BIS 15054-2001

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

TFIT-JTTW

@aRmm T—“m~~~*-. Wk?ff Rim

Indian Standard

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS — GEOMETRICALTOLERANCING — TOLERANCING OF FORM,ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT —

VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES ANDMETHODS — GUIDELINES

Ics 01.100.20

..,,

@ BIS 2001

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

November ,2001 Price Group 15

Qrawings Sectional Committee, BP 24

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard which is identical with lSO/TR 5460:1985 ‘Technical drawings — Geometricaltolerancing — Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out — Verification principles andmethods — Guidelines’ issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) wasadopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of Drawings Sectional Committeeand approval of the Basic and Production Engineering Division Council.

This standard establishes guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in IS 8000(Part 1): 1985 ‘Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings: Part 1 Tolerances of form, orientation,location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions (first revision)’. The purpose is to outlinethe fundamentals of various verification principles which may be used in order to comply with thedefinitions of IS 8000 (Part 1) :1985. The verification methods described in this standard do notprovide for a unique interpretation of the requirements of IS 8000 (Part 1): 1985 and do differ amongstthemselves. This standard may, however, be used as a reference document for coordination andagreements in the field of geometrical tolerancing verification. The symbology and methods mentionedare not illustrated in detail and are not inclined for application on end-product drawings. Not allverification principles are given in this standard for the different types of geometrical tolerances. Withinthe verification principle one or more verification methods are used. The numbering of verificationprinciples and methods shall not be regarded as a classification of priority within the prescribed typeof geometrical tolerance.

The information as given in the introduction of lSO/TR 5460:1985 is given below:

In 1972, lSO/TC 10, Technics/ drawings, initiated work on preparing an International Standard onverification principles and methods for geometrical tolerancing. In the early stages of the work itbecame clear that several alternative verification methods for measuring principles were necessaryso as to take account of the different types of workplaces and measuring equipment used. Since thereis little experience in the various countries as to how to apply verification principles and methods ongeometrical tolerances, it was decided that the results of the work would not be published as anInternational Standard for the time being. It was felt, however, that the results of the work should bepublished in the form of a Technical Report as this could be used as a guide towards understandinghow to apply the tolerancing system for form, orientation, location and run-out with respect to varyingmeasurement conditions. For uniformity all figures in this Technical Report are in first angle projection.It should be understood that the third angle projection could equally well have been used withoutprejudice to the principles established. For the definitive presentation (proportions and dimensions)of symbols for geometrical tolerancing, see ISO 7083.

The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard withoutdeviations. In this adopted standard, certain terminology and conventions are not identical to thoseused in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words ‘Technical Report’ appear referring to this standard, they should be readas ‘Indian Standard’.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards the current practiceis to use a full point (.) as the decimal marker.

(Continued on third cover)

1S 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

Page

1 Scope and field ofappiication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Establishment ofdatums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Verification principles andmethods. . . . . . . . . .

7 Verification of straightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Verification of flatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 Verification of circularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Verification ofcylindricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Verification ofprofile ofany line.... . . . . . . . . . .

12 Verification ofprofile ofany surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Verification of parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Verification of perpendicularity, ..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 Verification of angularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 Verification of position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Verification of concentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 Verification ofcoaxiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 Verification of symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Verification ofcircular run-out .,..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 Verification oftotal run-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

3

4

5

6

13

15

20

25

31

34

37

40

45

50

53-.

56

61

63

66

71

1

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

Indian Standard

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS — GEOMETRICALTOLERANCING — TOLERANCING OF FORM,ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT —

VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES ANDMETHODS — GUIDELINES

1 Scope and field of application

1.1 This Technical Report establishes guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in ISO 1101. The purpose is to

outline the fundamentals of various verification principles which may be used in order to comply with the definitions of ISO 1101. The

verification methods described in this Technical Report do not provide for a unique interpretation of the requirements of ISO 1101 and

do differ amongst themselves, This Technical Report may, however, be used as a reference document for coordination and

agreements in the field of geometrical tolerancing verification. The symbology and methods mentioned are not illustrated in detail and

are not intended for application on end-product drawings. (See also 6.4. )

1.2 Not all verification principles are given in this Technical Report for the different types of geometrical tolerances. Within the

verification principle one or more verification methods are used. (See clause 6.)

1.3 The numbering of verification principles and methods shall not be regarded as a classification of priority within the prescribed

type of geometrical tolerance.

2 References

ISO 1101, Technical drawings – Geometrical tolerancing – Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out – Generalities,

definitions, symbols, indications on drawings.

ISO 2692, Technical drawings – Geometrical tolerancing – Maximum material principle. 1}

ISO 4291, Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness – Measurement of variations in radius.

ISO 4292, Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness – Measurement by two- and three-point methods.

1SO 6469, Technical drawings – Geometrical tolerancing – Datums and datum systems for geometrical tolerances.

1S0 7063, Technical drawings – Symbols for geometrical tolerancing – Proportions and dimensions.

1) At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of ISO 1101 /2-1974. )

3

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

3 Definitions

3.1 verification principle : Fundamental geometrical basis for the verification of the considered geometrical characteristic.

NOTE – The inspection methods may not always fully check the requirements indicated on the drawing. Whether or not such methods are sufficientand acceptable depends on the actual deviations from the ideal form and on the manufacturing and inspection circumstances.

3.2 verification method : Practical application of the principle by the use of different equipment and operations.

3.3 verification equipment : Technical device necessary for a specific method

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

A,

4 Symbols

The symbols shown in table 1 are applied throughout this Technical Report.

Table 1

Svmbol I Interswetation—,--—–

1 >//// /-/ Surface plate (Measuring plane)

2

A

Fixed support

/

3

A

Adjustable support

/

4 Continuous linear traverse

5 +— “+ Intermittent linear traverse

6

x

cOnthUOUS traverse in several directions

v, ,7

7 x Intermittent traverse in several directions

L’ ‘J

8 Turning

9 /—\/ A

Intermittent turning

10

0.

Rotation

11

?

Indicator or recorder

.4 Meaauring stand with indicator or recorder

12

f

Symbols for measuring stands can be drawn in different ways in accordance with the verificationequipment used.

.- --

5

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

5 Establishment of datums

5.1 Datum indication

The datum indicated on a drawing is a theoretically exact geometric reference from which required characteristics of related features

are dimensioned.

Thedatumfeature isa real feature of a part which is marked onthedrawing as a datum.

The choice of datum and tolerance feature shall be made in accordance with the functional requirements. If the verification can be

simplified by changing thedatum andthetoleranced feature, without affecting ttre functional requirements, such achange could be

permitted.

When it is difficult toestablish adatumfrom a datum feature, it may beneceseary touseasimulated datum feature.

The datum feature shall be sufficiently accurate in accordance with the functional requirements. It is necessary to take these re

quirements into consideration inthe verification procedure.

The datum feature shall be arranged in such way that the maximum distance between it and the simulated datum feature has the least

possible value. Practically, thedatum feature shall give astable contact either bythedatum feature itself [see figure la)lor byalign-

mentof thedatum feature toasimulated datum feature [see figure lb)].

+&---l.~ Simulated datum feature

L_.uppo_/Figure la) Figure 1 b)

Figure 1 – Contact betwean datum feature and simulated datum feature

6

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

5.2 Apointas the datum

Apointas thedatum isquite unusual butcanbe used, forexample inconnection with position tolerances, However, itisdifficultto

find outthereal dstumby establishment ofasimulated datum feature. Inmost cases, thedatum isestablished byasimulated verifi-

cation equipment (see figure 2).

Datum - centre-point

Centrepoint of a sphere /2\

R:-~oJQrEa.smallest

(representingcircumscribed

the smallestsphere

circumscribedsphere)on the V-block

Figure2 – Establishment of a point as the datum

5.3 A line as the datum

A line as the datum can bean edge, generating line or an axis. The edge and the generating line can be established in accordance with

figure 1.

