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STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DIVISION OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND SERVICES BUREAU OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND PUPIL SERVICES

Block Scheduling, School Schedules, and Use of Time in School

January 1988 – December 1995 Addendum 1: January 1996 – June 2002

Compiled by: Steve Krasner

Special Education Resource Center 25 Industrial Park Rd. Middletown, CT 06457

(860) 632-1485 www.ctserc.org

PLEASE NOTE: As of July 1, 2002 the SERC Library bibliographies are typed in accordance with the

5th edition Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association with the only exception being that they are not double-spaced in order to save paper. Resources included in this bibliography do not indicate approval or endorsement by SERC or the CT State Department of Education. The listings are provided solely as a resource of general information.

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January 1988 – December 1995

Adelman, N., & Pringle, B. (1995). Education reform and the use of time. Phi Delta Kappan, 77,

27-29.

Alam, D., & Seick, Jr., R.E. (1994). A block schedule with a twist. Phi Delta Kappan, 75, 732-733.

Allinder, R.M. (1994). Use of time by teachers in various types of special education programs. Special Services in the Schools, 9, 125-136.

Arnold, G.C.S. (1995). Teacher dialogues: A constructivist model of staff development. Journal of

Staff Development, 16(4), 34-3 8.

Ballinger, C. (1988). Rethinking the school calendar. Educational Leadership, 45(5), 57-61.

Boarman, G.R., & Kirkpatrick, B.S. (1995). The hybrid schedule: Scheduling to the curriculum. NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 9-18.

Bonomo, M.G. (1993). Prime time balances academics and activities. Schools in the Middle, 3(l),

21-23.

Braddock, J.H. (1990). Tracking the middle grades: National patters of grouping for instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 71, 445-449.

Buckman, D.C., King, B.B., & Ryan, S. (1995). Block scheduling: A means to improve school

climate. NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 9-18.

Cambone, J. (1995). Time for teachers in school restructuring. Teachers College Record, 96, 512-543.

Canady, R.L (1988). A cure for fragmented schedules in elementary schools. Educational Leadership, 46(2), 65-67.

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1992). Restructuring middle level schedules to promote equal access.

Schools in the Middle, 1(4), 20-26.

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1995). The power of innovative scheduling. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 4-10.

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1993). Unlocking the lockstep high school schedule. Phi Delta

Kappan, 75, 310-314.

Carroll, J.M. (1994). The Copernican plan evaluated: The evolution of a revolution. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 112-113.

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Carroll, J.M. (1990 The Copernican plan: Restructuring the American high school. Phi Delta

Kappan, 71, 358-365.

Cawelti, G. (1995). High school restructuring: What are the critical elements? NASSP Bulletin, 79(569), 1-15.

Collins, D. ( 1987). Time management for teachers: Practical techniques and skills that give you

more time to teach. West Nyack, NY: Parker Publishing Company. (IM 640.43 COL-Instructional Material/Book)

Cooper, D., & Goldman, P. (1995). Too many cooks spoil the broth? Potential contradictions between inclusive schools and integrated curriculum. B.C. Journal of Special Education, 19(2-3), 55-70.

Day, T. (1995). New class on the block. Science Teacher, 62(4), 28-30.

Donahue, T. (1993). Finding the way: Structure, time, and culture in school improvement. Phi Delta

Kappan, 75, 298-305.

Edwards, Jr., C.M. (1993). Restructuring to improve student performance. NASSP Bulletin, 77(553), 77-88.

Edwards, Jr., C.M. (1995). The 4 x 4 plan. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 16-19.

Edwards, Jr., C.M. (1995). Virginia's 4 x 4 high schools: High school, college, and more. NASSP

Bulletin, 79(571), 23-41.

Embriano, A.J., & Ryan, M.J. (1995). Using interdisciplinary block programming for underachieving pupils. NASSP Bulletin, 79(569), 38-45.

Erickson, L. (1995). Time to plan together. American School Board Journal, 182(8), 43.

Fechak, P.E. (1988). The battle against time. Learning, 16(7), 72-74.

Gareau, M., & Kennedy, C. (1991) . Structure time and space to promote pursuit of learning in the primary grades. Young Children, 46(4), 46-51.

Gerking, J.L. (1995). Building block schedules. Science Teacher, 62(4), 28-30.

Hackmann, D.G. (1995). Improving school climate: Alternating-day block schedule. Schools in the

Middle, 5(l), 28-33.

Hackmann, D.G. (1995). Ten guidelines for implementing block scheduling. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 24-27.

Hanson, B.J. (1995). Getting to know you -multiyear teaching. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 42-43.

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Hargraves, A. (1992). Time and teacher's work: An analysis of the intensification thesis. Teachers

College Record, 94, 87-108.

Heller, M. (1992). Agenda for excellence: Making the time for school-community relations. Schools in the Middle, 2(2), 12-13.

Huff, A.L. (1995). Flexible block scheduling: It works for us! NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 19-22. Jones, J.H. (1995). Extending school hours: A capital idea. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 44-46.

Jones, R. (1995). Wake up! Executive Educator, 17(8), 14-18. Kruse, C.A., & Kruse, G.D. (1995). The master schedule and learning: Improving the quality of

education. NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 1-8. Larson, B. (1992). Music programs at the middle level: Scheduling for success. NASSP Bulletin, 76

(544), 27-29.

Lawton, E.J. (1992). The evolution to middle level school: Twenty years of effort. Schools in the Middle, 2(2), 30-33.

Lockwood, S.L. (1995). Semesterizing the high school schedule: The impact on student achievement in algebra and geometry. NASSP Bulletin, 79(575), 102-110.

Lohr,C.,&McGrevin,C. (1990). Scheduling: The blueprint for educational success. NASSP Bulletin

74(529), 83-89.

Miller, T.L., Hudson, P., & Lignugaris/Kraft, B. (1992). A time analysis of cooperating teacher activity. Teacher Education and Special Education, 15, 259-268.

Murdock, L.A., Hansen, M.J., Kraemer, J.P., Vandiver, K., Hunt, J., & Hennessy, J.M. (1995).

Horace's Fridays. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 37-40. Murphy, J. (1992). Instructional leadership: Focus on time to learn. NASSP Bulletin, 76(542), 19-

26.

O'Neil, J. (1995). Finding time to learn. Educational Leadership, 53(3), 11-15.

