Black Smoker

8/18/2019 Black Smoker

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WHAT ARE BLACK SMOKERS?

HOW ARE BLACK SMOKERS FORMED?

WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A BLACK

SMOKER?

WHY IS RESEARCH SO IMPORTANT?

EXAMPLES OF BLACK SMOKERS?


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WHAT ARE BLACK SMOKERS?

Black Smoker are c!"m#e$ l"ke %r&c%&re a#' are (")e#

%!e"r #ame '&e %o %!e oo% l"ke a**eara#ce o+ e,ec%e'

ma%er"al- T!e .lack moke %!a% a**ear %o .e .&..l"#(

+rom %!e !$'ro%!ermal )e#% ac%&all$ &l+&r/r"c! m"#eral*rec"*"%"#( o&% o+ c!"m#e$- T!e$ occ&r 'er %!e ocea#

0"%!"# m"' ocea# r"'(e )olca#oe1 &c! a %!e ma#$ +o'

.e#ea%! %!e M"' A%la#%"c R"'(e- T!ee o calle' Black

Smoker are ac%&all$ 'ee* ea !$'ro%!ermal 2!o% 0a%er3

)e#%


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HOW ARE BLACK SMOKERS FORMED

T!e c!"m#e$ l"ke %r&c%&re are com*oe' o+ &l+&r .ear"#( m"#eral o+ &l+"'e

%!a% come +rom 'ee* .e#ea%! %!e ear%! cr&%- T!ee m"#eral !a)e .ee# '"ol)e'

"# !o% 0a%er 2456OC3 'er (rea% *re&re a#' %em*era%&re- W!e# %!e 0a%er

+lo0 o&% %!ro&(! %!e )olca#"c la)a o# a m"' ocea# r"'(e )olca#o a#' o&% o#%o %!e

ocea# +loor- S&l+"'e m"#eral (ro0 or cr$%all"7e +rom %!e !o% 0a%er '"rec%l$ o#%o

%!e )olca#"c rock &rro'"#( %!e !$'ro%!ermal )e#%- T!" cr$%all"7a%"o# *roce

+orm a !ollo01 c!"m#e$ l"ke &l+"'e %r&c%&re %!ro&(! 0!"c! %!e !o% 0a%er

co#%"#o& %o +lo0- A %!" e8%remel$ !o% &l+"'e r"c! 0a%er *o&r o&% o+ %!e )e#%

a#' come "#%o co#%ac% 0"%! %!e rela%")el$ col' ea 0a%er1 %!e '"ol)e' m"#eral

*rec"*"%a%e o&% a %"#$ *ar%"cle %!a% make %!e )e#% 0a%er a**ear .lack "# colo&r-


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HOW ARE BLACK SMOKERS FORMED

T!e c!"m#e$ l"ke %r&c%&re are com*oe' o+ &l+&r .ear"#( m"#eral o+ &l+"'e

%!a% come +rom 'ee* .e#ea%! %!e ear%! cr&%- T!ee m"#eral !a)e .ee# '"ol)e'

"# !o% 0a%er 2456OC3 'er (rea% *re&re a#' %em*era%&re- W!e# %!e 0a%er

+lo0 o&% %!ro&(! %!e )olca#"c la)a o# a m"' ocea# r"'(e )olca#o a#' o&% o#%o %!e

ocea# +loor- S&l+"'e m"#eral (ro0 or cr$%all"7e +rom %!e !o% 0a%er '"rec%l$ o#%o

%!e )olca#"c rock &rro'"#( %!e !$'ro%!ermal )e#%- T!" cr$%all"7a%"o# *roce

+orm a !ollo01 c!"m#e$ l"ke &l+"'e %r&c%&re %!ro&(! 0!"c! %!e !o% 0a%er

co#%"#o& %o +lo0- A %!" e8%remel$ !o% &l+"'e r"c! 0a%er *o&r o&% o+ %!e )e#%

a#' come "#%o co#%ac% 0"%! %!e rela%")el$ col' ea 0a%er1 %!e '"ol)e' m"#eral

*rec"*"%a%e o&% a %"#$ *ar%"cle %!a% make %!e )e#% 0a%er a**ear .lack "# colo&r-


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WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A BLACK SMOKER?