5.3.1 A generating line es tha datum

If the datum is a generating line for an internal surface (for example, a hole), the establishment of the simulated datum can be made in

a practical way by using a cylindrical mandrel in accordance with figure 3.

P rCylindrical mandrelA

/.,

,

Figure 3 – Practical way of establishing a generating line as the datum

7

IS 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

Insome cases, thealignment ofdatum features istime-consuming andcanbe replaced bymathematical orgraphical evaluation (s=

figure 4).

rlNOTE

5.3.2

\ profile of datum feature

\

Ii

1

Figure4– Profile diegram forgraphical avaluationof datum

— When graphical evaluation is used, thedatum andthetoleranced feature can beindicated inthewme diagram.

An axis as the datum

An axis as the datum is always an unreal feature and shall be established by a simulated datum feature or by mathematical calcu-

lation.

An axis as the datum may well be used for both internal and external features.

The datum for an internal feature is usually established b~ an inscribed feature of a geometrically correct form.

For cylindrical holes, the datum can be established by a cylindrical mandrel of the largest inscribed size or by an expandable mandrel.

If the mandrel cannot achieve a stable position in the hole, the location shall be adjusted in such a way that the possible movement of

it in any direction is equalized (see figure 5).

I

.IrDatum featureSimulated datum feature= ~Extreme orientations

~Datum

Figure5– Alignment of simulated datum faaturainahola

IS 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

A simplified way to establish an axis for internal features can be used by aligning it between two coaxial conical features (see figure 6).

In this case, the eventual eccentricity of the chamfer to the hole itself may constitute a serious source of error when establishing the

datum.

Simulsted datum features

K

1-Datum

Figure6 – Simplified alignment ofanaxis asthedatum (internal features)

The datum for an external feature should be established by a circumscribing feature of a geometrically correct form,

For cylindrical shafts, the datum can be established by a cylindrically encircling gauge of the smallest circumscribed size or bv a collet

chuck.

If the position of the gauge is not stable, it shall be adjusted in such a way that the possible movement of it in any direction is equaliz-

ed. (Same principle asinfigure 5.)

Thedatum forcylindrical shaRsmay &established inasimplified way using, for example, V-blocks, V-yokes, L-blocks or L-yokes

(see figure 7).

P.——A

—.—

V-block

1—.—.

I

71-—

///

L-block

Fba

V-yokes L-yokes

A8

.--:

Figure7– Smptified alignment ofanaxis asthedatum (external features)

9

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

Depending on the form deviations of the datum feature, the angle in the V-block and the V-yokes can affect the position of the datum,

which also affects the measured value.

An axis as the datum can also be established by graphical evaluation, for example in accordance with figure 8.

c1GI

$?I

I

Tolerancefeature

Section B +?. - ~

I

I

Section A — — — * &

Datumfeature

///

- Polar diagram paper

Figure 8a) – Measurement of simulated datum featurefrom a fixed axis

Simulated datum axis

Section A

Section B

Figure 8b) – Graphical evaluation of the datum axia

5.3.3 A common axis as the datum

In some cases, the datum is a common axis of two separate datums which can be established by internal or external featurea (in-

scribed, circumscribing or expandable).

The deviations of form and location of the datum features will affect the position of the common axis which can also affect the

tolerance features.

10

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

The guidance of the datum features should be used in such a way that the simulated datum features are coaxial (see figure 9).

Two smallest circumscribing and coaxial

r

cylinders = Simulated datum feature

r-- Datum A-B 1

I1 .—

/

Datum feature Ad Datum feature B ~

Figure9 – Guidanca oftiodatum faaturas when thedatum isa common axis

As it is difficult to establish a common datum in accordance with the method mentioned above, a simplified method using V-blocks,

V-yokes, L-blocks and L-yokes may beused(eee also figure 7).

In some cases, thedatum can reestablished byacoaxial pair of conical centres.

It should benoted that thedeviations beWeenthe centres andthe datum shall beadded tothemeasured valueof thetoleranced

feature (see figure 1O).

Substidatum

forure B

L“Simulated datum feature -/

Figure 10 – Conical centres usadassubatitutea forcyfindrical datum faaturas

5.4 A surface as the datum

A surface as the datum can be a plana or have other forms. Whan the datum is a plane, it can be established in accordance with

figure 1.

In practice, the datum will be established in a simplified way by three supports (points) situated as far as possible from each other on

the datum feature.

When certain points or surfaces on the drawing are specified as datum targets, these shall be used for the alignment of the simulated

datum features.

11

i e%

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

5.5 Multiple datums

If the datum consists of two or more datum features, their sequence may be important (see figure 11).

-Primary datum feature/

///////////////////// ////

~Secondary datum feature

L Secondary datum feature L Primary datum feature

F@urell – influence onthetoleranced feature depending on the sequenceof the datum faaturas usad on tha tolaranced faatura

12

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

If the datum consists of three datum features, it should be noted that the primary datum feature (A) can be aligned in accordance with

figure 12a). The secondary datum feature shall be aligned on two points [see figure 12b)l and the tertiary datum feature on one point

[see figure 12c)l.

m

p-p?j?JA @y-

Primary datum plane (3 points}

Figure 12a)

90”

s

Secondary datum plane (2 points)904

./&.

. i ‘.

Tertiary datum plane(l point)

Figure 12b) Figure 12c)

Figure 12 – Establishment of three plane detum system

6 Verification principles and methods

6.1 The verification principles and methods are arranged in such a way that for each tolerance characteristic the corresponding

verification principles are used as principal headings.

For each verification principle, a number of verification methods are shown in association with particular application examples arranged

in order of tolerance zones. For each method, an example of verification equipment is outlined. Comments are added when required.

The resulting tabular arrangement has the following characteristics :

Headings

– Symbol

– Tolerance zone and application example

– Verification method

– Comments

The column “Symbol” gives the different geometric characteristics in conformity with ISO 1101.

The column “Tolerance zone and application example” shows, firstly, the tolerance zone, in accordance with ISO 1101, and,

secondly, an application example which is the same as that shown in ISO 1101. When this example has been considered insufficient in

order to illustrate the methods fully, further examples have been added.

The column “Verification method” gives

— the number of the method;

— the figure illustrating the verification method;

— the essential characteristics of the verification methods;

— the readings to be taken;

– the required repetitions;

– the treatment of the readings obtained;

— the acceptance criteria associated with the measured value.

.

13

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

The column “Comments’’g ivessupplementaryi nformation, for example :

. a particular application;

— any restrictions in application;

— any particular sources of errors;

— anyparticuiar requirements as to equipment;

— an example of verification equipment.

6.2 ltshould benoted that theinfluence of the following ksicverification factors are not included :

— verification equipment accuracy;

— verification performance accuracy;

– design (character}of verification equipment.

These factors may sometimes have a greater influence on the measuring result than the difference between the verification methods

described.

6.3 ln this Technical Report, theverification principl% areexemplifid bycommonly used verification methods. Most of these

methods can recarried outwith various verification equipment. Themost commonly used equipment is shown, andit can generally

be found in workshops. ltshould benot4that theexamples ofverification methods donotgive complete information about the in-

spection of the object.

6.4 The numbering adopted in this Technical Report was chosen for easy reference purposes. The clauses for the different

geometrical characteristics have been given a number :

— the first digit (starting with 7forstraightnaa.s) denotes thegeometrical tolerance to rechecked;

— the second digit (starting with 1) denotes the verification principle;

— the third digit (starting with 1) denotaa the verification method relating to the defined principle.

Verification equipment relevant to the methods is not numbered.

Examples:

Verification method forstraightness l.4(clause 7)means verification principle forstraightn~ No. 1, method No.4.

Verification method forparallelism 2.1 (clause 13) means verification principle forparalletism No.2, method No. 1.

This referencing method is not to be quoted on end-product drawings, because it could be misinterpreted as a modifier of the toier-

ancingraquirements. However, thereferencing method may beu40ndetivd oras~iated documents, asuaad by manufacturing

and inspection departments, etc., as an indication of the method usad, for example :

a) straightness, method 7.1.4;

b) parallelism, method 13.2.1.