O'Neil, L.R., & Adamson, D.R. (1993). When less is more. American School Board Journal, 180(4), 39-41.

Ostorsky, M.M., Skellenger, A.C., Odom, S.L., McConnell, S.R., & Peterson, C. (1994). Teachers' schedules and actual time spent in activities in preschool special education classes. Journal of Early Intervention, 18, 25-33.

Partin, R.L. (1993). School counselors' time: Where does it go? School Counselor, 40, 274-281.

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Raywid, M.A. (1993). Finding time for collaboration. Educational Leadership, 51(l), 30-34.

Rettig, M.D., & Colbert, C.K. (1995). Redesigning the school day: A user-friendly schedule.

Perspectives in Education and Deafness, 13(4), 2-3, 9.

Ryan, M.E. (1991). Intensive learning: An answer to the dropout crisis. NASSP Bulletin, 75(538), 25-30.

Salvaterra, M., & Adams, D. (1995). Departing from tradition: Two schools' stories. Educational

Leadership, 53(3), 32-35. Schoenstein, R. (1995). The new school on the block. Executive Educator, 17(8),

18-21. Shininiok,L.M.,& Schmoker,M. (1992). How we made the transition from junior high to middle

school. Educational Leadership, 49(5), 27-29.

Shore, R. (1995). How one high school improved school climate. Educational Leadership, 52(5), 76-78.

Shortt, T.L., & Thayer, Y. (1995). What can we expect to see in the next generation of block

scheduling? NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 53-62. Slavin, R.E. (1993). Ability grouping in the middle grades: Achievement effects and alternatives.

Elementary School Journal, 93, 535-552.

Slattery, P. (1995). A postmodern vision of time and learning: A response to the National Education Commission Report Prisoner of Time. Harvard Educational Review, 65, 612-633.

Stumpf, T. (1995). A Colorado school's un-rocky road to trimesters. Educational Leadership, 53(3),

20-22.

Tanner, B., Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1995). Scheduling time to maximize staff development opportunities. Journal of Staff Development, 16(4), 14-19.

Watts, G.D., & Castle, S. (1993). The time dilemma in school restructuring. Phi Delta Kappan,

75(4), 306-310.

Wilson, C. (1995). The 4:4 block system: A workable alternative. NASSP Bulletin, 79(571), 61-65.

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Addendum 1 January 1996 – June 2002

Aktay, E. (Ed.). (1997). Block scheduling: Time to learn. Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight

Publishing, inc. (IE 371.242 AKT – Inservice Education/Videotapes/Facilitator Guide) Arnold, D.E. (2002). Block schedule and traditional schedule achievement: A comparison. NASSP

Bulletin, 86(630), 42-53. Barrens, R., Straton, J., & Ukena, M. (1996). A lesson in block scheduling. Science Teacher, 63(6),

35.

Benton,-Kupper, J. (1999). Can less be more? The quantity versus quality issue of curriculum in a block schedule. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 32, 168-177. Bevevino, M.M., Snodgrass, D.K., Adams, K.M., & Dengel, J.A. (1999). An educaotr’s guide to block scheduling: Decision making, curriculum design, and lesson planning strategies. Needham Heights, MA; Allyn and Bacon. (371.242 BEV – Book) Black, S. (1998). Learning on the block. Research. American School Board Journal, 185(1), 32-34. Black, S. (2000). Sleep tight. American School Board Journal, 187(3), 42-44.

Bohince, J. (1996). Blockbuster ideas: Activities for breaking up block periods. Science Teacher,

63(6), 20-24. Borba, J.A. (2000). Durability of multi-track year-round elementary school principals. ERS Spectrum, 18(1), 41-46.

Borman, G. (2001). Summers are for learning. Principal, 80(3), 26-29.

Bowman, R.F. (1998). If block scheduling is the answer, what is the question? Clearing House, 71, 242-244.

Boyce, B.A., & Markos, N.J. (1997). Elementary physical education as part of a fine arts block. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 68(l), 13-16. Bracken, L. (1999). Does block scheduling have a place in physical education? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 70(6), 11. Brown, C.G. (2001). Extended learning: What are the stats doing? Principal, 80(3), 12-15. Bruckner, M. (1997). Eavesdropping on change: Listening to teachers during the first year of an extended block schedule. NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 42-52.

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Bugaj, S.J. (1998). Intensive scheduling and special education in secondary schools: Research and recommendations. NASSP Bulletin, 82(595), 33-39. Bugaj, S.J. (1999). Teacher/administrator perceptions of intensive scheduling: Implications for secondary gifted students. NASSP Bulletin, 83(6050, 62-69.

Bukowski, B.J., & Stinson, A.D. (2000). Physical educators’ perceptions of block scheduling

in secondary physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 71(1), 53-57. Callan, R.J. (1998). Giving students the (right) time of day. Educational Leadership, 55(6), 84-87.

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1996). Block scheduling: A catalyst for change in high schools. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education. (371.2420973 CAN-Book)

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (1996). Block scheduling: A catalyst for change in high schools book review by Karen Oxendine. Executive Educator, 18(2), 36, 39. Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (2001). Block scheduling: The key to quality learning time. Principal, 80(3), 30-34.

Canady, R.L., & Rettig, M.D. (Eds.). (1996). Teaching in the block: Strategies for engaging active

learners. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education. (371.2420973 CAN-Book) Carskadon, M.A. (1999). When worlds collide: Adolescent need for sleep versus societal demands. Phi Delta kappan, 80, 348-353. Cates, P. (2000). Reinventing Lubbock high school. High School Magazine, 7(9), 22-27.

Claxton, D., & Bryant, Jr., J.G. (1996). Block scheduling: What does it mean for physical education? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 67(3), 48-50.

Cooper, S.L. (1996). Blocking in success. Science Teacher, 63(6), 28-31.

Daigle, P.D.,& Leclerc, D.C. (1997). Turning a new leaf; Flex time for teachers in a restructured school. NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 38-43.

Day, M.M., lvanov, C.P., & Binkley, S. (1996). Tackling block scheduling. Science Teacher, 63(6), 25-27. Delaney, M., Toburen, L., Hooten, B., & Dozier, A. (1997). Parallel block scheduling spells success. Educational Leadership, 55(4), 61-63.

