Animal Diversity ProjectAnimal Diversity Project

BIRDSBIRDS

Created by:Created by:Nadezhda TrichkovaNadezhda Trichkova

Elia HristovaElia HristovaBotty DimanovBotty Dimanov

Meaning? Symmetry?Meaning? Symmetry?Evolutionary TreeEvolutionary Tree

Class Aves (aka birds) – Class Aves (aka birds) – ПтициПтици Oldest fossil – 150 million years agoOldest fossil – 150 million years ago

(Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx)(Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx) Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry Evolved from the dinosaursEvolved from the dinosaurs Closest to the clade of crocodiles and Closest to the clade of crocodiles and

aligatorsaligators*Archosaurs*Archosaurs

340million years ago - amniote clade - us 340million years ago - amniote clade - us and themand them

Derived Characteristics Related to Derived Characteristics Related to FlyingFlying

lack urinary bladder (sac for temporary lack urinary bladder (sac for temporary storage of urine)storage of urine)

most female spieces have only one most female spieces have only one ovary(the reproductive organ in female ovary(the reproductive organ in female animals that produces eggs and the sex animals that produces eggs and the sex hormones- яйчник)hormones- яйчник)

gonads(A reproductive gland, for instance gonads(A reproductive gland, for instance ovary or testis, that produces gametes-cell ovary or testis, that produces gametes-cell with the haploid number of with the haploid number of chromosomes),. полова жлеза ) of both chromosomes),. полова жлеза ) of both male and female representatives are male and female representatives are really small, except during the breeding really small, except during the breeding periodperiod

Derived Characteristics Related to Derived Characteristics Related to FlyingFlying

Lack teethLack teeth Hollow bonesHollow bones Wings with feathersWings with feathers EndothermicEndothermic Lungs having special tubes leading Lungs having special tubes leading

inside and outside of unique elastic inside and outside of unique elastic air sacsair sacs

proportionally large brainproportionally large brain internal fertilization- nesting of eggsinternal fertilization- nesting of eggs

The Life Cycle of BirdsThe Life Cycle of Birds

Breeding MigrationBreeding Migration - birds fly back - birds fly back northward northward

Territory FormationTerritory Formation - males protect - males protect territory and draw the attention of territory and draw the attention of femalesfemales

Courtship/ WooingCourtship/ Wooing - birds choose mates - birds choose mates and form bracesand form braces

Building a NestBuilding a Nest Mating and Laying EggsMating and Laying Eggs - coupling; the - coupling; the

female lays her eggsfemale lays her eggs

The Life Cycle of BirdsThe Life Cycle of Birds

IncubationIncubation – female - warms the eggs; – female - warms the eggs; male - protects the nest and brings foodmale - protects the nest and brings food

NestlingsNestlings - the parents warm, feed and - the parents warm, feed and protect their little chicksprotect their little chicks

FledglingsFledglings - the newborn birds have - the newborn birds have feathers and start searching for their feathers and start searching for their foodfood

MigrationMigration - birds fly off - birds fly off WinterWinter - pairs split; no reproduction - pairs split; no reproduction

How Do Birds Move?How Do Birds Move?

Most birds Most birds flyfly.. Flapping of wingsFlapping of wings - lower pressure - lower pressure

and higher velocityand higher velocity RotationRotation – provides the thrust – provides the thrust Light and flexible Light and flexible feathersfeathers; ; musclesmuscles – –

allow movementallow movement Bones – Bones – hollowhollow => light bodies => light bodies Others Others walkwalk or or hophop; ability to ; ability to swimswim; ;

ability to ability to divedive

Reproduction of BirdsReproduction of Birds

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction MalesMales – – two testestwo testes; F; Femalesemales - - (left) ovary (left) ovary

and oviductand oviduct Sperm - stored the female’s Sperm - stored the female’s cloacacloaca (1 (1

week – 1 year)week – 1 year) Eggs become Eggs become fertilizedfertilized Eggs need to be Eggs need to be warmedwarmed and and incubatedincubated Parents provide Parents provide protectionprotection, , warmthwarmth and and

foodfood to the new born offspring to the new born offspring

Laysan AlbatrossLaysan Albatross

Scientific name:Scientific name: Phoebastria immutabilisPhoebastria immutabilis Common name(s):Common name(s): Laysan albatross Laysan albatross