.=...- .

14

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

7 Verification of straightness

7.1 Principle 1 – Verifying straightness deviations by comparing witha straight element

SymbolTolerance zone and

application example

a

b.—.

+s—0,1

0+

Verification method

IMethod 7.1.1

Place the gauge on the object in such a position that the

maximum distance between the gauge and the object is a

minimum, The straightness deviation is the maximum

distance between the generating line of the object and that

of the gauge.

Measure the required number of generating lines,

Method 7.1.2

0

&/Place the object with the upper generating line parallel to

the surface plate,

Record the measurements along the entire generating

line. @

The straightness deviation is the maximum difference in

indicator readings of the measured generating line.

Measure the required number of generating lines,@

Comments

Taut wire could be

used for large objects

(> Ire),

..-,

.

15

Is 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

7.1 Principle 1 – Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (continued)

SymbolTolerance zone andapplication example

23— 0,7

---Em

0t“

Verification method

Method 7.1.3

E&+2!&Placethe object on a surface plate and against a square

plate.

Take indicator readings along the entire generating lines and

transfer them to a diagram.

The straightness deviation is evaluated from the dia-

gram. @

Measure the required number of generating lines. @

Method 7.1.4

Mb

/////////////// /4

Clamp the object between two coaxial centres parallel to the

surface plate.

Record the measurements along the two generating

lines @

Record half the difference between the two indicator

readings at each point in a diagram, that is :

Ma – Mb

2

The straightness deviation ia evaluated from the diagram.

Measure the required number of axial sections. @

The straightness deviation is considered to be the maximum

recorded value of any axial section.

Comments

.- ---‘{

16

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

7.1 Principle 1 – Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (continued)


application example

/5–0,1

II

Verification method

I Method 7.1.5

Align the object parallel to the surface plate.

Record the measurements along the two generating lines.

Record half the difference between the two indicator

readings at each point in the diagram, that is :

Ma – Mb

.

Carry out the measurement in the two specified directions.

@ and@

The straightness deviation is evaluated from the diagrams.

Method 7.1.6

Align the telescope parallel to the surface.

Measure the deviations with a target which is moved along

the surface. Transfer the deviations to a diagram and

evaluate the straightness from these.

Measure the required number of generating lines.

Comments

This method is main-

ly used for large ob-

iects.

A straightness meas-

uring laser could also

be used.

17

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

7.1 Principle 1 – Verifying straightness deviations by comparing with a straight element (concluded)


application example

/-EE1

[’ c

Verification method

Method 7.1.7

\f) ---- ●

& “L

/=/f ./2. /fl

Set the indicator to zero on a surface plate.

Move the instrument in specified steps, /, along the

genemtmg line under consideration. Record the indicator

reading at each step. @

The straightness deviation is evaluated from a cumulative

diagram.


7.2 Principle 2 – Verifying straightness deviations by measuring angle deviations


application example

?3=

G–01

D

Verification method

Method 7.2.1

/

Adjustable spirit level

a @+–—> <– –>

1. 1,.1~. fj= /“

Place the adjustable spirit level at one end of the generating

line and set it to zero.

Move the spirit level in specified steps along the generating

line under consideration. Record the values at each

step @

The straightness deviation is evaluated from a cumulative

diagram, where the incremental straightness devi-

ation = / x indication value.


Comments



jects.

Errors in setting the

zero will cumulate by

the repetition of

measuring steps.

Comments



jects.

If the spirit level is not

adjustable, the object

shall be horizontally

aligned.

A pendulum instru-

ment with feet may

also be used.

18

.,. A

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

7.2 Principle 2 – Verifying straightness deviations by measuring angle deviations (concluded)

Symbol I Tolerance zone and

application example

#Et—0,1

—

o+

Verification method

Method 7.2.2

Autocollimator

ro @

+--+ A,--

Align the measuring equipment with the object

Move the autocollimator mirror with feet at a specified

distance, /, in specified steps along the generating line—

under consideration and record the values. ~

The straightness deviation is calculated from a cumulative

diagram.


Comments

This method is mainly

used for large ob-

jects.

Continuous move-

ment may also be

used when recording

the result.

An angle measuring

laser device may also

be used.

7.3 Principle 3 – Verifying straightness deviations by finding centres of consecutive cross-sections

..


application exampleVerification method

Method 7.3.1

Clamp the object between two coaxial centres parallel to the

surface plate.

Rotate the object around a fixed axis.

Record half the difference of the indicator readings during

one complete revolution in a polar diagram. @

Measure the required number of axial sections. @

The straightness deviation of the object axis is considered to

be the maximum deviation between the evaluated centres.

Comments

19

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8 Verification of flatness

8.1 Principle 1 – Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a flat element

Symbol

D

Tolerance zone and

application example

e ‘\\

Verification method

Method 8.1.1

M——

x/

Align the object as a superimposed surface on the surface

plate.

Measure the distance between the object and the surface

plate at the required number of points.

The flatness deviation is the maximum difference between

the measured distances.

Method 8.1.2

x

Place the object stably on the surface plate.

Measure the distance between the object and the surface

plate at the required number of points.

The flatness deviation is the maximum difference between

the measured distances.

Comments

The object is general-

ly aligned by bringing

three widely separ-

ated points on the

surface to the same

distance from the

surface plate. In this

case, the measured

values shall be

entered on the

diagram and evalu-

ated or corrected

mathematically.

The size of the sur-

face plate should be

at least twice the ob-

ject size.

For convex surfaces,

the object should be

adjusted to the sur-

face plate in such a

way that the devi-

ation is minimized.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.1 Principle 1 – Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a flat element (cone/uded)


Verification methodapplication example

Comments

Method 8.1.3

@

.-.--- 4 This method‘>

is

\Ra’

&

suitable for large sur-

faces.Lx& Alignment telescope

TargetThe alignment of the

Prism rotating axis can be

corrected mathe-

matically.

XlPlace the alignment telescope on the object, Align the

rotating axis perpendicular to the superimposed surface of

the object,

The flatness deviation is the maximum difference from the

calculated superimposed surface.

D _

MethodEl, ,r,rog,

his::This

mands aref Iective surf ace.

tical only for small

objects with flatness

@@ZlPlace the optical flat on the object and observe it in deviations up to

~ ,U monochromaticl~~. 20 pm, depending on

the size of the optical

The flatness deviation is the number of interference lines flat,

counted, multiplied by ;.12 of the light used.The optical flat

($=03”m)

should be adjusted to

the object in such a

way that the devi-

ation is minimized.

..-----

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.2 Principle 2 – Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a straight element in severaldirections

Symbol

n

Tolerance zone and

application example

e---,. -L ~,

(--@@

Verification method

Method 8.2.1

#traight gauge/

II \ I

Object

[mlPlace a straight gauge diagonally on one adjustable support

and one fixed support, with both ends at the same distance

from the object.

Measure the distance between the object and straight

gauge at specified positions along the diagonal (A-B) in rela-

tion to the measured value at the centre.

Repeat the measurement along the other diagonal (C-D),

and record the values in a diagram after correction for the

median point distance.

These two diagonals form a reference plane from which all

other points are determined.

The flatness deviation is evaluated from the diagram.

Method 8.2.2

/=/,. ~./j +ly~

Set the indicator to zero on a surface plate.

Move the instrument in steps, 1, in three directions.

The flatness deviation is evaluated from a cumulative

diagram.

Comments

rhis measurement is

;elf-controlling to a

:ertain extent, as

nany points are

~etermined sevaral

imes using the

;traight gauge in a

jifferent direction.

Senerally used to

neasure surface

)Iates.

his method is main-

y used for large sur-

‘aces.

Errors in setting the

!ero will cumulate by

he repetition of

neasuring steps.

f another pattern is

JSed, the formula will

>e changed.

22

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.3 Principle 3 – Verifying flatness deviations by measuring deviations from the horizontal in severa!

directions


application example

%29---

‘\/ \

c1

e---‘\

/’ \

.