DeRouen, D.A. (1998). Maybe it’s not the children: Eliminating some middle school problems through block support and team scheduling. Clearing House, 71, 146-148.

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DiBiase, W.J., & Queen, J.A. (1999). Middle school social studies on the block. Clearing House, 72, 377-384. DiRocco, M.D. (1998-1999). How an alternating-day schedule empowers teachers. Educational Leadership, 56(4), 82-84. Dow, J., & George, P.S. (1998). Block scheduling in Florida high schools: Where are we now? NASSP Bulletin, 82(601), 92-110.

Eineder, D.V., & Bishop, H.L. (1997). Block scheduling the high school: The effects on achievement,

behavior, and student-teacher performance. NASSP Bulletin, 81(589), 45-54.

Eisenberger, J., Bertrando, R., & Conti-D’Antonio, M. (2000). Blcock scheduling and inclusion – meeting the challenge. High School Magazine, 7(7), 32-37. Elovitz, L.H. (2001). The sanctity of the classroom. Principal Leadership, 1(6), 5-7.

Fitzpatrick, J.E., & Mowers, M. (1997). Success and the four-block schedule: Stakeholders buy in! NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 51-56. Fogarty, R. (Ed.). (1996). Block scheduling: A collection of articles. Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight Publishing, Inc. (371.242 FOG – Book)

Fowler,F.C. (1996). What they don't tell us about European schools. Clearing House, 70, 13-15.

Freeman, W., & Scheidecker, I. (1996). Planning for block scheduling. Clearing House, 70, 60-61.

Gable, R.A., &Manning, M.L. (1997). In the midst of reform: The changing structure and practice of middle school education. Clearing House, 71, 58-62.

Gee, W.D. (1997). The Copernican plan and year-round education. Phi Delta Kappan, 78, 793-796.

Geismar, T.J., & Pullease, B.G. (1996) . The trimester: A competency based model of block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 80(581), 95-105. George, P.S., & McEwin, C.K. (1999). High schools for a new century: Why is the high school changing? NASSP Bulletin, 83(606), 10-24.

Hackman, D.G. (1999). The cautious pace of school reform: High school scheduling in Iowa. NASSP Bulletin, 83(609), 69-76.

Hackman, D.G., & Berry, J.E. (2000). Cracking the calendar. Journal of Staff Development, 21(3), 45-47.

Hackman, D.G., & Schmitt, D.M . (1997). Strategies for teaching in a block-of-time schedule. NASSP

Bulletin, 81(588), 1-9.

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Hackman, D.G., & Valentine, J.W. (1998). Designing an effective middle level schedule. Middle School Journal, 29(5), 3-13. Hackman, D.G., & Waters, D.L. (1998). Breaking away from tradition: The Farmington High School restructuring experience. NASSP Bulletin, 82(596), 83-92. Hamdy, M., & Urich, T. (1998). Perceptions of teachers in South Florida toward block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 82(596), 79-82. Hanaford, B., Gouraker, M., & Dickerson, V. (2000). One school tackles the change to block scheduling. Phi Delta kappan, 82, 212-213. Hansen, D., Gutman, M., & Smith, J. (2000). Scheduling AP classes in a 2x4 block schedule: The Mayfield plan. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 209-211.

Hart-Hewin, L., & Villers, U. (1997). Multi-age groupings in the early years. Markham, Ontario: Pembroke Publishers Limited. (372.13078 HAR - Book) Hassenpflug, A. (1999). An art teacher’s view of block scheduling: A less enthusiastic opinion. NASSP Bulletin, 83(609), 86-94.

Hendershott, T. (1997). Under observation: Critical areas of school effectiveness. Schools in the Middle, 6(4), 34-36. Hess, C., Wronkovich, M., & Robinson, J. (1999). Measured outcomes of learning under block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 83(611), 87-95.

Hopkins, H.J., & Canady, RL. (1997). Integrating the curriculum with parallel block scheduling. Principal, 76(4), 28-31. Holloway, J.H. (1999). Giving our students the time of day. Educational Leadership, 57(1), 87-88. Hong, L.K. (2001). Too many intrusions on instructional time. Phi Delta kappan, 82, 712-714. Hotchkiss, P. (1996). Teaching in the block: Engaging students in active learning, volume six, issue one (601). Salt Lake City, UT: The LPD Video Journal of Education. (IE 371.2420973 HOT – Inservice Education/Videotapes) Hottenstein, D.S. (1998). An “unobjective” look at “objective” math research involving block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 82(597), 117-119. Hottenstein, D.S. (1998). Intensive scheduling: Restructuring America’s secondary schools through time management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (373.12420973 HOT – Book) Howard, E. (1998). The trouble with block. American School Board Journal, 185(1), 35-36.

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Hurley, J.C. (1997). The 4x4 block scheduling model: What do students have to say about it? NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 64-72.

Hurley, J.C. (1997). The 4 x 4 block scheduling model: What do teachers have to say about it? NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 53-63.

Jenkins, E., Queen, J.A., & Algozzine, R. (2001). What’s new on the block? NASSP Bulletin,

85(625), 56-61. Johnston, J.E. (2001). Overcoming the challenge of mandated instructional time. Primary Voices

K-6, 9(3), 8-13. Krajewski, B., Bonthuis, D., & Kluznik, C. (1997). Personalizing student learning through better use

of organization and time: Continuing the Minnesota tradition. NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 28-37.

Kramer, S.L. (1996). Block scheduling and high school mathematics instruction. Mathematics Teacher, 89, 758-768.

Kramer, S.L. (1997). What we know about block scheduling and its effects on math instruction, part 1. NASSP Bulletin, 81(586), 18-42.

Kramer, S.L. (1997). What we know about block scheduling and its effects on math instruction, part 11. NASSP Bulletin, 81(587), 69-82.

Kruse, G., & Zulkoski, M. (1997). The Northwestern experience: A lesser road traveled. NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 16-22. Kubrow, P.K., Wahlstrom, K.L., & Bemis, A.E. (1999). Starting time and school life: Reflections from educators and students. Phi Delta kappan, 80, 366-371. Lare, D., Jablonski, A.M., & Salvaterra, M. (2002). Block scheduling: Is it cost-effective? NASSP Bulletin, 86(630), 54-71.

