressure is placed on the

area with a small ball of cotton. This is pressed against the area for a couple of minutes before applying abandage. Blood test results are important in Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test with Rare Bloodtypes. Blood tests are relatively painless.
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Platelet testing is a Blood test that is often used by doctors. First lets define platelets. Platelets are verysmall cells in the Blood. These clump together at places where injury to Blood vessels occur. They are the

basis of the Blood clot that normally forms when the skin is broken.

A Blood test revealing a low platelet count can make us vulnerable to bleeding, sometimes even without aninjury that we see. Some of the causes of a low Blood platelet count include autoimmune diseases, wherethe effected individual produces an antibody to his or her own platelets, chemotherapy, leukemia, viralinfections and some medicines. High numbers of platelets make an individual more vulnerable to Bloodclotting. High Blood platelet counts are always found where a condition involving bone marrow such asleukemia, cancer and other Blood borne conditions that are revealed by Blood test results.

Pharmacy shelves are stocked with do-it-yourself home tests for Blood glucose, Blood cholesterol paternity testsand pregnancy tests. OraSure Technologies Inc., makes and sells a 20-minute, at-home test that screens for two

HIV strains using a swab device that tests saliva.

No Blood test is completely accurate all of the time. Sometimes a test result is incorrectly abnormal in aperson who does not have the suspected disease (a false-positive result). Sometimes a test result isincorrectly normal in a person who has the disease (a false-negative result). Tests are rated in terms of theirsensitivity (the probability that their Blood testing results will be positive when a disease is present) and theirspecificity (the probability that their test results will be negative when a disease is not present). A verysensitive test is unlikely to miss the disease in people who have it, however, it may falsely indicate diseasein healthy people. Blood test results are important in Blood disorders in Blood tests and a Blood test withRare Blood types. A very specific test is unlikely to indicate disease in healthy people. Although, it may missthe disease in some who have it. Problems with sensitivity and specificity can be largely overcome by using

several different Blood tests.

Because your physician can not always be sure whether or not the reported result of a particular test from aparticular person is false or true, a person with an abnormal result may often need to be re-tested orundergo a different type of testing. Links to Free Blood tests and Free Blood testing click here.


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Normal test result values are expressed as a reference range, which is based on the average values in ahealthy population; 95% of healthy people have values within this range. These values vary somewhat

among laboratories, due to methodology and even geography. Blood tests and Blood testing methods andquality vary widely in different parts of the world and in different parts of many countries, duetocharacteristics in the population, both racial Blood differences and ethnic Blood characteristics, amongother factors. Free Cord Blood testing at the Bloodmobile.

American Blood laboratories use a different version of the metric system than does most of the rest of theworld, which uses the Systeme Internationale (SI). In some cases translation between the two systems iseasy, but the difference between the two is most pronounced in the measurement of chemical concentration.The American system generally uses mass per unit volume, while SI uses moles per unit volume. Sincemass per mole varies with the molecular weight of the substance being analyzed, conversion betweenAmerican and SI units requires many different conversion factors.

Keep in mind that there are three Blood test "normal ranges."

Normal Range ResultsThe results of virtually all Blood tests ordered in North America are compared to "normal ranges" as provided on a"Lab Results Report." If your tests indicate that you are within the normal range, you are most often considerednormal. A "normal" Blood test result does not necessarily mean that you are healthy. The problem with these lies inhow "normal ranges" are determined at that particular Blood testing laboratory.

Population Best/Optimum RangesIn our opinion, every Blood test result must be compared to Blood test result scores other than the accepted lab"norms." Your potential statistical best possible Blood test ranges must be considered. These Blood test range"best" results should interpreted considering your physiology and unique biochemistry such as your height yourweight, age, gender, health history since childhood. Further, the inter-relationship with your other blood test scoresmust be considered. One imbalance often causes another. Blood test range scores outside your unique Blood testrange results can be affected by sleep, diet, exercise, medicines, and vitamin supplements.

our Personal Norms
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Your Blood test score, chronicled over time, will vary by few points, one way or the other. These Blood test results,considering sleep, diet, exercise, medicines, and vitamin supplements, etc. will most certainly vary. Each person onany given day has their own set of Blood test results.

Consider your gas mileage in your car. If reviewed over time, each time you fill up and record your gas mileage, itvaries. The car is the same, the driver is the same, the gas is the same, but the mileage, from fill-up to f ill-up varies.We recommend periodicalPersonal Blood Testing.

Your personal norms must be considered over time. Each individual has his or her own unique personal Blood testnormal range, best for you. Remember, if you do not get Blood tests, and if you do not keep track of them, and ifyou do not have them available to your doctor, You will not know and can not use your normal Blood testrange. Free Blood testing at the Bloodmobile.