Common zone

+==+

p 0,8

•1

Verification method

Method 8.3.1

+=K’”’”///74’//////

EEEEl! I

‘lace an adjustable spirit level of a specified length on the

>bject.

Take measurements step by step in several sections in one

~irection.

lecord the deviations from the horizontal in a cumulative

~iagram.

?epeat the measurements, as previously described, but at

ight angles to those already taken and also record them in

he diagram.

Fhe flatness deviation is evaluated from the cumulative

iiagram where the incremental deviation = I x indication

)f the level.

klethod 8.3.2

!sa

d%QInstrument b

&

(moving) Depth micrometer

Gauge a ~ ,.

(fixed).,,,

A-- .!

.

Tube water level gauge

‘he water level gauge a and instrument b are initially located

s shown in the figure.

;et gauge a to zero.

“hen move instrument b along any flat element and record

he readings on gauge a.

‘he flatness deviation is evaluated from a diagram.

Comments


ly used for large sur-

faces.

The horizontal align-

ment is achieved

either by means of an

adjustable support or

an adjustable spirit

level.

The measurements

are self-controlling as

many points aredetermined twice.

A pendulum instru-

ment may also be

used.


Y used for large sur-

‘aces.

%actical for horizon-

al surfaces only.

,

.

23

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.4 Principle 4 – Verifying flatness deviations by measuring angle deviations in several directions

Symbol

n

Tolerance zone and

application example

5D 0,08

c1

Verification method

Mathod 8.4.1

TAutocollimator

<–-3

m

Place a mirror with feet at a spacified distance, /, at a corner

of the object. Adjust the autocollimator parallel to the object

surface.

Measure the angle deviation in specified positions along the

diagonal direction (A-B) and record the values in a diagram.

Repeat the measurement in the direction of the other

diagonal (C-D).

These two diagonala form a reference plane from which all

other points are determined, using an appropriate feet

distance. The flatness deviation is evaluated from the

cumulative diagram where the incremental devi-

ation = / x tha reading of the autocollimator.

Comments

This measurement is

self-controlling to a

certain extent, as

many points are

determined several

times.

Continuous move-

ment may also be

used when recording

the result.

An angle measuring

laser device may also

be used.

24

–.IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9 Verification of circularity

9.1 Principle – Verify ingcircularity deviations bymeasuring variation inradius from a fixed commoncentre

Symbol

o

Tolerance zone and

application exampleVerification method

Mathod9.1.l – Minimum zonacentre

%

:@v’

Measured section

//////////// ,’

Align the object with the measuring equipment. Their axes

shall be coaxial.

Record the radial differences during one complete rev-

olution. @

Evaluate the minimum zone centre from a polar diagram

and/or by computers.

Measure the required number of sections. @

The circularity deviation is the minimum radial difference

obtained between two concentric circles.

Method 9.1.2 - Least squara centra

@-w4

Maasured section

7ZZDLAlign the object with the measuring equipment. Their axes

;hall be coaxial.

?ecord the radial differences during one complete rev-

olution. @)

Evaluate the least square centre from a polar diagram

mdlor by computers.


The circularity deviation is the radial difference obtained

wtween inscribed and circumscribing circles with their cen-

Ires coinciding with the centre of the mean circle.

Comments

Applicable for both

external and internal

surfaces.

Equipment for mea-

surement of radius

variation from fixed

centre : rotating

stylus or rotating

table, with recorder

or computer, to be

used.

Applicable for both


surfaces.

This method is

recommended for

diagram and/or com-

puter evaluation.

Equipment for mea-

surement of radius

variation from fixed

centra : rotating

stylus or rotating

table, with recorder

or computer, to be

used.

“...:,

.-

.,..

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.1 Principle 1 – Verifying circularity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed commoncentre {concluded)

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.2 Principle 2 – Verifying circularity deviations by measuring coordinates

iymbol

o

Tolerance zone and

application example

20——-1-—

Verification method

ulethod 9.2.1

Ua/’

& ; Measured section~

,, /

Align the object with the coordinate measuring equipment.

Measure distance L in two coordinates at any point on the

circular section.

Measure the required number of points on the circum-

ference o

The circularity evaluation may be carried out by calculation

from the least square centre.


Comments

applicable for both

:xternal and internal

urfaces.

;oordinate measu r-

n9 machine or

neasuring micro-

scope, with com-

wter, to be used.

27

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.3 Principle 3 – Verifying circularity deviations by profile projection

28

,-

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.4 Principie4 – Verify ingcircularity deviations bytwo-or three-point measurement

Symbol

o

Tolerance zone and

application example

P@

ix)+

Verification method

Method 9.4.l – Summit (three-point measurement)

(2>

4––+

~Meas.red section’

Align the object with the measuring equipment,’ The object

axis shall be perpendicular to the measuring direction and

fixed axially.

The indicator reading during one complete revolution is

used for the calculation. @

Repeat the measurements at the required number of sec-

‘ions @

The circularity deviation should be evaluated from the in-

dicator readingsr taking into consideration the a-value and

the number of lobes.

Method 9.4.2 – Rider [three-point measurement)

a<––>

?

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The object

axis shall be perpendicular to the measuring direction and

fixed axially.

The indicator reading during one complete revolution is

used for the calculation. @


tions. @

The circularity deviation should be evaluated from the

ndicator readings, taking into consideration thewvalue and


Comments

The measurement i:

carried out to check

odd lobed-form er

rors, The even lobed

form errors can b(

checked by twopoint measurement.

The most commor

angles are :

cr = 90° and 120° 01

72° and 108°

This method can b~

JSed for rotation 01

:ither the object or

?quipment.

Applicable for both

?xternal and internal

wfaces.

rhe measurement is

:arried out to check

>dd lobed-form er-

ors. The even lobed-

orm errors can be

:hecked by two-

~oint measurement.

‘he most common

Ingles are :

r = 90° and 120° or

72° and 108°

This method can be

~sed for rotation of

?ither the object or

:quipment.

Applicable for both

?xternal and internal

wfaces.

29

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.4 Principle 4 – Verifying circularity deviations by two- or three-point measurement (conchded)


Verification method Commentsapplication example

Method 9.4.3 – (two-point measurement)

\ Q//’””

. .

\

~ :~ @$ g

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The object

axis shall be parallel to the surface plate and in the same

position as the turning centre.

Measure the diameter difference during one complete rev-

olution. 0


‘ions @

The circularity deviation is considered to be half of the dif-

ference obtained.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

10 Verification of cylindricity

10.1 Principle 1 – Verifying cylindricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixedcommon axis


application axampieVerification method Comments

Method 10.1.1

G

t.:5.F*

aThis method is time-

consuming without

- ,’,. A+\’ ,,

“‘w

3

sophisticated equip-

.“ / ment.~-- --

Equipment for mea-

@

surement of variation

in radius from a fixed

A common axis, with a

&

recorder for polar

.@ 0,1 v diagrams and for

computer, to be

used.

b’

Align the object with the measuring equipment. Their axes

shall be coaxial.

Record the radial difference during one complete revol-

ution @

Measure the required number of sections, without resetting

the indicator. @

Evaluate the minimum zone cylinder from polar diagrams

and/or by computer.

The cylindricity deviation is evaluated from polar diagrams

and/or by computer as the radial difference of the minimum

zone cylinders.

31

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

10.2 Principle 2 – Verifying cylindricity by measuring three coordinates


Verification methodapplication example

Comments

Method 10.2.1

&2

t.+=,

z J

&

This method is time-~:-~ ‘, ,

consuming without

/,Y&

$

sophisticated equip-“------

‘- ?; y

ment.

w , :-.. Three-coordinate mea-

suring machine, with

a recorder and a

n

&

00,1 computer, to be

k’used.

Align the object with the coordinate measuring equipment.

Measure the required number of points on the cylindrical

surface in three coordinates.

The cylindricity deviation is evaluated from diagrams and/or

by computer as the radial difference of the minimum zone

cylinders.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

10.3 Principle 3 – Verifying cylindricity deviations by measuring several cross-sections in V- andL-supports

Tolerance zone andiymbol Verification method Commer

application example

Method 10.3.1

~ _@_, The V-block s

longer than t

,&~l& ‘asur faceso

ject.

