Air PollutionAir Pollution

ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

AcrylonitrileBenzeneButadieneCarbon disulfideCarbon monoxide1,2-DichloroethaneDichloromethaneFormaldehydePolycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs)StyreneTetrachloroethyleneTolueneTrichlorethylenevinylchloride

INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

ArsenicAsbestosCadmiumChromiumFluorideHydrogen sulfideLeadManganeseMercuryNickelPlatinumVanadium

CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS

Nitrogen dioxideOzone and other photochemical oxidantsParticulate matterSulfur dioxide

What is air pollution?What is air pollution?

contamination of contamination of the air by noxious the air by noxious gases and minute gases and minute particles of solid particles of solid and liquid matter and liquid matter (particulates) in (particulates) in concentrations that concentrations that endanger healthendanger health

Air pollution only Air pollution only occurs outdoorsoccurs outdoors

Sources of Outside Air Sources of Outside Air PollutionPollution

Combustion of gasoline and Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanescars, trucks, and airplanes

Burning of fossil fuels (oil, Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones)coal, and dinosaur bones)

InsecticidesInsecticides HerbicidesHerbicides Everyday radioactive falloutsEveryday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizersDust from fertilizers Mining operationsMining operations Livestock feedlotsLivestock feedlots

A major form of air pollution is emissions A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles.given off by vehicles.

The number of cars in EU has doubled The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year3% per year

What’s in smogWhat’s in smog

particulates particulates (especially lead)(especially lead)

nitrous oxidesnitrous oxides potassiumpotassium Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide Other toxic Other toxic

chemicalschemicals

Sources of Indoor pollutionSources of Indoor pollution

Efficient insulationEfficient insulation BacteriaBacteria Molds and mildewsMolds and mildews VirusesViruses animal dander and cat salivaanimal dander and cat saliva plantsplants house dusthouse dust MitesMites CockroachesCockroaches pollenpollen

Effects on the environmentEffects on the environment

Acid rainAcid rain Ozone depletionOzone depletion Global warmingGlobal warming In human In human

population- population- respiratory respiratory problems, allergies, problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancerand a risk for cancer

Acid rainAcid rain

contains high levels of contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids sulfuric or nitric acids

contaminate drinking contaminate drinking water and vegetationwater and vegetation

damage aquatic lifedamage aquatic life erode buildingserode buildings Alters the chemical Alters the chemical

equilibrium of some soils equilibrium of some soils

StrategiesStrategies Air Quality Management PlanAir Quality Management Plan

Development of new Development of new technology- electric cars, technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluidslighter fluids

Use of natural gasUse of natural gas CarpoolingCarpooling Follow the laws enactedFollow the laws enacted

Urban EmissionsUrban Emissions

•There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes

•The main emissions are from combustion.

•There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air.

•Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels.

•Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter.

Role of Engines and FuelRole of Engines and Fuel

Different engines and fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different combinations give out different emissions in different quantities.emissions in different quantities.

Some engines have catalysts which Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the effectively remove part of the harmful gases.harmful gases.

Catalytic Converters and Catalytic Converters and Particle TrapsParticle Traps

Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. reduce NOx emissions.

CO + HC + NOxCO + HC + NOx HH22O + NO + N22 + CO + CO22

Platinum HoneycombPlatinum Honeycomb

Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. content.

The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.diesel.

STRATEGIESTRATEGIE

The Clean Air for The Clean Air for EuropeEurope (CAFE) approach: (CAFE) approach:

Based on scientific knowledgeBased on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-Using best available, quality-controlled real-

world dataworld data With close involvement of stakeholders:With close involvement of stakeholders:

1.1. Project future emissions and air quality Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU resulting from full implementation of current EU legislationlegislation

2.2. Explore scope and costs for further measuresExplore scope and costs for further measures3.3. Analyze cost-effective policy scenariosAnalyze cost-effective policy scenarios4.4. Estimate benefits of policy scenariosEstimate benefits of policy scenarios

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM2.5

% of 2000 emissions

2000 CAFE baseline 2020, current legislation Maximum technical reductions 2020

Scope for further technical emission reductionsScope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25

Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment

Particulate Matter (PM ) PollutionParticulate Matter (PM ) Pollution

- Traffic emissions including diesel engines

- Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood

- Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC

Ground level ozoneGround level ozone

- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities

- N0x reduction from traffic

- Control of N0x emissions from ships

- Methane reduction

Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysisMulti-pollutant/multi-effect analysisfor identifying cost-effective policy scenariosfor identifying cost-effective policy scenarios

SO2 NOx VOCNH3PM

Health AcidificationEutrophication Ozone

RAINS computer model

CAFE policy targets for 2020

Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone

< 430 nm)NO + ONO2 + h O + O2 O3O3

Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé,

Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop !

NO2 + O2

O3 + NO

RO2 + NO

La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple !

LES COV

40 BTX automatiques

50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …)

CPG automatiques (31 composés)

Monitoring of NOMonitoring of NOXX - COV - COV

LES NOX

505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes

Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003

Durées cumulées des dépassements

Nb d’évènements de dépassement

• 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180• Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, • Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes• Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées

Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002(LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE)

Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS

L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de <NO2 et de particules en raison d’une forte activité photochimique

Eté 2002

Eté 2003

filtres du 1-8 Août etDu 8-15 Août

Effet canicule ?

Été 2002

Dépassements du seuil d’alerte de la nouvelle directive 2002/3/CE Dépassements du seuil d’alerte de la nouvelle directive 2002/3/CE (240µg/m3/h ) été 2003(240µg/m3/h ) été 2003

Nb de dépassements du seuil 240/1h Nb de dépassements du seuil 240/3h 13 jours de dépassements

2 jours en juillet : le 10 et le 15 11 jours consécutifs du 2 au 13 août

PACA : 8j – Paris :6j – Centre, Lorraine : 3j – RA : 2j - Alsace , Bretagne, L R : 1j

PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONSPRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONS

Exceptional ozone pollution in time and space during summer 2003

85 days over the threshold 180/h in 2003

13 days over the threshold 240/h in 2003

strong correlation between day temperature /maximal ozone valuesq corrélation températures diurnes/valeurs maximales en ozone

High values of PM10 and NO2

More than 30 millions of person exposed at threshold over

Meteorologic conditions ( high temperatures, no wind, sunny, no cloud) explains this phenomenon

Expected benefitsExpected benefitsEmission of road transport sector in EuropeEmission of road transport sector in Europe

 

Indice 1995=100

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

CO NOx PM-diesel COV Benzène SO2 CO2

Index 100: 1996

Expected benefitsExpected benefits

(All sources in France)(All sources in France)

- 43% NOx between 2001 and 2010- 43% NOx between 2001 and 2010- 37% COV between 2001 and 2010- 37% COV between 2001 and 2010

programme of réduction 2003-2010 programme of réduction 2003-2010

(simulations by Prév’air) :(simulations by Prév’air) :- duration of exposition to threshold duration of exposition to threshold (180µg/m3) divided by 5(180µg/m3) divided by 5

- exposition to concentrations higher than exposition to concentrations higher than 120µg/m3 divided by 2120µg/m3 divided by 2

Surveillance de la pollution : les « réseaux »Surveillance de la pollution : les « réseaux »

Les AASQUA (associations agréées pour la surveillance de la qualité de l’air) bénéficient d’une délégation de service public pour :

• Surveiller de la qualité de l’air

• Prévoir les épisodes de pollution

• Informer les autorités et les citoyens

• Evaluer l’impact des mesures de réduction des émissions

Des structures pluralistes où sont représentés (4 collèges) :• L’Etat et ses services

• Les collectivités locales et régionales

• Les industriels et entreprises de transport

• Les associations de défense de l’environnement et de la qualité de vie

39 AASQUA très différentes par la taille et les moyens

Les outils :• Matériel de mesures fixes, itinérantes ou temporaires

• Modélisation, cartographie.

Surveillance de la pollution : les alertesSurveillance de la pollution : les alertes

La surveillance de la pollution repose encore essentiel-lement sur la notion de « pic de pollution » défini par des seuils et des normes nationales.

Les alertes, efficaces dans le cas de la pollution d’origine industrielle, le sont beaucoup moins dans le cas de la pollution photochimique.

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