Levinson, E.M., Thomas, A., & Orf, M. (1996). Administrator perceptions of actual and desired time spent by school psychologists in different roles and satisfaction with school psychologists. Special Services in the Schools, 12, 125-136. Lewis, D.W., & McDonald, J.A. (2001). How one school went to a year-round calendar. Principal, 80(3), 22-25.

Louden, C.K., & Hounshelll, P.B. (1998). Student-centered scheduling. Science Teacher, 65(6), 50-53.

Lybbert, B. (1998). Transforming learning with block scheduling: A guide for principals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (371.242 LYB – Book)

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Marshak, D. (1997). Action research on block scheduling. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.

(371.242 MAR -Book) Marshak, D. (1998). Key elements of effective teaching in block periods. Clearing House, 72, 55-57. McGorry, E., & McGorry, S.Y. (1998). Intensive scheduling: A hybrid model for the junior high. Clearing House, 71, 149-152.

McKinney, R., Titlow, B., & Young, G. (1999). The academic enrichment block. NASSP Bulletin, 83(607), 79-81.

Merenbloom, E.Y. (1996). Team teaching: Addressing the learning needs of middle level students.

NASSP Bulletin, 80(578), 45-53.

Mistretta, G.M., & Polansky, H.B. (1997). Prisoners of time: Implementing a block schedule in the high school. NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 23-31.

Nolan, F. (1998). Ability grouping plus heterogeneous grouping: Win-win schedules. Middle School Journal, 29(5), 14-19.

Nye, K.P. (1997). Changing the bell schedule: Getting off the dime. High School Magazine, 4(4), 62-63.

Peele, L.L. (1998). Double-dose: A viable instructional alternative. NASSP Bulletin, 82(599),

111-114. Perreault, G., & Isaacson, N. (1996). Learning from schools with restructured schedules. Clearing

House, 69, 265-267. Queen, J.A. (2000). Block scheduling revisited. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 214-220, 221-222.

Queen, J.A., Algozzine, R., & Eaddy, M.A. (1997). The road we traveled: Scheduling in the 4 x 4 block. NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 88-99.

Queen, J.A., Algozzine, R., & Isenhour, K.G. (1999). First year teachers and 4 x 4 scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 83(603), 100-103.

Queen, J.A., & Gaskey, K.A. (1997). Steps for improving school climate in block scheduling. Phi Delta Kappan, 79,158-161. Queen, J.A., & Isenhour, K.G. (1998). Building a climate of acceptance for block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 82(602), 95-104. Rettig, M.D., & Canady, R.L. (1998). High failure rates in required mathematics courses: Can a modified block schedule be part of the cure? “Bulletin” special. NASSP Bulletin, 82(596), 56-65.

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Riggins, C. (2001). Smaller is better. Principal, 81(2), 47. Roberts, P., Gregory, G., & Herndon, L.E. (2000). Thinking inside the block schedule: Strategies for teaching in extended periods of time. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin press. (371.2420973 ROB – Book)

Sabella, R.A. (1996). School counselors and computers: Specific time-saving tips. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 31, 83-95.

Santos, K.E., & Rettig, M.D. (1999). Going on the block: Meeting the needs of students with disabilities in high schools with block scheduling. Teaching Exceptional Children, 31(3), 54-59.

Schultz, R.A. (2000). Examining the effects of block scheduling on gifted and talented students. Gifted Child Today Magazine, 23(5), 24-33. Scott, A.G.M., Thomas, A.K., Hussey, K., Higdon, T., & Moore, S. (2000). Would block scheduling benefit physical education students in secondary schools. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 71(8), 10-11. Scott, V. (1999). Time and civility. American School Board journal, 186(1), 43-44. Seed, A.H. (1998). Free at last: Making the most of the flexible block schedule. Middle School Journal, 29(5), 20-21.

Shortt, T.L., & Thayer, Y.V. (1999). Block scheduling can enhance school climate. Educational Leadership, 56(4), 76-81. Shortt, T.L., & Thayer, Y.V. (1997). A vision for block scheduling: Where are we now? Where are we going? NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 1-15. Shortt, T.L., & Thayer, Y. (2000). The principal factor in block schedule success. High School Magazine, 7(9), 10-15.

Skrobarcek, S.A., Chang, H.M., & Thompson, C. (1997). Collaboration for instructional

improvement: Analyzing the academic impact of a block scheduling plan. NASSP Bulletin, 81(589), 104-111.

Smith, B.A. (2000). Quantity matters: Annual instructional time in an urban school system. Educational Administration uarterly, 36, 652-682. Smith, D.G., Pitkin, N.A., & Rettig, M.D. (1998). Flexing the middle school block schedule by adding non-traditional core subjects and teachers to the interdisciplinary team. Middle School Journal, 29(5), 22-27.

Smith, R. (1996). Block the schedule. Executive Educator, 18(7), 40.

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Snell, M.E., Lowman, D.K., & Canady, R.L. (1996). Parallel block scheduling: Accommodating

students' diverse needs in elementary schools. Journal of Early Intervention, 20, 265-278.

Soares, L.M. (1998). Structure, content, and process in teacher training the relevance of Copernicus, Gardner, and Dewey. Clearing House, 71, 217-220.

Sommerfeld, M. (1996). Time warp. Teacher Magazine, 7(9), 8-9.

Staunton, J. (1997). A study of teacher beliefs on the efficacy of block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 73-80. Staunton, J., & Adams, T. (1997). What do teachers in California have to say about block scheduling? NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 81-84. Stenvall, M. (2001). Balancing the calendar for year-round learning. Principal, 80(3), 18-21.

Stenvall, M.J. (1996). Year-round science. Science Teacher, 63(6), 32-34. Stokes, L.C., & Wilson, J.W. (2000). A longitudinal study of teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of block versus traditional scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 84(619), 90-99. Thomas, C. (2001). What is wrong with block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 85(628), 74-77. Ullrich, W.J., & Yeamen, J.T. (1999). Using a modified block schedule to create a positive learning environment. Middle School Journal, 31(1), 14-20. Vermillion, T. (1998). Changes special education teachers make in the transition from traditional scheduling to block scheduling. Master’s Thesis, Southwest Missouri State University. (ED 421 814 – Microfiche, 57 pages) Wahlstrom, K.L. (2000). School start time and teen sleep. High School Magazine, 7(9), 40-41. Wahlstrom, K.L. (1999). The prickly politics of school starting time. Phi Delta Kappan, 80, 344-347. Walker, D.E. (1998). Strategies for teaching differently: On the block or not. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. (371.3 WAL – Book)

Wasley, P.A. (1997). Alternative schedules: What, how, and to what end? NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 44-50. Weller, D.R., & McLeskey, J. (2000). Block scheduling and inclusion in a high school: Teacher perceptions of the benefits and challenges. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 209-218. Wesson, L., & Kudlacz, J.M. (2000). Collaboration for change. Principal Leadership, 1(3), 50-53. White, K.A. (2000). Mark your calendar. Teacher Magazine, 11(40, 15-16.