Applicable for

1~*/’ This method

mines only tt

Place the object in a V- block.lobed cyli

deviations.

Measure the object at a radial section during one complete

revolution. @

G

t.+~+- ‘, *“ ,,


//P& tions, without resetting the indicator. @

‘------The cylindricity deviation should be evaluated from the in-

n

dicator readings, taking into consideration the a-value and


,rm ., ~ Method 10.3.2

Applicable fo(

<– —-+ nal surfaces o

&&

This method

mines only tt

lobed cyli

deviations. T

lobed deviati

Place the object on a surface plate and against a square quires a thrt

plate. Measure the object at a radial section during one measurement

complete revolution. @


tions, without resetting the indicator. @

The cylindricity deviation is half of the full indicator move-

ment.

.,

‘‘1.—....,,

‘Ii

.-.-,

.-,

i-1

33

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

11 Verification of profile of any line

11.1 Principle 1 – Verifying profile deviations of any line by comparing with an element of correctprofile

Symbol

n

Tolerance zone andapplication example

xn 004

H

Verification method

Method 11.1.1

11[Copy tip

Profile templateA n’

//////////”//

Align the object correctly with the copying system and the

profile template.

The indicator records the deviations of the object from the

correct profile template. The extreme variations are com-

pared with the calculated limits of deviations in the

meaaured direction.

The profile deviation is the maximum value of the indicator

readings, but corrected to normal to the theoretical profile

as the measuring direction is not normal to the surface.

Mathod 11.1.2

!?9Profile tamplate

Object

ii

‘lace the profile template on the object and align it in the

;pecified direction.

nspect the object and the profile template against a

;pecified light.

f no light column is observed, the form of the object does

lot deviate by more than 0,003 mm from tha form of the

]rofile template (numerical values are not obtainable).

Comments

The indicator tip and

the copy tip shall

have an identical

shape.

‘or larger deviations,

I profile template may

]e separated from

:he object by a pre-

determined distance

~t both ends and the

“esulting space gaug-

?d with a step pin

]auge.

3

A,,

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

11.1 Principle 1 – Verifying profile deviations of any line by comparing with an element of correctprofile (conchded)

Tolerance zone and;ymbol

application exampleVerification method Comments

Method 11.1.3

4

Profile template

b

The accuracy can be

improved by using

two templates with

limit form.

_ ,,m m :m,$:j,mfi

——t

ation is uncertain.

( Place the profile template on the object and align it in the

specified direction.

Compare the profile of the object with the profile template.

nMethod 11.1.4

&

4 / ‘imiti:’’e’ines

This method is

limited to features

within the capacity of

the projector.

Profile projector to be

used.

x

n 0,04

El

Project the profile onto a screen.

Compare the projected profile with the limiting profile lines.

The actual profile shall be contained within the two limiting

profile lines.

3s

IS 15054:2001iSO/TR 5460:1985

11.2 Principle 2 – Verifying profile deviations of any line by measuring coordinates

Tolerance zone andSymbol Verification method

application exampleComments

Method 11.2.1

4 ‘ &_~[ $

The shape of the

stylus should be

taken into account.

Coordinate measur-

\ing machine to be

x

n o,obused.

n 77/////A \

H //////Align the object in the correct orientation relative to the sur-

face plate.

Measure the two coordinates at the required number of

points along the profile.

Record the measured values and compare them with the

limiting profiles.

.-

. A

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

12 Verification of profile of any surface

12.1 Principle 1 – Verifying profile deviations of any surface by comparing with an element of correctform

Symbol

n

Tolerance zone and

application example

sphere 0 t J

@

.-~---,. \ \

,/”

sphere 0 t

47~0,02

0-t-

Verification method

Method 12.1.1

x

t////P

/////// /“/ /////////

Align the object with the copy system and the form

template.

The indicator records the deviations of the object.

The surface profile deviation is the maximum value of the in-

dicator readings, corrected to normal to the theoretical sur-

face profile.

Method 12.1.2

r==+:-’-”-””?‘eas”rinLa=d

Position the object relative to the rotational axis. Align the

profile template at a required distance from the object.

Comments

The indicating tip and

the copy tip shall

Iave an identical

shape.

This method is ap-

dicable to surfaces

of revolution only.

Device for the rota-

tion of the object or

the template to be

med.

Measure the required number of positions. The form devi-

ation is determined by comparing the maximum and

minimum readings.

37

{

.,i’

~ ,“

+

,!

....

is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

12.1 Principle 1 – Verifying profile deviations of any surface by comparing with an element of correctform (concluded)

SymbolTolerance zone andapplication example Verification method Comments

Method 12.1.3

This method is usual

/e’ines

Iy applied to externa

surfaces and i:

limited to feature:

within the capacity 01

+ the projector.._ ../

Project the profile onto the screen of a profile projector with

light-cut.

Take the projected profiles at the required number of pos-

itions and compare them with the limiting profile lines.

-

----,.”- %

\

/“

sphere 0 t

nm

&

Method 12.1.4

0

Limiting profile lines

&

This method is

+

limited to convex sur-

faces.

~...a

Project the required number of profiles onto the screan

using a profile projector (shadowgraph).

Compare the projected profiles with the limiting profile

Irnea.

\

-.

{

—.

—

:.,,,..$

j

. .

,

al

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

12.2 Principle 2 – Verifying profile deviations of any surface by measuring coordinates

Tolerance zone endSymbol Verification method Comments

explication example

Method 12.2.1

-

VT---- .? ti/ The form and the size

,/”” X-Y axes ~, ‘.d‘\ +

of the stylus should

be taken into ac-

,/-- + count.

sphere 0 t + Coordinate measur-

ing machine to be

n / used.///////////////////////7 ,

&

n 0,02

Align the object with the measuring surface plate.

o

Measure three coordinates at the required number of points

1.on the surface.

Record the measured values and compare them with the

coordinates of the limiting surface profiles.

39

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13 Verification of parallelism

13.1 Principle 1 – Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance

Symbol

//


+l@-Verification method

Mathod 13.1.1

Cyli

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-

scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.

Make arrangements to achieve the correct measuring direc-

tion (adjustable support).

Keep the axial measuring positions under control.

The parallelism deviation, Pd, is calculated from the formula

\kfl - q x L,Pd =

Lz

Mathod 13.1.2

Cykwo%$k

7A 1/ l\ lip

///////////////////// /

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-

scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.

Position the object in such a way that the measurement

may be carried out in the two directions indicated on the

drawing.

Carry out the measurements on the mandrel in pos-

itions @ and @ .


I&fl- A4zlx L,Pd =

Lz

Comments

The cylindrical man-

drels may be either

expanded or selected

to fit in the holes

without clearance.

If the upper mandrel

can be orientated in

more than one direc-

tion, the orientation

should be such that

the measured devi-

3tion from parallelism

becomes a minimum.

rhe cylindrical man-

~rels may be either

?xpanded or selected

:0 fit in the holes

rvithout clearance.

f the upper mandrel

:an be orientated in

nore than one direc-

ion, the orientation

;hould be such that

:he measured devi-

Nion from parallelism

]ecomes a minimum.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1 Principle 1 – Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (continued)

Symbol

//


%

/) 00,1 A-B

dlbl

Verification method

Method 13.1.3

Cyli

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in-scribed cylinders extended outside the holes.

Keep the axial measuring positions under control.

Carry out the measurements on the mandrel positions, A41

and A42.

Repeat the measurements in the required number of angular

positions between 0° and 180°.

The parallelism deviation, At, is calculated from the formula

[Ml - ‘M*[x L1Pd =

L2

Method 13.1.4

@

7////////I \

/////&//

?

Position the datum axis parallel to the surface plate and

simulate it with the axis of coaxial circumscribing cylinders.