(English); Albatross De Laysan (Spanish)(English); Albatross De Laysan (Spanish) Habitat:Habitat: a marine bird; breeds annually; a marine bird; breeds annually;

the nests – on the sand or more complexthe nests – on the sand or more complex Range: Range: 16 sites: the USA (Hawaii and US 16 sites: the USA (Hawaii and US

Minor Outlying Islands); small colonies in Minor Outlying Islands); small colonies in Japan, MexicoJapan, Mexico

Laysan AlbatrossLaysan Albatross

Food:Food: fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, a fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, a variety of invertebratesvariety of invertebrates

Locomotion:Locomotion: flying flying Ecological role/niche:Ecological role/niche: eats mainly fish and eats mainly fish and

a variety of invertebratesa variety of invertebrates Life cycle changes: Life cycle changes: in July - migrates NW in July - migrates NW

to Japan and then NE and south back to Japan and then NE and south back Interaction with people:Interaction with people: 20th century – 20th century –

decreased population (military and illegal decreased population (military and illegal hunting); today – protected, but still hunting); today – protected, but still endangeredendangered

King PenguinKing Penguin

Scientific name:Scientific name: Aptenodytes patagonicusAptenodytes patagonicus Common name(s):Common name(s): King Penguin King Penguin Habitat:Habitat: dense colonies usually near the dense colonies usually near the

cost (and rarely around a km inland); no cost (and rarely around a km inland); no distinct nests; very long breeding cycle (14 distinct nests; very long breeding cycle (14 to 16 months for a single chick and with a to 16 months for a single chick and with a maximum of 2 chicks for 3 years)maximum of 2 chicks for 3 years)

RangeRange: encountered in the sub-Antarctic : encountered in the sub-Antarctic belt on islands in the Atlantic, Indian, and belt on islands in the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific oceans; colonies found in South Pacific oceans; colonies found in Prince Edward, South Georgia, Falkland, Prince Edward, South Georgia, Falkland, etc.etc.

King PenguinKing Penguin Food:Food: mainly fish (from 80 to 100 %) and squid; mainly fish (from 80 to 100 %) and squid;

also crustaceans, cephalopods, and krillalso crustaceans, cephalopods, and krill Locomotion:Locomotion: flightless; it swims and dives; on land flightless; it swims and dives; on land

walks / slides on its belly (a.k.a. tobogganing) walks / slides on its belly (a.k.a. tobogganing) Ecological role/niche:Ecological role/niche: eats mainly fish; enemies eats mainly fish; enemies

include giant petrels, predatory gulls, orcas, include giant petrels, predatory gulls, orcas, leopard sealsleopard seals

Life cycle changes:Life cycle changes: can be found in its colony can be found in its colony during every time of the year (due to extended during every time of the year (due to extended breeding); sometimes migrates breeding); sometimes migrates

Interaction with people:Interaction with people: a lot of penguins are kept a lot of penguins are kept in captivity in different zoos; a protected animalin captivity in different zoos; a protected animal

Bald eagleBald eagle

Scientific name:Scientific name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Common name(s):Common name(s): Bald eagle Bald eagle Habitat:Habitat: near the costs of seas, rivers, and near the costs of seas, rivers, and

lakes; has nests (sticks, leaves, and moss)lakes; has nests (sticks, leaves, and moss) RangeRange: the USA, Canada, the northern : the USA, Canada, the northern

parts of Mexicoparts of Mexico Food:Food: fish, small mammals, turtles, and fish, small mammals, turtles, and

birdsbirds Locomotion:Locomotion: flying flying

Bald eagleBald eagle Ecological role/niche:Ecological role/niche: a good hunter (prey – kinds a good hunter (prey – kinds

of fish that swim in the shallows); it also steals the of fish that swim in the shallows); it also steals the prey of other birds and predatory mammalsprey of other birds and predatory mammals

Life cycle changes:Life cycle changes: migrates in the fall to large migrates in the fall to large rivers or to coastal areasrivers or to coastal areas

Interaction with people:Interaction with people: * a decreased population * a decreased population (destroyed habitat areas and illegal killing); today – (destroyed habitat areas and illegal killing); today – protected; a special permit required to keep them protected; a special permit required to keep them in capticityin capticity

Interesting factInteresting fact: has sharp eyesight & strong beak : has sharp eyesight & strong beak and talonsand talons

A Fun Fact:A Fun Fact:Guess how fast can the fastest bird flyGuess how fast can the fastest bird fly

Works CitedWorks Cited American Bold Eagle Information.American Bold Eagle Information. 1999 - 2010 baldeagleinfo.com 1999 - 2010 baldeagleinfo.com

