Blocks And Stone works

8/11/2019 Blocks And Stone works

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University of PalestineIndustrial Engineering Department

Materials And ConstructionTechnology

Chapter (2)

Blocks And Stone works


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Chapter(2)Blocks And Stone works

Concrete Blocks works

Blocks Types Stone blocks The Polystyrene Blocks

Etong block

Solid blocks

Hollow blocks

Glassy blocks

Heating blocks

Blocks Testing


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Generally, the blocks used shall be of localmanufacture made with cement and sand in approvedvibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to beused for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be

chemically and structurally stable and shall complywith the Table of Gratings given here under. Thecement, fine aggregate and water to be used for

blocks shall comply with the requirements givenunder Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring

and mixing the materials shall be the same.


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15-20%8-10%30-35% 40-45%


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Blocks Types

Stone block

Stone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocks

Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as:

Thermal isolator

Sound isolator

Fine look.

The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3


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Blocks Types Polystyrene General Properties:

Physical Properties: Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density,

and compaction at its particles

Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high andcompacted particles

water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to itscompacted particles

Weight: it is a light material where its average weight form 20 -30Kg per m3.

Compaction: its a semi compacted material lies between hardnessand softness.

Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition ,however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporation

Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store airwith its cell

Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its colorand boarding strength


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Blocks Types

Polystyrene General Properties:

Chemical Properties:

Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material,

despite at that, it could be damage with it

expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use

silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather.

Biological Properties: Biological change has no effect Polystyrene


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Blocks Types

Polystyrene advantages and

Disadvantages:

Polystyrene Advantages:

Very good noise and heat isolator

Light weight material

Normal temperature has no effect on it

Polystyrene Disadvantages: It high cost , comparing to other building material

It could be affected be sun and climate change

Required specially technical skill to handle


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Blocks Types

Application:

To be use as isolating material , both for heat and noise

To reduce the dead load of the building

To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction

To be used filling and backing material

To be use at agriculture (Green houses )


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Blocks Types

Etong block:

Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape witha high porosity, Etong block is a high concretewhich is made from effective cement material

besides to fine sand and aluminum power"Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside themixture which swell, then the mixture is put in aspecial modes and cut to the required dimension.

The standard commercial dimension which areused in the roof (6050) cm2 which thicknessbetween 10 and 32 cm.

Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in theroof is (450-480)kg/m3


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Blocks Types

Etong advantages and Disadvantages: Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks

No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during

casting

Easy to supply the water network and electricnetwork

Time saving where square meter from ordinary

block need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks

High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong

absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after

this depth no absorption will occur

Fire resistance and noise isolation


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Blocks Types

Solid blocks:

Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks

under the retaining walls but these days use of

them is too little because Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads

High cost and high manufacturing cast

Bad isolation for moisture


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Blocks Types

Hollow blocks:

According to the used aggregate there are two typeof hollow blocks:

Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by

using the ordinary aggregate in special size

Light blocks

light blocks are made of light concrete by using thelight aggregate

the main slandered commercial dimension for thetype of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing


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Blocks Types

Weight (Kg(Dimension (cm(Type

16152040

Ordinaryblocks

20202040

15142540

17172540

20252040

7251440light

blocks8251740

10252040


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Blocks Types

Heating blocks:

The row material used in this type is clay

It has a red color

Used in a ovens and stove


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Blocks Testing

Blocks TestingTesting shall be carried at a random samples taken

from the material arrived in sites

Physical testing:

This test belong the dimensions, colors andshape

Block to be approved should have:

homogenous color

homogenous Touch

regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length andwidth and a (F4mm )for high


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lab tests:

1. space weight test

space weight of block must not exceed theallowable limit for example:

block 20 or 15 its weight must not

exceed 1400 kg/m3.

block 7 , 10 and 12 its weight must not

exceed 1650 kg/m3.

So for block 20

weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg.

Where 1400 is the maximum space weight

And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3


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lab tests:

1. bearing capacity:

The average compressive strength of solid blocksshall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at

28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimumcrushing strength of individual block is not lessthan 85% of required strength.

The average compressive strength of hollow

blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of grossarea at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such thatminimum crushing strength of individual block isnot less than 85% of required strength.


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Block shall be made in a vibrated pressuremachines and shall be in general. manufactured form

cement, aggregate and water the minimum cementcontent shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fineaggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate .

Block shall be hard sound square and clean

Blocks for wall shall be (40cm 3mm) long and(20cm 3mm) high., the tolerance in thicknessshall be ( 1mm)

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Blocks And Stone works