Carry out measurements in the required number of angular

positions between 0° and 180°. @

Record half the difference of the two indicator readings in

the same section. @

Comments


drels may be either


to fit in the holes

without clearance,

If the upper mandrel

can be orientated in

more than one direc-

tion, the orientation

should be such that

the measured devi-

ation from parallelism

becomes a minimum.

Measurement can be

restricted to two

perpendicular direc-

tions. The square

root of the sum of the

squares of the two

deviations obtained

shall be less than the

specified tolerance

value.

Measurement can be

restricted to two

perpendicular direc-

tions. The square

root of the sum of the

squares of the two

deviations obtained

shall be less than the

specified tolerance

value.

Precision chucking

device to be used.

The parallelism deviation is the maximum deviation of the

recorded values.

41

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1 Principle 1 – Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (continued)

Symbol

//


0 !00 H8

+3EzlZl

R!?!!!i

A

@

-------

P @lB

a..

Verification method

Method 13.1.5

AVBV AVBV

AV@AV BV~BV w+ ,. Qf12v

I I 8t4 \

AH !.

/ ///////////////,7

A AH 8 BH M,H

AH t3H M2H

!-==

@

—-.

Lr

simulate the datum axis and feature axis with the axes of in-

;cribed cylinders.

;arry out the measurements in horizontal and vertical direc-

ions as illustrated in the diagram.

<eep the axial measuring positions under control.

rhe parallelism deviation, Pd, is calculated from the follow-

ng formula

L.l x ~(ABv – AAV)2 + (AaH – AAH)2Pd =

L*

vhere

M,v – A42V for datum A = AAV

Ml “ – A42H for datum A = AAH

Ml” – Af2v for cylinder B = ABVM,H – M2Hfor cylinder B = ABH

Method 13.1.6

Simulate the datum with the base plane covering the entire

~atum surface.

Simulate the feature axis with the median line of top and

oottom generating lines.

Measure the generating lines in the required number of axial

Jositions.

3ecord half the difference between the two indicator read-

Iul - A42ngs in a diagram, that is

2’at each point.

rhe maximum deviation of these values is the parallelism

~eviation.

Comments

The cylindrical man

drels may be eithel

expanded or selectee

to fit in the hole:

without clearance.

If the right-han~

mandrel can be orien.

tated in more thar

one direction, th~

orientation should b~

such that the

measured deviatior

from parallelism

becomes a minimum.

v

.>. . .

42

4.-

1s 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1 Principle 1 – Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance (concluded)

.“

,

..

43

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.2 Principle 2 – Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring angles

Symbol

//

Tolerance zone and

application example

S//.<\

/“ \

I I

Verification method

Method 13.2.1

Spirit level reading

LI

z

t, /1 000

to/looo

77’77— 7%77%77

Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with cylindrical

mandrels.

Record spirit level indications on both mandrels.


1/1- /.l x l!,,Pd =

100CI

Method 13.2.2

R*

Spirit level reading t 111000 ~xu

L&i

Place the object on a surface plate.

Record the spirit level indications.


Pd =11,- folx 100

1000

Comments

An adjustable spiri~

level and fixed sup

ports may also bf

used.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

14 Verification of perpendicularity

14.1 Principle 1 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance


m- –

Verification method

Method 14.1.1

/ -) m,m

f’r2 --[

w

1,1~1~ I

I/// //‘/ ‘ ////////////////’/////-7, /,/

Simulate the datum axis with an inscribed cylinder

parallel to the surface plate.

Simulate the tolerance axis with another inscribed

cylinder extending outside the hole.

Then align the object in the correct position relative

to the measuring equipment.

Measure the distance from the square (Ml and M+ at

two heights, L2 apart.

The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, is calculated from

the formula

]&fl- M*Ix L,Pd =

L2

Method 14.1.2

i dl IMl

*+- + d2

MJ

J

> I I///////// Y///////////// ///


Measure the dislance (All and A42) between the cylinderwhich simulates the tolerance feature and the square at

twoheighta, L2apart. Measure thedifference between the

diameters d, and dz.

Perpendicularity deviation in this direction G is

‘dG=[(M1-M+f*lx2

Repeat the measurements in direction H perpendicular to

direction Gandcompute the measurements.

The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, of the tolerance

feature is

Pd = ~(PdJ2 + (Pd.)z

Comments


drel may be either ex-

panded or selected to

fit in the hole without

clearance.

If the deviation from

straightness of the

axis cannot be ignor-

ed, measurements

in more than two sec-

tions are necessary.

When the tolerance

feature is the axis of a

hole, it is simulated

by a cylindrical man-

drel which may be


to fit in the hole

without clearance

and which extends

outside the hole.

If the tolerance

requirement is indi-

cated in one direction

only, PdG is the per-

pendicularity devi-

ation (see method

14.1.4).

.,.

,

,

45

IS 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

14.1 Principle 1 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (continued)

;ymbol

J-


[-t

verification method

tlethod 14.1.3

Ilb-@‘$

~Rotating table

‘lace the object on a rotating table and centre it at an ex-

reme end of the cylinder relative to the rotational axia.

Measure the radial variation during rotation of the table. @

Vleasure the required number of sections. @

The perpendicularity deviation is half the full indicator

novement.

Method 14.1.4

,—, , Ml n!T++t@—ugf

“1

l’-!Uz I

I////////// ///+’////////”/ ,/ /’


Measure the distance (A41 and A42) between the cylinder andthe square at two heighta, L.2 apart.

Measure the difference between diameters d, and d2.

The perpendicularity deviation is

,.=[(M1-M2+5)]X2

Comments

Jsually the Iowe

iection of the tole

mced feature

:entred.

When the toleranc~

feature is the axis o

hole, it is simulat~

by a cylindrical ma

drel which may I

expanded or selectl

to fit in the hc

without clearan

and which exten

outside the hole.

,,A

-

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

14.1 Principle 1 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (continued)

rmbol

J_

Tolerance zone andatmlication example

40@j

m

4 surface to a datum plane

—

verification method

Method 14.1.5

x

Guide feature

lace the object in a guide feature selected to fit it, Adjust

le datum axis perpendicular to the surface plate.

leasure the distance between the tolerance feature and

le surface plate.

he perpendicularity deviation is the full indicator move-

lent.

ulethod 14.1.6

Clamp the object to an angle plate which is on a surfacf

plate.

The tolerance surface shall be adjusted to the surface plat[~rior to measurement.

The perpendiculari~

ment.

deviation is the full indicator move

Comments

47

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

14.1 Principle 1 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance (cor’rch.ded)


z!10,14

A

Verification method

I Method 14.1.7

1

ITarget ;@

Pentagonal prism!$

Telescope Target

[/

x $;-v f:=:j------__-l-l----~.+.j;: “

IObject ~

Adjust the telescope parallel to the datum of the object. @

Move the tsrget along the tolerance feature in the vertical

direction and record the valuea. @

The perpendicularity deviation is calculated mathematically

from the recorded values.

14.2 Principle 2 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring angles

SymbolTolerance zone andapplication example I Verification method

%

t

40.06 AI

I Method 14.2.1

%Square level

1!1 i

~11-ij L- ~: \

t- -.—-- —-—

QIll

4-––l L–——.—--

A


aligned horizontally.

Simulate the tolerance axis with another inscribed

cylinder extanding outside the hole. The perpen-

dicularity deviation between the surface of the

simulating datum axis and the mandrel is measured

as a difference of the inclinations A, and AZ of the

featurea against the perpendicular sides of a square.

The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, is

Pd = (Al - AJ X L,

Comments

This method is

generally used for

large objects.

Comments





clearance.

48

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

14.2 Principle 2 – Verifying perpendicularity deviations by measuring angles (concluded)e,

#

49

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

15 Verification of angularity

15.1 Principle 1 -- Verifying angularity deviations by measuring distance

Symbo

L


—4L-

fi

)atum line.1

(“’ ,

/“‘ Considere(/’ line.

~Projected considered line

I

/h./&

Verification method

Method 15.1.1

L,?I I

+,ml, l

—

‘

Place and align the object in an enclosing

guide element with the specified angle.