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White, P.P., & Hardebeck, M.A. (1996). A journey through change: The Woodbridge Senior High

School story. NASSP Bulletin, 80(576), 50-57.

Wien, C.A. (1996). Time, work, and developmentally appropriate practice. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11, 377-403.

Winn, D.D., Menlove, R., & Zsiray, Jr., S.W. (1997). An invitation to innovation: Rethinking the high

school day. NASSP Bulletin, 81(588), 10-18. Wrobel, G.D. (1999). The impact of school starting time on family life. Phi Delta Kappan, 80, 360-364. Wronkovich, M. (1998). A response to David Hottenstein. NASSP Bulletin, 82(597), 120.

Wronkovich, M., Hess, C.A., & Robinson, J.E. (1997). An objective look at math outcomes based on new research into block scheduling. NASSP Bulletin, 81(593), 32-41. Yair, G. (2000). Not just about time: Instructional practices and productive time in school. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36, 485-512. Zepeda, S.J. (1999). Arrange time into blocks. Journal of Staff Development, 20(2), 26-30. Zimmerman, J. (2001). How much does time affect learning? Principal, 80(3), 6-7, 9-11.

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World Wide Web Resources on Block Scheduling, School Schedules

and Use of Time in Schools

Compiled by Steve Krasner SERC Library

25 Industrial Park Rd. Middletown, CT 06457

(860) 632-1485 www.ctserc.org

Alberta Learning. (2001). Instructional time kindergarten – Junior high instructional time. Guide to education: ECS to grade 12. http://www.learning.gov.ab.ca/k_12/curriculum/instruct_time.pdf. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Alberta Learning, 7th Floor, Commerce Place, 10155 102 St., Edmonton, AB T5J 4L5, 1-780-427-7219, e-mail: edguide.contact@edc.gov.ab.ca. Andrekopoulos, W. (1996). School change and block scheduling at Fritsche middle school. http://www.middleweb.com/Fritsche1.html. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. William Andrekopoulos, Principal, Gustav A. Fritsche Middle School, 2969 S. Howell Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53207, 1-414-294-1000, e-mail: ANDREKWG@mail.milwaukee.k12.wi.us. Aronson, J., Zimmerman, J., & Carlos, L. (1998). Improving student achievement by extending schools: Is it juster a matter of time? Implications of the research. http://www.wested.org/wested/papers/timeandlearning/4_implications.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Joy Zimmerman, WestEd, 730 Harrison St., San Francisco, CA 94107, 1-877-493-7833, e-mail: jzimmer@wested.org. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. (1996-2002). ASCD forum on block scheduling. http://www.ascd.org/cgi-bin/threads.pl?action=view&msg=0&board=block. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1703 North Beauregard St., Alexandria, VA 22311, 1-800-933-2723. Beaumont School. (2002, April 6). What is block scheduling at Beaumont school? http://www.beaumontschool.org/www/block_sched.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Sr. Ann Wojnar, OSE, Deparmtne Chair/Computers/Internet, Beaumont School 330 North Park Blvd., Cleveland Heights, OH 44118, 1-216-321-2954, e-mail: awojnar@beaumontschool.org. Bros, II, J. (n.d.). Block scheduling: Important information to remember about using a block schedule. http://www.look.to/blockscheduler/info.html. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. John L. Bros II, Science Teacher, South Fork High School, 10205 SW Pratt & Whitney Rd., Stuart, FL 34997, 1-516-219-1840, Ext. 352, e-mail: block_scheduler@hotmail.com.

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Bush-Suflita, D. (Ed.). (2000). Draper middle school will move to a block schedule this fall. Mohonasen News, August 2000, 1, 3. http://www.mohonasen.org/mohonweb/newsletters/news11.pdf. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Daniel Lucca, Principal., Draper Middle School, 2070 Curry Rd., Rotterdam, NY 12303, 1-518-356-8350 Carskadon, M.A. (2002). School start time. http://www.sleepforscience.org/resources/start.php. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Mary Alice Carskadon, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, and Director, Sleep for Science Research Center of the E.P. Bradley Hospital, Brown School of Medicine, Box G-EPB, Brown, University, Providence, RI, 02192, 1-401-421-9440, e-mail: Mary_Carskadon@Brown.EDU. CAST Universal Design for Learning. (1999-2000). Survey: Student technology use. http://www.cast.org/udl/SurveyStudentTechnologyUse2578.cfm. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. CAST Universal Design for Learning, 39 Cross St., Suite 201, Peabody, MA 01960, 1-978-531-8555, e-mail: cast@cast.org. Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI). (2001, September 26, update). Block scheduling: Questions and answers/Schools/Discussion/Research and resources. http://education.umn.edu/CAREI/Blockscheduling/default.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Karen Seshore, Director, Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI), College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, 275 Peik Hall, 159 Pillsbury Dr. Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0200, 1-612-626-8971, e-mail: klouis@tc.umn.edu. Center for Education Reform. (1996). Scheduling: On the block. http://edreform.com/pubs/block.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Center for Education Reform, 1001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 204, Washington, DC 20036, 1-800-521-2118, e-mail: cer@edreform.com. Chaika, G. (1999). Alternative school calendars; Smart idea or senseless experiment.

http://education-world.com/a_admin/admin126.shtml. Around the block: The benefits and challenges of block scheduling.

http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin127.shtml. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Education World®, e-mail: webmaster@educationworld.org.

Cook, C.J., & Fine, C. (1997). Critical issue: Finding the time for professional development.

http://ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/Issues/educatrs/profdevl/pd300.htm. Retrieved 05/01/02 from source. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL), 1120 East Diehl Rd., Suite 200, Naperville, IL 65063, 1-800-356-2735, e-mail: info@ncrel.org. or Carol Fine, e-mail: cfine@contact.ncrel.org.