T!e$ occ&r 'er %!e ocea# 0"%!"# m"' ocea# r"'(e )olca#oe- T!e ocea# are

rela%")el$ e8*lore'1 o#l$ a mall *or%"o# o+ %!e 561666 Km o+ MOR !a)e .ee#

%&'"e'1 o )er$ +e0 "%e +or Black Smoker !a)e .ee# o.er)e'- Sc"e#%"% !a)e

+o' %!a% #o% e)er$ r"'(e !a a 'ee*/ea !$'ro%!ermal )e#% "%e a#' a% %!e

mome#% %!e$ 'o #o% !a)e a# a#0er- To ol)e %!" m$%er$ a# e8*e'"%"o# "

'er0a$ "# %!e reearc! o+ .o%! ocea# .a"# a#' "#)e%"(a%"o# o+ %!e *roce

%!a% ca&e 'ee*/ea !$'ro%!ermal )e#%- C&rre#%l$ 0e %alk a.o&% Black Smoker

a#' !$'ro%!ermal )e#% "# (e#eral a "+ %!e$ !a' .eem '"co)ere' 'e(a'e a(o-

Ac)%&all$ "% 0a !ar'l$ 95 $ear or o a(o 0!e# %!ee %r&c%&re 0ere +"r% )"e0e'

'er %!e ea- T!e +"r% "%e 0a +o' "# :;


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WHY IS RESEARCH SO IMPORTANT?

T!e *rocee %!a% occ&r 0"%!"# !$'ro%!ermal )a#% (")e & a# "# "(!% "#%o %!e *rocee

%!a% occ&r .e#ea%! %!e ear%!-Alo lar(e amo% o+ !ea% a#' c!em"cal ma are %ra#+erre'

%!ro&(! 'ee*/ea !$'ro%!ermal )e#%- T!" *roce1 "# *ar%1 co#%rol %!e c!em"%r$ o+ ocea#

0a%er1 %!ere+ore 'er%a#'"#( !o0 %!ee Black Smoker 0ork " cr&c"al "# %!e

'er%a#'"#( o+ %!e '$#am"c 0a$ "# 0!"c! %!e *la#e% 0ork a a 0!ole- T!ee Black

Smoker #o% o#l$ re*ree#% a# "m*or%a#ce "# %!e 'er%a#'"#( %!e# (eolo($ o+ .e#ea%!%!e ocea#1 .&% alo "# ."olo($ "'e o+ "% a 0ell- Dee* ea !$'ro%!ermal )e#% &**or% a#

e8%raor'"#ar$ arra$ o+ l"+e 'ee* .e#ea%! %!e &r+ace o+ %!e ocea#- T!e eco$%em *ree#%

are %!e o#l$ comm"%"e o# Ear%! 0!oe "#%erme'"a%e e#er($ o&rce " #o% l"(!%- A

"&e %$*e o+ .ac%er"a !ar#ee e#er($ +rom me%a.ol"7"#( %!e lar(e amo% o+ &l+&r

*ree#%- T!" ma$ .e !o0 e#)"ro#me#% o# ear%! a#' o%!er *la#e% ma$ !a)e +orme'- L"+e

+orm "#cl&'e %&.e 0orm1 ("a#% clam a#' lo#( #ecke' .ar#acle- A# eco#om"cal "#%ere% "alo *ree#% T!e l"+e +orm %!a% are a% %!e .ae o+ %!e +oo' c!a"# a% %!ee 'ee*/ea

!$'ro%!ermal )e#% alo *ar%"c"*a%e "# %!e +orma%"o# o+ %!e m"#eral %!a% make &* %!e

&r+ace c!"m#e$ %r&c%&re- I+ 0e ca# 'er%a#' %!" .oc!em"cal m"#eral +orma%"o# "# %!"

ce#ar"o1 %!e# "% ma$ !el* & "# %!e 'er%a#'"#( o+ o%!er m"#eral +orma%"o# o+ eco#om"cal

"#%ere%- A o m&c! ma%er"al " e,ec%e' +rom !$'ro%!ermal )e#%1 %!e$ !a)e .ee#

re*o#".le +or ma#$ o+ %!e 0orl'1 r"cc!e% ore 'e*o"%1 &c! a %!e co**er ore m"#e' o#%!e "la#' o+ C$*r& "# %!e Me'"%erra#ea# Sea- Ho0e)er1 '&e %o %!e remo%e loca%"o# o+