Turn the object so that the difference

A41 – 142 is an algebraic minimum.

The angularity deviation, Ad, is :

p+ - A’f,lx l!,Ad =

L’2

I

Method 15.1.2

Place the object on an angle plate with the angle 10°

(go” – 800). fit a mandrel in the tolerance hole.

Turn the object on the angle plate so that the dif-

ference Afl – M2 is an algebraic minimum.

Measure the distance of the mandrel from a square

on two heights, L2 apart.

The angularity deviation, Ad, is

~, - ~zl x L,Ad =

L2

Comments





clearance.





:Iearance.

.

.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

15.I Principle 1 – Verifying angularity deviations by measuring distance (concluded)

;ymbol

L


Verification mathod

IMethod 15.1.3

x

\

////////////////

Remove


and align it parallel to the horizontal surface plate

and normal to the lower edge of the inclined sur-

face plate.

the object until the measured deviation is a

minimum.

Measure the distance of the tolerance feature from an

angle plate.

The angularity deviation is the full indicator movement

Method 15.1.4

-&t

\ \\\\\\\\\\\\

Place the object on an angle plate with an angle of 40°.

Adjust the object by turning so that the full indicator move-

ment of the tolerance feature is a minimum.

The angularity deviation is the full indicator movement.

Comments


irel may be either ex-

]anded or selected to

it in the hole without

:Iearance.

51

IS 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

15.2 Principle 2 – Verifying angularity deviations by measuring angles

52

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

16 Verification of position

16.1 Principle 1 – Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Symbol

+


Ot

w-+”

L-Jm

fb1, @)

III

LEd

Verification method

Method 16.1.1

‘hw

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuring

device.

Measure the coordinates Xl and Y,.

The positional deviation, Pd, is calculated from the two

coordinate readings

Pd = ~(100 - X1)2 + (66 – Y,)z

The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Method 16.1.2

-x

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuring

device.

Measure coordinates Xl, X2, Y, and Y2.

The position of the hole axis in the X direction is calculated

using the formula

X2+ xlx=—

2

and in the Y directionusingthe formula

Y* + Y,Y=—

2

The positional deviation, Pd, is calculated from the derived

X and Y values

Pd=@11-X)2+(66-Y)2


Comments

.

IS 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 – Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (continued)

;ymbolTolerance zone andapplication example

IiI Ot

III

1+

-k

wLEL!d.d

Verification method

Vlethod 16.1.3

I ‘!

I -1Y, YjIT. I___

\_ Coorclinate system ofmeasuring equipment

When there is more than one hole, repeat the measurements

md calculation as given in method 16.1.2 for each hole.

Move the object in relation to the measuring coordinates inQrder to find the best fit.


Method 16.1.4

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuringdevice. Carry out the measurements Xl, . ., X3 aion9 the

lines.

The positional deviation is equal to the difference between

the maximum and minimum values respectively and the

basic position of each measured line.


Comments

)epending on the

Ieasuring equip-

Tent available, the

entres of the holes

an be measured

Iirectly by using

neasuring plugs.

“he best fitting pos-

:ion can also be ob-

ained by a mathe-

matical treatment.

54

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 – Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (coIltilJued)

iymbolTolerance zone andapplication example

tz

TI,IIIVerification method

vlethod 16.1.5

I “1IY2L. LL ---

i Coordinate system ofmeasuring equipment

41ign the object with the

~evice. Place expandable

lolee.

Take the coordinates Xl,

separately.

coordinates of the measuring

cylindrical mandrels into the

X2, Y1 and Y2 for each hole

The positional deviation, Pd, in the X direction is calculated

using the formula

X2+ xlPdx=~- Xtheoretical

and in the Y direction using the formula

Y2 + Y,Pdy=y– YtheoreticalI

Move the object in relation to the measuring coordinates in

order to find the best fit.

The deviation shall not excceed half the tolerance value.

Comments

nstead of expan -

~able mandrels,

cylindrical mandrels

selected to fit

.vithout clearance

San be used.

If the form deviation

of the hole does not

affect the result, the

measurements can

be made to the edges

of the hole.

The best fitting pos-

ition can also be ob-

tained by mathe-

matical treatment.

,.

!,

A-

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 – Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (concluded)

Symbol

4+


Verification mathod

Method 16.1.6

I

El

The measuring equipment includes an enclosing guide ele-

ment with the specified angle.

Set the indicator to zero relative to the master objeat. Turnthe workpiece to be measuted in such a way that themeasured deviation on the surface ia a minimum.

Carryout measurements at the required number of’points allover the surface.

The position deviation is the maximum deviation of the in-

dicator relative to the zeroed value.


Comments

..

.

.

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1 !385

16.2 Principle 2 – Verifying position deviations by using the maximum material principle


Verification method Commentsapplication example

Method 16.2.1

m

+ ❑,1 ~TF F:

—Iw I Check the object in a functional gauge which accepts the I

pin relative to the end surfaces specified by the two

theoretically exact dimensions.

.Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

17 Verification of concentricity

17.1 Principle 1 – Verifying concentricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixedcommon centre

58

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

17.2 Principle 2 – Verifying concentricity deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

ImbolTolerance zone andapplication example

@tv+I

@t

v+“

Verification method

Iethod 17.2.1

,Iign the circular feature under consideration with the

teasuring equipment. The plane in which the measurement

i required shall be parallel to the X-Y plane.

rlove the stylus so that it touches the circumference in at

?ast three, preferably equidistant, places.

;alculate the positions of centres a (X1, Y,) of the datum

eature and b (X2, Y2) of the tolerance feature.

‘he concentricity deviation is the distance between the two

:entres calculated using the formula

Concentricity deviation = <(x, - X2)* + (y, - Y*)2

rhe deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

Method 17.2.2

-Q-b a

Find, by measuring, the minimum distance u between the

datum circumference and the feature circumference.

Measure distance b in the opposite position ( 180° apart).

The concentricity deviation is half the difference betweer

distances a and b.


Comments

pplicable for exter-

11 and internal cir-

Jlar featUreS.

he influence of form

ror is mini-

Iized when the

Measurements are re-

eated in other points.

I that way the

entre-coordinates

re mean values.

oordinate measur-

19 device with

alculator or measur-

lg microscope with

alculator to be used.

rhis method can bl

Jsed only when th(

?rror of form can bl

gnored.

Calliper or micro

meter to be used.

,... ...

..

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

17.3 Principle 3 – Verifying concentricity deviations by using maximum material principle

..

60

IS 15054:2001iSO/TR 5460:1985

18 Verification of coexiality

18.1 Principle 1 – Verifying coaxiality deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed commonaxis

SymbolTolerence zone andapplication example

Verification method Comments

Method 18.1.1

IF

Q

%

Applicable for bothI Ot A external and internal

I wsurfaces.

II Q Equipment for meas-

urement of radius

@

variation from a fixed

common centre with

a recorder for polar

diagrams andlor

&

@ 00.07 computer to be used.

@/

Align the object with the measuring equipment so that the

axis of the datum cylinder is coincident with the rotating

axis. @

Determine the axis of the feature by recording the variation

in radius at the required number of sections on the toler-

ance feature. ~

The deviation from coaxialiv ia calculated from the centras

of the recordings, taking into account the position of the

section in the axial direction.


61

!,

A‘-

I

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460: 1985

18.2 Principle 2 – Verifying coaxiality deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Symbol

@


&I Ot

III

@

Verification method

Method 18.2.1

X-Y axes

+––+

@4

m.2g‘/

‘v

/

//

Align the object with the measuring equipment. The axis of

the datum cylinder shall be perpendicular to the X- and

Y-axes of the measuring device.

In every section of the feature, measure the contact points

of the diameters along the X-axis and Y-axis and record the

results together with the level of the section. By means of

these points, four generators are constructed, and the co-

axiality deviation is determined from the axis of the

circumscribing linscribed element.

The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value

18.3 Principle 3 – Verifying coaxiality deviations by using maximum material principle

SymbolTolerance zone andapplication example I Verification mathod

t

I @t

I

/

I Method 18.3.1

?“ I

Check the object using a functional gauge.

