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Black Carbon Air Pollution in Berlin. BC situation: measurements Source apportionment Abatement strategies. Andreas Kerschbaumer Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment Directorate IX, Environment Policy. Health. Particles. Climate. NOx. Ecosystems. SO2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 1
Black Carbon Air Pollution in Berlin
BC situation: measurements
Source apportionment
Abatement strategies
Andreas KerschbaumerBerlin Senate Department for Urban
Development and EnvironmentDirectorate IX, Environment Policy
2
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Introduction Introduction Impact chain of air pollutionImpact chain of air pollution
other particles
agriculture
Industry & business
power plants
house heating
traffic
hydrocarbons
Ammonia
SO2
NOx
Particles
Acidification
Eutrophication
Troposphericozone
Crops
Materials
Ecosystems
Climate
Health
Nitrogendioxide
Sources negative effect on …
Black Carbon
EmissionPollutionImpact
3
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Links relevant for particulate matter - BC
other particles
agriculture
Industry & business
power plants
house heating
traffic
hydrocarbons
Ammonia
SO2
NOx
Particles
Acidification
Eutrophierung
Troposphericozone
Crops
Materials
Ecosystems
Climate
Health
Nitrogendioxide
Sources negative effect on …
Black Carbon
EmissionPollutionImpact
Introduction Introduction Impact chain of air pollutionImpact chain of air pollution
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 4
Outline■ EC – OC measurements in Berlin
automated thermal analysis (daily means) PM10, PM2.5, PM1
RUBIS (small devices) thermal analysis (bi-weekly means) PM10
high temporal (automated) and spatial (RUBIS) coverage
■ Source apportionment EC and OC concentrations during high PM episodes EC (or TC) local street contribution
■ Abatement measures low emission zone (LEZ) wood burning in small combustion plants off-road machinery / construction sites
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 5
Air Quality Measurements
■ 16 automated measurements 6 at street level 6 urban background 4 semi-rural urban areas
■ 30 Mini-Samplers at streets higher spatial resolution 2-weekly sample periods on filters Elemental and Organic Carbon Passive Samplers for NO2 and NOx
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 6
Low emission zone
Automatic monitoring site in residential areas and at the cities’ periphery
Automatic monitoring site in busy roads at the kerbside
monitoring site with miniaturised sampling devices passive samplers for NO2 active PM10 mini samplers for EC/OC analysis
AQ monitoring in Berlin Focus on hot spots & urban exposure & source analysis
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 7
PM2.5 at kerbside
3.6 5.19.0
3.8 5.38.3
4.05.5
8.8 2.9 4.2 8.7
3.0 4.88.9
3.25.1
10.4
2.23.5
6.8
2.33.5
5.7
1.7
2.65.1
2.5
3.67.9
2.03.2
7.1
1.9
3.3
8.7
1.1 1.96.5
1.1
1.45.4
0.41.9 6.0 0.7
2.1 8.1
0.72.5 8.8
0.7 2.77.6
1.3 2.35.2
1.0
1.9 4.2
1.1 1.9
4.0
1.2 2.2
6.61.4 2.3
5.6
1.42.1 6.7
0.81.5
4.00.6
1.13.4
0.61.4
3.5
0.61.5
5.0
0.71.7
4.6
0.61.6
5.2
3.6 4.88.3 2.9
5.18.2
3.85.5
7.0
3.3 5.0
7.62.5 3.9
5.8
2.5 4.1 9.1
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<15(13)
<15-25(46)
>25(55)
<15(22)
<15-25(46)
>25(43)
<15(23)
<15-25(59)
>25(40)
<15(44)
<15-25(46)
>25(31)
<15(51)
<15-25(40)
>25(30)
<15(36)
<15-25(17)
>25(14)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
12.9 19.6 40.8 12.5 18.8 36.0 11.9 19.4 35.7 11.5 19.0 44.8 10.8 19.0 41.7 10.6 19.3 48.8
µg/m³
OM EC Cl NO3 SO4 NH4 Na K Mg Ca Rest
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 8
Trend EC+OC in Berlin
TOTAL CARBON [TC=EC+OM]Concentrations and street increment
126%
113%
100% 103%
94% 96%
101%
122%
111%
100% 101%
92% 92%99%
112% 101%
100%
80% 75%
49%40%
101% 99%
100%
78% 73%
47%44%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
To
tal
ca
rbo
n [
µg
/m3
]
outside LEZ inside LEZ street increment - outside LEZ street increment - inside LEZ
local street increment
LEZ
9
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Source analysis schematic of PM - TC distribution
PM10 [µg/m³]
urban background
regional background
hemispheric/natural background
Urban areas countryside
10
15
20
30
25
35
40 Traffic, local sources
monitoring sites
urban increment
hot spot increment