Crowell, S. (1997). Block scheduling: A solution or a problem. http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin029.shtml. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Education World®, e-mail: webmaster@educationworld.org.

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Durkin, B. (1997, June, updated 2002, March). Block scheduling: Structuring time to achieve national standards in mathematics and science. http://www.ericse.org/digests/dse97-5.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. ERIC Clearinghouse on Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Educaiton, Ohio State University, 1929 kenny Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1080, 1-800-276-0462, e-mail: ericse@osu.edu.

ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management. (1996). Block scheduling . ERIC digest, number 104. http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed393156.html. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 5207 University of Oregon, 1787 Agate St., Eugene, OR 97403-5207, 1-800-438-8841, e-mail: ppiele@oregon.uoregon.edu. ERIC Clearinghouseon Languages and Liguistics. (1998). Scheduling foreign languages on the block. ERIC digest. www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed424788.html. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. ERIC/CLL, 464640th St., NW, Washington, DC 20016, 1-800-276-9834, e-mail: eric@cal.org.

ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education. (1996). Making time for teacher professional development. ERIC digest. http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed400259.html.

Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education, American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1307 New York Ave., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005-4701, 1-800-822-9229. Evans-Andris, M. (2000). Instructional time in 15 Kentucky middle schools. http://www.kde.state.ky.us/oapd/MiddleSchool/instructional_time_in_15_kentuck.asp. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Dwayne Roberts, Kentucky Middle Level InitiativeOffice of Academic and Professional Development, 500 Mero St., 18th Floor, Capital Plaza Tower, Frankfort, KY 40601, 1-502-564-7056, e-mail: ddrobert@kde.state.ky.us. Melissa Evans-Andrus, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, 1-502-852-8011, e-mail: mevans@louisville.edu. Fager, J. (1997). Scheduling alternatives: Options for student success. Four-day school week: What’s it all about. http://www.nwrel.org/request/feb97/article4.html. Scheduling alternatives: Options for student success. Block scheduling: What’s it all about. http://www.nwrel.org/request/feb97/article3.html. By Request, Feburary 1997. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Northwest Regional educational Laboratory, 101 S.W. Main St., Suite 500, Portland, OT 97204, 1-503-275-0454, e-mail: info@nwrel.org.

Farlow, E.S., Robinson, S., & Henderson, L. (2002, April 6). Changing high school start time: How community engagement brought about major changes with minor difficulty. Presentation at the National School Board Association Conference, New Orleans, LA, April 6, 2002. www.nsba.org/conference/handouts/sts795-3.ppt. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Susan Robinson, Chairperson, Start Times Steering Committee and Assistant Superintendent, Finance, Arlington Public Schools, 1426 N. Quincy St., Arlington, VA 22207, 1-703-228-6125, e-mail: srobinso@arlington.k12.va.us.

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Freeman, C., & Maruyama, G. (1995). Report study of the four-year period schedule for Anoka-Hennepin district no. 11. http://education.umn.edu/CAREI/BlockScheduling/Resources/Research/REPORTs.HTM. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Carol Freeman, Research Associate, Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (CAREI), College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, 275 Peik Hall, 159 Pillsbury Dr. Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0200, 1-612-625-0502, e-mail: freem013@tc.umn.edu.

Gilcreast, D., Grabowski, M.A., Howell, J., Pederson, R., & Peterson, S. (1995). Pelham high school block scheduling. http://www.pelham-nh.com/highschool/handout.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. David Gilcreast, Coordinator of Scheduling, Pelham high School, 85 Marsh Rd., Pelham, NH 03076, 1-603-635-2115. Gugerty, J., & Bottge, B. (2002, January 14, update). Block vs. Traditional: Anonymous public-use data set. http://www.cew.wisc.edu/block/CD-ROM-Blk.pdf. Block vs. traditional: Secondary special education students’ performance in block vs. Traditional schools. http://www.cew.wisc.edu/block/news.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. John Gugerty, Senior Outreach Specialist, University of Wisconsin, School of Education, Center on Education and Work, 9614 Educational Sciences Building, 1025 West Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706-1795, 1-608-263-4151, e-mail: jgugerty@education.wisc.edu. Haack, P. (1996). A study of the four-period high school schedule. Gopher Music Notes, a Minnesota MEA Journal, Fall 1996. http://www.menc.org/publication/articles/block/haack.htm. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Trinh Hoang, Chief, Information Technology Officer, MENC, The National Association for Music Education, 1806 Robert Fulton Dr., Reston, VA 20191, 1-800-336-3768, e-mail: trinhh@menc.org. Hildebrand, C. (2001). Effects of three kindergarten schedules on achievement and classroom behavior. Research Bulletin, 31, December 2001. http://www.pdkintl.org/edres/resbul31.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Carol A. Langdon, Program Director, Center for Evaluation, Development, and Research, Phi Delta Kappa international, 408 N. Union St., P.O. Box 789, Bloomington, IN 47402-0789, 1-800-766-1156, e-mail: cedr@pdkintl.org. Hoover, A. (2001, July 12). UF study: FCAT scores lower for schools with block schedule. UF News, July 12, 2001, 30. http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2001news/blockschedule.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Bradley McLeland, 1-904-924-3092, Ext. 120, e-mail: Gator0074@aol.com. Hopkins, G. (1999). The school day: It’s not a race; Let’s change the pace. Education World® e-interview with Chip Woods by Gary Hopkins, Editor-in-Chief, Education World®. http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin128.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Hornstra, D., & Brett, M. (2002, April 24). Later school is better. WWP Today, April 24, 2002). http://homepages.wwptoday.com/advocates/laterschool/. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Deborah Hornstra, M.A., & Michele Brett, R.Ph., Authors. e-mail: laterschoolisbetter@hotmail.com.

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Hottenstein, D.S. (1999). Block scheduling’s success formula. AASA School Administrotor Web Edition, March 1999. http://www.aasa.org/publications/sa/1999_03/hottenstein.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Jay P. Goldman, Editor, AASA School Administrator Web edition, American Association of School Administrators, 1801 North Moore St., Arlington, VA 22209-1813, 1-703-528-0700, e-mail: jgoldman@aasa.org.