L—{_,j@@~I

Indicate the datum and feature axis with coaxial cylinders.

Comments

Applicable for both


surfaces,

Comments

I

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

19 Verification of symmetry

19.1 Principle 1 – Verifying symmetry deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

—


Verification method

tlethod 19.1.1

Datum locators

/\

Simulate the datum plane with the median plane of two in-

$cribed locators.

Determine the position and the size of the locators and ad-

ust the common datum plane parallel to the surface plate.

Simulate the feature axis with the inscribed cylinder.

The symmetry deviation is the difference in distance be-

tween the centre of the inscribed cylinder and the common

datum plane.


Comments


jrel and the datum

ocators may be

?ither expanded or

selected to fit in thelole (or in the

grooves) without

>Iearance.

If the hole deviates

from cylindrical form

in such a way that

the mandrel can be

placed in different

directions, it should

be placed in that

direction where the

movement in the ac-

tual opposite direc-

tions is the same.

As the mess

urements are taker

outside the feature,the actual deviatior

shall be calculated fol

the relevant length o{

the feature.

This method is ap

plicable to both ex

ternal and interna

surfaces.

Is 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

19.1 Principle 1 – Verifying symmetry deviations by maasuring coordinates or distances (continued)

Symbol

=


Verification method

Method 19.1.2

Align the object in the following way :

Determine the position of the datum features ~ ~ and

calculate and adjust the median planes of the datum parallel

to the surface plate.

The symmetry dwiation is the difference in distance be-

tween the common plane and the calculated feature axis


Method 19.1.3

/ I

1 / I 1

//// ‘////////

Place the object on a surface plata.

Place a flat surface on the opposite surface.

Simulate the median plane of the tolerance feature with a

feature locator.

The symmetry deviation is half the difference in distance

~ ~ between thefeaturelocator andthesurfacepbte

and the flat surface, respectively.

The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value,

Comments

This method is ap

plicable to both ex

ternal and interna

surfaces.

The adjustment o

the datums COUIC

also be performed b\

mathematical calcul

ation.

Coordinate measur

ing device or measur.

ing microscope to bc

used.

This method is ap

plicable to both ex

ternal and interna

surfaces.

The feature Iocatol

may be either ex

panded or selected t(

fit in the groovf

without clearance.

As the measure

ments are taken out

side the feature, tht

actual deviation shal

be calculated for the

relevant length of the

faature.

. .

64

I

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

19.1 Principle 1 – Verifying symmetry deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (conckfded)

SymbolTolerance zone endapplication example

Verification method Comments

Method 19.1.4

Q ,,,~,,~, g:,,:,,e:


B

A = 0,08 AMeasure the distance between the surface plate and the

feature.

Turn the object and repeat the measurement.

The symmetry deviation is half the difference between the

distances measured.


=

Method 19.1.5

1+

W

@

mCalliper to be used.

Measure the distances from the feature surface to points on

a

A ~0,1 A the datum surface.

The symmetry deviation is half the difference between the

distances B and C.


65

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

19.2 Principle2 – Verifyingsymmetry deviations by using maximum material principle

SymbolTolerance zoneaapplication examl

ItitrtI

1,

t

A

b

1“

Iicjx-

—

Verification method

Method 19.2.1

~Functional gauge

&1--,————

!;, , 1)

—. > i


Simulate the datums using two tabs.

Check the symmetry deviation using a cylinder of ap-

propriate size.

Method 19.2.2

Functional gauge

&

-i--,————

-rI;, l 1)

——> Y


Simulate the datums using two tabs.

Check the symmetry deviation using a cylinder of ap-

propriate size.

Comments

The two tabs shall bf

expanded or selectee

to fit without clear

ante.

The cylindrical man

drel shall have tht

minimum size of tht

hole minus the sym.

metry tolerance.

The width of the

two gauge tabs shall

have the maximum

material size of the

slots minus the sym-

metry tolerance. The

cylindrical mandrel

shall be expanded or

selected to fit with-

cwt clearance.

,

66

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

19.2 Principle2 – Verifyingsymmetry deviations by using maximum matarial principle (concluded)

,..

.

67

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

20 Verification of circular run-out

20.1 Principle 1 – Verifying circular run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from a fixedpoint during rotation around the datum axis


\ Tolerance surface

\

remer

<.

.\

$+%HOI A-B

A 8

Verification method

Method 29.1.1

Q<-->

0

Align the object in two coaxial circumscribing guide

cylinders.

Fix the object axially.

The radial run-out deviation is the full indicator movement

measured during one comDlete revolution at each cross-

section. ~

Repeat this procedure at the required number of cross-

sections. ~

Method 29.1.2

@G–--+

tit\

Simulate the datum axis with two identical v.bl~k~.

Fix the object axially.

The rsdial run-out deviation is the full indicetor movement

measured during one complete revolution at each cross-

section. @

Repeat this procedure at the raquired number of crosa-

sections. @

Comments

The measurement is

Mfected by the com-

oined effects of the

l-block angle and

the form deviations

)f the datum

‘eatu res.

----,~

,

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

20.1 Princigle 1 – Verifying circular run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from a fixedpoint during rotation around the datum axis (continued)

;ymbol

/

Tolerance zone andapplication axample

[Tolerance WfaCe

\ ~PlaneOfmeaaurement

L,,/

MTf0,1A-E—

a a

[A B

Tolerance surface

\

remen

<.

‘\

6#.1A-B

A B

Verification method

vlethod 20.1.3

@<––3

.T7%7-

simulate the datum axis with two identical knife edge

~-blocks.

‘ix the object axially.

rhe radial run-out deviation is the full indicator movement

measured during one complete revolution at each cross-

$ection @

Repeat this procedure at the required number of cross-

$ections @

Method 20.1.4

@+-–+

&a“””/

Clamp the object between centres.

Measure the radial run-out deviation of the feature and

make corrections for the corresponding run-out of the

datums A and B relative to the centres. ~

Repeat the measurement at the required number of croaa-

Sections @

Commants

“he measurement is

ffected by the com-

Iined effects of the/-edge angle and the

orm deviations of

he datum features.

vleasurement in

working machine tool

]etween centres.

rhe measuring re-

;ults are affected by

lherun-outof thecen-

tres with regard to

the datum features.

.- -

.

69

.

Is 15054:2001

lSO/TR 5460:1985

20.1 Principle 1 – Verifying circular run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from a fixedpoint during rotation around the datum axis (concluded)

70

IS 15054:2001lSO/TR 5460:1985

21 Verification of total run-out

21.1 Principle 1 – Verifying total run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from the basicgeometry during rotation around the datum axis

71

(Continued from second coverj

In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which IndianStandards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their placeare listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated :

International Corresponding Degree ofStandard Indian Standard Equivalence

ISO11O1 :1983 IS 8000 (Part 1) : 1985 Geometrical Identicaltolerancing on technical drawings: Part 1Tolerances of form, orientation, locationand run-out and appropriate geometricaldefinitions (first revision)

ISO 2692:1988 IS 8000 (Part 2): 1992 Technical drawings do— Geometrical tolerancing: Part 2Maximum material principles (first revision)

ISO 5459:1981 IS 10721:1983 Datum and datum systems dofor geometrical tolerancing on technicaldrawings

ISO 7083:1983 IS 11158 : 1984 Proportions and dodimensions of symbols for geometricaltolerancing used in technical drawings

The concerned Sectional Committee has reviewed the provisions of the following ISO Standardsreferred in this adopted standard and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction withthis standard:

Infernafional Standard Title

ISO 4291:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness — Measurement ofvariations in radius

ISO 4292:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness — Measurement bytwo-and three-point methods

u<-

Bureau of Indian Standards

61S is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goodsand attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

61S has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in anyform without the prior permission in writing of 61S. This does not preclude the free use, in the courseof implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or gradedesignations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), 61S.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards arealso reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indi-cates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up forrevision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amend-ments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. BP 24( 0156).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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Documents

BIS 15054-2001