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HYPOTHESIS

A .lack moker " a !$'ro%!ermal )e#% orcrack "# %!e ocea# cr&%1 #ear m"'/ocea#

r"'(e a% %!e .o%%om o+ %!e ocea#-

Sea0a%er c"rc&la%e %!ro&(! %!ee +rac%&re

"# %!e cr&%- W!ere %!e 0a%er r"e +rom

%!ee crack1 "% " e8%remel$ !o%1 a#' la'e#

0"%! me%al a#' "o# co#%a"#"#( &l+&r- A%!e !o% 0a%er come "# co#%ac% 0"%! %!e

col' 0a%er o+ %!e ocea#1 me%al &l+"'e

*rec"*"%a%e1 ca&"#( %!e 0a%er %o a**ear

.lack- Black moker co&l' !a)e *ro)"'e'

"'eal co#'"%"o# +or %!e 'e)elo*me#% o+

l")e- Ure$ a#' M"ller E8*er"me#% a"' %!a%%!e e#er($ " re&"re' +or %!e .e("##"#( o+

l"+e- I# %!e Black Smoker !$*o%!e"1 %!e

e#ormo& !ea% +rom %!e "#%er"or o+ %!e

ear%! " %!e *ro)"'er o+ %!e e#er($1 "m"lar

%o %!e elec%r"c"%$ "# %!e Ure$/M"ller

E8*er"me#%-


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The first organic molecules may have

formed in the black smoker during the process of

water movement as follows@

U#'er %!e cr&%1 '&e %o %!e e8%reme !ea%1 %!e

0a%er reac!e %em*era%&re o+ :666O C- I%ca##o% %&r# "#%o a (a '&e %o %!e e8%reme

*re&re- W!"le %!" &*er !ea%e' 0a%er .e#ea%!

%!e cr&%1 "% reac% 0"%! %!e &rro'"#( rock1

a#' ca&e m"#eral %o '"ol)e- T!" !o% 0a%er1

la'e# 0"%! &l+&r a#' m"#eral1 *ro)"'e a#'e#er($ o&rce +or c!rmo$#%!e" a#' co&l'

re&l% "# %!e +orma%"o# o+ or(a#"c com*o'

+ollo0"#( %!e *roce '"co)ere' "# %!e Ure$

M"ller E8*er"me#%-

A %!e 0a%er (ra'&all$ re%&r# %o %!e &r+ace1 %!ee or(a#"c molec&le .e("# %o

cool- P$r"%e (ra"# a#' o%!er m"#eral "# %!e 0a%er ac% %o co#ce#%ra%e %!e or(a#"c

com*o' .$ a'or*%"o# o# %!e"r &r+ace- Ma#$ o+ %!e m"#eral (ra"# !a)e

la$ere' %r&c%&re1 "m"lar %o m"ca- T!e *la#e o+ a%om "# %!e m"#eral "#cl&'e

me%all"c "o#- T!ee %o(e%!er 0"%! o%!er "o# "# %!e m"#eral1 *ro)"'e *o"%")e a#'

#e(a%")e c!ar(e o# %!e &%r+ace o+ eac! m"#era la$er- T!e "o# a%%rac% or(a#"c

com*o' a#' ca&e %!em %o l"#e &* "# a# or'erl$ arra$- O#ce al"(#e' l"ke %!"1%!e or a#"c com o' com."#e +orm"# am"#o ac"' a#' lar er or a#"c


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Black Smoker are #ame' +or %!e oo%/ l"ke a**eara#ce o+ %!ee,ec%e' ma%er"al ."llo0"#( o&% o+ %!e c!"m#e$-T!" &.%a#ce "

&*er /!ea%e' 0a%er 0"%! )er$ !"(! co#ce#%ra%"o# o+ '"ol)e'

m"#eral *rec"*"%a%e o&% a#' e%%le o#%o rock aro' %!em- T!"

ca&e %!e c!"m#e$ %o (ro0 "# !e"(!% o)er %"me


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CHIMNEY AND HYDROTHERMAL >ENT COMMUNITY AT

MARIANA TROU=H1 466 M DEEP


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CHIMNEY AND HYDROTHERMAL >ENT COMMUNITY ATSUIYO SEAMOUNT1 IU/O=ASAWARA 2BONIN3 ISLAND :66

M DEEP


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CHIMNEY AND HYDROTHERMAL >ENT COMMUNITY AT

IHEYA RID=E1 OKINAWA TROU=H1 :66 M DEEP


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BABY CHIMNEY AT MARIANA PACMAN SEAMOUNT1 466 M

DEEP


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