Hussey, S. (2001, October 24, update). Hesperia high school block schedule.

http://www.hesp.net/pages/block_hs.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Stephen Hussey, Social Studies Teacher, Hesperia High School, 96 South Division St., Hesperia, MI 49421, 1-231-854-6385, e-mail: husseys@hesp.net.

Irmsher, K. (1996). Block scheduling. ERIC digest 104, March 1996. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 5207 University of Oregon, 1787 Agate St., Eugene, OR 97403-5207, 1-800-538-3742. Kelly, M. (2002). What you need to know about secondary school educators: Block schedule. http://7-12educators.about.com/cs/blockschedule. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Melissa Kelly, About Headquarters, 1440 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, 1-212-204-4000, e-mail: 7-12educators@about.com. Kiger, D., and Block Schedule Evaluation Team. (2002, March 7). OHS (Oconomowoc High School) staff survey – block schedule. http://oasd.k12.wi.us/District/Instructional/Assessment/block_schedule.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Dr. Derick Kiger, Coordinator of Researc and Assessment, Oconomowoc Area School District, W360 N7077 Brown St., Oconomowoc, WI 53066-3888, 1-262-567-6632, e-mail: Derick.Kiger@mail.oasd.k12.wi.us. Lindsay, J. (2002, April 22, update). The case against block scheduling: 1: The nature of the problem. http://www.jefflindsay.com/Block.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Jeff Lindsay, e-mail: jeff@jefflindsay.com. Lindsay, J. (2001, October 6).The case against block scheduling: 2: The debate on academic harm. http://www.jefflindsay.com/Block2.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Jeff Lindsay, e-mail: jeff@jefflindsay.com. Lindsay, J. (2002, January 24).The case against block scheduling: 3: Pros and cons, alternatives. http://www.jefflindsay.com/Block3.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Jeff Lindsay, e-mail: jeff@jefflindsay.com. Lindsay, J. (2002, April 23).The case against block scheduling: 4: Comments from others. http://www.jefflindsay.com/Block4.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Jeff Lindsay, e-mail: jeff@jefflindsay.com.

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Lindsay, J. (2002, April 24, update).The case against block scheduling: 5: Alarming tactics + resources. http://www.jefflindsay.com/Block5.shtml. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Jeff Lindsay, e-mail: jeff@jefflindsay.com.

Lorenzen, M.G. (2001). The land of confusion? High school students and their use of the World Wide Web for research. http://www.michaellorenzen.net. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Dr. Michael G. Lorenzen, M.L.S., M.Ed., Librarian II, Michigan State University, 100 Library Dept., Lib-Inst, East Lansing, MI 48824, 1-517-432-1439, e-mail: lorenze1@msu.edu.

Matrix Management Group, Inc., Higham, W.T., Johnson, M.M., & John Gorow Services.

(1996, October 4). Alternative scheduling study: Models, guidelines, effect on student performance and professional development issues. http://www.ode.state.or.us/cifs/Alternative/altschre.htm. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Mardale Dunsworth, Director of Field Services, Office of Curriculum, Instruction, and Feild Services, Oregon Department of Education, 255 Capital St., NE, Salem, OR 97310-0203, 1-503-378-3600, Ext. 2268, e-mail: Mardale.Dunsworth@state.or.us.

MENC, The National Association for Music Education. (2001-2002). Block scheduling articles. http://www.menc.org/publication/articles/block/blocksch.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Trinh Hoang, Chief, Information Technology Officer, MENC, The National Association for Music Education, 1806 Robert Fulton Dr., Reston, VA 20191, 1-800-336-3768, e-mail: trinhh@menc.org.

Metzker, B. (2002). School calendar. ERIC digest 156, March 2002. http://eric.uoregon.edu/publications/digests/digest156.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, 5207 University of Oregon, 1787 Agate St., Eugene, OR 97403-5207, 1-800-438-8841, e-mail: ppiele@oregon.uoregon.edu. Mid-Continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL). (2001-November 30). Asking the right questions: A school change toolkit – resources. Optimizing teachers use of instructional time. http://www.mcrel.org/toolkit/res/time.asp. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. McREL, 2550 South Parker Rd., Suite 500, Aurora, CO 80014, 1-303-337-0990, e-mail: info@mcrel.org. Mungo, S. (1996). Worried about teaching in the block schedule? The multiple intelligences solution. http://www.nhsa.net/articles/worried.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. National High School Association, 6615 East Pacific Coast Highway, Auite 120, Long Beach, CA 90803, 1-800-858-9365. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2000). Teaching physical education in a block schedule.. Middle and secondary school physical education council: A resource paper from the National association for sport and physical education (NASPE). http://www.aapherd.org/naspe/pdf_files/pos_papers/block_schedule.pdf. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. NASPE, American Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1900 Association Dr., Reston, VA 20191-1598, 1-800-213-7913, Ext. 410, e-mail: naspe@aahperd.org.

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National Middle School Association. (2001-2002). NMSA research summary #2: Flexible scheduling. http://www.nmsa.org/research/ressum2.htm. NMSA research summary #17: What types of block schedules benefit middle school studentsd? http://www.nmsa.org/research/ressum17.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. National Middle School Association, 4151 Executive Parkway, Suite 300, Westerville, OH 43081, 1-800-528-6672, e-mail: info@NMSA.org.

North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. (1997). Block scheduled high school achievement part II: Comparison of end-of-course test scores for blocked and nonblocked high schools (1993 through 1996). http://www.ncpublicschools.org/accountability/evaluation/block_scheduling/1997_eoc_brief/index.html. Block scheduling in North Carolina: Implementation, teaching and impact issues. 1997 survey results. http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/evaluation/block_scheduling/1997_survey_summary/. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Evaluation Section Staff Directory, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 301 N. Wilmington St., Raleigh, NC 27611, 1-917-807-3806, Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory at Brown University. (1998). Block scheduling: Innovations with time. http://www.lab.brown.edu/public/pubs/ic/block/block.pdf. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory at Brown University, Education Alliance, 222 Richmond St., Suite 300, Providence, RI 02903-4226, 1-800-521-9550.

National Staff Development Council. (1999). Darling-Hammond, L. (1999). Target time toward teachers. Journal of Staff Development, 20(2), 31-36. http://www.nsdc.org/library/jsd/darling202.html. Guskey, T.R. (1999). Apply time for wisdom. Journal of Staff Development, 20(2), 10-15. http://www.nsdc.org/library/jsd/guskey202.html. Pardini, P. (1999). Making time for adult learning. Journal of Staff Development, 20(2), 37-39. http://www.nsdc.org/library/jsd/pardina202.html. Peterson, K. Time use flows from school culture: Rivers of values and traditions can nurture or poison staff development hours. Journal of Staff Development, 20(2), 16-18.

http://www/nsdc.org/library/jsd/peterson202.html. The articles above were retrieved 06/14/02 from source. National Staff Development Council, P.O.

Box 240, Oxford OH 45056, 1-513-523-6029P.O. Box 240, Oxford, OH 45056, 1-513-523-6029, e-mail: nsdcoffice@aol.com. Joan Richardson, Director of Publications, National Staff Development Council (NSDC), 1128 Nottingham Rd., Grosse Pointe Park, MI 48230, 1-313-824-5061,

e-mail: NSDCJoan@aol.com. Office of Research and Development. (1998). Block scheduling and student performance on AP® examinations. Research Notes RN-03, May 1998. http://www.collegeboard.com/research/html/rn03.pdf. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Office of Research and Development, The College Boards, 45 Columbus Ave., New York, NY 10023-6992, 1-212-713-8000,e-mail: info@atl.collegeboard.com.

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Rettig, M. (2001, November 2). Directory of high school scheduling models in Virginia. Revised for the 2001-2002 school year. http://coe.jmu.edu/EdLeadership/dir2002.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Dr. Michael Rettig, Associate Professor, Educational Leadership, School of Education, Roop 215, MSC 1903, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, 1-540-568-3889, e-mail: rettigmd@jmu.edu.

Rettig, M. (1994-2001). Directory of high school scheduling models in Virginia. A report of the “Study of innovative high school scheduling in Virginia”. Harrisonburg, VA: James Madison University. http://coe.jmu.edu/EdLeadership/index2.htm. Retrieved 07/01/012 from source. Dr. Michael Rettig, Associate Professor, Educational Leadership, School of Education, Roop 215, MSC 1903, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, 1-540-568-3889, e-mail: rettigmd@jmu.edu.

Rettig, M., & Canady, R. (1998, May 3). Block scheduling: What we’ve learned. http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/centers/ciss/learned/main.html. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Dr. Michael Rettig, Associate Professor, Educational Leadership, School of Education, Roop 215, MSC 1903, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, 1-540-568-3889, e-mail: rettigmd@jmu.edu. Reutter, H. (2002, January 27). Block schedule stirs concern. http://www.theindependent.com/stories/012702/new_blocsched27.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Harold Reutter, Writer, The Grand Island Independent, P.O. Box 1208, Grand Island, NE 68802, 1-308-382-1000, e-mail: hreutter@theindependent.com.

Roelofs, E., & Veenman, S. (2000). Classroom heterogeneity and the use of instructional time in Dutch secondary schools. Journal of Classroom Instruction – On-Line Version, 35(2), 15-24. http://www.coe.uh.edu/~coejci/article/vol35no2/Roelofs.pdf. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Dr. Jerome H. Breiberg, Professor and Director, Department of Consistency Management and Cooperative Discipline, and Editor, Journal of Classroom Instruction, University of Houston, College of Education, Room 440 FH, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, 1-713-743-4953, e-mail: freiberg@mail.uh.edu.

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Snyder, D. (2002). Angola high school statistical report: A 4-block scheduled school. www.msdsteuben.k12.in.us/ahs/stats/ahsdks.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Dave Snyder, Block Stats Committee Chair and Stats Webmaster, Angola High School, 755 South 100 East, Angola, IM 46703, 1-219-665-2186, e-mail: dksnyder@mci.net. Society for the Advancement of Excellence in Education (SAEE). (2002). Time for learning. http://www.saee.bc.ca/2002_2_3.htm. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. SAEE, 211 – 1889 Springfield Rd., Kelowna, BC U1Y 5V5, 1-250-717-1163.

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Texas Education Agency Office of Public Planning and Research. (1999). Block scheduling in Texas public high schools. Policy research (report no. 13), September 1999. http://www.tea.state.tx.us/research/pdfs/prr13.pdf. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Research and Evaluation Division, Texas Education Agency, 1701 N. Congress, WBT Building, Room 3-111, Austin, TX 78701-1494, 1-512-475-23523, e-mail: research@tea.state.tx.us.

Varner, L.K. (1999, May 7). Tougher academic standards may require more time in class. Seattle Times, May 7, 1999. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=skul&date=19990507&queary=time+in+class. Lynne Varner, Editorial Writer, Seattle Times, PO Box 70, Seattle, WA 98111, 1-206-464-3217, e-mail: lvarner@seattletimes.com. Vawter, D. (1997). Welcome to block scheduling. http://coe.winthrop.edu/vawterd/block/bsintro.html. Retrieved 06/18/02 from source. Dr. Dasvid H. Vawterr, Assistant Professor, Center for Pedagogy, Winthrop University, Richard W. Riley College of Education, Withers Building 304D, Rock Hill, SC 29733, 1-803-323-4881, Ext. 4881, e-mail: vawterd@winthrop.edu. Wild, R. (1998, April 20). Science achievement and block schedules. A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, San Diego, CA, April 20, 1998. www.jefflindsay.com/wild.doc. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Reginald D. Wild, Department of Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Hall, Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 1Z4, 1-604-822-5315, e-mail: wild@unixg.ubc.ca.

Wisconsin Educational Association Council (WEAC). (1996). Focus: Educational issues series. The change process and alternative scheduling. http://www.weac.org/resource/june96/schedule.htm. Retrieved 06/13/02 from source. Bill Hurley, OnWEAC, Wisconsin Educational Association Council, 33 nob Hill Dr., P.O. Box 8003, Madison, WI 53708-8003, 1-800-362-8034, Ext. 225, e-mail: hurleyb@weac.org.

Zuckerman, D. (2002, April 26). Sleep, safety, drugs, teen pregnancy and other reasons to change school times. http://www.cpr4womenandfamilies.org/children3.html. Retrieved 06/14/02 from source. Diana Zuckerman, Ph.D., President, National Center for Policy Research (CAR) for Women and Families, 1901 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Suite 901, Washington, DC 20006, 1-202-223-5000, e-mail: dz@center4policy.org.

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