22 March 2010. <http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/>.(migration of Bald eagles)22 March 2010. <http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/>.(migration of Bald eagles) ““Bald Eagle (Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalusHaliaeetus leucocephalus).” ).” Texas Parks and Wildlife.Texas Parks and Wildlife. Texas Parks and Texas Parks and

Wildlife Department.Wildlife Department.22 March 2010. <http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/baldeagle/ >.22 March 2010. <http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/baldeagle/ >.(range, diet, interaction with people of Bald eagles)(range, diet, interaction with people of Bald eagles)

““King Penguin.” King Penguin.” Lincoln Park Zoo.Lincoln Park Zoo. 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago. 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago.22 March 2010. <http://www.lpzoo.org/factsheet.php?contentID=72>.22 March 2010. <http://www.lpzoo.org/factsheet.php?contentID=72>.(range, niche, habitat of King penguins)(range, niche, habitat of King penguins)

““King Penguin.” King Penguin.” PenguinWorld.com.PenguinWorld.com. Dr. Lloyd Davis, Daniel Davis, Uwe Kils. Dr. Lloyd Davis, Daniel Davis, Uwe Kils.22 March 2010. <http://www.penguinworld.com/types/king.html>.22 March 2010. <http://www.penguinworld.com/types/king.html>.(diet, migration, habits of King penguins)(diet, migration, habits of King penguins)

““King penguin - King penguin - Aptenodytes patagonicus.Aptenodytes patagonicus.” ” Pinguins.info.Pinguins.info. July 2009. July 2009. 22 March 2010. <http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/Aptenodytes_eng.html>.22 March 2010. <http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/Aptenodytes_eng.html>.(nesting and predators)(nesting and predators)

““Laysan Albatross.” BirdWeb. 2005-2008 Seattle Audubon Society.Laysan Albatross.” BirdWeb. 2005-2008 Seattle Audubon Society.22 March 2010. <http://www.seattleaudubon.org/birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=13>.22 March 2010. <http://www.seattleaudubon.org/birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=13>.(habitat, nesting, diet, migration of Laysan albatrosses)(habitat, nesting, diet, migration of Laysan albatrosses)

““Phoebastria immutabilisPhoebastria immutabilis.” .” RedList.RedList. International Union for Conservation of Nature and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2010.Natural Resources 2010.22 March 2010. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144905/0>.22 March 2010. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144905/0>.(range and common names of Laysan albatrosses)(range and common names of Laysan albatrosses)

Works CitedWorks Cited Donald and Lillian StokesDonald and Lillian Stokes. . "The Birdfeeder Book" "The Birdfeeder Book" 2323rdrd March, 2010 March, 2010

<<http://www.bird-friends.com/Life.htmlhttp://www.bird-friends.com/Life.html>>(The Life Cycle of Birds)(The Life Cycle of Birds)

Kenneth DialKenneth Dial. Birds Order Aves. “Flight and Locomotion” 23. Birds Order Aves. “Flight and Locomotion” 23rdrd March, 2010 March, 2010<<http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biodiversity/birds/aviantopics/http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biodiversity/birds/aviantopics/avianflightandlocomotion.htmlavianflightandlocomotion.html> (How do birds fly?)> (How do birds fly?)

““Penguins as Diving Birds” 23Penguins as Diving Birds” 23rdrd March, 2010 March, 2010<<http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2004/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2004/Gooch/Diving%20Birds.htmGooch/Diving%20Birds.htm> > (Birds that don’t fly - penguins)(Birds that don’t fly - penguins)

Bird. “Reproduction” 23Bird. “Reproduction” 23rdrd March, 2010 March, 2010<<http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/bird/reproduction.htmlhttp://www.spiritus-temporis.com/bird/reproduction.html> (Reproduction of Birds)> (Reproduction of Birds)

Neil A. Campbel. Biology. “Birds” 22Neil A. Campbel. Biology. “Birds” 22ndnd March, 2010 March, 2010(Derived characteristics)(Derived characteristics)

Images:Images: http://fatfinch.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/bald-eagle-head2.jpghttp://fatfinch.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/bald-eagle-head2.jpg http://www.rareware.com/extras/scribes/9feb06/king_penguin.jpghttp://www.rareware.com/extras/scribes/9feb06/king_penguin.jpg http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/diomedeidae/images/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/birds/diomedeidae/images/

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