total urban contribution relevant for AQ LV compliance
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 10
Composition of PM2.5-Contributions
OMI5,5% OMII
5,4%EC
3,3%NO33,0%
SO48,7%
NH43,9%
Na, Cl, Mg1,2%
K, Ca0,5%
Fe, Al0,2%TM
0,1%
unspecified21,9%OMI
1,3%OMII1,6%
EC3,0%
NO32,9%
SO40,9%NH4
1,4%
Na, Cl, Mg0,1%
K, Ca0,2%
Fe, Al0,2%
TM0,0%
unspecified6,3%
OMI1,8%
OMII3,7%
EC2,0%
NO32,4%
SO41,1%
NH41,1%
Na, Cl, Mg0,4%
K, Ca0,1%
Fe, Al0,1%
TM0,1%
unspecified1,6%
OMI1,5%
OMII1,6% EC
6,3%
NO30,8%
NH40,4%
Na, Cl, Mg0,2% K, Ca
0,1%
Fe, Al0,5%
TM0,0%unspecified
2,6%
traffic
urban
suburban
background
Source analysis Berlin origin of kerbside PM2.5
background
regional background
local traffic
background
speciationsimplified receptor modelling
source contribution
other sources11%
combustion in energy and tranformation
industries9%
resuspension + abrasion by traffic
4%
road transport9%
road transport7%
resuspension + abrasion by traffic
2%combustion in manufacturing
industry2%
solvent and other product use
5%
production processes8%
non-industrial combustion
10%agriculture
4%
waste treatment and disposal
0%
combustion in energy and tranformation
industries1%
road transport12%
combustion in manufacturing
industry0% resuspension +
abrasion by traffic3%
other sources4%
other mobile sources and machinery
4%
production processes1%
additional combustion1%
non-industrial combustion
3%
local traffic
urbanbackground
regional background
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 11
Berlin, 2007
backgroundother sources
11%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
9%
resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
4%
road transport
9%
road transport
7%
resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
2%combustion in
manufacturing
industry
2%
solvent and other
product use
5%
production processes
8%
non-industrial
combustion
10%agriculture
4%
waste treatment and
disposal
0%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
1%
road transport
12%
combustion in
manufacturing
industry
0% resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
3%
other sources
4%
other mobile sources
and machinery
4%
production processes
1%
additional combustion
1%
non-industrial
combustion
3%
other sources
11%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
9%
resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
4%
road transport9%
road transport
7%
resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
2%combustion in
manufacturing
industry
2%
solvent and other
product use
5%
production processes
8%
non-industrial
combustion
10%agriculture
4%
waste treatment and
disposal
0%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
industries
1%
road transport
12%combustion in manufacturing
industry
0% resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
3%
other sources
4%
other mobile sources
and machinery
4%
production processes
1%
additional combustion
1%
non-industrial
combustion
3%
urban
large- scale
local traffic
homemade vehicle tailpipe contribution Source: M. Pesch Technical University - Berlin
Source analysis sources of kerbside PM2.5
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 12
Percentage of local traffic contribution to kerbside pollution
5259
46
1211
2
74
7
12 1035
17 1910
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NO2 PM10 Total Carbon
heavy duty vehicleslight duty vehiclescoachurban buspassenger car
13
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
380
207
94
78
348
186
88
74
169
84 79
68
55
121
44
53
126
62
24
39
322
69
299
152
261
141
64
219
0
100
200
300
400
whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t
t/a2007Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2009 without LEZTrend 2010 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2009LEZ 2010
-25%
-32%
-58%
LEZ impact: change of LEZ impact: change of particleparticle exhaust emissions exhaust emissions based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)(new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)
emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (with DPF-retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact) (preliminary results, vers. 22/3/2011)
-70%
14
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Berlin LEZ – impact analysis Berlin LEZ – impact analysis total carbon concentrationtotal carbon concentration
traffic related* total carbon particle concentration in Berlin