BLOOD TEST REFERENCE RANGE CHART

Test Reference Range (conventional units*)

17 Hydroxyprogesterone(Men)

0.06-3.0 mg/L

17 Hydroxyprogesterone(Women) Follicular phase

0.2-1.0 mg/L

25-hydroxyvitamin D(25(OH)D)

8-80 ng/mL

Acetoacetate


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Amylase 53 - 123 units/L

Ascorbic Acid 0.4 - 1.5 mg/dL

Bicarbonate 18 - 23 mEq/L (carbon dioxide content)

Bilirubin Direct: up to 0.4 mg/dLTotal: up to 1.0 mg/dL

Blood Volume 8.5 - 9.1% of total body weight

Calcium 8.2 - 10.6 mg/dL (normally slightly higher in children)

Carbon Dioxide Pressure 35 - 45 mm Hg

Carbon Monoxide Less than 5% of total hemoglobin

CD4 Cell Count 500 - 1500 cells/L

Ceruloplasmin 15 - 60 mg/dL

Chloride 98 - 106 mEq/L

Complete Blood Cell Count(CBC)

Tests include:hemoglobin,hematocrit,mean corpuscularhemoglobin,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration,meancorpuscular volume,platelet count,white Blood cell countPlease click each to view an individual test value.

Copper Total: 70 - 150 g/dL

Creatine Kinase (CK or CPK) Male: 38 - 174 units/LFemale: 96 - 140 units/L

Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes 5% MB or less

Creatinine 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL

Electrolytes Test includes:calcium,chloride,magnesium,potassium,sodiumPlease click each to view an individual test value.

Erythrocyte SedimentationRate (ESR or Sed-Rate)

Male: 1 - 13 mm/hrFemale: 1 - 20 mm/hr
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Glucose Tested after fasting: 70 - 110 mg/dL

Hematocrit Male: 45 - 62%

Female: 37 - 48%

Hemoglobin Male: 13 - 18 gm/dLFemale: 12 - 16 gm/dL

Iron 60 - 160 g/dL (normally higher in males)

Iron-binding Capacity 250 - 460 g/dL

Lactate (lactic acid) Venous: 4.5 - 19.8 mg/dLArterial: 4.5 - 14.4 mg/dL

Lactic Dehydrogenase 50 - 150 units/L

Lead 40 g/dL or less (normally much lower in children)

Lipase 10 - 150 units/L

Zinc B-Zn 70 - 102 mol/L

Lipids:

Cholesterol Less than 225 mg/dL (for age 40-49 yr; increases with age)

Triglycerides 10 - 29years

53 - 104 mg/dL

30 - 39years

55 - 115 mg/dL

40 - 49

years

66 - 139 mg/dL

50 - 59years

75 - 163 mg/dL

60 - 69years

78 - 158 mg/dL

> 70 83 - 141 mg/dL


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years

Liver Function Tests Tests includebilirubin (total),phosphatase (alkaline),protein (total

and albumin),transaminases (alanine and aspartate),prothrombin(PTT)Please click each to view an individual test value.

Magnesium 1.9 - 2.7 mEq/L

MeanCorpuscular Hemoglobin(MCH)

27 - 32 pg/cell

Mean CorpuscularHemoglobinConcentration(MCHC)

32 - 36% hemoglobin/cell

Mean Corpuscular

Volume(MCV)

76 - 100 cu m

Osmolality 280 - 296 mOsm/kg water

Oxygen Pressure 83 - 100 mm Hg

Oxygen Saturation (arterial) 96 - 100%

Phosphatase, Prostatic 0 - 3 units/dL (Bodansky units) (acid)

Phosphatase 50 - 160 units/L (normally higher in infants and adolescents)(alkaline)

Phosphorus 3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL (inorganic)

Platelet Count 150,000 - 350,000/mL

Potassium 3.5 - 5.4 mEq/L

Prostate-Specific Antigen(PSA)

0 - 4 ng/mL (likely higher with age)

Proteins:

Total 6.0 - 8.4 gm/dL
http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Totalhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Totalhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Totalhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#50-160http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#50-160http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#50-160http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Transaminasehttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Transaminasehttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Transaminasehttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Prothrombinhttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Transaminasehttp://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#6.0-8.4http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#50-160http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#Total


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Albumin 3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL

Globulin 2.3 - 3.5 gm/dL

Prothrombin (PTT) 25 - 41 sec

Pyruvic Acid 0.3 - 0.9 mg/dL

Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) 4.2 - 6.9 million/L/cu mm

Sodium 133 - 146 mEq/L

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone(TSH)

0.5 - 6.0 units/mL

Transaminase:

Alanine (ALT) 1 - 21 units/LAspartate (AST) 7 - 27 units/L

Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 7 - 18 mg/dL

BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5 - 35

Uric Acid Male 2.1 to 8.5 mg/dL (likely higher with age)

Female 2.0 to 7.0 mg/dL (likely higher with age)

Vitamin A 30 - 65 g/dL

WBC (leukocyte count and

white Blood cell count)

4.3-10.8 103/mm

3

White Blood Cell Count(WBC)

4,300 - 10,800 cells/L/cu mm

*Please visit ourmeasurementandabbreviationpages.

Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 13.5 pt, Fontcolor: Custom Color(RGB(102,0,0)), Pattern:Clear (White)
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Blood Test KitsView "What Does My Blood Test Mean Pages?"

There is more about Blood, indexed by category, PleaseCLICK HERE.

BODY SURFACE AREA CALCULATOR

(weight (kg) x 0.425) x (height (cm) x 0.725)

139.315

IDEAL BODY WEIGHT CALCULATOR

Male: 50 Kg + (# inches > 5 ft x 2.3)

Female: 45.5 Kg + (# inches > 5 ft x 2.3)


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