Biotechnology Bell Ringers for September 22nd, 2010

Biotechnology Bell Ringersfor September 23rd, 2010What are the three categories of Critical Thinking?

What are the two groups you obtain data from in an experiment?

Conclusions always fall into what two categories?

Biotechnology Objectives for September 23rd, 2010We will analyze the cellular design and function in plant, animal and bacterial cells

We will use the microscopes to examine an example of a plant, animal and bacterial cell

Whats a Cell Look Like?You may not have a picture in your mind when you hear the word cellThink of cells as colorful little building blocksJust like blocks, cells come together to construct a living thing

What is a Cell?A cell is a watery body containing chemicals that hold informationHumans have more than 200 types of cells that make many billions of cellsEach cell works hard and they all carry the exact same information

History of the CellDuring the 1830s, with the improvement of microscopes, scientists were able to better understand the structure and function of cellsIt was at this time that the cell theory was developed

The Cell TheoryAll living matter is made up of one or more cells. Also, any cell alive today had its origin in a preexisting cell

It is clear that living things are made of at least one living cellBecause every cell alive today came from a preexisting cell, we are truly related to our ancestors and bound to our pastStructure and Scale ofMolecules in the CellThe foundation of the functioning cell that define all life forms is the atom

Atoms bond together to form molecules

Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the CellSimple molecules link into long chains inside the cell called proteins

Proteins are made up of amino acids strung together end to end

Structure and Scale ofMolecules in the Cell

The order of amino acids in these chains is determined by another long molecule, DNADNA controls the shape of a tree leaf and the length of an alligators tailDNA is the genetic material that is the blueprint of lifeStructure and Scale ofMolecules in the CellThe proteins that are formed from instructions within the DNA carry on all functions of life, including transporting oxygen with our blood, protecting us from disease, and helping our bodies grow, mature, and age

Cells We Will Be ExaminingAnimal Cell

Plant Cell

Bacterial CellParts of Animal CellNucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction

Cytoplasm: Watery substance inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell

Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the powerhouse of a cell

Cell Membrane: Surrounds cell, allows substances in & out of cell

Lysosomes: Help break down and digest moleculesParts of Animal CellRibosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure

Golgi Apparatus: Helps transport proteins made by the ribosomes out of the cell

Centrioles: Plan important role in cell division

Nucleolus: Programs the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

Example of a Animal Cell

Parts of Plant CellNucleus: Contains DNA which controls the activity of the cell, directs reproduction

Cell Wall: Made of cellulose, found only in plants, allows substances in and out of cell

Cell Membrane: Thin, flexible membrane just inside the cell wall

Colorplasts: Found only in plants, green, contain chlorophyll

Cytoplasm: Watery material inside the cell that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell

Parts of Plant CellVacuoles: Storage tanks of the cell

Mitochondria: Produce energy for cellular processes, the powerhouse of a cell

Ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and work to produce protein for cell structure

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm

Example of a Plant Cell

Some differences between Plant Cells and Animal cellsPlant cells have cell walls as their outermost layerPlant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for pigmentation by converting energy from the sun into foodPlant cells have larger vacuoles than Animal cellsAnimal cells contain centrioles that play a role in mitosisMany animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell membrane which aids in movement of the cellParts of Bacterial CellsCell Wall: Gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the bacterium from the environment

Cytoplasm: Where cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like substance and contains cells structures such as ribosomes and the DNA

Cell Membrane: Encloses the interior of the bacterium and controls the flow of materials in and out of the cellParts of A Bacterial CellFlagella: Hair like structures that help bacteria move. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface

Nucleoid: Is a region of cytoplasm where the DNA is located. It is not a membrane bound nucleus, but simply an area of the cytoplasm where the strands of DNA are found

Ribosomes: Microscopic factories found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the gentic code to amino acids

Example of a Bacterial Cell

Things you Should Knowabout Bacterial CellsThey are prokaryotes, a type of cell that does not have a well-defined nucleusThe single form of the word is bacterium. More than one is called bacteriaTheir cells contain a single closed DNA circleThey come in many shapes and sizesThey are found practically everywhere on Earth and live in some of the most unusual placesA microscope is needed to see themAerobic require oxygen and Anerobic cant tolerate oxygenThree shapes areCocci (round)Bacilli (rod-shaped)Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)