120%
141%130%
100%119%121% 100%
112%
101% 100%
80%75%
49%
40%
101% 99% 100%
78% 73%
47%44%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
To
tal
ca
rbo
n [
TC
= E
C +
1.2
* O
C]
in µ
g/m
3
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
per
cen
tag
e sh
are
of
situ
atio
ns
wit
h l
ow
win
d s
pee
d
share of situations with low wind speed <2.4 m/s (2007=100%)
average TC over 12 mini samplers outside the LEZ
average TC over 10 mini samplers inside the LEZ
low emission zone in force
*traffic increment based on the difference between kerbside stations and urban background sites
-56%
traffic related* black¥ carbon particle concentration in Berlin
* local BC increment at traffic sites, adjusted to traffic volumes trend relative to 2007 before LEZ came into force
¥ elemental carbon (EC) particles plus other deposited organic compounds (OC)
15
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Modernisation of public bus fleet
■ Objectives all busses with filter 600 busses With Euro5/EEV
■ Realisation 94 % busses with filter 520 busses with Euro5/EEV
■ Impact on Emission 37 t/ less exhaust particles 732 t/a less NOx
Emission reduction
100% 100%
54%
10% 6%
50%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
exhaustparticles
NOx
2004 2011 Target Clean Air Plan
16
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
small combustiongrowing relevance
■ biomass fuel use has become more attractive rising oil & gas prices promoted as a renewable fuel as climate protection measure projections suggest 50-100% growth in biomass burning
■ problem for PM and BC (TC) pollution? initially focused in Scandinavia and
Alpine region abandoned in the major cites of NW Europe
Berlin: <2% of homes still heated with solid fuel small source in urban emission inventories average contribution 1-2 µg/m³ PM10 in Berlin/Paris/London
much higher during stagnant winter episodes (>10 µg/m³ PM10) wood combustion in urban areas used as a secondary heating indication that old combustion units are still used
source: UBA Vienna, 2006)
17
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
result of speciation and PMF analysis
source analysis Berlin contribution of biomass burningcontribution of biomass burning
Source: Wagener et al. (EAC 2011)
18
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Small combustionRegulation in Aachen – Option for Berlin
■ applies to single room heaters with 4-15 kW■ requires already now stricter standards for new equipment
40 mg/m³ for new devices
■ existing units need to comply already by 2015 75 mg/m³ for existing units
■ no extra transition periods granted requires filter technology for retrofit & sufficient market coverage
■ initial problems for the regulator: missing framework for monitoring and control of in use filter efficiency
project with real-world tests of retrofitted filters
lacking market for type-approved retrofit kits lacking demand for market development
similarity with road vehicle DPF retrofit development
retrofit costs relatively high compared to value of heating devices
19
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Particle filters for construction machinery■ Problem:
ca. 140 t/a Diesel exhaust particles from construction machines
comparison: Diesel exhaust particles from road traffic:
2009: ca. 224 t/a (LEZ) 2015: ca. 124 t/a (LEZ without exemption)
■ Goal: Reduction of Diesel exhaust emissions: 75% until
2015 i.e. 100 t/a less
■ Obstacle: Filter-Regeneration at different operating conditions Costs Filter availability
20
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Particle Limit Values for NRMM compared to heavy-duty vehicles
stage IIIA
stage II and IIIA
stage II and IIIA
stage II and IIIA
stage IIIB
Limit values for new registration
21
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Emission standards for machinery operating for public construction sites in Berlin
■ Diesel machinery: from 2014: particle limit value stage IIIB (0,025 g/kWh), e.g.
Filter retrofitting for engines ≥ 37 kW from 2014: particle limit value stage IIIA for engines from
19 to 37 kW
■ Ignited machinery: engines < 19 kW emission standards stage II according to
directive 97/68/EG , also two-stroke engines
other two-stroke engines banned
22
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin
Thank you !
23
Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin