Any process that uses our understanding of living things to
create a product
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Genetic Engineering The process of making changes in the DNA
code of living organisms
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Genetic engineering can be accomplished through transformation.
Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
This DNA becomes part of the cells DNA. This can be accomplished
with the help of bacteria.
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Bacterial Transformation The changing of one strain of bacteria
into another strain
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Plasmid : a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria F+
bacterium contains a plasmid F- bacterium does not contain a
plasmid
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation 1-Remove the plasmid from the
bacterium.
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation 2-Isolate the gene of
interest. A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a
protein we want more of
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation 3-Open the plasmid by cutting
it with a restriction enzyme This leaves sticky ends Which need to
be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you
want to insert.
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Sticky Ends
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The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence
GAATTC, between the G and the A
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Sticky Ends
Slide 13
Slide 14
Steps of Bacterial Transformation 4-Insert the gene of
interest
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation 5-Insert the plasmid with
recombinant DNA into a new bacterium. Recombinant DNA: DNA produced
by combining DNA from different organisms
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Steps of Bacterial Transformation 6-The bacteria reproduces
itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted
gene
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Bacterial Transformation
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Other Types of Transformation Plants: -Use bacteria that insert
their plasmid into plant cells -removing cell walls sometimes
allows plant cells to take up foreign DNA on their own
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Other Types of Transformation Animals: -Many egg cells are
large enough that DNA can be directly injected
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Genetically Engineered Products
Slide 21
Production of Human Insulin Insulin regulates the blood sugar
level. The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast or
bacteria, from which large quantities of the human insulin are
manufactured
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/genetics/images/ch1_diagram.gif
http://www.ingenious.org.uk/media/4.0_SAC/webimages/1032/1/10321271_3.jpg
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Golden Rice Undernourished people in poorer countries may have
blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A Contains beta-carotene,
which forms Vitamin A
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http://www.jewishworldreview.com/toons/varvel/biotech.protest.gif
http://www.bairesbiotec.org.ar/images/speake1.jpg Golden Rice Genes
for making beta-carotene are taken from daffodils and inserted into
the genome of rice
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http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/rBGH.jpg
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone rBGH is a genetically engineered
version of a hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of cows
and controls milk production rBGH can increase cows milk production
by as much as 20-30%
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Milk_glass.jpg
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Spider Silk Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than
steel One method involves inserting the gene from a weaving spider
into a fertilized goat egg. The resultant spider-goat produces milk
that can be manufactured into strong fibers.
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/goat.jpg
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Spider Silk To make flak jackets, rope, textiles, sutures,
artificial tendons, and bandages for burn victims
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Glowing Organisms Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted
into other organisms The organism glows under UV light
http://www.fluorescentpets.com/prod31.jpg
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Glowing organisms Extra credit if you research the importance
of this type of organism.
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Bt is a bacterium that is toxic to some insects. In the lab,
the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of
plants Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times
more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides Bt Crops
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Transgenic Organisms : Any organism whose genome incorporates
and expresses genes from the same or a different species
Genetically modified products: Altering the DNA of an organism to
get it to express different traits.